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Editorial Board Staff Advisors Dr. Ritu Ahlawat Ms. Sonali Yadav

Editors-in-chief Ms. Durba Biswas Ms. Kumkum Singh

Sub-Editors Ms. Isha Smiti Thakur Ms. Khushbu Singhania

Faculty Members Dr. Bashabi Gupta (Teacher-in-Charge)

Ms. Punam Behari Dr. Sudeshna Bhattacharya

Dr. Ritu Ahlawat Dr. Rakhi Parijat

Dr. Poonam Kumria (on Leave) Dr. Anindita Sarkar (on Leave)

Dr. Monika Vij (on Leave) Dr. Priyanka Puri

Mr. Debarshi Guin Ms. Soma Sarkar Dr. Manjit Singh

Mr. P Thang Khanthang Ms. Sonali Yadav

Mr. Balakrishnan P.

Non-Teaching Staff Dr.Praveen Mishra Mr. Vinod Prasad

Student Union President Ms. Chetna Kulhari Vice-President Ms. Amisha Thakur General Secretary Ms. Aanandita Sikka Treasurer Ms. Kajol Singh I Year Representatives Ms. Anjali Sharma Ms. Sonal Sehrawat II Year Representatives Ms. Yukta Ravi Ms. Tapaswini III Year Representatives Ms. Vedika Maheshwari Ms. Pooja

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Editorial Board We are pleased to present before you the latest issue of our annual magazine Geographica’ 17. We hope to take you back and forth in time across various exotic places as you turn your pages. This edition of the magazine has students talking about their hometown, their experiences from field trips organized by the department, their opinion of events happening around the globe and so much more. We hope this magazine is a representation not only of geography but more so of the people of the Geography Department of Miranda House. I would also like to thank all our staff advisors who have helped us immensely throughout the whole process. Happy reading!!

Durba Biswas Editor-in-chief

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As George R.R. Martin aptly says “A Reader lives a thousand lives before dying, the man who never reads lives only one”, we aim to take our readers through several lives and stories through our magazine ‘Geographica’. It gives me immense pleasure to bring out fascinating facts, intriguing crosswords and puzzles, inspiring stories, and travel lessons from across the globe in this year’s edition of Geographica. Geographica’17 is a result of the combined efforts of the editorial team, the contributors, and the suggestions and guidance provided by the teachers. It provides the readers with a unique learning experience as well as serves as a fascinating read.

Isha Smiti Thakur Sub-editor

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CONTENTS

Serial No. Article Page number 1. Geography in the Anthropocene Age 1-2 Aishna Singh 2. The Turmoil in Israel and Palestine 3-4 Aanandita Sikka 3. I was a Peneplain 4 Maitreyee Chauhan 4. Field Trip Report – Madhya Pradesh 6-8 Aanandita Sikka 5. A Visit to Firoz Shah Kotla Stadium 9-10 Amisha Thakur 6. Pujo 11 Durba Biswas 7. Field Trip Report – Himachal Pradesh 13 Vedika Maheshwari 8. Imagined Communities 14-15 Ananya Singh 9. She 15 Harshita Amrawat 10. Narratives for Field Trip 2017 20-22 Prachee Majumdar 11. Stories are Potent 22 Aanandita Sikka 12. A Trip Home 23 R.E.L Tapaswini 13. Purple 25-26 Durba Biswas

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Aishna Singh, BA(H) Geography , I year

14. War is Hell 26-27 Varnika Srivastava 15. Is Tragedy of Commons Inevitabe? 28-30 Aanandita Sikka 16. Deep in the Meadows 31 Isha Smiti Thakur 17. Travelogue: A nostalgic Trip to Kerala 32-34 Sharmili Dhar 18. Departrment Activities 35-41 Durba Biswas 19. Solid Waste 42-49 Mahima Goel 20. Solid Waste Management 49-55 Neha Pilani

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We the students of geography are a myriad of acumen minds already working on providing the world a better tomorrow through their magnum opuses in the field of geography. But here’s what people, who irrationally keep asking us why we chose geography and of what use could it possibly be in the contemporary world, need to definitely know. Does Geography really matter? “It seeks to classify phenomena (alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats of the latter), to compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the laws of nature and to mark their influences upon man.” – William Hughes, 1863. It matters. It rather comes as a benison when nobody focuses on the solution but rather on private profits, when nobody thinks of everybody but one’s own greed. When the entire galore of highly statured disciplines fail on figuring where in the world are things going wrong, geography emerges with one simple rather prime fundamental view – ‘studying the human-environmental relations’. Geography is basically learning everything from a spatial perspective. It’s been called ‘the world discipline’. It is also gapping the bridge between the humanities and the sciences. But the grief? Geography is still being sadly under-rated. “It’s the mother of all sciences” When I say – ‘In the Anthropocene age’, I mean the current geological age viewed as the period during which humans have been the dominant factor on environment and climate - a period so vast that physics, chemistry and biology don’t seem to have surpassed the outlooks that geography had towards the world. With Palaeogeography as its core, physiography as its outer core, anthropology as its mantle and Geomatics as its crust, it presents before a new planet of superlative discoveries that better be interpreted than just knowing. It cross-questions world politics We humans are a maven at dividing boundaries, claiming shares, procuring natural resources, engaging in warfare and debating on every other public policy issue without ever realizing its side effects. When we discuss about the nuclear ambitions of North Korea, the revolutionary hopes of the Arab Spring, the Indo-Pak border dispute, how terrorism is spreading this rapidly or America’s global hegemony, we are not talking of a particular state but an entire world being affected. Without knowing where even on the

Geography in the Anthropocene Age

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map North Korea is, without knowing its geographic features, we are putting not just North Korea but the entire world under a political turmoil. It’s time that we apprehend the importance of ‘Geo’ again in Geopolitics. The need for more Geographers What Strabo, Ptolemy and the very recent, Michael Palin did for geography, needs to be done more elaborately by us taking the immortal legacy forward. In the words of the most celebrated geographer of our time, Sir Harm de Blij, Geography illiteracy poses a huge risk that each one of you should know more of geography than the sciences. This will make you more confident than ever of walking on the land. Because you need to scrutinize the land in physical terms before buying your next plot, don’t you? So how about already having a mental map in your brain and an entire vocabulary of scientific yet geographic facts at the tip of your tongue? And yes, with Theresa May becoming Britain’s reigning Prime Minister, the joke on geography is definitely no longer a joke. “Comprehending Geography is an epoch of our generation”

1. Do you know? The first city to reach a population of 1 million people was Rome. There is a city called Rome in every continent.

The Turmoil in Israel and Palestine Aanandita Sikka BA(H) Geography II Year

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The Palestine-Israel conflict owes its existence to the settling of a group of people, who called themselves as Zionists in the 19th century in conquest for a space and in efforts to create a landscape for peaceful existence of ethnic communities of Jews. Several socio political developments in Europe and rise in anti-Semitic sentiments magnified the migration process from Europe to the former British Palestine. The Arabs saw this as an effort to subdue them and take charge over the land and resources that was rightfully theirs; and since then, both the communities have indulged in hostile, unsympathetic actions against each other. The phenomenon that has been truly tragic is the regular repetition of the human rights violation in the entire region. The acts of violence related to children and civilians along with the restrictions in movement of people, frequent blockade of even basic commodities and cruel demolition of homes has left the world aghast. Israel has been under the radar for conducting several activities against the human rights of Palestinians such as building unlawful settlements in West Coast and detention of Palestinians on mere suspicion. According to a report by Human Rights Watch, Israel has conducted 50 military incursions in Gaza in 2015. In the same report, the organization claims that Israeli security forces had brutally shot at least 96 Palestinian civilians and wounded at least 10,854 in West Bank alone. There have been widespread narratives of extremist groups of Palestinians and the Hamas indulging in inhumane activities against Israelis, but the number of causalities is significantly smaller. Hamas, which is considered a terrorist organization by various states, has involved in killings and atrocities not only against Israelis but also against Palestinians. Their involvement in the rocket and mortar attacks on civilian regions of Israel is deplorable and is extensively criticized. It is evident that the damage done to human life of blameless Palestinians is higher in number than that of Israelis, but it is essential to realize that they are human lives nonetheless. Civilians are suffering the most in the conflict, especially in Palestine due to the blockades and lack of systematic welfare policies working for the enhancement of the human condition; providing them with education and employment. It is essential to realize that Human rights not only entail rights of the citizens but also obligation of the state to respect, protect and fulfill the same of each citizen of the globe. The solution to the conflict can only be initiated when both the communities reach out to each other in a dignified manner for a glorious and prosperous future of the coming generations.

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I was a peneplain Waiting for my evolution. Insomnia used to be my bed partner And dry air was my blanket. Tremors in life lead my mind into hay, Still a girl walks daily in search of ray.....!! They drag me down, But the inner soul managed to stand erect in the crowd. I wanted to live my life as pure as water coming out of a glacier, But those dirty morons always tried to wash their hands in the flow of that river. The dark clouds, pregnant with rain of grief came over me But, the equilibrium of morals and principles was never disturbed. Waning of heart was started With the acceleration of people's greed. The mind still dreams of cream in the famine, To bake a cake in the clints and grikes. No matter how long the dark tunnel is..?? I will reach to its end with my head unbowed, As I am the captain of my soul.

I was a Peneplain Maitreyee Chauhan BA(H) Geography I year

2. Do you know? Lesotho, Vatican City, and San Marino are the only countries completely surrounded by one other country. Lesotho is completely surrounded by South Africa, and Vatican City, and San Marino are both completely surrounded by Italy.

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If Geography is to be explained to someone who has had no confrontation with the realms of academics, I would say that Geography studies places. It makes an earnest effort to comprehend the use of a particular space, to understand the systems of survival and perpetuation in those spaces of not only humans but environment in general. It investigates about the phenomena making those places unique; speculates the reasons for the exclusivity and diversity in occurrence of incidents, events and phenomena. When each event presents such plethora of multiplicity, appreciation of the subject matter requires apprehension of more than just books. Probably for that reason field trips are considered indispensable part of Geographical studies. The second year students of BA (hons) Geography went on a field trip to Omkareshwar, Maheshwar and Mandu in Madhya Pradesh in the first week of February, 2017 to study the sustainable livelihoods of residents in the region. During our journey in a bus we observed several physical features from plateaus to monad nocks to eroded hills to gullies and ravines along with all the other things we had just read in books about. The first destination for the field trip was Omkareshwar, a town which has gained immense amount of popularity because of the structural similarity of one of the Narmada’s island to one of the symbols sacred to Hindu mythologies. The Narmada has been a life source for the masses of that region, and exactly for this reason a substantial amount of work in Omkareshwar was related to observing the river and the pattern of erosion along with its impacts on the soil and rock structures. Our confrontation with Narmada did not end there, soon it became apparent that as we move away from the river, the lands became drier and a noticeable change in the vegetation could be observed. After collection of soil samples and collecting coordinates with a GPS, we proceeded to Maheshwar. Maheshwar is famous for the handloom textile industry. For understanding the situations of livelihoods for the weavers, their traditional knowledge, their economic status and living conditions; to comprehend the complexities of their profession and problems they face as weavers, two villages Keriyakedi and Mominpura were selected for the survey by the students. The two villages were vastly different, not only in terms of ethnicity and the major religion but also in prosperity. The survey inquired about a variety of issues like the working hours, wages, raw material, subsidies, and healthcare. It also inquired about deeper issues like insecurities of people related to their profession, improvements they would like to see and what they aspired for in future. Aspirations are essential for a sustainable livelihood. In Keriyakhedi, majority of the people worked on handlooms of ‘Seths’ and thriving businessmen of Maheshwar and

Field Trip Report- Madhya Pradesh Aanandita Sikka BA(H) Geography II Year

almost all of them aspired for a handloom of their own. Mominpura on the other hwas more prosperous, ascribing to the yarn bank which provided the yarn to the weavers on subsidized prices. After completing around 300 forms in total, we proceeded to Mandu.

“Will his green fields bring prosperity to him?”Clicked by: Akshita Saini. Mandu is well known for the forts that it has and the scientific knowledge those forts possess. The grandeur of the Mandu fort remained a highlight for the trip. Students conducted surveys of tourist around the fort aaccompanied by a guide. Mandu had different kind of features too, whereas most places we had visited earlier were quite dry, Mandu had marshes. Another survey of the service providers was carried forward by stuvaried from hotel managers to waiters to bus drivers and tour guides. The main concentration of the survey about how much they earned and what were their busiest months and how their livelihoods were affected due to to

almost all of them aspired for a handloom of their own. Mominpura on the other hwas more prosperous, ascribing to the yarn bank which provided the yarn to the weavers on subsidized prices. After completing around 300 forms in total, we proceeded

“Will his green fields bring prosperity to him?”- Mandu, Dhar, Madhya Pradesh.

Mandu is well known for the forts that it has and the scientific knowledge those forts possess. The grandeur of the Mandu fort remained a highlight for the trip. Students conducted surveys of tourist around the fort after having a tour of the entire place accompanied by a guide. Mandu had different kind of features too, whereas most places we had visited earlier were quite dry, Mandu had marshes. Another survey of the service providers was carried forward by students in Mandu. The service providers varied from hotel managers to waiters to bus drivers and tour guides. The main concentration of the survey about how much they earned and what were their busiest months and how their livelihoods were affected due to tourism. We had learned

Group picture on the way to Mandu

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almost all of them aspired for a handloom of their own. Mominpura on the other hand was more prosperous, ascribing to the yarn bank which provided the yarn to the weavers on subsidized prices. After completing around 300 forms in total, we proceeded

a Pradesh.

Mandu is well known for the forts that it has and the scientific knowledge those forts possess. The grandeur of the Mandu fort remained a highlight for the trip. Students

fter having a tour of the entire place accompanied by a guide. Mandu had different kind of features too, whereas most of the places we had visited earlier were quite dry, Mandu had marshes. Another survey of the

dents in Mandu. The service providers varied from hotel managers to waiters to bus drivers and tour guides. The main concentration of the survey about how much they earned and what were their busiest

urism. We had learned

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plethora of things in Mandu, we learned about the new and innovative ways discovered by people to subsist themselves, we learned about their ideas of improvements and advancements, they aspired in their area of livelihoods; we had learned about the ancient knowledge that still stands as a proof of the magnificence of kings and dynasties that crumbled ages ago and finally we learned that sunset from Roopmati Pavilion looks beautiful. The field trip has been a different experience for each of the student. Amidst of all the surveys and focused group discussions and marking coordinates, we collected a plethora of memories. We observed things and tried to relate it to the things we saw in class rooms.

