THE UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF THE MOSQUES IN KUTTICHARA

Dissertation submitted by

Naeera Ali

Roll no.-113701018

B. Architecture VII Semester ‘A’

Faculty of Architecture

Manipal University

October 2014

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FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

MANIPAL UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE

We certify that the Dissertation entitled “The unique architectural features of the mosques in Kuttichara”, that is being submitted by Naeera.Ali & Roll no- 113701018, in the VII semester of Bachelor of Architecture undergraduate programme, Faculty of Architecture, Manipal University, Manipal is a record of bonafide work, to the best of our knowledge.

---------------------------------- ----------------------------

Faculty in charge Director

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout the course of this Dissertation project. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work.

I dedicate this to Uppa, Umma my sister and my guide Mr Kailash Rao for their support and guidance at Faculty of Architecture. I am really grateful to Ar. Bhavana Hameed and Ar. Tony Joseph to them for sharing their views on a number of issues related to the project. I also take this opportunity to thank MR. K.V Kunhammed Koya and Imbichi Mohammed Haji for extending their help in conducting my case studies.

Thank you,

Naeera Ali

VII Semester, B.Arch

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ABSTRACTNumerous studies and findings have been done on the various examples of

the Monuments of Indo Islamic art and Architecture. These structures have

always been in the limelight probably because of the enormous scale. But as

we go down south of India the Islamic art and architecture seems to be

neglected and very few countable number of studies have been carried out.

Although the structure’s found in the southern west coast region collectively

known as Malabar might have been the very first’s of the Islamic structures

in India , these mosques are little known and so far no detailed study of these

buildings have been done. The report was set out to throw light on these little

known Islamic structures and to bring out the uniqueness of these buildings.

Three major buildings of the Malabar region were studied highlighting the

unusual elements in regard to the region. Through the study it could be

understood that even though the majority portion of the structure were

influenced regionally there are some highlting elements which were one of a

kind. It was also found that the architecture was shaped through the religious

harmony of the region.

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ContentsCHAPTER-1.................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................6

1.0 BACKGROUND..................................................................................................6

1.1 AIM.....................................................................................................................7

1.2 RESEARCH STATEMENT.................................................................................7

1.3 OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................................7

1.4 DEFINITIONS.....................................................................................................7

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS...............................................................................8

CHAPTER -2................................................................................................................9

LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................9

CHAPTER-3...............................................................................................................20

CASE STUDIES.....................................................................................................20

3.0 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................20

3.1 THE JAMI MASJID...........................................................................................20

3.2 THE MISHQAL PALLI OR MITHQALPALLI.....................................................29

3.3 THE MUCCHANDIPALLI..................................................................................37

CHAPTER-4...............................................................................................................41

DATA ANALYSIS........................................................................................................41

4.0 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................41

4.1 Presentation of Analysis...................................................................................42

CHAPTER- 5..............................................................................................................44

5.0 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................44

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................45

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUNDIn the medieval period when the Turks, Arabs and Mongols started invasion in

India, it led to the rise of a distinctive style of architecture. These foreign

invaders appointed the local Hindu masons for constructing their architectural

monuments like Mosques, palaces, tombs, madrasas and forts/fortresses.

This saw the introduction of many new elements in the architecture of India

which was very distinct from the existing prevailing style that was used in the

construction of temples and other secular structures. It is collectively termed

as Indo-Islamic architecture.

The significant style that was introduced was the use of arches and beams

which was in contrast to the traditional trabeated style of buildings using

pillars, beams and lintels. The other distinguishing features of Indo-Islamic

architecture are kiosks, minars, geometrical patterns, double domes and char-

bagh pattern of gardening. The Indo-Islamic architecture is prevalent in the

Northern parts of India.

Upon the existing studies it was found that as we go down the Malabar Coast

situated in the southern parts of India it is noticed that the mosques have no

resemblance to the Indo-Islamic mosques. The Malabar Coast was exposed

to trade which is dated back to 3000BCE. Arabs, Portuguese, Dutch and the

Britishers have traded in the major port of the Malabar Coast called Calicut.

With the progress of trade cultural exchanges started taking place. The

architecture of this region is shaped by these exchanges. The mosques of the

region resembles the places of worship of the community prevalence at that

time but certain elements are rare which helps in finding a new perspective or

thinking to the typical style of Islamic architecture that has been followed.

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1.1 AIM To understand the uniqueness of the mosques in Kuttichara

1.2 RESEARCH STATEMENTTo study and explore the Islamic architecture in Calicut and its unique characteristics.

1.3 OBJECTIVES To study the three major mosques of Kuttichara

To identify the local traditional elements used in the mosques

To identify the defining architectural elements

To find out if the unique architectural elements had any external

influence.

To compare the mosque’s of Kuttichara with Indo Islamic mosque’s

1.4 DEFINITIONS

Hijra – any year in the Islamic calendar

Mihrab - Semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla; that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the directions that Muslims should face when praying(htt)

Mimbar – Is a pulpit in the mosque where the imam (prayer leader) stands to deliver sermons.(htt1)

Naksh – is a specific calligraphic style for writing in the Arabic alphabet.(htt3)

Namaz – Muslim terminology for prayer

Palli – Malayalam terminology for Mosque.

