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Byzantine Art,
Architecture and Culture
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Capital of Eastern Roman Empire moved toConstantinople (330 AD)
More advantageous trade route between Asia andEurope
Other factors: Situated; port; forests; water;agricultural land
Rome falls to the Goths in 476 AD Reached its highest expression of power in early
6 th (500s) century when Justinian took the throne Longest-lasting empire just short of Egyptian Exerted strong cultural influence over Christian
world
Byzantine Empire
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Byzantine Empire with Time
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RCHITECTURE
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Byzantine Architecture
Most famous church : Hagia Sophia Name means Holy Wisdom
Church is the culminating example ofByzantine architecture known as arcuatedomicile
Built between 532-537 AD
Was once the largest church in the world
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Hagia Sophia
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Hagia Sophia Bricks alternated with mortar were not
properly/evenly balanced for weight Destroyed twice Damage/Collapse occurred during two
earthquakes Rebuilt by Justinian I
Arches buckled and buttresses were erected
New research suggests actually survived b/othese features: windows, pendentives,mortar/brick ratio; mortar itself flexible andself-sealing.
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Stone remains of the basilicaordered by Theodosius II,showing the Lamb of God
Marble blocks from thesecond church
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Hagia Sophia Long plan + Dome (Holy Sepulcher) Emphasis is placed on the elevated central
pavilion ie, the dome
Image of heaven Tall, open spaces Need for light
Pavilion is a large dome with two half domesflocking the east and west sides
Took five years to finish
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A section of the originalarchitecture of Hagia Sophia
Ground-plan of the Hagia Sophia
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Hagia Sophia In order to create a transcendental
environment, dome could not be heavy asseen in typical barrel vault techniques
Architects Anthemius and Isidore createdand used pendentives
Triangular masonry devices thatcarried the weight of the dome onmassive piers
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InsideHagiaSophia
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/AyasofyaPendentive.jpg8/11/2019 Final bizantine
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/AyasofyaPendentive.jpg8/11/2019 Final bizantine
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Hagia Sophia Shows elements of old basilica styles
Columned side aisles Gallery for female worship
Overwhelming visual impression fromdome
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Need for light Light = symbol of divine wisdom, illumination Forty windows make the dome appear to be
floating Light refracted off the rich mosaics and
colored marbled interior Nave= oval
184 high
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Ravenna:
Mausoleums Built between 425 and 433 BC. The mausoleums were covered with
mosaics. Brilliance of the colors, which mask thearchitecture and create an illusionisticeffect. Notable - Mausoleum of Galla Placidiaand Mausoleum of Theodoric
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Ravenna : Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
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InsideMausoleum ofGalla Placidia
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Mausoleum of Theodoric
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Mosaics
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Mosaics Mosaics are icons
A window into the world of the sacred One stands before the icon and speaks
through its image to the reality beyond (Justinian had several mosaics of himself created;
thought he represented Christ on Earth) Religious figures always surrounded by halo
of light.
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The Desis mosaic with Christ as ruler from theHagia Sophia
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Some Other Examples of Mosaics
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Justinian and Theodora
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Emperor Justinian and Attendants
Tile Mosaic (540 547 AD)
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Theodora
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Christ the Good Shepherd
http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/images/ravenna/galla-placidia/good-shepherd-cc-james-macdonald.jpg8/11/2019 Final bizantine
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St Lawrence
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Concentric Circles
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Sant Apollinare / Nuovo
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Christ the Sustainer
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Icons
Often painted on wood Used in the home as
well as in churches
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d
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Controversy SurroundingIcons Many people believed them to be idol worship. These people became known as iconoclasts. Byzantine Emperor banned them for a time. Patriarch of Rome not recognized as main Christian
authority by the Byzantines. Patriarch of Rome declared all opposition to icons a
heresy. Heresy anything attacking the basic principles of the
church. Heresy was punishable by excommunication Excommunication being kicked out of the church.
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Split in the ChristianChurch
1054 AD Christian Church split into two parts. Western Church Roman Catholic Church Led by the Pope, in Rome Eastern Church Eastern Orthodox Church Led by the Patriarch of Constantinople.
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Split in the Christian Church
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Byzantine Sculptures
The most prominent works of sculpture aremanufactured Byzantine capitals ornamentalplant and animal motifs.
But the major works of sculpture is the smallByzantine works, pamphlets and carved
boxes in ivory.
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Archangel Ivory The Archangel ivory is the largest survivingByzantine ivory panel, now in the BritishMuseum. Dated to the early 6th century, itdepicts an archangel holding a sceptre andimperial orb. The archangel is usually identified asMichael, and the panel is assumed to have
formed the right part of a diptych, with thelost left half possibly depicting EmperorJustinian (reigned 527 565).
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Archangel Ivory
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Barberini Ivory
The Barberini ivory is one fifth of aByzantine ivory imperial diptych dating
from Late Antiquity, now in the Louvre,Paris, France. It is carved in the classicalstyle known as late Theodosian,representing the emperor as triumphant
victor.