Answers to Crossword: Across: 1. Mongolia 2.Antilles 3.Babylon 4.Karimata Strait 5.Nauru. Down: 1. Corsica 2.Dorne 3.Yemen 4.Hawaii 5.Italy

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On Friday, 27th August 2016, I visited Kotla Feroz Shah Fort guided by Delhi Heritage Walks. This fortress was built by Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq in 14th Century, who was the third king of Tughlaq dynasty. Ferozabad was the sixth capital city of Delhi and today it is known as Kotla Feroz Shah. It extended from Hauz Khas in the south to northern ridge. The citadel complex housed the royal family. Earlier the Tughlaq fort was near the Southern Ridge but this was the first river facing city. General Cunningham (First General of Archaeological Survey of India) mentions that the capital had a total population of 1, 50,000. Another Historian believes this area was twice the size of Shahajahanabad. Feroza was an enthusiastic builder and undertook the repair work during Sultan's reign. He built 4 mosques, 30 palaces, 5 hospitals, 10 baths, 100 barrages, 1200 gardens. He procured the building material from Qila Rai Pitora and the same thing happened to his fort when Shahjahan demolished it to build his own fort. The last inhabitation in this city was till 18th Century. Tughlaqabad comprised of three parts - town area, office area and peasant area. The buildings during this period had thick walls with simple plain architecture with less of beautification, less of elegance but were strong. In Islam it is beloved that a king should construct a lot of buildings as this helps in providing employment and shows out wealth. Badshah (king), Daria (river), Badal (monsoon) are believed to play an important role in Islam and Sultan Feroz was lucky in all the three cases - Yamuna flowed besides his palace and there were plenty of rains during his period. Hunting, building and governing were his three main hobbies. He built three palaces - Palace of Grapes, Palace of wooden carving, Palace of Kush Ke Feroz. There was Khwaja Baddruddin's dargah beside his fort which is 736 years old. Sultan Feroz built seven public mosques and one private mosque constructed by his Prime minister Shan-e-Shah. The prayer walls, mihrab facing the West while the centre had pillars and domes and inscriptions on it. When Timur of Iran invaded Delhi, he found this mosque so fascinating that he built one of the same kinds in Iran which is still working as compared to this which is an inactive mosque. In Timor’s autobiography he mentions this mosque as Masjida Jami and today it is called as Jami Masjid.

A Visit to Firoz Shah Kotla Amisha Thakur BA(H) Geography III year

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The fort was made of locally available stone, minimal carving and lime plaster. The palace area was surrounded by grape garden. The outermost section of the fort was meant for the soldiers to stay in rooms having slits. Then there was a connecting link between the citadel complexes which was on a raised platform. The area for the royal women was further on an elevated platform inside the citadel complex. There was a staircase to the top which gave the view of the garden and the river and the royals spent a recreational time. The Ashokan Pillar that lies within this fort was brought from Ambala in 14th Century under orders of Feroz Shah and was installed on a three tiered pavilion near the mosque. The Baoli or the step well which lies towards the northwestern side of the Ashokan Pillar is circular in shape as different to many baolis which are rectangular in shape and which served rest purpose to travelers and common public. However, this baoli was only meant for the use of royal family. This had water supplied through Yamuna. There were three escape tunnels within the fort - one to Mehrauli, one to Ridge and one to Yamuna River. After 18th Century, Yamuna started flowing westward. Today the heritage site of Kotla Feroz Shah is being reconstructed by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

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3. Do you know? The Shortest place name is ‘Å’ it is located in both Sweden and Norway. In Scandinavian languages, ‘Å’ means “river”.

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I’ve walked holding the comforts of you my city Like a scared child holding her mother’s saree. The love, the familiarity, the spirit Draped around me ever so lovingly Oh me the foolish wanderer The familiarity choked me Like a ruthless criminal with no regrets I wanted to crush the spirit Of the city that grew inside me, Stabbed any love you showed towards me. Fate was the Satan’s minister With my feet steadfastly in this new city An amazon of dreams flowed before me. I danced in the epiphany of my newly found freedom. It’s been a long time now The amazon seems bleak somehow A distant memory of a foolish child. Now when autumn comes with its splendor This new city remains numb. Where are the bamboo scaffolds? The making of Devi? The dhakis gearing up? My soul pins for the very spirit I once wanted to crush. Oh Kolkata! In the hectic pujo season of yours, Do you remember that little kid Scurrying her way through your streets To catch a glimpse of Ma Durga? Do you remember her with her parents Excitedly shopping for pujo? Kolkata you are that kid’s first love You always were. I cursed you, I cribbed about you But every pujo, the kid I nurtured all these years She secretly wishes to see you again Just like her first love.

Pujo Durba Biswas BA(H) Geography II year

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“She rows”- Local Kashmiri girl rowing on Dal lake, Srinagar. Clicked by: Sakshee Singh.

It’s a fascinating royal beauty of Jaipur- Situated on the middle of an ordinary street the intricate architecture and beauty of this monument stands out. It’s well worth a quick stop to take a picture.

Clicked by: Sakshee Singh.

Travel Diaries

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Nature speaks to you in many ways. You just have got to listen carefully.

Clicked near the banks of the mighty Baspa river flowing across Chhitkul, Himachal Pradesh, the last village on the Indo-Tibetan border.

Clicked by: Vedika Maheswari.

Baspa River flowing in the beautiful valley of Sangla, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh.

Clicked by: Prachi Singh.

Travel Diaries

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The students of third year went for their five-day field survey to Sangla valley in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh in month of October 2016. The survey was based on studying the sustainable livelihoods of the Himalayan region. The field trip gave us a chance to apply the knowledge we have gained from our geography books in a real world scenario. It took us approximately twenty seven hours to reach Sangla and as they say, journey is more important than the destination and indeed it was one of the best journeys. Those twenty seven hours didn't seem much amidst the company of amazing friends and wonderful professors, with whom we laughed, shared food, talked about life and got to learn so much more about each other. Apart from gaining knowledge about the resource base, local survival skills, socio-economic conditions, regional settings, traditions and culture of the different communities living in the extreme climatic conditions, the students were also exposed to the experience of working in the field. Leading a simple and happy life and being content with whatever they have, the very generous people of Sangla valley welcomed us warmly and taught us quite a few lessons of life. The most important thing we learned was the fact that how nature and human relationships are interrelated and that we humans are nothing in front of the forces of nature. We must respect nature in every way we can. This trip gave the students an opportunity to learn something beyond what is taught within the four walls of the classroom. In a nutshell, the memories of this trip, and the scent and taste of juicy apples will remain afresh in our hearts forever.

Field Trip Report- Himachal Pradesh Vedika Maheshwari BA(H) Geography III year

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In the world of growing miseries and intolerance as a consequence of Sectarian beliefs in nationalism, religion and communitarians, it becomes essential to introspect as well as retrospect the various dimensions of the 'universally held truths'. We have begun to adhere to our notions of ideologies such as liberalism or fundamentalism so strongly that we refuse to accept them as inter-subjective realities (notions that are believed by many people and hence is considered a reality) and consider them as objective realities. What has led us here and where is it taking us is a matter of concern. Human is a notorious yet intellectual being. The world as we see today, growth and prosperity on one side and wars and dissent on the other, is a direct result of human capability to cooperate. No other species in the world has been noted to cooperate on such a large scale as humans. Every day, whether on road or in an institution, we cooperate with each other - we follow certain norms and laws. But how did we reach to such a level of cooperation? Since prehistoric times, tribes, empires, religions and states have tried to bind their members together into cooperation using various figments of imagination to function smoothly. The Empires held the King as a divine figure so as to command authority and gain legitimacy from subjects. The laws set in a state are again meant for the same purpose. Religion, though people call it as a path to spirituality, is nothing but a way to organize people. Thus, as Yuval Noah Harari puts it, “there are no gods in the universe, no nations, no money, no human rights, no laws and no justice outside the common imagination of humans.” What we believe to be a universal value is actually nothing but fiction. Our conscience is built on fiction. So here we are today, all prepared with our imagined communities, to kill each other at the slightest provocation of our ‘beliefs’. We become quite defensive when our community or religion is questioned. Hatred is spread in the name of God and nationalism. Wars have been fought to prove certain ideologies right. So it seems that we began our journey of cooperation so as to bring peace and order in lives but the same cooperation has led to quite contradictory results. It is not to say that these figments of imagination are useless - that would be a sheer folly. However, it is very important to remember that at the end of the day they remain mere fictions and not something so sacrosanct so as to create a ruckus to protect them. What we need to believe is (another fiction, yet essential) that human life in itself is sacred. Nothing in the world should undermine it. But then how to know when we are undermining others? As the golden rule says, “do unto others as you should have them do unto you” and so do not do unto others what you do not want to be imposed on yourself. You want others to impose their ideology on you? NO? Don't impose yours own others. You want to be killed for someone else’s religion? NO? Don't

Imagined Communities Ananya Singh BA(H)Geography I year

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do it to others either. Thus, this formula can be applied universally to analyze whether our actions are humane because it puts human self to the forefront. The thought is that of to not to superstitiously accept figments of imagination; to accept that there are millions of people out there who don’t believe in what we hold to be true; to accept that the value of a human life is priceless and thus to accept MUTUAL CO-EXISTENCE.

The world where she dwells is a caldera where she dances, She causes abrasion with every graceful move, She moves like a powerful glacier - slow but powerful, Her white devours all black leaving behind truncated spurs and moraines -- the witness of her strength, She is the free one, the young stream--powerful, fierce, intense, eroding the mountains, She is the wind that can change the orientation of the huge sand dunes, one sand particle at a time, Who is she? She is nature, nature personified. She is our mother, She is our sister, She is the essence of a woman, She is who we are, Fearless, graceful, fierce, powerful, intense. She is the reason of formation of humankind and denudation of the evil.

She Harshita Amrawat BA(H) Geography I year

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Mohammad Shabbeer Ansari is a weaver. His skills lay in weaving sarees. He toils for ten hours a day, taking two full days to finish weaving one saree, hands it over to his Seth, and collects the yarns for the next one. Whether it is raining , or the sun is shining too brightly outside or even if there are college kids sitting close by incessantly asking questions, he will keep his indifferent facial expression intact and focus on his concentrated movements that control how the yards of silk and Maheshwari tissue will come out as a complete product. These bright and colorful, yet exclusive and delicate saris are every bit a substantial part of his life, something he creates. But something, he cannot imagine his wife or newly married daughter donning. It is quite ironical how things we deal with everyday, are not always things that we can acquire for ourselves. He was a former engineer of sorts at a power loom in Lucknow, after which, he migrated with his wife, Salma Bano, also a weaver, to the Mominpura village in Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh. Ignorant of all worldly knowledge and ignorant of what caste he belongs to, Mohammad Shabbeer Ansari has only been able to mention his age in correct digits as he had been taught by his father to count his age with every year that went by. He repents how the shadow of illiteracy and ignorance had fallen on his two children, Asia Bano and Mohammad Islam, who were only fifth standard pass outs. But he was working day and night to help his third and last child, Mohammad Aslam, cross the compulsory primary education threshold to attend middle school. His occupation allows him free working hours, although it always comes with a condition. More the number of finished sarees he produces, his wage gets multiplied accordingly. Ultimately, he cannot work for fewer hours. The need to earn more naturally drives all the weavers to sit patiently and finish what they started. The forty-four year old weaver disapproves of the owner of their textile establishment not participating in exhibition sales and trade fairs. He says, “Phiroz Seth eats our subsidies.” He also mentions that even if it is possible that they are uninformed of any such venture of the owner, they are not brought to the forefront. He thinks that the owner fears that

Narratives for Field Trip 2017 Prachee Majumdar BA(H) Geography II year

15.

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some weavers will leave work under him if someone else comes and agrees to pay more for their labor and skills offered under better conditions. Mohammad Ansari is highly resentful of the government not doing any ground analysis and checking up on the actual deplorable state of all weavers in the village. With no help from the “Sarkar”, or for that matter , any organization that can help them form a union – to be able to demand better pay and livelihood systems, they feel insecure and stranded under strict owners who pull their leashes around and they are hence, bound to remain subservient . All that just to earn some daily bread and life that can actually be called a life. FROM SUNITA CHAUHAN, KHEDIAKHEDI VILLAGE, MAHESHWAR, MADHYA PRADESH She must be at least five to eight years younger than the age that she mentions thirty-two - too old an age for such a young face. She has a sprightly mien, two long braids on her head and a childish smile and giggle after every question that is asked. She seems to love visitors and offers water. It is an early but dry morning. Balancing Khushi, her child on her hip, she is also curious as she has her eyes trained on the questionnaire. Sunita has had no education. But she is quite deft in her work, weaving salwar and kameez pieces, which is her specialty. Although, if the ‘Seth’ demands a saree to be made, she has to do his bidding. Ignorant of all technicalities, she also cannot say where exactly the ‘Seth’ sells her hard work. On being asked whether she would want to know who buys her craft and “Wouldn’t you want to know how many people wear your handcraft and whether these people come from across states or seas to see your skill?” All she musters is a sad smile. She does want to, but Sunita cannot. Born of Koli, a low caste, she cannot speak directly to the supplier, who is of an upper caste. She also receives the yarn for the next piece from her husband, who works at the textile factory. There is a divide and discrimination lurking behind her smile. A subtle discrimination which people of urban born cannot decipher. A cultural, class - based segregation which renders females even in work space second-class citizens on their own soil. After all, women weavers have their own handloom machines in their shanties, a child to nurture, utensils and clothes to rinse and wring, goats to milk and obey the social norm till death. Like all others, Sunita has accepted the wall of conventions and norms in the society, binding her to a situation where she does not even know if her husband is paid more for work than she is. As her husband enters from the doorway, she hides her face with the veil of the saree.