Qibla – Is the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during salat. Mosques contain a wall niche, known as mihrab that indicates the Qiblah.(htt2)

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1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONSScope

The study of Islamic architecture The elements of Islamic architecture The architectural characteristics of mosques

Limitation

Limiting the study of mosques to a particular region Studying the influence of Kerala architecture in Kuttichara

1.7METHODOLOGY

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CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Historical Background- Malabar

Kerala known as the “Gods own country” is a state located in the south west

part of India on the Malabar Coast (Figure 2.1 0). Ancient Kerala was ruled by

the powerful Cheradynasty which was also known as the Kulasshekara

Empire to the local people. Kerala in the ancient period was known for its

spices and used to export pepper and other spices which can be dated way

back to 3000 BCE. Malabar Coast is the area lying between the narrow strip

of mountain lands between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. It

consisted of the north half of Kerala and few coastal areas of present day

Karnataka. The Sanskrit origin word called Malaya - Desha, which meant “hilly

region” was later known to the Persian and Arab geographers as Malbar,

Milibar finally turned out to be known as Malabar.

Kerala established trade of pepper in the ancient harbour towns namely

Tyndis (present day Kadalundi situated in Kozhikode district) and Muziris

(speculated to be located about present day Kodungallur situated in Thrissur

district). Pliny the Elder, the famous Roman author and philosopher mentions

in his works the ‘NaturalisHistoria’ that Muziris was a dominant port at that

time and was the nearest market in India.

Trading in Kerala has said to be originated with the Arabs. Around 600 B.C

the Arabs took control of the profitable trade. Later a Greek navigator

Eudoxus of Cyzicus probed the Arabian sea at the orders of Ptolemy VIII who

was the king of the ancient Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt came for trade to

Kerala. Eudoxus of cyzucus sailed to muziris in 116 B.C. The Greek navigator

sailed to Muziris twice and returned with precious goods. During the reign of

Ptolemy XI, Alexandria was entrusted to the Romans in 80 BC.It turned out to

be the main commercial centre of the world and the main bazaar for spices at

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that time. The Romans and the Greeks used to buy pepper from the Arabs at

an exorbitant price. When the Romans found out that the pepper grew in India

they set out their expedition to the Malabar Coast. The trade links were such

that they could reach Muziris in a span of 40 days (Figure 2.1 1). But during 3rd

century AD Roman trade started to decline. After the fall the Arab traders

started to gain full control of the spice trade.

The Hippalus (South west monsoon) was favourable for the traders as they

could sail regularly.

According to IbnBattutah Malabar was a region that which would be reached

within the length of a two months journey which started from Sindapur to

present day Kollam. In architecture concerns Malabar has some of the finest

examples of traditional wooden buildings. Although the northern regions of

Malabar slowly lost their independence and traditional architecture was

influenced by the interior regions. Some of these remarkable buildings still

existing are found in the old port of Calicut in Kerala. The earliest of these

buildings is also found in Calicut which can be dated back to the 14 th century.

In spite of the massive size and unique features these mosques aren’t well

known and so far no detailed studies of the Islamic buildings have been done.

The mosques of Kerala differ greatly from Muslim structures compared to

other regions in India. The large-scale use of timber construction of upper

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Figure 2.1 2 sea route followed by traders Figure 2.1 0 Map of Kerala

storey’s and tiered form of roofs show a type of Indo- Islamic architecture,

which is region specific and is worthy of special attention. For the settlers they

would have not found the principle of wooden roof structure to be unique as it

is a traditional form of the region and could be found in the plain dwellings and

almost all the large temples.

One of the oldest mosques in India is found in the present day Kodungalur

called the Cheraman Masjid. Kodungallur was an influential port of Malabar till

the capital shifted to Calicut. The Cheramanmasjid was one of the first

mosques in the world to be built with sloping roof and without the standard

elements usually found in mosques during that period. It is believed that the

foundation of this mosque is dated back to the 8th year of Hijra.

From the records of Zain al-din (Tuhfat al Mujahid) and Firishta it is said that

the ruler of that time Cheramanperumal got influenced by Islam and it took

place during the lifetime of the Prophet. It was Cheramans vision that helped

in establishing the mosque. It was Malik Dinar that propagated Islam and also

setup the mosque. The Cheraman mosque is the best example of the small

mosques of Malabar. (Mehrdad Shokoohy)

CALICUT

Present day Calicut is located in the southern

part of Kerala in the Malabar Coast. The old

town of Calicut is known for being under the rule

of the Portuguese. The old town of Calicut was

ruled by the powerful Hindu rajas called the

Zamorin. In local terms known as the Samudhiri

was known as the sea-lord. Calicut was a

developed port way back from the 12th and 13th

century. By the 13th century the trade of the

town was in the control of the Muslims.

IbnBatutah describes Calicut to be a major port in Malabar which was ruled by

a Hindu ruler and was occupied by various groups coming from China, Java,

and Srilanka and from the west- Persia and Yemen.

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Figure 2.1 2 map showing present day Calicut.

In 1442 Abdal –Razzaq describes in his journal how Calicut is a safe harbour

and it brings people from every country. From time to time ships used to come

from Mecca and used to abide in the harbour. He mentions that a

considerable amount of Muslims resided in Calicut and have two mosques in

which they meet every Friday to offer prayers.

