Final Blank General Memorization Sheet

Memorization Sheet USMLE Step 1

Pharmacology Equations 1) Vol. of Distribution (Vd) 2) Clearance (CL) 3) Loading Dose 4) Maintenance Dose Acid Equations 1) Anion Gap 2) Henderson-Hasselbalch 3) Winters Formula


2

Cardiac Equations 1) Cardiac Output (CO) 2) Stroke Volume (SV) 3) Ejection Fraction (EF) 4) Fick Principle 5) Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) 6) Pulse Pressure 7) Wall Tension, Law of LaPlace 8) Resistance


3

Pulmonary Equations 1) Determination of Physiologic Dead Space 2) Minute Ventilation (VE): Total volume of gas entering lungs per minute 3) Alveolar Ventilation (VA): Volume of gas per unit time that reaches alveoli 4) Alveolar Gas Equation

Pulmonary Equations Lung Volume

Equation

IRV

TV

ERV

RV

IC

FRC

VC

TLC


4

Hypothalamic Nuclei Hypothalamic Nuclei Nucleus Action Destruction

Supraoptic Nucleus

Paraventricular Nucleus

Lateral Area

Ventromedial Area

Anterior Hypothalamus

Posterior Hypothalamus

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

OVLT Area Postrema Thalamic Nuclei Thalamic Nuclei

Nucleus Input Info Destination

Ventral Posteriolateral (VPL)

Ventral Posteriomedial (VPM)

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)

Ventral Lateral VL


5

Innervation of the Tongue

Taste

Pain

Anterior 2/3: _____ Anterior 2/3: _____

Posterior 1/3: _____ Posterior 1/3: _____

Epiglottic: _____ Epiglottic: _____

Motor: _____, ______

Neurotransmitters in Disease

Norep inephr ine :

Locus ceruleus

Dopamine: Ventral Tegmentum,

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta

Seroton in (5-HT) : Raphe Nuclei

Acety lcho l ine : Basal Nucleus of Meynert

GABA: Nucleus Accumbens

Anxiety

Norep inephr ine Dopamine Seroton in (5-HT) Acety lcho l ine GABA

Depression


Huntingtons Disease


Parkinson Disease


Alzheimer Disease


6

Cell Surface Proteins Cell Surface Proteins

Cell Type Surface Protein

T-Cells

Helper T-Cells

Cytotoxic T-Cells

Regulatory T-Cells

B Cells

Macrophages

NK Cells

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

Cytokines Cytokine Action Secreted by Macrophages

IL-1

IL-6

IL-8

IL-12

TNF-

Secreted by All T-Cells

IL-2

IL-3 Secreted by Th1 Cells IFN- Secreted by Th2 Cells

IL-4

IL-5

IL-10

Vitamin Names Water Soluble Vitamins Lipid Soluble Vitamins Vitamin Name Vitamin Name

Vit B1 Vit A

Vit B2 Vit D

Vit B3 Vit E

Vit B5 Vit K

Vit B6

Vit B7

Vit B9

Vit B12

Vit C


7

Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins Class Agent Action Analog

Leukotrienes

LTC4

LTD4

LTE4

LTB4

Prostacyclin PGI2

Prostaglandin

PGE1

PGE2

PGF2

Thromboxane TXA2


8

Aortic Arch Derivatives Aortic Arch Derivatives Arch Arterial Derivative Mneminic

1st Arch 1st arch is Maximal

2nd Arch Second = Stapedial

3rd Arch 3

rd letter of alphabet = C

4th Arch

6th Arch

Brachial Arch Derivatives Brachial Arch Derivatives: Mesoderm Arch Cartilage Muscles Nerves

1st Arch: M & T Structures

Meckel Cartilage

2nd Arch: S Structures, Second = Stapedius

Reichert Cartilage

3rd Arch: -pharyngeals

4th 6th Arch: Cricothyroid Laryngeal

4th Arch:

4th Arch:

6th Arch: 6th Arch:


9

Brachial Pouch Derivatives Brachial Pouch Derivatives: Endoderm Pouch Derivatives Mneminic

1st Pouch: Ear

Ears, Tonsils, Bottom-to-Top

1: Ear 2: Tonsils 3: Bottom (inf. para.)