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FROM NEELA BAI, MALWA RETREAT, MANDU, MADHYA PRADESH Neela Bai has been flipping omelettes at the Malwa Retreat kitchen for more than twelve years now. But it is quite strange why she does not know how many rooms and suites in total the lodge has. It is also difficult for her to say when this establishment was founded, but she manages. Stating that the busiest season is during Diwali and tourists keep visiting sporadically between July and January, she takes a laidback and peaceful posture. She prefers the calm and quiet when very few tourists occupy the rather simple lodge. Although the owner dislikes lean seasons, as she mentions, she likes it that there is lesser running around taking food orders, being around the kitchen fire, having to be a second aide to room cleaners and watching in distaste as the tourists litter around. Often than not, the electricity supply is cut. And there have been accidents on the road nearby, so she has heard. On being enquired about this, she feels it is the pollution and smoke enveloping the area. Most of the times, the low visibility persists till early morning. Otherwise, there is nothing new. It must be mundane and all black and white. During the busy seasons, when the tourists arrive, she takes interest in their attire, their behavior, what they like to eat and hence spends her time observing the slow transition of people and their actions. It was obviously much different from what it is, now.

4. Do you know? San Marino claims to be the world’s oldest constitutional republic – it was founded in 301 by a Christian stonemason fleeing persecution under Emperor Diocletian. Its constitution of 1600 is the oldest written constitution in the world.

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It’s been rightly said that "world is the happiest seat when friends meet". This would be my best experience in my life. For this mid semester break I have travelled to my native place with all my south Indian friends. My journey started at Delhi and lasted till my place. I was thrilled when I heard that train connects not only states but also different cultures, but that truly worked out when I travelled in train for a distance of almost 1500 kilometers with people of seven different states and my folks too with me. In my opinion, my friends can be regarded as one of the best freak outs and genuine guys with whom I usually hangout. It was a great experience where we had lengthy conversations, beakless self musical band, and yes of course unstoppable food court. The outlandish thing is, me getting down at every station which arrived along with my friends. On the same line, I have tasted the good number of patent right food of different places. The luscious and mouth watering doodh pedha of Agra, I still remember the taste of it. How can I forget the aroma of Itarsi tea? As my food goes on my plays with my friends include playing cards, musical games, cracking jokes. In between the mumbling sounds of tea 'chai' brings a smile even today. Those hours were sleepless and joyful. Now comes the part of my selfies. They are in huge number that we just need a chance to take a picture at any situation just like all teenagers. I think we do not need any seats reserved as no one of us was ready to sleep or sit at least. Whole coach of ours had kept an eye on us, just watching our fun and noise. Actually it’s been so long I went to home, so I was excited and double excited as it was with my lovable friends. As soon as we entered our state, the breeze of my native land groomed me like anything else. I think this would be the most memorable moment for anyone in their life when their childhood dream comes true. I wish and I hope to have much more journeys like this in my life with my colorful friends of blowing hearts in the wonderful Indian Railways.

A Trip Home R.E.L Tapaswini BA(H) Geography II year

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Stories are potent. They live through ages, to glorify what is no more present; the things that were once substantial enough to be etched in history. The beauty is in how it personifies sacrifice. It gives a part of itself to you, in sheer hope that you would appreciate the efforts and nurture that has been put in its creation. In hope that you would contemplate about the struggles and the ecstasies it professes through its pages. Clandestinely hoping that you would see its truth; what it is hiding between its lines. Forever, wishing for you to appreciate the landscape of elation and agony that it is trying to weave through its words. Stories are potent because they inspire the spirits that were forgotten and buried long ago without a care. They are significant because they live through ages when we don’t.

Stories are Potent

Aanandita Sikka BA(H) Geography II year

5. Do you know? The deepest hole ever drilled by man is the Kola Super deep Borehole, in Russia. It reached a depth of 12,261 meters (about 40,226 feet or 7.62 miles). It was drilled for scientific research and gave up some unexpected discoveries, one of which was a huge deposit of hydrogen – so massive that the mud coming from the hole was “boiling” with it.

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Amidst the consistent patter of the rain The mighty sun after a long day had set The moon rejuvenating the earth’s beauty Was peeking from behind the clouds The sky was perfect Like a purple background from a beautiful painting And in that mesmerizing moment A baby girl’s cry was heard. Nature of truly divine Failed to put joy in her parent’s eye.

Years after she was abandoned The baby girl took her first step in the orphanage To set her footsteps steadily on this cursed earth The little brave heart marched forward to school A peek into her peer’s bag She discovered small purple packets ‘Dairy Milk’ written in elegant handwriting They must be delicious, she sighed Seeing the blissful expression on her friend’s face A denied temptation, the purple packets haunted her.

Spring brings out the mischief in lovers Our baby girl is all grown now Holding the hands of her beloved, she stepped out into the real world Alas! Article 377 did not accept her lover Draping themselves with purple robes These stubborn lovers joined the protest of the millions oppressed The blazing purple of the flags Keeping their dreams alive Their love alive The hopes of millions alive.

Consumed by blackness, the blanket of familiarity removed She was forced into marriage The drunken brute, enjoying her scared demeanor

Purple Durba Biswas BA(H)Geography II year

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Nursing her wounds from where he hit her She cries silently at night lest he wakes up. The purple bruises get darker Purple forcing her to quit life. As freedom moves further away She drowns A little more into the pitch darkness.

Everyone was clad in white The mighty sun after a long day had set The moon rejuvenating the earth’s beauty Was peeking from behind the clouds. Amidst the purple background The smoke from the brute’s pyre rose high up Her wrinkled hands opened the wardrobe She took out her favorite purple sari Mourning? She laughed a hollow laugh Today she was going to celebrate.

War is hell. No one has ever benefitted from war. Aeschylus correctly quoted "truth is the first casualty of war”. But who defines what is true. It brings death and destruction in its wake. Countless people have died at the most petty things, all in the name of war. People start war in the hope that after it peace will ensure however short lived it is and the truth about war dies with it. People justify war saying it has a good side as it spurs individuals to heroism and self sacrifice but in reality it is a sort of an escape for people from the monotony of peace that was established by the end of the previous war. But though war is an evil, we must recognize the fact that it is a necessary, inescapable evil. A glance at the past history of the world will show war has been a recurrent phenomenon in the history of nations. No period in world history has been free from the devastating effects of war. We have had wars of all types --- wars lasting for a year or so and a war lasting for hundred years. In view of this, it seems futile to talk of permanent, everlasting peace or to make plans of the establishment of a totalitarian, yet soft government, a fancy name for what is in fact a new world order. Wars take a heavy toll on every element involved - from the surroundings to the children and the vilest of all, the bystander watched as their brethren mercilessly slaughtered all, at the

War is Hell Varnika Srivastava BA(H) Geography II year.

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command of a leader who instilled a will to die within them from the moment he took them under his supervision. War has indeed, been such a marked feature of every age and period. That has come to be regarded as part of the normal life of nations. All in all, one must come to face the stark reality that as long as humans exist and societies flourish, war and peril will come swiftly in brisk intervals of time until everyone and everything is annihilated, leaving a lifeless desert in the wake, never to be habited again and left in a dead silence.

Deep in the meadows Under the ceiling of stars

I hear the mighty river speak And the forest laughs

A deep, resonating sound Emanating from the depths of the woods

Rich, smooth and high Making me shiver and sigh

Yet all seems calm and quiet For my heart is at peace

Like the shimmering waters of the forest lake That reflects in truly and offers what it is

And I breathe the moist air Which has the lingering smell of damp wood

That fills me up with cheer Illuminating me from inside

Such is the magic of nature Go! Feel the wilderness wrap around

For the sky is hollow And the earth is round And the forest has beauty

Deep in the Meadows Isha Smiti Thakur BA(H) Geography I year

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That knows no bounds.

Hardin vigorously argues for control over human fecundity and an achievement of a 0% growth rate. He links zero percent population growth to prosperity. The basis of the argument being that if population becomes stagnant, the per capita resource consumption would remain same too and as a result, the pressure on resources would not increase furthermore. Meanwhile, he interrogates the role played by culture and ethics and human conscience in conservation of commons and population decline. He says: “Has any cultural group solved this practical problem at the present time, even at intuitive level? One simple fact proves that none has: there is no prosperous population in the world today that has and has had for some time a growth rate of zero” The idea of zero population growth seems an extensively utopian one, while it might regulate the resource use in short run by of decreased addition of people and hence curbing the resource utilization due to population growth, zero population growth can be objectionable in long run because it leads to more concentration of people in older age slots, and hence leads larger dependent population with lower workforce in the state. For 21st century, declining population in countries like Japan, Australia has become matter of grave concern. And the idea that zero population growth necessarily will bring prosperity is a misleading one. Several countries in Africa have zero or very close to zero population growth because of poor living conditions, sanitation and poor medical facilities which leads to high death rate and to compensate this a higher birth rate also prevails. Due to presence of both extremely high birth rate and death rate, the population growth remains marginal. Prosperity though can be linked to culture, ethics, education and development of overall society. Culture and religion form the basis of the people’s life, they form perception and develop a way of thinking, in accordance to which their believers respond. Hardin undermines the influence of ethics or human conscience to control population growth or conserving the commons. Several religious beliefs of the East emphasize on the need for conservation, certain belief systems consider land, trees and animals to be sacred and hence work for its protection. A good example would be Bishnois of western India, who devote their lives in conserving flora and fauna. Tribes all over the world are proficiently managing their commons without any interference. The central idea is that if self-seeking nature of humans has caused

Is Tragedy of Commons Inevitable? Aanandita Sikka BA(H) Geography II year.

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damage to the common pool resource, only their conscience could work as a catalyst in restricting this malpractice, intensive curbing of liberties such as freedom to breed would only make them reluctant to abide by the law. Nowadays, we see several agencies such as WWF, Biofuel watch volunteering for conservation of commons. In addition to these, we have observed some of the strongest environmental movements sustained only by the will of volunteers in different parts of the world. Hardin mentions an example of the tragedy of commons, criticizing the Adam Smith’s idea of ‘invisible hand’ which states that rational individuals who work for maximization of their interest promote the public interest. He provides an example of a grazing land where herdsmen try to graze as many cattle as they can. Hardin says as individual actor in attempts of maximizing profits keeps adding more cattle, when everyone adds more animals to their herd, the grassland gets over-utilized and hence the tragedy transpires. The fact that not everyone is willing to increase the animals in the herd is not acknowledged by Hardin. Addition of more animals in a herd would mean that herdsman require more space to keep them, additional capital to buy animals and more time has to be devoted in taking care of the animals and also to ensure too many animals don’t indulge in quarrelling with other animals. This requires more capital in terms of money, time and labor, which might not be feasible or desirable by all herdsmen. Hardin realizing this problem of over utilization suggest various reforms. First one was to control fertility, he considered privatization of the commons a good option and last was government regulation which he called ‘mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon’. Hardin considers privatization to be a good solution to the problem of tragedy. A private authority would ensure that resources are not utilized beyond their limit, so that they can be used by future generations. While making private property might work in conserving the commons, there are three problems with privatization. Privatization of commons creates problem of externalities, Hardin mentions this problem while he discusses the pollution problem. While private owners do maintain their property, they discard their waste and anything that is not required outside the commons; this creates pollution outside the property. Common pool resources play a significant role in developing countries, especially in their rural areas. These resources such as village wells or community grazing lands are essential for their daily chores and income, hence privatizing them would lead to great loss of livelihood in these communities. In addition to that, commons like rivers or oceans or atmosphere cannot be privatized. Probably because of this, Hardin talks about mutual coercion and government regulation. Hardin then discusses state regulation and mutual coercion as a solution. He talks about a system where each person agrees on a set of norms and rules, regardless of their liking or disliking of them, to ensure that no single private actor takes undue advantage. Even with mutual coercion, we still face difficulties for creating norms for global commons such as oceans, or commons shared by more than one country such as rivers. Hardin suggested that incentives such as imposing of greater taxes on those who harm the

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commons can prove to be quiet beneficial for the regulation of commons. While this probably is a good proposition, for conservation of commons we need to sensitize society towards the commons and promote its conservation at the level of local community along with the realization that individual or collective destroying of the resources in the long run would lead to difficulties for community as a whole and solely for this reason, it is responsibility of each citizen to carefully utilize the commons. An important question is, by what extent can we avert the tragedy by following Hardin’s solution which and if we have any examples present for it. China probably is the only example in the world that follows two of the major solutions proposed by Hardin. China has a policy where the government strictly controls the fertility of its population and along with that has strong state control, despite of that China is the largest emitter of the greenhouse gases in the world, its deserts are rapidly extending due to disappearing green spaces. This is probably because of the fact that China has always lacked political will to work towards conservation, industrialization and rampant economic growth has been the priority. While Hardin feels that conscience and education lose ground when compared to human rationality, the tragedy of commons has till date been averted due to conscience of certain people in the society. The tragedy though is not inevitable, with human will and strong political support, commons can easily be sustained. We see a rise of environmentalism in the society, support from global leaders, forums and organization to work for sustainable development. Populations across the countries are talking about the harmonious ways of existing with nature and states are considering nature as heritage and working for flora and fauna conservation. The tragedy of commons has become an increasingly worrisome issue for the world. The growing population and the increasing standard of living have put additional pressure on the resources. While advancements in science and technology have helped mankind to use resources efficiently causing minimum damage to the commons, they have also created problem of externalities. While curbing freedom to breed might seem a preferable proposition to some in the long run it might lead to undesirable demographic changes and resentment from masses. Privatization of the commons, while has its benefits, fails to address plethora of issues such as externalities. Mutual coercion and claiming of authority by state is important at various degrees as it keeps a check on masses. But for averting the tragedy of commons, it is essential that we create awareness in the society and generate sympathy for commons and their conservation. Promotion of sustainable development at global level is essential along with global cooperation in conservation of commons.

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The previous year 2016 was of the best year I had. Firstly, it was the Miranda House, then this lovely trip to Kerala, which included Cochin, backwaters of Arabian Sea in Allepy and water fall Athiripilli near Cochin.