This mention of two Jami mosques in

Calicut is laudable, because in the initial

centuries of Islam city’s had only one

Jami for the Friday prayer. The ancient

Muslim geographers used to refer to the

status of a town by mentioning that it

had a mimbar or a Mosque. These two

mosques are still in good condition, one

known as the Jami Masjid and the other

is the Mishqal mosque. A religious

leader called the Khazi in charge of the

mosques and also exercised some

authority of the community. Both the mosques are of considerable age and

the Mishqalpalli was burnt down by the Portugese in 1510 which was

reconstructed later in 1578 which is by far one of the best Muslim buildings in

Malabar. The Jami mosque at that time was smaller in size and was used for

daily prayer.

Figure 2.1 4 A 16th century rendering of Calicut which show s the harbour and the ships

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Figure 2.1 3 Map during the Zamorin’s rule

From the journals of the Portugese it is evident that by the end of the

15thcentury the old port area was under the control of Muslims.

‘The country of Malabar was governed by a king who was called Sernaperimal who was a very great lord. And after that the Moors of Mekkah (Mecca) discovered India, and began to navigate near it, which was six hundred and ten years ago, they used to touch at this country of Malabar on account of the pepper which is found there. So far some years these Moors continued their voyages in this country of Malabar, and began to spread themselves through it, and became so intimate and friendly with the said king that they made him turn Moor, and he went away with them and died in the house of Mekkah. Before he set out from him country, he divided the whole of his kingdom of Malabar amongst his relations...and at last when he had given away all and there did not remain anything more for him to give except ten or twelve leagues of land all round the spot from which he embarked , which was an un-inhabitated beach, where now stands the city of Calicut…And he left an injunction to the other lords, his relations to whom he had made grants of land, that no one should coin money except the king of Calicut..This city of Calicut is very large, and ennobled by many rich merchants and great traffic in goods. This king became greater and more powerful that all the others. He took the name of Zamodri (Zamorin in other sources: the Sea Lord). This is a point of honour above all other kings… And there are many other lords in the country of Malabar who wish to call themselves kings, and they are not so because they are not able to coin money nor cover houses with roofs under penalty of all the others rising up against whomsoever should do such a thing…In all this said country of Malabar there are a great quantity of Moors who are of the same language and colour as the gentiles (Hindus) of the country. They wear round caps on their heads and their beards fully grown. So that it appears to me that these people are a fifth part of all the inhabitants that there are in this country. They call these Moors Mapulers , they carry on nearly

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all the trade of the seaports: and in the interior of the country they are very well provided with estates and farms. So that if the King of Portugal had not discovered India this country would have had a Moorish king…These people have many mosques in the country in which they also unite in council. There were other foreign Moors in Calicut, whom they call Pardesy. These are Arabs, Persians, Guzarates (Gujaratis), Khorasanys, and Decanys: they are great merchants, and possess in this place wives and children, and ships for sailing to all parts with all kinds of goods. They have among them a Moorish governor who rules over and chastises them without the King Meddling with them. And before the King of Portugal discovered the country they were so numerous and powerful in the city of Calicut, that the gentiles did not venture to dispute with them. And after the King of Portugal made himself master there, and these Moors saw that they could not defend it, they began to leave the country and little by little went away from it, so that very few of them remain. And at the time they prospered in their trade, without and exaggeration they made ships in the city of a thousand and of eleven hundred bahars bulk, which make four quintals (200 tons) each…These Moors were very well dressed and fitted out, and were luxurious in eating and sleeping… (Near Calicut) the king of Portugal has a very good fortress, made with the good will of the King of Calicut.’ (Greenlee)

In contrast to this passage of Barbosa the Portugese were not able to gain

firm control over Calicut. In 1498 when

Vasco da Gama set his foot in Calicut he

was blocked by the Muslim population to

start any attempts of establishing trade

there. There were constant battles between

the Portugese and the Muslim traders.

Frustrated Vasco da agama left Calicut and

came back for the second time in the year

1510. This time he set fire to the town. In

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Figure 2.1 5 showing Vasco da Gama and the Zamorin of Calicut

this final attempt of ravaging the town they were defeated by the Zamorin’s

army. From the accounts of Firishta and Zain al din, who notes that during the

looting the Portuguese set fire to the town again, and some buildings,

including the Jami Mosque, were burnt. From this date the Portuguese

abandoned the idea of making a favourable treaty with Calicut. The

Portuguese fort was built in 1511 by Albuquerque. In 1525, before leaving the

area, the Portuguese themselves demolished the fort to prevent it from falling

into the hands of the Hindus.

In the old port of Calicut the sea was usually rough and it was an unsafe

harbour as ships did not dock near the coast but it was anchored far away

from the sea. This can be seen as a disadvantage but in a lot of ways it was

the key to the survival of the port.

According to IbnBattuta he says that it is a tradition in Malabar that goods

from a wrecked ship washed ashore will be taken to the treasury, but in this

town they were returned to their owners and this was a reason for the

prosperity of their town. The

traders were known for their

honesty. The main reason

that Calicut was able to

compete with the other ports

is because of the low taxes

for the traffic of the goods

and the safety of their

merchandise. This firm rule

of the Zamorin was highly

appreciated by the traders. It also flourished due to the religious harmony that

was present between the Muslims and Hindus. Both the religions have always

and still maintain a good and stable relationship which was a major reason for

the prosperity of the town. During the time of invasions both the Muslims and

Hindus fought together and during the 1510 battle when Mishqalpalli was put

on fire it was the army of Zamorins that revolted against the Portuguese.

