BASEL NORMS

Presented By:Manish Gidwani 10Kapil Israni 16

OVERVIEWCentral bank governors of G10 countries

Capital adequacy framework

Risk weighted capital adequacy framework

Established on 17 May 1930

The BIS is the world’s oldest international financial organization

Head office is in Basel, Switzerland and representative offices in Hong Kong SAR and in Mexico City.

The BIS currently employs around 550 staff from 50 countries.

FOUNDATION

Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Croatia The Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece

Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia, Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Latvia Lithuania The Republic of

Macedonia Malaysia Mexico the Netherlands New Zealand Norway

the Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey The United Kingdom The United States The European Central

Bank

LIST OF MEMBER CENTRAL BANKS

A set of agreements

Regulations and recommendations on Credit risk , market risk and operational risk

Purpose – to have enough capital on account to meet obligations and absorb unexpected losses

BASEL COMMITTEE ON BANKING SUPERVISION

1. Credit risk

2. Market riska) Interest riskb) Equity riskc) Foreign exchange risk

3. Large exposure riska) Counter party risk

BASEL I

PURPOSE OF BASEL 1 Strengthen the stability of international

banking system.

Set up a fair and a consistent international banking system in order to decrease competitive inequality among international banks

STRUCTURE OF BASEL IMinimum Capital Adequacy ratio was set at 8% and was

adjusted by a loan’s credit risk weight.

Credit risk was divided into 5 categories viz. 0%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%.

Commercial loans, for example, were assigned to the 100% risk weight category.

To calculate required capital, a bank would multiply the assets in each risk category by the category’s risk weight and then multiply the result by 8%. Thus, a Rs 100 commercial loan would be multiplied by 100% and then by 8%, resulting in a capital requirement of Rs8.

BASEL NORMS V/S

INDIAN BANKING SYSTEMBasel Accord I. was established in 1988 and was

implemented by 1992 in India.

over 3 years – banks with branches abroad were required to comply fully by end March 1994 and the other banks were required to comply by end March 1996.

RBI norms on capital adequacy at 9% are more stringent than Basel Committee stipulation of 8%.

Commercial Banks , Cooperative Banks and Regional rural banks have different RBI guidelines

PITFALLS OF BASEL I

Negotiated risk weights

Overemphasis of trading account risk (not included hedging, diversification, differences in risk management techniques)

Static measure of default risk The assumption that a minimum 8% capital ratio is sufficient to protect banks from failure does not take into account the changing nature of default risk.

Potential counterparty risk

EVOLUTION OF BASEL II

OBJECTIVESEnsuring that capital allocation is more risk

sensitive;

Separating operational risk from credit risk, and quantifying both;

Attempting to align economic and regulatory capital more closely to reduce the scope for regulatory arbitrage.

STRUCTURE OF BASEL II

The three pillar approach

Pillar 1 sets out the minimum capital requirements firms will be required to meet to cover credit, market and operational risk.

Pillar 2 sets out a new supervisory review process.  Requires financial institutions to have their own internal processes to assess their overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile. 

Pillar 3 cements Pillars 1 and 2 and is designed to improve market discipline by requiring firms to publish certain details of their risks, capital and risk management  as to how senior management and the Board assess and will manage the institution's risks.

Capital Adequacy Ratio is defined as the amount of regulatory capital to be maintained by a bank to account for various risks inbuilt in the banking system. The focus of Capital Adequacy Ratio under Basel I norms was on credit risk and was calculated as follows:

Capital Adequacy Ratio = Tier I Capital Tier II Capital Risk Weighted Assets

Basel Committee has revised the guidelines in the year June 2001 known as Basel II Norms.

Capital Adequacy Ratio in New Accord of Basel II:

Capital Adequacy Ratio = Total Capital (Tier I Capital Tier II Capital) Market Risk(RWA) + Credit Risk(RWA)

+ Operation Risk(RWA)

*RWA = Risk Weighted Assets

The First PillarMinimum Capital Requirement

The Second PillarSupervisory Review Process

The Third PillarMarket Discipline

Covers transparency and the obligation of banks to disclose meaningful information to all stakeholders

Clients and shareholders should have sufficient understanding of activities of banks, and the way they manage their risks

EFFECT OF BASEL II ON INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM

Q & A

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