THE FISHER MAN BEACH WITH CHINESE FISHING NETS IN COCHIN

We planned the trip for 4 nights and 5 days during the monsoons as the Nature in Kerala is fresh and green and Kerala is then God’s Own Country as rightly stated.

COCHIN AIRPORT

We landed at Cochin’s International airport and checked in at Trident Hotel where we were warmly received with cool coconut water. It started to rain soon and the weather was miraculously cool. Cochin is a beautiful city with warm people, everyone knowing English so we faced no language problems. The food was very delicious especially their Malabari paranthas which any normal person can eat at least three nonstop. They are non-vegetarians but relax vegetarian menu also offers a lot of palatable dishes. Cochin is a seaport and a navy base so the discipline and the security are well taken care by defense officers. The Princess Street in Cochin offers one of the best bakeries with French delicacies at most amazingly low cost.

Travelogue: Nostalgic Trip to Kerala

Sharmili Dhar BA(H) Geography I year

32.

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THE PRINCESS STREET IN COCHIN

BACKWATERS OF KERALA CATAMARAN BOAT MEN CATCHING FISHES

The trip to Allepy was also breathtakingly nostalgic. Clean highways lined with coconut trees were amazing. We reached Allepy within an hour from Cochin. We hired a private houseboat and set out for a beautiful ride on the backwaters of Arabian Sea. We relaxed and spent 8 hours watching the large stretch of backwaters with small villages and people offering hot Keralite food at subsidized rates. WAY TO ATTIRIPILLI The trip to Attiripilli Falls was a trip to be remembered. Nestled between the ranges of the Nilgiri Hills, the vibrant waterfall is worth many laurels. The security and cleanliness is worth appreciation that needs to be followed by rest of our states. The trip to Kerala was one of the best trips I ever had and it is my privilege to share it with you. So you also go, enjoy and relax in God’s Own Country.

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The Department of Geography, Miranda House along with its usual academic curriculums also hosted a plethora of events which attracted students of various colleges across the city to come and learn. We had some very innovative programs, informative lectures, etc. all for a better perspective of geography. METKIDS Program: The METKIDS Program (Geography and You in collaboration with the Indian Meteorological Society) workshop began on the 8th of February 2016 in the Department of Geography, Miranda House. It aims at preparing students to observe climate patterns and precipitation measurements and providing them an opportunity to learn about meteorological principles, forecasting methods and advanced observing techniques such as Radar and Satellite. This programmed was started after the installation of the very first automatic weather station (AWS) of University of Delhi in Miranda House on 29th January, 2016. The Davis AWS is a wireless set up which is a Vantage pro 2 professional weather station with a weather link software data logger. It has an integrated sensor suite and gives data in the NOAA format. This was a huge step in the scientific collection of real time weather data in the college. The METKIDS Program had two sessions - the winter and the monsoon session in February and September, 2016 respectively. Some selected candidates from first and second years of geography department of Miranda House attended this programmed. Various meteorological officers from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) taught us about the many aspects of data interpretation and weather forecasting. First a thorough introduction was given about the weather station, all its parts and how to access the data. Students were made to download an application in their phones called weather link mobile which enabled them to get data from the AWS anytime they want. The AWS gave data on mainly three phenomenons - pressure, rainfall and temperature. The wind speed and humidity are also recorded. Lectures were also given on the earth’s atmosphere and various phenomenons in the atmosphere. Retired. Air Vice Marshall Mr. Ajit Tyagi delivered lecture on how data is coded and interpreted at IMD. Coding and decoding of IMD data was also taught to the students.

Departmental Activities 2016-17

Durba Biswas BA(H) Geography II Year

35.

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Installation of the automatic weather station

Students being taught about the earth’s atmosphere

Between the winter and monsoon session, the students were divided into five groups and were given topics to make presentations on. The topics were - heat wave, cold

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wave, urban heat island, diurnal variation in temperature and thunderstorm. The METKIDS programmed resumed in September with the monsoon session. The main objective of this session was to give the students a chance to present their projects so that they could be evaluated. Along with this, we were given lectures on Indian monsoon and tropical cyclones. Mr. Ajit Tyagi was there to evaluate the presentations. The students presented quality project with many convincing points. That concluded the METKIDS programmed for this year. It was a very interesting and knowledgeable session and students especially ones who want to pursue climatology benefited greatly. Department of Geography, Miranda House is very grateful to Geography and You and its entire team for such an innovative and helpful session. Talk on Geo-Spatial Data For Geomorphic Interpretation:

On 15th September, 2016, the Geography Department of Miranda House hosted a talk on Integrating Geo-Spatial data for Geomorphic Interpretation by Dr. VAV Raman, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi. He specializes in Geomorphology, Landscape System Analysis, Remote Sensing and GIS and Environmental Geography. He started his lecture by showing one geomorphic feature in a topography sheet, aerial photo, satellite image and field view thus comparing the different sources of data. His talk mainly consisted of understanding geomorphic features from these sources. The features were divided into two sections - the ones in the Himalayan belt, and the ones in the alluvial fan or plain regions. The features in the Himalayan belt included folds and faults, anticlines and synclines, tectonic and neo tectonic formations and spurs which cause formation of tributaries citing various examples from his field work. He also talked about how these natural processes along with some anthropogenic factors because catastrophic results like landslides which cause damage to humans and property. He then went on to talk about various features of the plains which included meandering of the rivers which goes on to form ox bow lakes, faults along alluvial fan, braided streams, bank erosion and shifting of river courses. He gave emphasis on the middle Ganga plain and the Bihar plain showing various aerial photos and also the same features on topography sheets. He mentioned how shifting of river courses causes flooding and brings devastation to so many areas. Like for example, the river Kosi is called “The sorrow of Bihar” for the same reason. He also explained how some features are not clear when we go for field visit but is evident from the aerial photos and vice versa. Another interesting aspect of his talk was when he compared the geomorphic features of the two great Indian rivers - Ganga and Brahmaputra. He ended his presentation by showing a picture of a delta which marks the end of a river as well.

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It was a very informative and interesting talk not only for the first year students who have geomorphology as a part of their syllabus but also for the others who studied it earlier. He supported his point by various examples and pictures from his field visits which helped students understand them better. Many facts that he mentioned was an eye opener for most of the students. He also cleared all the doubts the students presented after his talk. Overall, it was a successful event and department of geography, Miranda House is grateful to Dr. VAV Raman for this beautiful talk session. Talk on Governing Riverscapes: A study of the Yamuna, Urban Environmental change along the river of Yamuna in Delhi.

On 28th September, 2016, the Department of Geography, Miranda House organized a lecture on Governing Riverscapes: A study of the Yamuna, Urban Environmental change along the river Yamuna in Delhi by Dr. Alexander Follmann. Dr. Alexander Follmann is a lecturer and researcher at Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Germany. The main focus of his lecture was the harmful impacts of urban environmental changes on various rivers especially Yamuna. The Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in the world and a leading factor to this is the development happening on its banks. He talked about the Yamuna’s importance and its contribution to the development happening around it. So to save such an important source of survival, Delhi needs proper planning. He explained how systematic planning of area or landscape near Yamuna can help it to survive. The deterioration of the Yamuna over the years has happened due to various activities being performed in and around it. The industries discharge wastes, the sewage system is not up to the mark, the boats and steamers cause pollution and so on and so forth. He thinks that the Yamuna Biodiversity Park is an

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important step taken by the Government of India to help the Yamuna and it should be allotted more funds and better infrastructure to strengthen and help Yamuna.

Dr. Follmann delivering his lecture.

He also narrated his personal experience of his visit to Yamuna and how it facilitates Delhi and regions nearby it by providing water and how it in turn has been essentially treated as garbage dump. He concluded by saying that Yamuna is in a very precarious state and only proper planning and efforts by government and non-governmental institutions can solve the problem. General awareness of people living near Yamuna is also important. The once mighty and beautiful river has helped Delhi prosper and it deserves our gratitude and respect in turn. Department of Geography, Miranda House would like to thank Dr. Alexander Follmann for delivering such an enthralling lecture and we the future geographers of India promise to help save our beautiful river.

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Solid waste is defined as non-liquid, non- soluble, material ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances. In other words, we can say that any useless, unwanted material that is not liquid or gas is referred as solid waste. For example, newspaper, bread, racked leaves, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE A. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF SOURCES

The solid waste composition varies widely depending upon its source. Accordingly, various categorizations of wastes are:- 1. RESIDENTIAL – It refers to the waste generated mainly from food preparation, sweeping food scrappers, wood pieces, clothes, old paper, packing, bottles, crockery wastes, furnishing materials, garden wastes, vegetables waste etc. 2. COMMERCIAL - This category of wastes are generated from the business premises, shops and offices, go down, market, department stores, paper, packing material glass, metals etc. 3. INDUSTRIAL - Nearly every industry generates waste. For Example, in the computer software industry, writing software generates hazardous waste. It uses acid, chemical and solvents. Other wastes are generated in the manufacture of fiber optics and copper wire used in electric transmission, magnetic disks in technical manuals. 4. INSTITUTIONAL – School, colleges, research organizations, community halls, religious places generate this type of refuse. The major constituents are waste printer paper, polythene, rejected office stationeries etc. 5. CONSTRUCTION – This includes dust, leaf litter, building debris and treatment plant sediments. These arise from various activities like demolition, construction, street cleaning, land scrapping etc.

TYPOLOGY OF SOLID WASTE Mahima Goel BA (Program) II Year

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6. AGRICULTURE – This mainly includes spoiled food grain, vegetable, glass litter, pesticides, herbicides, soluble nitrates generated from fields and farms. 7. MEDICAL – Hospitals use special care in disposing of wastes contaminated with blood and tissue. Hospitals must be careful with needle, scalpels, glassware sharps, injections, infusion kits etc. 8. E-WASTE – They are electronic devices. Used electronics for reuse, resale are also considered as e-waste. This leads to adverse human health effect.

SOURCES OF WASTE RESIDENTIAL WASTE CONSTRUCTION WASTE

COMMERCIAL WASTE AGRICULTURAL WASTE

INDUSTRIAL WASTE MEDICAL WASTE

I INSTITUTIONAL WASTE E-WASTE

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B. CLASSIFICATION BY HOSSATI AND KUMAR

1. GARBAGE – Putrescible wastes from food, slaughter houses, canning and freezing industries.

2. RUBBISH – These are non putrescible wastes either combustible or non combustible. These include wood, paper, rubber, leather, garden waste, glass, metal, ceramics, stones etc.

3. ASHES – Residues of combustion, solid products after heating and cooking and incineration by the municipal, industrial, hospital and apartment areas .

4. DEAD ANIMALS – House hold pets, birds, rodents, zoo animals and anatomical and pathological tissue from hospitals.

5. SEWAGE SLUDGE – These include screening waste, settled solids etc.

6. LARGE WASTES – Demolition and construction waste, automobiles, furniture, refrigerator, and other home appliances, trees, fires etc.

7. INDUSTRY – This classification includes chemicals, paints, sand and explosives.

8. MINING – Tailings, slug ropes, culm piles at mine areas come under this.

9. AGRICULTURAL - This includes farm animal manure, crop residues and others.

C. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE BASED ON PROPERTIES 1. BIO-DEGRADABLE – These wastes can be degraded. Example, paper, woo, fruits,

etc

2. NON-BIODEGRADABLE - These wastes cannot be degraded. These include plastics, bottles, cans etc.

D. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE BASED ON EFFECT ON HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT

1. HAZARDOUS WASTE – Those substances which are unsafe to use commercially,

industrially, agriculturally or economically and have any of the following properties ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxic

2. NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE industrially, agriculturally or economically and do not have any of the properties such as ignitability , corrosivity , reactivity and toxicity. Non hazardo

create disposal problems.

E. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE ACCORDING TO PERCENTAGE OF

• COMBUSTIBLE – These wastes include paper, wood, textiles, rubbers, plastics, garden wastes etc. • NON-COMBUSTIBLE

• HAZARDOUS – These

laboratories. These are dangerous to the living organism immediately

• SEWAGE SLUDGE –sludge during primary and secondary phase of treatment, these are sticky and rich in pathogens that inorganic.

F. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHARACTERSTICS

, agriculturally or economically and have any of the following properties , reactivity and toxicity are hazardous waste.

HAZARDOUS WASTE – Substances which are safe to use commercially,, agriculturally or economically and do not have any of the properties

such as ignitability , corrosivity , reactivity and toxicity. Non hazardodisposal problems.

E. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE ACCORDING TO PERCENTAGE OF

These wastes include paper, wood, textiles, rubbers, plastics,

COMBUSTIBLE - These include metal, glass, ceramics, stones

These are produced in the industries, instituteslaboratories. These are dangerous to the living organism immediately

– The sewage treatment plants produce hsludge during primary and secondary phase of treatment, these are sticky and

that require proper treatment. They are both are organic and

F. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHARACTERSTICS

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, agriculturally or economically and have any of the following properties – ity are hazardous waste.

Substances which are safe to use commercially, , agriculturally or economically and do not have any of the properties

such as ignitability , corrosivity , reactivity and toxicity. Non hazardous waste usually

E. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE ACCORDING TO PERCENTAGE OF INGREDIENTS

These wastes include paper, wood, textiles, rubbers, plastics,

, stones, dirt etc.

tutes, hospitals, and laboratories. These are dangerous to the living organism immediately.

The sewage treatment plants produce huge amounts of sludge during primary and secondary phase of treatment, these are sticky and

both are organic and

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1. ORGANIC – Wastes those are generally biodegradable and decompose in the process which emits offensive and irritating smell when unattended. Example, garbage.

2. INORGANIC – Waste that does not compose at any rate come under inorganic wastes. Example, rubbish.

G. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE BASED ON THEIR ORIGIN 1. MUNICIPAL – Municipal solid waste is heterogeneous mixture composed primarily of paper and paperboard, yard waste, plastics, food waste, metals, materials such as rubber, leather, textiles, wood etc.

2. BIO-MEDICAL – Bio-medical waste means any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining or in the production of testing of biological. It includes wastes like sharp waste, pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste etc. 3. INDUSTRIAL – Solid waste that are generated by manufacturing and processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary paper etc.