Settlements of the Muslims in Malabar

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Figure 2.1 5 Portuguese fort made in 1511

From the journals of the various traveller’s and navigators during the 19 th

century, the old city of Calicut was a town of simple dwellings with thatched

roofs, the only few monuments which stood out in terms of its architectural

excellence were the temples , mosques and the forts of the rulers at that time.

The house of the Muslim traders was different and impressive compared to

the other dwellings in the locality. At present there is no trace of the fort and

the only thing that remains is the old Muslim quarters. After a period of time

the old buildings were replaced by Colonial buildings. The present port area

consists of the area between the coast and the railway lines which are shown

in (figure 6.6). Today the ancient Muslim quarter which is popularly known as

Kuttichira, situated south east of the town which is rapidly developing towards

the north and the north east without really hindering or having an effect on

the old core of the Muslim settlement. This small part of the town is said to be

only a small portion of the old town, which was once extended up to the north

of the big bazaar road, which has an old mosque called the parriapalli which

signifies a huge population in the past.

The major portion of the Muslim portion still resides in the old quarter, which is

concentrated in the centre or the seed of the town square which is a large

tank called the Chira.

Figure 2.1 6 View of the Kuttichara water tank

Kutti in local terms is said to be a pole. This pole is situated in the centre of

the tank hence the name kuttichira. The chira covers most of the space of the

entire quarter. The tank is still in use and is also an area for gatherings. The

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tank acts as source of water supply to the houses and is also used by the

public for bathing facilities. The tank was the core of this area and it used to

be crowded with people. Dwellings and even mosques developed gradually

from the core which was usually packed at all times with people, especially on

religious occasions or celebrations. The settlements pattern is somewhat

similar to that of the area in tali pond which is located in the area challapuram.

There are old residences situated in the west and at the north end. These

houses are very different from the usual residences. The houses generally

had elongated plans and various spaces were designated according to certain

customs of the religion. The hierarchy of the houses were based on the

traditional matrilineal system. The old houses also consists of various

elements which were directly influenced by the early Muslim settlers

One of the important monuments of the town that is located right in front of the

tank is the Mithqalpalli or Mishqalpalli. It is located north east to the town

square. The mosque as a single entity was in the middle of a large open

space. (Figure 2.1 7 )To the south of the chira there are the two other mosques

known as Hadarapalli (no.5) and to the west is the Tadruspalli. Although the

scale of these mosques are small compared to Mishqal mosque it has its own

peculiar traditional style. A dome is also situated in the west which is the first

of its kind.

The town square to the south leads to two parallel streets which comprise of

the oldest mosque of the town Jami masjid (no.3) and two other mosques

namely Muchchandipalli (no.4) and Idrispalli (no.7). Idrispalli is situated

towards east of the street and the tomb of Sayyid Abdullah is situated

opposite to it.

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Figure 2.1 7 Map of the modern port which consists of the old town

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CHAPTER-3

CASE STUDIES

3.0 INTRODUCTIONThree major mosques of the region Kuttichara

Jami Masjid

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Figure 2.1 8 present map of old port Figure 2.1 9 Tomb of Sayyid Abdullah

Figure 2.1 10 Panoramic view of the town square

Figure 2.1 11 Typical Mappila House

The Mishqal Mosque

Mucchandi Palli

Were opted for the study since these mosques are the oldest in the region

and are to be known to be built during the time of Arab settlers. These

mosques compared to the other mosques of the region are vulnerable to

external influences. The mosques were documented onsite twice. Permission

was granted by the religious leader Khazi to conduct the study in the Mishqal

and Jami mosque. The Khazi and the committee members were interviewed

The Interiors of the third mosque Mucchandi Palli could not be analysed on a

primary basis due to the restriction of women’s entry into the inner spaces.

The mosques were documented visually and through photographs and

sketches. After the findings the case studies were analysed.

3.1 THE JAMI MASJID

Historical Background

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The Jami or Juma Masjid is one of the oldest mosques and biggest Juma

mosques of Malabar. Travellers like IbnBattuta in the year 1342 1and Persian

navigator Abdu Razak who visited in 1442 mentions about the mosque in their

travelogues2. The Jami masjid was the centre for all the important religious

ceremonies that used to take place at that time. The appointment of the

religious leader known as the Khazi and the announcements used to take

place here. It is situated 300m to the south east of the town square. The Jami

masjid is not as enormous as the other 2 congregational mosques of Calicut

and has been known to have undergone several modifications and

restorations in different time periods. Starting from the 15 th century Nakhuda

Mithqal the famous merchant has also contributed to the modifications of the

mosque. The mosque is still functioning and Friday prayers / juma is still

conducted here.

1 Ibn Battuta, 572.2 ‘Abd al Razzaq Samarqandi, Dastan-I safar- I Hindustan wa sharh-iajaib-I an, Tashkind,1960,20-21,25; Persian translations

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Figure 3.1 1shows the south east façade of the mosque with the tiered roof dominating the

structure.

The Entrance Façade.

At a first glance if we observe the mosque most of the features come across to

be similar to that of a traditional Hindu temple of the region and that era. But

there are some distinctive features of even the roof profile of this mosque.