Top (thymus) 4: Top (sup. para.)

2nd Pouch: Tonsils

3rd Pouch

4th Pouch

Neural Crest Derivatives Neural Crest Derivatives

Peripheral Nervous System

Head

Ear

Eye

Adrenal Gland

Mouth

Heart

Digestive System

Thyroid

Skin


10

Teratogens Teratogens

ACE Inhibitors

Aminoglycosides

Fluoroquinolones

Tetracyclines

Cyclophosphamide

Methotrexate (X)

Carbamazepine

Valproic Acid

Phenytoin

Lithium

Statins (X)

Warfarin (X)

Isotretinoin (X) Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (X)

Thalidomide (X)


11

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Disease Findings Deficient Enzyme Accumulated Substrate Inheritance

Sphingolipidases

Fabry Disease

Pain Peripheral Neuropathy Angiokeratomas Cardiovascular Disease Renal Disease

XR

Gaucher Disease

Hepatosplenomegaly Panycytopenia Bone Disease Gaucher Cells

AR

Neimann-Pick Disease Progressive Neurodegeneration Hepatosplenomegaly* Cherry-red spot on macula

AR

Tay-Sachs Disease Progressive Neurodegeneration NO Hepatosplenomegaly* Cherry-red spot on macula

AR

Krabbe Disease

Progressive Neurodegeneration Optic Neuropathy Globoid Cells Onset: 3-6 mos of Life

AR

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Progressive Neurodegeneration Ataxia, Dementia Onset: after 1st year of life

AR

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Hurler Syndrome Gargolyism/Dwarfism Corneal Clouding*

AR

Hunter Syndrome Like Hurler Syndrome + Aggressive Behavior NO Corneal Clouding*

XR

P450 INDUCERS: Guinness, Coronas, and PBRs cause Chronic Alcoholism

G C P B R S C

P450 INHIBITORS: CRACK AMIGOS

C R A C K A M I G O S


12

Organophosphate Poisoning: Cholinesterase Inhibitor DUMBBELS

D U M B B E L S S

Antidote:

Atropine Poisoning: Muscarinic Antagonist

Hot as a hair: Dry as a bone: Red as a beet: Blind as a bat: Mad as a hatter:

Antidote:

Disulfiram-Like Reactions: PoMPouS PMT

P o M P o u

1st gen. S -P -M -T

Sulfa Drugs: Popular FACTSSS P F A C T S S S

Drugs that cause Photosensitivity: SAT For photo(sensitivity)

S A T

F o r Photosensitivity.

Drug-Induced Lupus: SHIPPE

S H I P P E


13

Direct Cholinergic Agonists Agent Uses Bethanechol

Carbachol

Methacholine Pilocarpine

Indirect Cholinergic Agonists: Anticholinesterases Agent Uses 1. Donepezil 2. Galantamine 3. Rivastigmine

Edrophonium

Neostigmine

Phyostigmine

Pyridostigmine

Cholinergic Antagonists Agent Uses Atropine

Benztropine

Glycopyrrolate Hyoscymine Iprotroprium Oxybutinin Scopolamine

Sympathomimentics Receptor Agent Uses

2 > 1 Albuterol

1 > 2 = Dobutamine

D1 = D2 > > Dopamine

> Epinephrine

1 = 2 Isoproterenol

1 > 2 > 1 Norepinephrine

1 > 2 Phenylephrine


14

Autonomic Nervous System Receptor Recptor Class Major Functions Sympathetic

1 Gq (DAG, IP3)

2 Gi (cAMP)

1 Gs ( cAMP)

2 Gs ( cAMP)

Parasympathetic

M1 Gq (DAG, IP3)