4. AGRICULTURAL – Wastes that are generated from farming activities. The substances are mostly bio-degradable. This includes food grains, vegetable, glass litter etc.

5. RADIOACTIVE – Wastes containing radioactive materials are usually byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities may also produce some radioactive wastes. Example, isotopes, chemical sludge etc.

6. E-WASTE –Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components such as CRTS’s may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd or brominate flame retardants.

H. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE BASED ON TYPES

These wastes may have reuse values in some other places, but these are of no value to the possessor who wishes to dispose them.

1. REFUSE – It includes all types of rubbish and garbage

Rubbish – This refers to that portion of refuse, which is non putrescible solid waste as packaging material.

43

Garbage – This refers to that portion of refuse, which is putrescible. These are the product of cooking and storage of meet, fruits and vegetables.

2. BULKY WASTE – These include household wastes which need special collection mechanisms. These include household appliances such as refrigerators, washing machine, furniture, vehicle parts, tyres, tree, branches etc.

3. STREET WASTE – This includes wastes from streets, walkways, parks,

playgrounds. CASE STUDIES

1.DHAKA Dhaka city anticipates generating 4,600-5,100 tons of waste/day – a 50% rise from 2004. There were adverse impacts diseases, poor air quality. With financial and technical assistance from Japan International Corporation Agency, Dhaka city designed a solid waste master plan in 2005. The project improved the waste sector by improving working conditions of waste pickers and trained them. The major component of the integrated plan was waste collection where door to door collection process was there using rickshaw operation 19 hours a day. A national 3R – Reuse, Reduce, and Recyle law was developed. Landfill will have leachate collection and treatment facilities. There will be closure of Berri landfill.

2. SAN FRANCISCO

In 2009, San Francisco, California championed the mandatory recycling and composting ordinance. It requires all residents, restraints and business to separate waste. The new mandate converts 600 tons of organic waste into nutrient rich soil compost. Farmers were benefitted from this compost. The success of the organic waste policy hinged on several factors including aggressive state and local landfill waste diversion; where there was climate action plan and zero waste by 2020 goals. Through a strong, sustained partnership with ecology, local rates are structured to provide financial incentives for recycling and composting. Residents pay based on the volume of trash disposed. Sustained investment and public awareness increased participation in compost and recycling programmed.

44

3. CAMBODIA An effective waste management strategy was set up with the support of Blacksmith Institute in US .This project began in 2002, with three full time park rangers picking up litter from ground and emptying the bins. New equipment was purchased such as small tractor for transforming waste to disposal site, plastic liner for litter, recycling bin for bottles and cans were strategically placed. Recyclables are taken for sale. There has been 60% decrease in litter. Tourists have commented favorably on the cleaner surroundings. Park authorities and food vendors continue to implement the waste management strategy, thereby building capacity and ownership for the program and ensuring its ongoing stability.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Methods of waste reduction, waste reuse and recycling are the preferred options when managing waste. There are many environmental benefits that can be derived from the use of these methods. They reduce or prevent green house gas emissions, reduce the release of pollutants, conserve resources, save energy and reduce the demand for waste treatment technology and landfill space. Therefore it is advisable that these methods be adopted and incorporated as part of the waste management plan.

48.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Neha Pilania BA (Program) II Year

45

Waste reduction and reuse They eliminate the production of waste at the source of usual generation and reduce the demands for large scale treatment and disposal facilities. Methods of waste reduction include manufacturing products with less packaging, encouraging customers to bring their own reusable bags for packaging, encouraging the public to choose reusable products such as cloth napkins and reusable plastic and glass containers, backyard composting, and sharing and donating any unwanted items rather than discarding them. Recycling Recycling refers to the removal of items from the waste stream to be used as raw materials in the manufacture of new products. Thus from this definition recycling occurs in three phases: first, the waste is sorted and recyclables collected, the recyclables are used to create raw materials. These raw materials are then used in the production of new products. The sorting of recyclables may be done at the source (i.e. within the household or office) for selective collection by the municipality or to be dropped off by the waste producer at recycling centers. The pre-sorting at the source requires public cooperation. Waste Collection Waste from our homes is generally collected by our local authorities through regular waste collection, or by special collections for recycling. Within hot climates such as that of the Caribbean, the waste should be collected at least twice a week to control fly breeding, and the harboring of other pests in the community. Other factors to consider when deciding on frequency of collection are the odors caused by decomposition and the accumulated quantities.

46

Treatment & Disposal Waste treatment techniques seek to transform the waste into a form that is more manageable, reduce the volume or reduce the toxicity of the waste thus making the waste easier to dispose of. Treatment methods are selected based on the composition, quantity, and form of the waste material. Some waste treatment methods being used today include subjecting the waste to extremely high temperatures, dumping on land or land filling and use of biological processes to treat the waste. It should be noted that treatment and disposal options are chosen as a last resort to the previously mentioned management strategies- reducing, reusing and recycling of waste.

. TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR PROCESSING, TREATMENT, AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE The main technological options available for processing/treatment and disposal of MSW are composting, vermi composting, anaerobic digestion/biomethanation, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as pelletization and sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery.

47

Composting Composting is a technology known in India since times immemorial. Composting is the decomposition of organic matter by micro-organism in warm, moist, aerobic and anaerobic environment. Farmers have been using compost made out of cow dung and other agro-waste. The compost made out of urban heterogeneous waste is found to be of higher nutrient value as compared to the compost made out of cow dung and agro-waste. Main advantages of composting include improvement in soil texture and augmenting of micronutrient deficiencies. It also increases moisture holding capacity of the soil and helps in maintaining soil health. Moreover, it is an age-old established concept for recycling nutrients to the soil. It is simple and straight forward to adopt, for source separated MSW. Vermi compositing Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the excreta of earthworms fed on scientifically semi-decomposed organic waste. A few vermi composting plants generally of small size have been set up in some cities and towns in India, the largest plant being in Bangalore of about 100 MT/day capacities. Normally, vermi-composting is preferred to microbial composting in small towns as it requires less mechanization and it is easy to operate. It is, however, to be ensured that toxic material does not enter the chain which if present could kill the earthworms.

Waste to Energy Even though the technology of waste to energy (WTE) projects has been proven worldwide; its viability and sustainability is yet to be demonstrated and established in the country. The main factors that determine the techno-economic viability of WTE projects are quantum of investment, scale of operation, availability of quality waste, statutory requirements and project risks. WTE projects generally involve higher capital investment and are more complex when compared to other options of waste disposal, but as pointed by Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), gains in terms of waste reduction, energy, etc. are also higher.

48

Anaerobic Digestion and Biomethanation Biomethanation is a comparatively well-established technology for disinfections, deodorization and stabilization of sewage ludge, farmyard manures, animal slurries, and industrial sludge. Its application to the organic fraction of MSW is more recent and less extensive. It leads to bio-gas/power generation in addition to production of compost (residual sludge). This method provides a value addition to the aerobic (composting) process and also offers certain other clear advantages over composting in terms of energy production/consumption, compost quality and net environmental gains. This method is suitable for kitchen wastes and, other putrescible wastes, which may be too wet and lacking in structure for aerobic composting. It is a net energy producing process (100–150 kWh per tonne of waste input). Biomethanation plants in India Recently, a 5 MW power plant based on biomethanation technology was constructed and operationalized at Lucknow but unfortunately it had to be closed down for various reasons, one among them being non-supply of appropriate quality of MSW to the plant. The organic content in the waste supplied to the plant is reported to have been as low as 15 per cent. Biomethanation technology on a small scale is also functioning at Vijayawada and at other places in the country for the treatment of selected organic waste collected from canteens, vegetable markets, etc.

49

bruh f'kn~nr ls ;s nqfu;k cuk;h fdlh us blesa lkjh [kwclwjr ewY;oku pht dks Mkyk] lcls

[kwclwjr vkSj eqY;koku pht ekuoA;gh ekuo vkt iwjk lekt] nqfu;k ns'k dks xank djus ij yxk gSA iwjs

tho&tarqvksa esa lcls le>nkj ekuo gS] ij bldh gjdrsa cgqr gh vlguh; gSA ;s viuh t:jr] 'kkSd ds

fy, fdlh Hkh tkuoj dh tku ysrs gSa] rks dHkh isM+&ikS/ksa dh vkSj dHkh balku dh HkhA

bl iwjs ekuo lekt ls eSa iwNuk pkgrh gw¡ D;k rjDdh] fodkl dk eryc iwjs i;kZoj.k] tho&tarqvksa

dks u"V djuk gh gS] rks ,slh rjDdh dk D;k iQk;nk\

vkt gj balku xyrh djrk gSA tc ?kj esa jgrk gS rks og viuh liQkbZ cl ns[krk gS vkSj vius ?kj

dk dpM+k pkSjkgs ij Mky vkrk gS vkSj og rjg iSQy tkrk gSA

eSa vki ls iwNuk pkgrh gw¡ fd vki gh crk,a tc vki jksM ij LVs'ku ij tkrs gks rks gj ,d dne

ij IykfLVd dh cksry] ikWfyfFku] vU; [kkus&ihus okyh oLrq dk iSdsV] jSij feyrk gS rks vkidks dSlk

yxrk gS ;g ns[k dj\

ekuo

[kw'kcw (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

50

'kk;n vkidks Hkh mruk gh cqjk yxrk gksxk ftruk eq>s yxrk gS ij gk¡ vki ,d dke dj ldrs gSa]

vxj oDr gS rks dqN dpM+s dks dqM+snku esa Mky nsa vkSj tks dpM+k iSQykrs gq, fn[ks mls gd ls cksfy, vki

esjh laifÙk dks xank dj jgs gSaA rks 'kk;n gekjh vkSj vkidh ;s FkksM+h lh dksf'k'k jax yk nsA tSls eksnh th

dk LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh 'kq#vkr rks liQkbZ ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA cgqr gn rd ;g liQy Hkh gqvk ij

vkt ;g ,d viuh vPNh iQksVks iznf'kZuh dk ekè;e cu x;k gSA

dqN yksx >kM+w ,oa dwMk dks Nwdj viuh rLohj dks cl lks'ky ehfM;k ij okg&okgh ywVus ds fy,

djrs gSaA

LoPN Hkkjr rHkh cusxk tc gj O;fDr bZekunkj gks tk,xkA bZekunkj eryc gj Hkkjrh; ukxfjd tc

;s lksp ys dh ;g esjk lekt ns'k gS rks] og viuh gh lksp ls iwjs ns'k dks LoPN cuk nsxkA tc gj O;fDr

vius dÙkZO; dks le>us o fuHkkus yxs rks gj txg ij dksus&dksus esa vki nhi tyk ldrs gSaA

,d lksp ls iwjk ns'k cny ldrk gSA vki vius vPNs lksp&fopkj dks iz;ksx esa yk,---- rks 'kk;n

vkidh otg ls gh dqN cnyko vk tk,A

iwtk] vuq"Bku [kRe gksus ds ckn 'ks"k cph gqbZ oLrq,a] jk[k] iwQy rFkk vU; oLrqvksa dks vki unh esa

u cgk,¡A blls cgqr gh T;knk iQk;nk gksxk gekjs fy, vkSj ml vcks/ tho&tarq ds fy, tks ml unh] rky]

xaxk ls viuh I;kl cq>krk gksxkA

/wy dh otg ls vkidh vkSj iwjs lekt dh 'olu fØ;k [krjs esa iM+ tkrh gSA

vkt tks ,d frudk gS oks ,d fo'kky taxy ds ,d o`{k ds NksVs Hkkx gSA vki lksp jgs gksaxs

vkf[kj frudk gha D;ksa---- rks bldk mÙkj 'kk;n vkids ikl gks ----A D;ksafd bldk ftEesnkj iwjk ekuo lekt

gSA viuh t:jr ds fy, i;kZoj.k dks ge yksx rgl&ugl dj jgs gSaA tjk lksfp, tc gj rjiQ lq[ks

isM+&iks/s vkSj fliQZ NksVs&NksVs VqdM+s vkSj fruds gh fruds fn[ks rks ;s ekuo lekt dSls th ldsxkA

,f'k;k esa lcls T;knk ekSr gksrh gS blesa ls Hkh Hkkjr esaA ok;q iznw"k.k ls gj lky 1-2 fefy;u

O;fDr dh ekSr gksrh gSA

frudk

[kw'kcw (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

51

Hkkjr ds fnYyh 'kgj tks bldh jkt/kuh gS ;gk¡ ij 8 yksx izfrfnu iznw"k.k ds dkj.k ejrs gSaA ok;q

iznw"k.k ls izfr o"kZ 3000 O;fDr dh ekSr gksrh gSA ;s vkadM+s ns[kdj jksaxVs [kM+s gks tkrs gSa ;s efLr"d lkspus

ij etcwj gks tkrk gS--- vkSj ckj&ckj ;gha [;ky vkrk gS fd gekjh ftUnxh cgqr gh [krjs esa gSaA blls Hkh

nq[k dh ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr ds vf/d ;qok la[;k ;gh ekStwn gS tks ns'k dh rjDdh ds lk/u gSA vkt

fnYyh ds gj Hkkx esa fo|kFkhZ vf/d la[;k gS vkSj budh ftUnxh [krjs esa gS eryc ns'k dk Hkfo"; [krjs

esa gSA ;g i<+ dj vki vf/d fpafrr u gks D;ksafd ;s gekjs vius iwotksZ dh vkSj muds }kjk i;kZoj.k ds

lkFk fd, x, NsM+&NkM+ dk ifj.kke gSA fojklr esa tehu /u&nkSyr ds lkFk vkidks ;g nwf"kr i;kZoj.k Hkh

viukuk iMs+xkA

eSa vkidks ;g le>kuk pkgrh gw¡ fd vki ,slk u djsa vkSj vius vkus okyh ih<+h dk [;ky j[krs

gq, lalk/u dk mi;ksx djsa rFkk isM+&ikS/s dks viuh gh ugha vius vkus okys ih<+h dk Hkh lalk/u le>s

vkSj vf/d fruds u cuus nsaA ;g vkidh thr gSA

52

izkjafHkd Kku

lcls cM+k xzg & c`gLifr

lcls cM+k mixzg & xuhesM

lcls cM+k egk}hi & ,f'k;k

lcls cM+k }hi & xzhuySaM

lcls cM+k egklkxj & iz'kkar egklkxj

lcls cM+k lkxj & Hkweè; lkxj

lcls cMk izk;}hi & vjc izk;}hi

lcls cM+h [kkM+h & eSfDldks dh [kkM+h

lcls cM+k e#LFky & lgkjk (vÚhdk)

lcls cM+h >hy & dSfLi;u lkxj

lcls cM+k MsYVk & lqUnjou dk MsYVk

lcls cM+k ns'k (tula[;k) & phu

lcls cM+k ns'k ({ks=kiQy) & :l

lcls yEch unh & uhy unh

lcls mQ¡ph pksVh & ,ojsLV

lcls mQ¡pk >juk & ,afty (csaustq,syk)

lcls fo'kky leqnz & nf{k.k phu lkxj

lcls fo'kky milkxj & gM+lu milkxj

lcls cM+h ioZr ekyk,¡ & fgeky; (dkjkdskje)

izkjafHkd Kku

[kw'kcw (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

53

Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk lkekU; ifjp;