Although the major portion comprises of the traditional architectural features,

there are some elements that stand out which probably cannot be seen in any

of the other temples or monuments.

The Mosque rests on a plinth of 80cm high and the Eastern side consists of

steps which lead to the entrance porch. The entrance façade can be divided

into 2 parts.

Porch with the wooden columns

Sloping tiered roof at the top

It has a three tiered roof and follows the same principle of the Mishqal

mosque. The roof in the entrance facade is divided into three parts. (Figure 3.1

2)

1. The top most part covered by a sloping roof

2. Portion which supports the flat roof which acts as an attic

3. Gable windows

The wooden columns in part (1) and (2) in are topped by square capitals with

projecting brackets. Bracket feature of the column is influenced by the Middle

East Muslim architecture (Figure 3.1 3 and 3.14). A similar type of column and

bracket support system is seen in the Jami mosque of Abyaneh in Iran. This

mosque is said to be built by the Prophet himself in which these wooden

columns support simple light flat roofs. (Mehrdad Shokoohy)

Figure 3.1 3 shows the roof profile of Jami Masjid which has a blend of both traditional Hindu

architecture and Muslim architecture.

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Figure 3.1 4

Figure 3.1 3 Interior detail of the pillar, capital and carved and painted wood ceiling

Figure 3.1 4 Interior detail of the carved wooden ceiling supported by the column

This system is seen is followed in the entire mosque. (Figure 3.1 4) Part (1) and

(3) are elements of traditional temple architecture which is found in the

temples in the region. The gable window is the common element which is

seen in both temples and mosques. These windows act as a source of light

and ventilation. The entablature of the mosque is also similar to that of the

temple although it consists of

more patterns and is more

intricate compared to that of

the temple.

Figure 3.1 5 Roof profile of the Tali

temple which was built by the

Zamorin in the 14th century.

The entrance porch

The entrance porch is the

most decorated part of the mosque. It is supported by a number of traditional

wooden columns which support widely decorated beams. The sides have four

registers. The registers have alternative styles of ornamentation. The lower

part consists of foliated scrolls which is a peculiar pattern and is not of the

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Figure 3.1 5

Figure 3.1 3

traditional style of ornamentation. The one above this course is a series of

palmettes which are surrounded by oriels. This is likely to be of south Indian

character. The second course is carved in relief which has Islamic inscriptions,

Quranic verses and records of modifications done by the merchant Nakhuda

Mithqal which is dated back to the 15th century.

Entrance porch (Figure 3.1 6) Ceiling details of the porch (Figure 3.1 7)

The 4th course is a decorated with rosettes. Above this is the coffered ceiling

which is highly adorned with square coffers which have a large lotus which is

carved deeply. Each of the squares is surrounded again by a frame of floral

patterns. The large lotus in each square is different from each other.The

coffered ceiling follows the south Indian forms seen in temple.

From the main porch three doors lead to the ante chamber of the mosque.

The centre door has intricate and repetitive relief inscriptions on the muntin.

These patterns are closely similar to that of the Abyaneh masjid. From (Figure

3.1 5) it is understood that even the door latch is similar.

Figure 3.1 6 Figure 3.1 7 Figure 3.1 8

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Figure 3.1 8 Centre door of the entrance porch with the carved relief muntin

Figure 3.1 9 the similar latch seen in the Mosque of Abyaneh

Figure 3.1 10 the repetitive pattern of the muntin in the door in the Mosque of abyaneh.

The entrance porch which was built in the 17 th century overlooks the mihrab

situated in the west. The porch has an arched opening to the east which is the

first to be seen in the region. The wall also consists of a small opening which

can be seen in the houses in the locality. These windows are traced in

traditional ancient Arab residences.

The porch is extended by a colonnade which runs throughout the mosque.

The mosque consists of two ablution chambers out of which the old ablution

chamber that existed in the beginning

has a different structure for cleansing. It

consists of a rectangular wooden

structure which is suspended from the

ceiling which acts as a support for the

older people while cleansing before

performing the prayer or Namaz. One of

the distinctive features of the mosque is

the barrier free support system which is

lacking in majority of the mosques in this region.

The original columns of the porch with the other columns of the mosques are

of traditional form with square and octagonal registers, similar to that of the

temples and Mithqalpalli. The ablution chamber to the south of the porch is a

recently constructed extension.

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Wooden structure in the ablution chamber

Figure 3.1 10

Figure 3.1 11

Semicircular arched opening in the east.

Figure 3.1 12

Support system for old people suspended from the rafter

Figure 3.1 13

Ceramic tiled flooring in the antechamber

Figure 3.1 14 Shows the present layout of the mosque. No.7 and 8 are recent extensions

added to the entrance porch of the mosque. No.3 the prayer hall in the present form has an

unusual plan. It is rectangular with the length oriented toward north-south direction. The

mosques have a number of doors at all sides which open to a colonnade around the hall.

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Figure 3.1 15 transverse sections showing the pools, the mihrab and the mimbar at ground

floor. The openings of the roof structure can also be seen.

The opening of the roof to

a pool is a unique

element which is not

found in any of the other

mosques in the locality.

Two of these openings re

Present which allow rain

water to pour into the

basin. This opening acts

as a main source of light and ventilation of the central area of the mosque. The

contrast of light and shade is one of the interesting features of the mosques.