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Barberini Ivory
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Consular Diptych
In Late Antiquity a consular diptych was aparticular type of diptych (a pair of linked panels,generally in ivory, wood or metal and decoratedwith rich sculpted decoration) which couldfunction as a writing tablet but was also intendedas a deluxe commemorative object,commissioned by a consul ordinarius and then
distributed to reward those who had supportedhis candidature as rewards and to mark his entryto that post.
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Consular Diptych
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Imperial Diptych
In Late Antiquity, an imperial diptych is a
theoretical type of ivory diptych, made up oftwo leaves of five panels each and each witha central panel representing the emperor orempress.
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Imperial Diptych
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Byzantine Literature
Four different cultural elements are tobe reckoned with:
The Greek The Christian The Roman The Oriental
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Byzantine Literature
GenresHistorians and AnnalistsEncyclopedists and Essayists
Secular PoetryEcclesiastical and Theological LiteraturePopular Poetry
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Historians and
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Historians andAnnalists
Jurists - Procopius, Agathias, Evagrius,Michael Attaliates.
Statesmen - Joannes Cinnamus, NicetasAcominatus, Georgius Pachymeres, LaonicusChalcondyles.
Generals and diplomats - NicephorusBryennius, George Acropolites, Georgius
Phrantzes. crowned heads - Constantine
Porphyrogenitus, Anna Comnena, John VICantacuzene.
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An image and text from John Skylitzes 'Chronicle'A work of 11th Century Byzantine Historical scholar.
Encyclopedists and
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Encyclopedists andEssayists
Patriarch Photios, Michael Psellos,and Michael Choniates are regarded asthe greatest Encyclopedists ofByzantium
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A page from a 16th-century edition of the vastByzantine Encyclopaedia, the Suda
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Secular poetry
They wrote romances, panegyrics, epigrams,
satires, and didactic and hortatory poetry. The only genuine heroic epic of the
Byzantines is the Digenis Acritas.
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Byzantine Music
Byzantine music is the music of the ByzantineEmpire composed to Greek texts as ceremonial,festival, or church music.
Byzantine music is closely related to the ancient
Greek system. It remains the oldest genre of extant music, of
which the manner of performance and the names ofthe composers, and sometimes the particulars of
each musical work's circumstances, are known.
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Byzantine Music
The identification of "Byzantine music" with"Eastern Christian liturgical chant" is amisconception due to historical cultural reasons. Itsmain cause is the leading role of the Church as
bearer of learning and official culture in the EasternRoman Empire (Byzantium), a phenomenon thatwas not always that extreme but that wasexacerbated towards the end of the empire's reign(14th century onwards) as great secular scholarsmigrated away from a declining Constantinople torising western cities, bringing with them much ofthe learning that would spur the development ofthe European Renaissance.
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Byzantine music notation style in a 1823 "Book ofHymns at the Lord's Resurrection"
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Dance
Antiquity was originally held to have some kind ofeducational value, as evidenced in Plato's dialogueson this point in The Laws. However, as Greek
culture gradually conquered Rome, dancing lost mostof its educational value and was simply used as amethod of entertainment, this coincided with theperception that being a dancer was not a particularly
admirable job to have, and that its performers weregenerally of low social status.
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Popular Dances of
That Period Syrtos (literally "dragged dance") Geranos ("circle dance") Mantilia ("kerchiefs") Saximos Pyrrichios ("war dance") Kordakas ("indecent dance")
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Musical Instruments Byzantine instruments included the:
Guitar Single, double, or multiple flute
Sistrum ("tambourine, instrument withbells")
Timpani ("drum") Psaltirio ("psalter") Lyre Keras ("horn (musical)") Kanonaki
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Byzantine Musicians
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Byzantine Economy
The Byzantine economy was among the mostadvanced in Europe and the Mediterranean formany centuries. Europe, in particular, was unable to
match Byzantine economic strength until late in theMiddle Ages. Constantinople was a prime hub in atrading network that at various times extendedacross nearly all of Eurasia and North Africa, in
particular being the primary western terminus ofthe famous silk road .
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The Persistence ofByzantine Culture
Byzantine and
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Byzantine andRussia
Sense of Stability due to RussianOrthodox (and Greek Orthodox)churches
Russian emissaries brought back Byzantinestyle of art
Impact of services in Hagia Sophia and the
building itself Russian Onion-dome churches - Byzantine
influence Schools of icon painting in Russia
Byzantine and
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Byzantine andItaly
Most dominant influence in Ravennaunder Justinian
Byzantine artists active in Italy aftericonoclastic controversy
Influences create own movementknown as Italo-Byzantine by the end of
the 13 th century
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Stability in Art Art connected to theological doctrine
and liturgical practice Infuse work with spirituality
Icon painting considered a holyoccupation New Orthodox church
Commission monk or icon painter Greece
Movement to purge icon painting ofWestern Influence
Carry on Greek
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Carry on Greektradition
During Middle Ages (next unit) Greeklearning becomes lost
Greek learning gained through Arabic
sources Aristotle (12 th and 13 th centuries) Greek language not readily known 15 th
century Greek scholars move westward after fall
of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453
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Thankyou
Presented By Joyita DeyBatch 2 ( FP)