Hkkjr izkphu dky ls gh ,d lqLi"V HkkSxksfyd vkSj lkaLÑfrd bdkbZ jgk gSA ikSjkf.kd jktk nq";ar

ds iq=k Hkjr ds uke ij bl ns'k dk uke Hkkjr iM+kA bafM;k 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk fla/q unh uke ls gqbZ

iQkjloknh l v{kj dk mPpkj.k g ds :i esa djrs gSaA blfy, mUgksaus fla/q dk mPpkj.k fgUnw ds :i esa

fd;kA fla/q unh ds iwoZ dh Hkwfe dks fgLrku dgk tkrk FkkA ;wukuh vkSj jkseoklh fla/q dks baMl vkSj blds

iwoZ Hkwfe dks bafM;k dgrs gSaA

Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe 8º4' mÙkj v{kka'k ls ysdj 37º 6' mÙkj v{kka'k vkSj 68º 7' iwoZ ns'kkarj ls ysdj 97º 25' iwoZ ns'kkarj ds eè; foLrr gSA

ns'k dk foLrkj mÙkj ls nf{k.k rd 3215 fd-eh- gSA Hkkjr Hkweè; js[kk ds mÙkj esa fLFkr gSA ddZo`Ùk

Hkkjr dks yxHkx nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA 82º½ iwohZ ns'kkarj blds yxHkx eè; Hkkx

bykgkckn ls gksdj xqtjrh gS] tks ekud le; gSA ;g xzhufop le; ls 5 ?kaVk 30 feuV vkxs gSA

Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy 3287263 oxZ fd-eh- gSA {ks=kiQy dh nf"V ls ;g fo'o dk lkroka lcls cM+k

ns'k gSA Hkkjr fo'o ds yxHkx 2-45» HkwHkkx ij fLFkr gSA tula[;k dh nf"V ls ;s phu ds ckn vkrk gSA

Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k 2011 ds tux.kuk ds vk/kj ij 1210193422 gSA

Hkkjr dh lhek,¡ HkkSxksfyd nf"V ls lqLi"V gSA mlds mÙkj&if'pe vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ esa fo'kky ioZr

ekyk gS rFkk nf{k.k] if'pe vkSj iwoZ esa lkxj gSA

Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh nf"V ls fo'o esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds ckn Hkkjr nwljs LFkku ij vkrk gSA

lhek,a

Hkkjr ds LFkyh; lhek dh yackbZ 15200 fd-eh- rFkk eq[; Hkwfe dh rVh; lhek dh yackbZ 6100

fd-eh gSA }hiksa lesr ns'k dh rVh; lhek 7516-6 fd-eh- gSA izk;}hih iBkj fgUn egklkxj esa yxHkx 1600

Hkkjr dk HkkSxksfyd ifjp;

[kw'kcw (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

54

fd-eh- dh nwjh rd ?kql x;k gSA blh ds dkj.k fgUn egklkxj nks lkxjksa vFkkZr~ vjc lkxj vkSj caxky dh

[kkM+h ds :i esa caV x;k gSA Hkkjr dk HkkSxksfyd foLrkj bruk gS fd tc v#.kkpy izns'k esa lw;ksZn; gksrk

gS] rc iksjcanj jkr ds va/sjs esa Mwck jgrk gSA Hkkjr dk nf{k.kre Hkkx bafnjk IokbaV fudksckj }hi lewg esa gSa

blds foijhr Hkkjr dk mÙkjre Hkkx tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; esa gSA bl jkT; dh mÙkjh lhek ij ikehj gS]

tgk¡ fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa ioZr Jsf.k;ka iSQyh gqbZ gSA bu nksuksa Hkkxksa ds chp yxHkx 3000 fd-eh- dk foLrkj

gSA vkSj tyok;q dh n'kk,a rFkk izkÑfrd lalk/u gSA

Hkkjr dh LFky lhek ij ckaXykns'k E;kaekj] HkwVku] usiky] phu] viQxkfuLrku rFkk ikfdLrku fLFkr

gSA iwoZ esa ckaXykns'k ds lkFk Hkkjr dh lcls yach lhek gS tks 4096 fd-eh- gSA

iM+kslh ns'k ds lkFk lhek foLrkj

ckaXykns'k 4096 fd-eh-

phu 3917 fd-eh-

ikfdLrku 3310 fd-eh-

usiky 1752 fd-eh-

E;kaekj 1558 fd-eh-

HkwVku 587 fd-eh-

viQxkfuLrku

Hkkjrh; lhek ij fLFkr jkT;

ikfdLrku %& xqtjkr] jktLFkku] iatkc tEew d'ehj

viQxkfuLrku %& tEew&d'ehj (ikfdLrku vf/Ñr {ks=k)

ckaXykns'k %& if'pe caxky] vle] es?kky;] f=kqijk] fetksje

E;kaekj %& v:.kkpy izns'k] ukxkySaM] ef.kiqj] fetksje

HkwVku %& flfDde] if'pe caxky vle] v:.kkpy izns'k

phu%& tEew&d'ehj] fgekpy izns'k] mÙkjk[kaM] flDde] v:.kkpy izns'k

usiky %& mÙkj izns'k] mÙkjk[kaM] fcgkj] if'peh caxky flfDde

55

Jhyadk%& Hkh Hkkjr dk iM+kslh ns'k gS tks fgUn egklkxj esa ikd ty laf/ }kjk Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe ls

i`Fkd djrs gSaA ,MEl fczt] Jhyadk ,oa rfeyukMq dh chp fLFkr gSA ,MEl fczt ds mÙkj esa ikd dh [kkM+h

,oa nf{k.k esa eUukj dh [kkM+h gS] lkFk gh lkFk iEcu }hi Hkh gS tks rfeyukMq ds jkes'oje esa fLFkr gS tks

,MEl fczt dk gh fgLlk gSA

Hkkjr ds izeq[k tyMe#eè;

Hkkjr %& Jhyadk ds chp & eUukj dh [kkM+h

ikd dh [kkM+h& ikd ty laf/

Hkkjr ds izeq[k pSuy

100 pSuy & y?kq vaMeku & dkj fudksckj

900 pSuy & feuhdks; & y{k}hi

80 pSuy & eky}hi & feuhdk;W;

xzsV pSuy & bafnjk IokabV & baMksusf'k;k

Hkkjr jkT; ftuls gksdj ddZ js[kk xqtjrh gS%&

• xqtjkr &

• eè; izns'k & Hkksiky

• NÙkhlx<+ &

• >kj[k.M

• if'pe caxky &

• f=kiqjk & vxjryk

• fetksje

,d&,d djds lkjs isM+ dkV jgs gSa]

o{k laj{k.k

,drk (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

56

ge vius gkFkksa gh viuh ekSr ck¡V jgs gSaA

>qylk jgs gSa tx dks ge tku&cw>dj

fdruh jÝ+rkj ls ns[kksa taxy pkV jgs gSaA

dHkh ck<+] dHkh lw[kk] dHkh t+yt+yk]

;s dSlk pyk gS flyflykA

dHkh ekSr cjlkrk gS ;s xxu]

dHkh fuxyus dks t+ehu nkSM+rh gSA

gS [kqn dh gh xyrh]

ftldk gS gesa ifj.kke feykA

dHkh ck<+] dHkh lw[kk] dHkh t+yt+yk]

;s dSlk pyk gs flyflykA

lery gfj;kyh dks Hkh dj fn;k jsfxLrku]

cM+s&ls&cM+s taxyksa dks Hkh cuk Mkyk 'ke'kkuA

xyrh gS gj balku dh]

ifj.kke ij ,d&nwts dks Mk¡V jgs gSaA

,d&,d djds lkjs isM+ dkV jgs gSaAA

¶o{k jksi.k djsa] Hkfo"; ds fy,] [kqn ds fy,¸

?kj lkiQ lqFkjk rks ikdZ&lM+d xans D;ksa\

fofurk (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

57

fdlh Hkh vPNs o O;ofLFkr LFkku ds ckjs esa] pkgs og jsyos LVs'ku gks] gksVy gks ;k jsLrjka gks] ge

mlds liQkbZ o LoPNrk ds Lrj dks ns[kdj tku ldrs gSaA vkSj ;gh ,d ns'k ds fy, Hkh ykxw gksrk gSa vxj

dksbZ ns'k LoPN ugha gS rks mlds ukxfjdksa esa pkgs fdruh Hkh izfrHkk gks] og ns'k dHkh Hkh mUufr ugha dj

ldrkA blfy, LoPNrk dh egÙkk dks dqN gh 'kCnksa esa O;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

Hkkjr vius izkÑfrd lkSan;Z ds fy, fo'o esa vuwBk LFkku j[krk gSA ;gh lqanjrk fo'o Hkj ds yksxksa

dks viuh vksj [khap ykrh gSA ij tc ns'k ds xk¡o&'kgj] xyh&eksgYys] lM+d] ikdZ vkfn gh xans gksaxs rks

dksbZ Hkh ;gk¡ ugha vkuk pkgsxkA 'kk;n blhfy, fd Hkkjr fo'o esa ,d lEekutud LFkku ik lds] gekjs

ekuuh; iz/kuea=kh us ^LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku* dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA fliQZ mUgksaus gh ugha cfYd ns'k dh lHkh

cM+h gfLr;ksa us bl vfHk;ku esa c<+&p<+dj fgLlk fy;k gSA

lcls egRoiw.kZ loky ;g gS fd ge brus xUns D;ksa gS\ ge Hkkjrh; xUns ugha gS cfYd ge rks

lkiQ&liQkbZ dk cgqr è;ku j[krs gSA ;gka ds yksx vius ?kj ds vanj twrs&pIIy Hkh ugha igurs rkfd ?kj

lkiQ&lqFkjk jgsa gekjs ns'k esa efUnj] iwtk&LFky cgqr lkiQ jgrs gSaA ns'k ds lcls cM+s R;ksgkj nhikoyh ds

ekg&Hkj igys gh ?kjksa dh lkiQ&liQkbZ o jax&jksx+u 'kq: gks tkrs gSA

ge ;g ckr Hkh ekurs gSa fd y{eh mlh ?kj esa fuokl djrh gS tks ?kj lkiQ&lqFkjk gksrk gSA ij

geus dHkh bl ckr ij xkSj ugha fd;k fd ?kj ds ckgj dh LoPNrk dks ns[kdj gh ml ?kj ds vanj dh

lkiQ&liQkbZ dk vanktk yx tkrk gSA ge gekjs ?kj esa lc dqN lkiQ&lqFkjk j[kuk pkgrs gS ij njokts ds

ckgj gesa dksbZ eryc ugha gksrkA ge gekjs ?kjksa esa LoPNrk ds fy, cgqr lko/kuh cjrrs gSaA

gekjs ns'k ds xank gksus ds D;k dkj.k gS ftlds dkj.k fons'kh daifu;ka Hkkjr esa fuos'k ugha djuk

pkgrh\ blds fy, dkSu ftEesnkj gS\ D;k uxj ikfydk ;k uxj fuxe blds fy, ftEesnkj gS tks viuk

dk;Z dq'kyrk ls ugha dj jgs gS\ blds fy, ge nks"kh gSA gekjh ekufldrk blds fy, ftEesnkj gSA gekjh

;g lksp fd ^tks ckgj gS og esjk ugha gSA* o esjs FkksM+s ls dpjs ls D;k iQdZ iM+ tk,xkA* bl ns'k dks xank

cuk jgh gSA ikl esa iM+s dwM+snku esa isaQdus dh ctk, ge mls lM+d ij gh isaQd nsrs gSaA tc ge ?kj ls

ckgj fudyrs gS rks mlh dpjs dks ns[kdj ukd fldksM+ dj xkfy;k¡ nsrs gq, fudy tkrs gS o vutkus esa

Lo;a dks gh xkyh nsrs gSaA tks eksgYyk lkiQ&lqFkjk gksrk gS ogk¡ lHkh dk tkus dk o jgus dk eu djrk gS rks

D;ksa u ge Lo;a ds eksgYys dks Hkh LoPN cuk;sA vxj ge lp esa ,d LoPN ns'k pkgrs gS rks gesa Lo;a dks

,sls dne mBkus iM+saxs cxSj ;g lksps fd dksbZ vkSj vk, vkSj gkFk esa >kMw ysdj lkiQ djsA

dbZ fons'k tkus okys Hkkjrh; ogk¡ dh liQkbZ dks ns[kdj vius nk¡rksa rys v¡xqyh nckus ds fy,

etcwj gks tkrs gSaA ogk¡ lkiQ liQkbZ ljdkj dh otg ls ugha gS cfYd ogk¡ ds yksx Lo;a tkx#d gSa] os

Lo;a ogk¡ dpjk ugha iSQykrs gSaA ge Hkkjrh; jlksbZ ds crZuksa dks twBs gkFkksa ls Nwrs rd ugha gS ogha ge nwljksa

ds ?kj ds ckgj dwMk ,sls isaQdrs gSa tSls vksyafid [ksyksa esa xksyk isaQd jgs gSaA vkokjk i'kq] lwvj] vkfn