The columns of this mosque are not arranged on the usual grid plan.

Figure 3.1 16 Mihrab and Mimbar

The Mihrab consists of semi-circular arch. It consists of rectangular

projections from the wall. It has wide borders which has 2 pilasters with both

the base and capital decorated with mouldings which support the arch.

Foliations jut out of the frame from the crown and the sides. The mimbar of

the mosque consists of 5 steps which lead to the speaker’s compartment. It is

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Figure 3.1 15

Figure 3.1 15 the pool in the north side of the mosque

Figure 3.1 17 the inscriptions in the antechamber leading to the prayer hall.

covered by a wooden canopy. The mimbar consists of inscriptions of the

Naksh script. The canopy is supported by turned wooden columns. The

mimbar is plain in decoration.

The antechamber of the mosque that leads to the prayer hall has Islamic

inscription of Naksh script.

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3.2 THE MISHQAL PALLI OR MITHQALPALLI

Historical Background

The Mishqal mosque located at the north of the town is said to be built in the

14th century by the famous Nakhuda Mishqal. Nakhuda was a popular trader

and a ship owner from Yemen. From the travelogue of Ibn batutah it is

assumed that the mosque was built between 1300 and 1350. Mishqalpalli is

the tallest mosque of the region and also the biggest in scale. The mosque has

not undergone any extensions except once when a reconstruction took place

in the year 1510 when the Portuguese set fire to the mosque during the final

attempt to take over Calicut. The mosque has a capacity of 1000 people.

Figure 3.2 1 the view of the mosque from South east showing the 5 tiered roof and the new

porch in front

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The Entrance Façade.

The mosque rests on a stone plinth of four steps which run throughout the

mosque except the newly constructed entrance hall. Even though the tiered

roof is the dominating feature of the mosque, the façade on all the sides

especially the south is a noticeable feature.

The façade consists of the semi-circular arches with doors. The doors have a

wide frame made of stone standing on jambs which have pilasters with

moulded capitals. These frames slope outward at the top which produces

shadow and highlights the arches. Between the doors there are smaller arched

niches which are half the size of the original arch. These smaller arches slope

outward more than the bigger arches. The slope is present even in the top;

hence shadow is present on the top and bottom of the arch. These sloping

arches are a rare feature and are probably of Arab origin or one of a kind.

(Mehrdad Shokoohy)

Figure 3.2 2 View from the south showing the sloping arches in the façade.

The façade on the North West has small openings and half height doors

which are situated next to the ablution chamber. A set of small arched

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openings are provided on the walls of the ablution chamber providing lighting

and ventilation to that area. The openings consist of smaller double leaf doors

till half the height of the entire door. These openings are a unique feature and

cannot be seen in the locality. This rectangular portion of the north-west

façade is different to that of the other sides. Similar type of openings is found

in ancient Iran and Yemen.

Figure 3.2 3opening in the north-west Figure 3.2 4 Inside the ablution chamber

Figure 3.2

5 openings

in ancient

Iran

Figure 3.2

6 openings in ancient Yemen

http://www.peace-on-earth.org/Yemen/index1.html

The mosque is a 4 storeyedbuilding. Barring the ground storey all the other

stories are of traditional style of architecture. The first floor of the mosque is

surrounded by a corridor consisting of wooden columns. The railings which

are seen are of the traditional style and the similar type of work can be seen in

the entrance gateway of the Jami masjid. The upper 2 storeys have Gable

windows in the exterior. The height of windows of the upper storeys is smaller

than that of the one below. The wooden supports of the window in the second

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storey have moulding at the top and

bottom. Unlike the other mosques of

the region, the mishqal mosque is

topped with three kalasa’s/ pinnacles.

These pinnacles can be found in

almost all the Hindu temples in the

region.

The Interiors

The mosque is surrounded by a portico

which leads to the prayer hall.

Rectangular doors lead to the ante-

chamber which has semicircular arches

with a wide frame which is similar to that

found in the other sides of the mosque.

The columns are made of a single

wooden block and are topped by

brackets which are similar to that of the Jami mosque. The brackets of the

columns support thick wooden beams which rest on a set of rafters. These

columns are of Hindu style of architecture. Few of the original columns have

been replaced; the original columns have five alternating square and

octagonal registers.

The Mihrab in the middle of the qibla wall is a deep semi-circular niche which

has a semi-circular arch. Although the niche of the mihrab is empty it has a

wide border which is in the form of pilaster and both the base and the capital

are decorated with mouldings. It supports an arch which has simple foliations

which juts out at the sides and at the crown. This type of moulding is unusual

in both Arab and traditional architecture. A similar type of motifs can be seen

in the 15th century tombstones of Malaysia. Decorative border could have

been a later addition. Some elements can be seen of the 17 th century

European influence that can be found in the proportion as well as the

mouldings in the columns. It seemed to have been originated from the niches

of the Portuguese and Dutch churches. (Mehrdad Shokoohy)

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Figure 3.2 7 southern facade

Figure 3.2 8 balcony in North West

The engraved Mimbar is probably one of

the best examples of wooden mimbars in

the whole of Malabar. The mimbar has 5

steps which leads to the speaker’s

platform and has a canopy above. The

canopy has coffered square panels which

are surrounded by a frame of floral relief.

