Final Dr Kimo

7/30/2019 Final Dr Kimo

1/7

WoundsType ofinjury in which skin is torn, cut or punctured

A disruption of continuity of cells

Single or multiple cell types

Disruption or loss of organ function

Hemorrhage

Risk of infection

Cell death

Wounds caused by the application of physical force canbe divided into two main groups: blunt force trauma andsharp force trauma. A third group of wounds is caused bythe application of other forces that do not requiremovement or motion to produce their effects

Blunt force trauma is caused when an object, usuallywithout a sharp or cutting edge, impacts the body orthe body impacts the object. Three types of injury may

result from such an impact: abrasions, contusions andlacerations.

Sharp force trauma occurs when an object with a sharpor sharpened edge impacts the body. The type of injurycaused in this case depends upon the depth of the wound:an incised wound is longer than it is deep,whereas a stab wound is deeper than it is long.

Non-motion trauma is the third type of wounding.

This type of wounding occurs when tissues, usually theepidermis or the mucosal surfaces, are damaged by directapplication of a non-physical force, which can be thermal,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin


2/7

chemical, electrical or electromagnetic.

CLASSIFICATION OF INJURIES

A.DEPENDING UPON CAUSATIVE FACTOR.I. Mechanical or Physical injuries.

)a) Caused by blunt force.Abrasion

Lacerations

Contusions ( Bruises(

)b) Caused by sharp force.Incisions

Punctures incised punctures or lacerated

punctures.

)c) Caused by Fire Arms.Rifled Firearms

Smooth Bore Firearms.

country made Firearms

II. Thermal injuries.)a)Due to heat

Generalized effects of heat. i.e.Heat Hyperpyrexia. ( heat stroke(

Heat Exhaustion ( Heat collapse(

Heat Cramps ( Miners cramps(

Localized effects of heat. i.e.Burns ( Due to application of dry heat(

Scalds ( Due to application of moist heat(

)b)Due to Cold


3/7

Generalized effects of cold i.e.Hypothermia

Localized effects of cold. i.e.

Frost Bite (due to dry cold(Trench Foot ( Due to wet cold(

III. CAUSED BY CHEMICAL AGENTS.Corrosions ( Due to strong Acids or Alkalies(

Irritation ( Due to weak acids, alkalies, vegetables or

animal extracts(

IV. MISCELLANEOUS

LightingElectricity

Radiation ( X-ray, U-V rays, radioactive(

Blast Injuries

B. DEPENDING UPON GRAVITYSimple

Grievous

Dangerous

C. DEPENDING UPON TIME OF INFLECTIONAntemortem

Postmortem

Perimortem

D. DEPENDING UPON THE MANNER OF INFLICTIONSuicidal

Accidental

Homicidal

Defense Wounds

Fabricated / Fictitious Injuries

ABRASIONS

An abrasion is a superficial injury, commonly known asa 'graze' or 'scratch'.

This type of wound damages only the epidermis(uppermost skin layer), and should not therefore bleed.

However, abrasions do usually extend into the dermis

causing slight bleeding.


4/7

Abrasions are usually caused by tangential glancingimpacts but they can also be caused by crushing of theskin when the force is applied vertically down onto theskin. Bite marks and the grooved and often parchmented

abrasion found in hanging are typical of crush abrasions.

The size, shape and type of abrasion depend upon thenature of the surface of the object which contacts the skin,its shape and the angle at which contact is made.

Contact with the squared corner of an object (e.g. a brick)may well result in a linear abrasion, whereas contact witha side of the same object will cause a larger area of

abrasion.

Contact with a large rough surface, such as a road,especially when associated with the higher levels of forcefound in traffic accidents, will result in much broader areasof abrasion, sometimes called brush abrasions or gravelrash.

Tangential contact with a smooth surface may well result

in such fine, closely associated linear abrasions that theskin may simply appear reddened and roughened. Thismay be termed a friction burn; close inspection willreveal the true nature of the wound.

The direction of the causative force can be identified byinspecting the wound with a hand lens if necessary andidentifying the torn fragments of the epidermis which arepushed towards the furthest (distal) end of the abrasion.

Crush abrasions are important because they retain thepattern of the causative object.Many different objects have been identified in this way:car radiator grills, the tread of escalator steps, plaitedwhips and the linesfrom floor tiles.


5/7

Medico legal importance of AbrasionThe most informative of all injuries.

Always reflects site of impact.

Often indicate causative object.

Often indicate direction of impact. Assessment of age of abrasion is difficult.

Post mortem drying of abraded surface leathery parchmented

appearance.

1.A detailed note on the findings in relation to abrasions

mentioned in the report should be prepared and then tallied with

the findings corresponding to the weapon as alleged. If there is

any difference , then it is worthwhile to argue on the issue.

2.Generally the weapon which produces the abrasions are hard

substances like rope of moonj or whip . In case the victim is tied

with rope then it is logical to expect a mark produced by rope and

accompanying abrasions. The dimensions of abrasions are of

value and should be tallied with the dimensions of the rope alleged

to have been used in assault. Similarly the whip producing the

abrasions on the effected part should be examined and the

dimensions should be tallied with the marks produced on the body.If any difference is found, then the distinguishing points may be


6/7

argued.

3.In case of accident with a vehicle in which a head on collision

has occurred with the front of the car or vehicle, the pattern of

radiator is visible on the victim as there is great force in the vehicle

but at times, the presence of clothes on the person minimizes the

effects and the pattern may not be visible clearly or may be visible

partially. In such cases there will also be other injuries and the

mud will be present. In cases of accident, the abrasions are

multiple in number and are accompanied by other injuries like

contusions and lacerations. The abrasions are present on the bony

parts of the body as the bony parts come in contact with the

ground upon a fall and are subject to friction against the hard

ground. If the direction of the abrasions can be worked out with the

help of the findings available and they are of value,

then this should be argued out.

Sometimes the place of accident can be worked out by the total

description available as the presence of wet mud will indicate a

place having that type of mud

4.In cases of teeth bite The impression is taken from the site

where it is found and then tallied with the tooth pattern of the

accused. If it tallies, then the allegation is proved but if it does not,

this can be argued out. It is to be kept in mind that dried saliva is

found at the site besides the marks and this is always a good piece

of scientific evidence. This should be got analyzed (for blood

groups) if not done, and then tallied with the analyzed saliva of the

accused. If there is any difference , then the innocence of thesuspect can be argued, as it will be seen that the similar tooth

pattern is of someone else (Blood groups are specific for a person(

5.The abrasions produced by finger nails are commonly found in

cases of throttling or sexual assaults. The characters of the marks

should be tallied and if there is any difference in the marks present

and that of the accused, it is of value. The presence of finger

marks on the thighs and breasts are common in sexual assaults.


7/7

The dimensions and the shape of the marks, if noted carefully can

provide a good clue and can also be used in defense, if the marks

are found dissimilar in size and shape from those which can be

produced by the nails of the accused (On examination.(

Refrences

Simpson's Forensic medicine

Textbook of forensic and toxicology

www.wikipedia.com

By / Karim Magdy Mohamed

No / 747
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/

Documents

Final Dr Kimo