58

xfy;ksa esa ?kwers jgrs gS o xfy;ksa dks nwf"kr djrs gS ftlls chekfj;k¡ iSQyrh gSa muds jgus ds fy, dksbZ

fuf'pr LFkku ugha gSA

gekjk ns'k Hkkjr fofHkUu /eks± o laLÑfr;ksa dk laxe LFky gSA ;gk¡ dh turk gekjs ns'k dks vyx

gh ut+fj;s ls ns[krh gS fd tks ckgj gS og esjk ugha gSA vkf[kj ;g ns'k Hkh rks gekjk gh gS gekjh

vku&cku&'kku o igpku blh ns'k ls rks ij gekjk utfj;k¡ vyx gh gS o blls pkgs yk[kksa uxjikfydkA

uxj fuxe ds deZpkjh D;ksa u dke djsa] iz/kuea=kh o usrk lSdM+ksa Hkk"k.k nsa rks Hkh Hkkjr LoPN ugha cu

ldrkA dqN yksx bl ckr ls drjkrs gS fd vxj os eksgYys esa >kMw mBkdj dke djsaxs rks mudh bTtr D;k

jg tk,xh] yksx D;k dgsaxs bR;kfnA Hkxoku Ñ".k us Hkh jktlw; ;K ds le; twBh iÙkys mBkbZ FkhA mudk

lans'k Fkk fd vkneh vius deZ o lksp ls cM+k curk gSA dksbZ Hkh dke NksVk ;k cM+k ugha gksrkA cgqr ls

usrkvksa] vfHkusrkvksa] cM+h&cM+h daifu;ksa ds ekfydksa] ftUgksaus vkt rd vius gkFkksa esa >kMw ugha mBkbZ Fkh]

mUgksaus Hkh >kMw mBkdj bl vfHk;ku esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA ij ;g dke rHkh iwjk gks ldrk gS tc ge lc

feydj lkspsa fd ;g ns'k Hkh gekjk ?kj gSA bldks LoPN j[kuk ge lcdh ftEesnkjh gSA

LoPN Hkkjr ,d lq[kh o le¼ Hkkjr dh dq¡th gS ftls [kksyus ij [kq'kgkyh gh [kq'kgkyh gSA gekjs

ekuuh; iz/kuea=kh Jh ujsUnz eksnh }kjk pyk;k x;k ;g LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku] egkRek xk¡/h ds fy, LoPN

Hkkjr dk vuwBk rksgiQk gksxk tks gj Hkkjrh; ds thou dks cnyus dh {kerk j[krk gSA 'kkL=kksa esa igyk lq[k

fujksxh dk;k dks dgk x;k gSA vxj ckgjh okrkoj.k gh LoPN ugha gksxk] dwM+s&djdV ij efD[k;k¡

fHkufHkukrh gqbZ gekjs [kkus ij cSBsaxh] ePNjksa ds dkj.k rjg&rjg dh chekfj;k¡ tUe ysaxh rks dksbZ dSls ru ds

Hkh LoPN o LoLFk gksus dh dYiuk dj ldrk gSA

Hkkjr ds djhc lkB izfr'kr ?kjksa esa 'kkSpky; ugha gSA yksx [kqys esa gh 'kkSp tkrs gSaA yksxksa ds

LokLF; ij bldk cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA os vusd chekfj;ksa dk ?kj cu tkrs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa vusd vfHk;ku

pyk, tk jgs gSA ^fueZy Hkkjr vfHk;ku* ds rgr ?kjksa esa 'kkSpky; cuok, tk jgs gSaA blds ckotwn Hkh dbZ

?kjksa esa 'kkSpky; gksus ds ckn Hkh os ?kj ls ckgj tkrs gS blfy, 'kkSpky; ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk&lkFk mUgsa lkiQ

j[kuk Hkh t:jh gSA egkRek xk¡/h us Hkh dgk Fkk fd ,d 'kkSpky; dks ,d cSBd dh rjg lkiQ gksuk

pkfg,A

LoPNrk vfHk;ku dks liQy cukus ds fy, ;qok oxZ dh Hkwfedk vge gSA vxj gj O;fDr vius

vklikl ds fliQZ nl ehVj dk {ks=k lkiQ djrk gS rks gekjh tula[;k bruh gS fd iwjk ns'k lkiQ gks ldrk

gSa ,d leL;k ;g Hkh gS fd lkiQ djus ds ckn ml dpjs dks isaQdus dh O;oLFkk ugha gSA blds fy, uxj

ikfydk dks vk/qfudj.k] gj eqgYys esa dpjk&ik=k o tu tkx#drk cgqr t:jh gSA 'kkSpky; ds fuekZ.k ds

lkFk&lkFk mudh liQkbZ ds fy, ikuh dh lIykbZ Hkh vko';d gSA

fuxjkuh ds vHkko eas ljdkj }kjk bu ;kstukvksa esa yxk, x, djksM+ks vjcksa #i, /wy esa pys tkrs gSaA

dqN xk¡oksa esa yM+fd;k¡ blfy, Ldwy ugha tkrh D;ksafd ogk¡ 'kkSpky; ugha gSA 'kkSpky; cuokus ds lkFk&lkFk

59

gj txg uxjifydk ds }kjk j[kok, x, fjlkbdscy dpjk ik=k Hkh gksus pkfg,A IykfLVd FkSfy;ksa ds iz;ksx

ij iwjh rjg izfrca/ yxk nsuk pkfg,A FkSfy;ksa ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k dks rks uqdlku igqaprk gh gS o lkFk gh

vLoPN okrkoj.k Hkh curk gSA

Hkkjr dh LoPNrk dk vanktk 'kk;n bl dFku ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSa ,d fons'kh i;ZVd us vkxjk

'kgj dks ns[kdj dgk ¶vkxjk ds fy, rkt egy ds fy, dk gksuk mldk lkSHkkX; gS ij rkt egy ds fy,

vkxjk esa gksuk nqHkkZX; gSA¸ ge lcdks ,dtqV gksdj bl dFku dks xyr lkfcr djuk gSa ge lcus cpiu esa

i<+k gSA ^oh vkj izkmM Vw ch ,u bafM;u* (gesa Hkkjrh; gksus ij xoZ gS)A gesa Hkkjr dks lkiQ lqFkjk cukdj

lp esa Hkkjrh; gksus xoZ eglwl djuk gSA

ftl izdkj xgus 'kjhj dh lqanjrk c<+krs gS] mlh izdkj gfj;kyh ls izÑfr dh lqanjrk gSA isM+ izÑfr

dk xguk gSA Hkkjr dks lqanj o LoPN cukus ds fy, isM+ yxkus gksaxsA blls okrkoj.k dh Hkh 'kqf¼ gksxhA dqN

vehj yksxksa dk xk¡oksa dks xksn ysdj muds fy, dke djokus dk dne Hkh ljkguh; gSA u, dkuwu] tqekZus ds

u, ekinaM Hkh cgqr t:jh gSA ufn;ksa dh fu;fer liQkbZ o liQkbZ ds fy, u, vfHk;ku Hkh pykus pkfg,A

gekjs ru dh 'kqf¼ eu dh 'kqf¼ ls tqM+h gS o mlh ls gekjs vanj lgh xyr dk iSQlyk djus dh

'kfDr vkrh gSA bl cnyko dks ykus ds fy, gesa Lo;a dks cnyuk gksxkA tc gekjk efLr"d LoLFk gksxk rks

LoPN t:j cusxk bafM;kA vc gesa LoPNrk dks viukdj Hkkjr dks /jrh dk LoxZ cukuk gksxkA gesa bl

vfHk;ku dks vkSj mQ¡pkbZ;ksa rd igq¡pkuk gksxk tSlk fd geus ,d ckj iksfy;ksa dks feVkus ds fy, fd;k Fkk

rks ge ;dhuu jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/h dh 150 oha t;arh] 2 vDVwcj 2019 dks gj Hkkjrh; ds fy, ;knxkj

cuk nsaxsA

ge lc Hkkjr ds yksx bl ns'k dh 'kfDr gSa] igpku gSA ge gh bl ns'k dks cuk,¡xs LoPN Hkkjr]

Hkkjr] Le¼ Hkkjr o Js"B HkkjrA

nwj ds <ksy lqgkus gh yxrs gS ftl izdkj egkuxjh; thou orZeku ih<+h dks vkdf"kZr dj jgs gSA

ijUrq bu cM+s&cM+s egkuxjksa esa u tkus fdruh leL;ksa gSA eg¡xkbZ ds nkSj esa rks bu leL;kvksa ls fuiVuk Hkh

ukeqefdu lk yxrk gSA HkkSfrdrk Hkh yksxksa dks vkdf"kZr djus esa eq[; fdjnkj fuHkk jgh gSA NksVs&NksVs uxjksa

egkuxjh; thou dh leL;k,¡

dqedqe flag (Hkwxksy) r`rh; o"kZ

60

clsa ?kjksa dks NksM+dj yksx vc egkuxj dh jkg ij py iM+s gSA egkuxjksa esa vkus ij yksxksa dks igys rks

vius jgus dk fBdkuk <w¡<uk gh eqf'dy gks tkrk gSa vutku yksxksa ij fo'okl djuk vR;f/d dfBu gSA

O;fDr dks jgus ds fy, edku rks fy, tkrs gS ijUrq ?kj ughaA pkj fnokjksa ls cuk edku dHkh fdlh dh

vius ?kj dh ;kn dks iwjk ugha dj ldrkA jkstxkj dh leL;k ls og lHkh fj'rksa ls nwj gks tkrs gSaA u;k

jkstxkj feyuk cgqr dfBu gks tkrk gSA 'kgj dh vkcks&gok osls rks lqgkuh yxrh gS ijUrq tc okLrfodrk ls

lkeuk gksrk gS rks os cgqr nq[knk;d gksrh gSA 'kgjksa esa vkus ds ckn ;fn O;fDr dks dqN gks tk, rks mlds

fy, dksbZ ugha gksrkA igys [kqn dks 'kgj esa clkuk vkSj fiQj ifjokj dks j[kuk ,d la?k"kZ ds leku gks tkrk

gSA && vius cPpksa dks i<+kuk cgqr dfBu dk;Z gSA mudh V~;w'ku bR;kfn lHkh ds cl esa ugha gksrkA blfy,

bu egkuxjksa esa jguk gj O;fDr ds fy, laHko ugha gks ikrkA

fdlh us iw.kZr% lR; gh dgk gS fd & dky djs lks vkt dj vkt djs lks vc iy esa izy;

gks,xh cgqjh djsxk dcA vFkkZr~ tks dk;Z dy djuk gS mls vkt gh dj ys vkSj vkt gh ugha cfYd blh

{k.k dj ys D;ksafd ;fn ;fn iy Hkj esa dksbZ ?kVuk ;k nq?kZVuk gks xbZ rks og dk;Z ugha gks ikrk gSA fdlh

Hkh dk;Z dks le; ij dj ysuk le>nkjh dgykrh gS vkSj mls Vkyuk lcls cM+h ew[kZrkA fdlh Hkh fo'ks"k

dk;Z ds fy, fu.kZ; ysuk cgqr gh lrdZrk dk fo"k; cuk tkrk gS ijUrq ;fn og dk;Z Hkfo"; ls tqM+k gks

rks\ ;|fi dksbZ fu.kZ; Hkfo"; ls tqM+k gks rks gekjh lrZdrk esa vkSj vf/d of¼ gks tkrh gS ijUrq gekjh

lkspus dh {kerk vkSj Hkh deA ;fn gekjh lkspus dh {kerk gh de gks xbZ rks Hkfo"; ds fu.kZ; gh xyr gks

tk,axs vkSj Hkfo"; cckZnA

pwafd cPps vkus okys dy dk Hkfo"; gS vius Hkfo"; ds fu.kZ; dks /hjtrk ls] ltxrk ls ysuk

pkfg, D;ksafd tYnckth esa fy, x, fu.kZ; lnSo gh xyr gkrs gSaA bl ckr dk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd ge

vius fu.kZ;ksa dks ml dy ij NksM+ ns tks dHkh vkrk gh ughaA

lgh dke dks ;fn lgh le; ij u fd;k tk, rks mls le; dh cckZnh dgk tkrk gSA blhfy, gesa

le; jgrs gh lkjs dke dj ysus pkfg,A Hkfo"; esa tks ge cuuk pkgrs gS mldk iSQlyk gesa mi;qDr le;

ij dj ysuk pkfg,A gesa vHkh ls ;g lkspuk izkjaHk dj nsuk pkfg, fd ge Hkfo"; esa fdl mikf/ dks ikuk

pkgrs gS] vkSj fiQj mlds vuqlkj Lo;a dks ml dk;Z ds fy, l{ke cuuk pkfg,A D;ksafd lgh le; ij

fy;k x;k fu.kZ; lnso gh iQk;nsean gksrk gSA

dky djs lks vkt

dqedqe flag (Hkwxksy) rrh; o"kZ

61

Hkfo"; esa ge tks cuuk pkgrs gS mls gesa lgh le; ij lksp ysuk pkfg, ojuk vafre {k.k esa fy,

x, iSQlys ij ges'kk gh iNrkuk iM+rk gSA blhfy, rks dgk gS&

¶vc iNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksr¸A

Hkfo"; esa ge tks cuuk pkgrs gS mldh rS;kjh vHkh ls gesa vius Hkhrj vkjEHk djuh gksxhA

vius edln ls ifjfpr gksus ds i'pkr gesa iwjh yxu ls mls ikus ds fy, ifjJe djuk gksxkA