The Mimbar has many Arabic inscriptions

which have the recordings of the

renovation and redecoration. The inscriptions are of Naksh script. The canopy

is supported by 6 turned columns which have small brackets. Even the

balusters leading to the speaker’s compartment is turned and made of wood.

The frame around the coffered ceiling and the brackets has deeply carved

rosettes in a foliated backdrop (Figure 3.2 10) this inlay work is rare and is one

of a kind. Similar type of inlay work is found in the Masjid of Abyaneh. (Fig3.211

The tiers and the Roof structure

The upper space of the mosque was used as a Madrasa and as the Khazi’s

office. The upper portion is entered from a staircase at the north -west portion

of the ante chamber. The first floor is still carpeted and is used for public

gatherings and prayer. Each level in this mosque has double height. The

columns seen are similar to that of the ground level with square and octagonal

registers. The first storey s divided into two parts with the help of a partition

wall with doors. (Figure 3.2 11)The lighting and the ventilation of the upper

storeys is an exquisite feature of the mosque. In the first level windows are

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Figure 3.2 7 Mihrab

Figure 3.2 10 Mimbar Figure 3.2 11 Inlay work Figure 3.2 11 Inlay work seen in Masjid of Abyaneh

seen at all sides which leads to the balcony (Figure 3.2 8). Adequate lighting

is obtained because of these openings. In contrast to the first storey the

second and third storey’s have gable windows (Figure 3.2 14). Slits are

provided in the second storey which helps to penetrate light in the storey

below. (Figure 3.2 1)

The robust roof of the mosque is a structural marvel of that era. The roof

structure of the mosque was constructed by the local craftsmen of Malabar.

The structure as a whole is in the form of a three-tiered roof (Figure 3.2 13)

which has elaborate columns and cross beams. The cross beams are now

supported with longitudinal iron bracing. Most of the structural elements are

kept exposed which adds to the uniqueness of the interiors. The entire roof

structure is made of wood. In the first storey the main load of the sloping roof

structure rests on the beams over the outer columns, the stone walls around

and the rafters of the roof extend to cover the outer balconies. The lighter

columns of the balcony give additional support to the rafters. The rafters are

made in such a way that it incorporates slots through which passes lighter

horizontal timbers which improves the stability. Similar type of construction

can be found in the roof structures in the region, but it is more advanced in

this mosque, in terms of its scale and structural stability.

The structure in the upper storeys is similar to that of the first storey but is of

reduced size at each level. This is done by removing the outer rows of

columns at each level. Stairs the level of the cross beams lead to the upper

storeys. The major difference is the arrangement of the roofing system.

There are no walls or balconies in the second and third storeys. The

peculiarity is that the roof supports is done completely by the cantilevered

beams which rest on the columns, also the presence of posts on the side

bays. The rafters of the sloping roof rest on these posts. In the third storey

(Figure 3.2 19) the hall is half the width of the second storey. The pitch of the

roof is seen on the interior west side and it is hipped. The rafters of the roof

meet at on one single point where it is fixed into a solid block which joins at

the end of the ridges.

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Figure 3.2 11 the first storey with a partition Figure 3.2 12 Plan of ground storey

Wall

Figure 3.2 13 Second storey Figure 3.2 14 Second storey plan

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The multi storeyed and

tiered roof structure is devised in such a manner that it outdoes any other

monument at the time. Although repairs have been done it shows that the

whole structure must have been based on an original design and was

constructed at one stretch. During the fire which was set by the Portuguese in

the year 1510 several modifications were done. Remains from the Chaliyam

Kota which was built by the Portuguese were used in the mosque.

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Figure 3.2 17 Section showing the tiers and the roof structure

Figure 3.2 18 Slits on the 2nd storey Figure 3.2 19 3rd storey

Figure 3.2 15 the point where the roof meets

Figure 3.2 16 Staircase that leads to the 2nd storey.

The roofs of the other mosques in the region are of single storey and usually

narrower than the Mishqalpalli, this provides adequate proportions in

comparison related to the the floors and the roof.

3.3 THE MUCCHANDIPALLI

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Mucchandipalli is a mosque located in the same lane was the Jami

masjid is situated. It is situated towards the south of the Jami mosque.

Mucchandipalli is one of the oldest mosques of in Calicut. The structure is well

preserved with very few alterations. The mosque is similar to the Jami masjid.

According to the legend the name Mucchandipalli was derived as the mosque

is situated in a place where three streets intersect.Mucch can be localized as

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moonu which means three in the local language.

Figure 3.3 the entrance facade

The mosque rests on a high plinth .The entrance of the mosque has a

sopanam which is seen in temples in the region. In comparison with the other

two mosques it is not lined with steps on all the sides. A number of doors are

present which lead directly into the antechamber. These doors have semi-

circular arches with a frame on the exterior which is similar to that of

Mishqalmosque, but is not decorated and is plain. The roof structure is divided

into two parts. The main mosque is supported by a hipped roof which joins the

roof of the upper part. The roof is different in design and is two tiered. It has

an appearance of a three tiered mosque. In the second tier circular openings

are found with a small portion of gable windows in the middle. Wooden

supports are placed at regular intervals which has mouldings as seen in the

temples in the region. The roof is walled up and has modern windows in the

centre and on both the sides. The original wooden columns were cladded by

marble slabs. There is a coffered ceiling present in the entrance porch. The

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ornamentation is closely comparable to the one in Jami masjid. The porch has

a recent addition to the north which comprises of an ablution chamber. The

mihrab of the mosque can be seen directly from the entrance.