M2 Gi (cAMP)

M3 Gq (DAG, IP3)

Dopamine

D1 Gs ( cAMP)

D2 Gi (cAMP)

Histamine

H1 Gq (DAG, IP3)

H2 Gs ( cAMP) Vasopressin

V1 Gq (DAG, IP3) V2 Gs ( cAMP)


15

GRAM-POSITIVE ALGORITHM

Gram Stain

Gram (+) purple/blue

Cocci

Bacilli

Catalase (+): clusters _______________

Catalase (-): chains _______________

Coagulase (+) _______________

Coagulase (-) Novobiocin sensitive

_______________ Novobiocin resistant

_______________

Branching Filaments

_______________ Anaerobic, Not acid fast

_______________ Aerobic, Acid Fast

_______________ Capsule Optochin sensitive Bile Soluble (lysed in bile)

Group A _______________ Bacitracin sensitive

Hemolysis

_______________ No Capsule Optochin resistant Bile Soluble (lysed in bile)

Group B _______________ Bacitracin resistant

Group D, Growth in: Bile, AND 6.5% NaCl Enterococcus _______________

Group D, Growth in: Bile, But NOT 6.5% NaCl Non-enterococcus _______________

______________________

Partial Hemolysis (green)

Complete Hemolysis (clear)

No Hemolysis


16

GRAM-NEGATIVE ALGORITHM

Gram Stain

Gram (-) Pink

Diplococci ___________

Coccoid Rods 1 2 3 4

Maltose Fermenter _______________

Maltose Non-Fermenter _______________

Rods

Lactose Fermenter: White on MacConkey

Lactose Non-Fermenter: Pink on MacConkey

Fast Lactose Fermenter 1 2 3

Produce H2S 1 2 3

Does NOT Produce H2S ____________

Oxidase (+) Oxidase (-) ________

Oxidase (+) Comma-Shaped

Grows at 42 C

Grows in Alkaline Media

Produces Urease: Urease Breath Test

Black on TSI or Hektoen Agar

No Change on TSI or Green on Hektoen Agar

Lactose

Oxidase

Maltose

Slow Lactose Fermenter 1 2 3


17

Encapsulated Bacteria: SHiNE SKiS

S H

i N E S K i - S

Inc. Risk for Infection:

Catalase (+) Bacteria: Cats Need PLACESS to hide Catalase: H2O2 H2O + O-(Fe Complex)

N P L A C E S S

Inc. Risk for Infection:

Transplacental Transmission: ToRCHHeS

T Other:

1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________

R C H He S


18

Metronizdazole: GET GAP on the Metro

Anaerobes below the diaphragm Toxic Free radicals DNA Damage

G E T G A

P Toxicities:

Tetracyclines: GET GAP on the Metro Bind 30S subunit: prevent attachment

of aminoacyl-tRNA VACUuM THe BedRoom

V A C U u M T H e B e d R

Toxicities


19

Aminopenicillins: Amoxicillin, Ampicillin Extended-Spectrum: HHELPSS

H H E L P S S

Cephalosporins 1st Gen:

1. Cefazolin 2. Cephalexin

PEcK and Gram (+) cocci

P E

c K

2nd Gen: 1. Cefoxitin 2. Cefaclor 3. Cefuroxime

HENS PEcK and Gram (+) cocci

H E N* S P E

c K

*growing resistance

3rd Gen: 1. Ceftriaxone 2. Cefotaxime 3. Ceftazidine

Ceftriaxone 1. ______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________ Ceftazidimine 1. ______________

4th Gen: Cefepime 1. ______________ 2. ______________

5th Gen: Ceftaroline No


20

Elevated Anion Gap Acidosis: MUDPILES

M U D P I or I L E S

Normal Anion Gap Acidosis (8-12mEq/L): HARD-ASS

H A R D A S S

Documents

Final Blank General Memorization Sheet