D;ksafd fcuk ifjJe dqN ugha feyrkA gesa iwjh esgur] yxu] n`<+ fu'p; vkSj bZekunkjh ls vius edln dks

gkfly djus ds fy, tfVy ls tfVy iz;kl djus pkfg,A

vxj gesa vius edln dks gkfly djus ds fy, Lo;a esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ ifjorZu djuk

vko';d gks rks ml ifjorzu dks vHkh ls vkjaHk dj nsuk pkfg,A ijUrq lkFk gh gesa bl ckr ij Hkh è;ku

nsuk pkfg, fd ge ml ifjorZu ds dkj.k Lo;a dks dksbZ gkfu uk igq¡pk nsA vkSj viuh vPNh vknrksa esa

dHkh ifjorZu u gksus nsA

thoudky esa jpukvksa rFkk dYiukvksa dk lokZf/d egRo gSA fdlh Hkh edln ;k mís'; dk iw.kZ

gksuk rc rd laHko ugha gS tc rfd mldh dYiuk uk dh tk,A dYiuk vkSj jpuk gekjs mís'; ds

egRoiw.kZ va'k gSA ij izR;sd dk;Z viuh lhek ds vanj gh vPNs gksrs gSaA blfy, gesa dYiuk,¡ Hkh vR;f/d

ugha djuh pkfg,A ;fn ge ifjJe NksM+ dYiukvksa ls vius Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k djsaxs rks og vo'; gh

fc[kj tk,xkA vc ge ;g rks tku pqds gS fd vius Hkfo"; dh uhao fdl izdkj j[kh tk,A vius drZO;

deZ dks fcuk foyEc ;Fkk le; djuk gh mfpr gSA ;fn ge Hkfo"; esa dqN vPNk cuuk pkgrs gS rks mls

vHkh ls fcuk le; u"V fd, dj ns D;ksafd chrk gqvk le; fdlh ds fy, ugha ykSVrkA ;wa rks le; lHkh

ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS ijUrq tks O;fDr vius thou dks liQy cukuk pkgrk gks mls fy, rks le; dh

egÙkk vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gSa ge vius vkus okys dy dks vkt gh fu/kZfjr dj ldrs gSa ;fn ge le; dk

lnqi;ksx djs rksA le; dk lnqi;ksx liQyrk dh dqath gS l'khyrk dk fpg~u gSA izxfr dk y{k.k gS vkSj

Js"B LoHkko dk ifjpk;d gSA mfpr le; ij mfpr dke djks rks thou esa vkuan dh] L=kksrfLouh cgsxhA

tks chr x;k mls ;kn djus ls vPNk gS fd ge bl ckr ij è;ku ns fd vkt gekjs ikl D;k gS

gesa Hkfo"; esa D;k pkfg,A 'ks"k thou dks gh y{; esa j[krs gq, izkIr volj dks ij[kksa] le; dk ewY;

le>ksA gj dke ds fy, ,d le; vkSj le; ds fy, ,d dke fuf'pr gksrk gSa ;fn ge ml dke vkSj

le; dks j[k ys rks thou vkuane; chrsxkA gekjs Hkfo"; fuekZ.k dk le; ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA

ftlus le; dh dnz dh gS] le>ks mlus vius Hkfo"; dh dnz dh gSA izÑfr le; dh xq: gSA czã eqgwrZ]

izkr% dky] eè;kg~u] lka;dky vkSj jkf=k] ;s lc gh le; izÑfr ds gSA ftlus bu le;ksa ij fu;a=k.k ik

fy;k mlus u dsoy viuk Hkfo"; lq/kj fy;k cfYd izÑfr dks Hkh vius o'k esa dj fy;kA

62

vius y{; dks fu/kZfjr djus ds fy, mlds fy, le; fu/kZfjr djuk Hkh vfr vko';d gS D;ksafd

fu/kZfjr le; ij fuf'pr dke djus esa gh thou liQyrk dk jgL; gSA

;fn geus dk;Z vkt ls 'kq: ugha fd;k rks dy Hkh dqN ugha dj ik,axsA ;fn vkt ugha rks dHkh

ugha D;ksafd dy dHkh ugha vk,xkA ;fn geus izR;sd dk;Z fuf'pr le; ij ifjJe ls fd;k rks vU; dk;Z

Hkh Lo;a gh gksrs pys tk,axsA vardky esa dksbZ dk;Z laHko ugha gSA ;fn le; ij deZ ls pwd tkvksxs] rks

ckn esa thou ,d thoUr vfHk'kki cu tk,xkA

;fn tks Hkfo"; esa cuuk gS] og vHkh ls vkjaHk ugha fd;k rks og jkr&fnu dh dq<+u ,oa Øanu

cudj vkidks dpksVrk jgsxkA ,d ckr dHkh ugha Hkwyuh pkfg, fd bl vk/k iy dh nsj dj nsus okyk

le; ij NwV tkus okyh jsyxkM+h dks dHkh ugha idM+ ikrkA ns[krs&gh&ns[krs jsyxkM+h NwV tkrh gS vkSj ge

thou :ih IysViQkeZ ij [kMs&[kM+s nwljh xkM+h dh bPNk djrs gSA vkSj viuh xiQyr ij iNrkrs gSA vxyh

xkM+h dh izrh{kk esa ;k=kk dks mís'; Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gSA gesa viuh mTtoy rFkk 'kkar Hkfo"; dks n`<+

fu'p; vkSj dfBu ifjJe ls vHkh ls vkjaHk dj nsuk pkfg,A

63

rq>ls gS vfLrRo gekjk

rqe fcuk u dksbZ esjk lgkjkA

lqcg mBrs gha rsjh ;kn gS eq>dks vkrh

fnuHkj dh Hkkx&nkSM+ esa esjh vk¡[ks Fkd tkrh

fiQj Hkh vk¡[kksa esa uhan ugha vkrh

D;ksafd rsjh yksjh dh ;kn lrkrhA

lksaprh gw¡ dk'k rw esjs ikl vk tkrh

dk'k rsjh vkokt eSa fiQj ls lqu ikrh

rks rsjh ykMyh fiQj ls eqLdqjkuk lh[k tkrh

dk'k ek¡ rw esjs ikl vk tkrhA

ftUnxh esa gSa rUgkbZ] rsjs fcuk

ftUnxh dk gj yEgk cks> cu vkbZ

rsjs fcuk eSa ftUnxh dh cks> gS mBkbZAA

ftUnxh us dh gS esjs lkFk csoiQkbZ

ikik dh csclh eSa ugha lg ikbZ

vkSj uk gh] cth gekjs ?kj lgukbZ

D;ksafd] ikik dSls djrs ngst dh Hkj ikbZ

ek¡ rq D;ksa ugha vkbZ\

D;k esjh csclh rq>s ugha #ykbZ\

ek¡

[kw'kcw (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

64

rsjk vueksy jru eSa ugha cu ikbZ

D;ksafd fdLer us dh Fkh csoiQkbZ

rsjs fcuk eSa ftUnxh dk

liQj u r; dj ikbZ-----

;s Fkh tqnkbZ dh HkjikbZ

rqe fcu ftUnxh esa cl rUgkbZ gh rUgkbZ

vkt iwjs lekt esa csVh dh Nfo cny jgh gS D;ksafd bu csfV;ksa esa vFkkg xq.k gksrs gSaA vkSj bls

lkfcr djus dh t:jr ugha gS vkt csfV;k¡ ugha mudh liQyrk cksyrh gSA csVh gj dk;Z] ftEesnkjh] /eZ ,oa

deZ dks fuHkkrh gqbZ c<+ jgh gS vius thou esa liQyrk dks ik jgh gSa] liQyrk ds f'k[kj Nw jgha gSaA exj

fiQj Hkh lekt budh dnz ugha djrk D;ksa---\

eSa vkils tkuuk pkgrh gw¡ dh vkt Hkh ,d yM+dh tc vius y{; dh rjiQ c<+ jgh gksrh gSa rks

dHkh] lekt rks dHkh ifjokj mlds ia[k dkV ysrs gSa--- ,slk D;ksa\ gj eksM ij yM+dh dks [kqn dks lkfcr

djuk gksrk gs Li"Vhdj.k nsuk gksrk gS ,slk D;ksa--- D;ksafd ge csVh gSaA yM+dh gSaA

ysfdu eq>s ;s dgrs gq, xoZ eglwl gksrk gS fd eSa yM+dh gw¡] csVh gw¡ L=kh gw¡ pkgs y{ecbZ ckbZ]

>ydkjh ckbZ ls ysdj vkt fdj.k osnh] VhukMkoh] v#f.kek lHkh L=kh gSaa vkSj vius thou dks lkFkZd cuk

jgh gSaA

bUgksaus vius iSjksa dh csfM+;k rksM+ nh gS vkSj vius ia[k ds lkFk mM+ jgh gS dgrs gS tTck vkSj n`<+ fu'p;

ds lkeus ;e Hkh vkus ls Mjrk gS rks fiQj pan yksx D;k dj ysaxsA [kqn esa bruh n`<+rk ykvks dh liQyrk ds

chp vkus okyk gj iRFkj dks rqe gVk ikvksA vkRelEeku] vkRefo'okl ds lkFk vkxs c<+ks jkLrs vklku gks

tk,saxsA

eSa vkidks ,d mnkgj.k nsuk pkgrh gw¡ n`<+rk dh tc ,d L=kh lksap ysrh gS fd eq>s ;g djuk gS rks

mls dksbZ ugha jksd ldrkA mUgha esa ls ,d vEek Fkh ] ;g og L=kh Fkh vius thou esa cgqr la?k"kZ ns[kk fiQj

csfV;ksa us rksM+h csfM+;k

[kw'kcw (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

65

Hkh og gkj ugha ekuhA ,d vfHkus=kh gksus ds ckn Hkh ,d liQy] jktuSfrd lÙkk dks laHkkyus okyh usrk

cuhA bl lÙkk dks laHkkyrs oDr Hkh yksxksa us bUgha cgqr gha tyhy fd;k] fiQj oks gkj ugha ekuhA

cgqr lh dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq,] lekt fgr esa loZJs"B ;ksxnku fn;kA

ukjh gw¡] eSa detksj ugha

'kfDr gw¡ eSa lansg ugha

lfr;ksa ds uke ij tyk;k

ngst ds uke ij lrk;k

rc Hkh u #ds esjs dne

rks] lekt us Bqdjk;kA

vcyk ugha] ukjh gw¡

tc nsoh gw¡ rks izk.knk;h gw¡

tc paMh gw¡ rks izk.k foukf'kuh gw¡A

dksey gw¡] ij detksj ugha

dbZ jax gS] eq>esa xqyky dh eqgrkt ugha

[kqn gw¡ LokfHkekuh fdlh dh rkt dh eqgrkt ugha

/jrh gha ugha] vkleku Hkh ukik gS

u ns ldksxs lkFk fiQj Hkh] [kqn dks dne dkiQh gSA

gkSlys esjs ns[k u ik,]

blfy;s 'kk;n vcyk ukjh cqyk,A

f{kfrt ls Hkh mQ¡ph gw¡ leqnz ls Hkh xgjh gw¡

vkRek ls Hkh lPph gw¡

jksd u ik;k ;s lekt

ukjh 'kfDr

[kw'kcw (Hkwxksy) izFke o"kZ

66

esjs dne D;kas fd

gkSlyksa

bjknks dh iDdh gw¡AA

fnu <y gh x;k Fkk

'kke gksus gh okyh Fkh

'khr ½rq dk vkxeu gks gh x;k Fkk

vkleku esa ,d pedrk lqugjk dslfj;k

xksyk fn[kkbZ ns jgk FkkA

ykBh ds lgkjs py jgh Fkh esjh izfrek

ns[krs gh ns[krs og xksyk vkSj dslfj;k

gksrk tk jgk Fkk

tSls dksbZ fn;k viuh vk[kjh jks'kuh ds

lgkjs th gksA

;g 'kksj ân; dks nq[k ns jgk FkkA

eSaus ;g dHkh lkspk ugha FkkA

;g fn;k cq> gh tk,xk

vc ns[kk rks ,slk ut+j vk jgk Fkk

fd vkleku esa dksbZ xqykch ut+kjk

vk¡[kksa esa vkSj va/sjk Hkjrk gh tk jgk FkkA

gjh gjh ifRr;ksa esa ;g jax cgqr f[ky jgk FkkA

ekuks tSls dksbZ Lo.kZ ds iRrs ns[k fy, gksaA

og xksyk viuh jks'kuh ds lgkjs viuh

vk[kjh lk¡l ys jgk FkkA

okrkoj.k esa dksbZ 'kkarh iQSyrh gh tk jgh gks tSlsA

fnu <y gh f'kokuh ehuk

Hkwxksy r`rh; o"kZ

67

bu iyksa esa lgkjk fn;k Fkk esjh gh tSlh ,d izfrek us

cl pkjksa vksj ,d gh jks'kuh fn[kkbZ ns jgh FkhA

vkSj /hjs&/hjs og vius thou fd vk[kjh pkj

lk¡ls ysus gh okyk FkkA

cw> gh x;k Fkk og fn;k ij ,d ckj

tSls gh ut+j ?kqekbZ rks ns[kk fd og ftUnk FkkA

fcYdqy yky lqugjk Fkk og

cl og Mwcus gh okyk FkkA /jrh ds vk[kjh Nksj rd igq¡p gh x;k FkkA

vc cl ckdh Fkh rks nks lk¡ls vkSj

vk/k fpjkx rks igys gh cq> x;k FkkA

vkSj vc pkjksa vksj cl va/sjk vkSj gYdk&gYdk mtkyk FkkA

vkSj vc og viuh vk[kjh lk¡ls th jgk FkkA

/qU/yk lk iM+ x;k Fkk ;gk¡ lc dqN

vkSj ml mtkys us viuk ne rksM+ gh fn;kA

ij eu esa og vglkl ftUnk gS

dy losjk fiQj gksxk

fnu <y gh x;k

fnu <y gh x;kA

68

ACROSS 1. The most sparsely populated country in the world (8) 2. Group of islands that contains all of the West Indies except Bahamas (8) 3. The famous Mesopotamian city , that means ‘Gate of Gods’ (7) 4. The strait that connects the South China sea to the Java sea, dividing the islands

of Sumatra and Borneo (14) 5. The island country with no capital (5)

DOWN 1. The fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, one of the most popular

tourist places, it is also the birth place of Napoleon Bonaparte (7) 2. The only kingdom in Westeros, in a fantasy series by author George R.R. Martin

where citrus fruits and spices are cultivated (5) 3. The only country in the world starting with this letter (5) 4. The only state in the US which grows coffee (6) 5. The land of cheese, wine and art masterpieces (5)

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Crossword