The mucchandipalli is smaller compared to the other two mosques and

interior décor is comparatively less. The main feature of the mosque is the

entrance façade

Figure 3 1 East elevation of the Mucchandi mosque

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Figure 3 2 Ground floor plan of the Mucchandi mosque

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3.3 CONCLUSION

The case studies give a better understanding of the Islamic architecture that

took place in Malabar during the 14th century. All the three mosques resemble

the places of worship of the prevalent community. The mosque had few

noticeable elements which were not seen in the region. These mosques have

undergone few restorations where the original columns are replaced.

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CHAPTER-4

DATA ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

The analysis helps in understanding the difference between the mosques of

the Mosques in Malabar and Indo- Islamic mosques. For the analysis the

similar features of the three case studies were found out. The mosque that

was opted for the study is of the same period and of comparable scale to the

Kuttichara mosques. The mosque that was selected is the Haibat Khan

mosque which was built in the early 14th century. It is one of the oldest

mosques in the Indo Islamic era. It is located in the city of Ahmedabad. Hindu

architectural and decorative features are found in the mosque. Pillars from an

earlier temple were used during the construction of the mosque. Comparative

analysis is done to show the distinctive features of the mosques in Kuttichara

with respect to Indo-Islamic mosques

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4.1 Presentation of AnalysisHaibat Khan Mosque Mosques of kuttichara

Plinth Plinth is absent.

Structure rests on the

ground

Presence of stone

plinth with stepped

entrance.

Facade 1. semi circular arched

openings with

jaali/mashrabiya

work

2. Minarets are

present in the

central openings

3. Kanguras are visible

in the parapet level

1. Alot of openings are

provided in the

entrance façade

2. Columns are seen

in the entrance

façade

3. Small semi-circular

arched openings

and rectangular

openings which are

not seen in the

region.

Portico 1. Absent 1. Colonaded portico’s

are present which

lead directly to the

prayer hall.

Interior decorations 1. Columns have

square and

octagonal registers

ornamented with

Islamic patterns.

2. Architrave consists

of geometrical

patterns.

3. Mihrab consists of a

wide frame at the

top. The arch lining

the niche has small

columns with

1. The wooden

columns have

square and

octagonal registers

2. Gable windows are

provided at higher

levels

3. Entrance porch

ceilings are

decorated but the

flat ceiling in the

prayer hall is plain.

4. Mihrab niches have

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octagonal registers

and mouldings of

Islamic style.

4. Mimbar is supported

by 4 columns The

sides of the

speaker’s seat and

ceilings have

intricate carvings

floral motifs and

carvings on the wide

frame of the arch

and moulding that

juts out of the crown

5. Mimbar is supported

by 6 turned

columns. It has Inlay

works on the ceiling

and brackets and

Naksh script is

found on the screen.

Roof structure 1. Three domed roof,

resting on a

rectangular base.

2. The domes are

topped by a small

pinnacle

1. Form of tiered roofs.

It has combinations

of both hipped and

sloping roof.

2. Roof structure is

made of wood which

is covered by clay

tiles.

Plan 1. Sanctuary is

approached directly

without porticos.

2. Ablution chamber is

situated outside the

mosque.

1. Sanctuary is

approached through

a colonnaded

portico or entrance

porch that is

followed by an

antechamber.

2. Ablution chamber is

situated inside the

mosque located

next to the entrance

of the mosque.

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CHAPTER- 5

5.0 CONCLUSION

Comparing the Kuttichara mosque with the Indo Islamic Haibat Khan mosque

it is found out that these mosques do not contain the conventional

architectural features of Indo Islamic style like domes, minarets etc. Both the

mosques are influenced regionally.

The decorations in the kuttichara mosques contain a unique inlay work which

is closely similar to the mosques in Iran. Also small openings are present

which is another unique feature. It is observed that these elements are

definitely influenced by the Arabian architecture. Few elements have

similarities like the square and octagonal register in the columns which is of

Hindu style of Architecture.

Certain appreciable features of the Kuttichara mosques are the Barrier free

elements used in the mosque, the rise of the steps and the location of the

ablution chamber.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES

BOOKS

1. Mehrdad Shokoohy. MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE OF SOUTH INDIA. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2003.

2. History of the Muslims in Calicut – P.P MOHMAD PARAPPIL

3. Greenlee, William Brooks. "The Voyages of Pedro Alvares Cabral to Brazil & India." Greenlee, William Brooks. The Voyages of Pedro Alvares Cabral to Brazil & India. London, 1938. 101-103 , 146-148 , 153.

WEB LINKS

1. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrab>.

2. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minbar>.

3. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla>.

4. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(script)>.

5. <http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=2852:aboutkerala>.

6. http://www.myot.org.au/index.php?

option=com_content&view=article&id=185:the-story-of-malik-bin-

dinar&catid=42:inspirational-stories&Itemid=203

7. https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200801/

where.the.pepper.grows.htm

8. http://jamesagnel.blogspot.in/2009/05/ancient-port-of-muziris.html

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