Final Assignment Crisis of Islam

8/9/2019 Final Assignment Crisis of Islam

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ASSIGNMENT

SESSION 2013-2018

PH.DA REVIEW OF THE CRISES OF ISLAM :HOLY WAR

AND UNHOLY TERROR.BY BERNARD LEWIS.

SUPERVISOR NAME STUDENT

NAME

DR PRO MUHAMMAD

MUHAMMAD RAMZAN

HAMMAD LAKHWI(ASSOSIATE PROFESSOR) RL NO 11

CLASS PH.D

DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC

STUDIES P.U LAHORE

DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES PUNJAB

UNIVERSITY LAHORE


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A REVIEW OF THE CRISES OF ISLAM

:HOLY WAR AND UNHOLY TERROR.BYBERNARD LEWIS.

BERNARD LEWIS

INTODUCTION:

Bernard Lewis, FBA(born May 31, 1916) is aBritish-American historian specializing in oriental stuies!ho is also "no!nas a public intellectualan political commentator# $e is the %le&elan '#oge ro*essor 'merituso* +ear 'astern tuies at rinceton ni&ersity#.e!is/ e0pertise is in the history o* slaman the interaction bet!een slaman the 2est, an is especially *amous in acaemic circles *or his !or"s onthe history o* the ttoman 'mpire#

.e!is ser&e as a solier in the British Army in the 4oyal Armoure%orpsan ntelligence %orpsuring the econ 2orl 2arbe*ore being

secone to the Foreign 5ce# A*ter the !ar, he returne to the chool o*riental an A*rican tuies(A) at the ni&ersity o* .ononan !asappointe to the ne! chair in +ear an Mile 'astern$istory#

.e!is is a !iely rea e0pert on the Mile 'ast, an is regare as one o*the 2ests leaing scholars o* that region# $is a&ice has been *re7uentlysought by policyma"ers, incluing the Bush aministration# nthe Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing,Martin 8ramer, !hoseh## thesis !as irecte by .e!is, consiere that, o&er a 6-year career,.e!is has emerge as :the most in;uential post!ar historian o* slam an

the Mile 'ast#:.e!is is "no!n *or his contro&ersial &ie!s on the Armenian


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Bernar .e!is !as born tomile-class?e!ishparents in to"e +e!ington, .onon# $e becameintereste in languages an history !hile preparing *or his bar mitz&ah#

.e!is grauate in 1936 *rom the chool o* riental tuies (no!

A, chool o* riental an A*rican tuies) at the ni&ersity o*.onon!ith a B#A#in history !ith special re*erence to the +ear an Mile'ast@ an earne his h##three years later, also *rom A, specializing inthe history o* slam# .e!is also stuie la!, going part o* the !ay to!arbecoming a solicitor, but returne to stuy Mile 'astern history# $eunertoo" post-grauate stuies at the ni&ersity o* aris, !here he stuie!ith the orientalist .ouis Massignonan earne the :iplme es tuesCmiti7ues: in 193=# $e returne to A in 193> as an assistant lecturer inslamic $istory#

uring the econ 2orl 2ar, .e!is ser&e in the British Army in the 4oyal

Armoure %orpsan as a %orporalin the ntelligence %orpsin 19DED1, be*ore being secone to the Foreign 5ce# A*ter the !ar, he returne toA, an in 19D9, at the age o* 33, he !as appointe to the ne! chair in+ear an Mile 'astern $istory#

n 19=D, age =, .e!is accepte a Goint position at rinceton ni&ersityanthe nstitute *or A&ance tuy, also locate in rinceton, +e! ?ersey# Hheterms o* his appointment !ere such that .e!is taught only one semester peryear, an being *ree *rom aministrati&e responsibilities, he coul e&otemore time to research than pre&iously# %onse7uently, .e!is/s arri&al at

rinceton mar"e the beginning o* the most proliIc perio in his researchcareer uring !hich he publishe numerous boo"s an articles base on thepre&iously accumulate materials# n aition, it !as in the ## that .e!isbecame a public intellectual# pon his retirement *rom rinceton in 19>6,.e!is ser&e at %ornell ni&ersityuntil 199#

.e!is has been a naturalize citizen o* the nite tates since 19>J# $emarrie 4uth $ClKne ppenheGm in 19D= !ith !hom he ha a aughter ana son be*ore the marriage !as issol&e in 19=D#

n 1966, .e!is !as a *ouning member o* the learne society, Mile 'ast

tuies Association o* +orth America(M'A), but in J=, he bro"e a!ayan *oune Association *or the tuy o* the Mile 'ast an A*rica(AM'A)to challenge M'A, !hich the New York Sunnote as :ominate byacaemics !ho ha&e been critical o* srael an o* America/s role in theMile 'ast#: Hhe organization !as *orme as an acaemic society eicateto promoting the highest stanars o* research an teaching in Mile'astern an A*rican stuies, an relate Iels, !ith .e!is as %hairman o* itsacaemic council#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitzvahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor's_degreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Massignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association_of_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association_of_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_the_Middle_East_and_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitzvahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor's_degreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Massignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association_of_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association_of_North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_the_Middle_East_and_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Sun


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n 199 the +ational 'no!ment *or the $umanitiesselecte .e!is *orthe?eLerson .ecture, the ## *eeral go&ernment/s highest honor *orachie&ement in the humanities# $is lecture, entitle :2estern %i&ilization ANie! *rom the 'ast,: !as re&ise an reprinte in The Atlantic onthlyunerthe title :Hhe 4oots o* Muslim 4age#: $is J= r&ing 8ristol .ecture, gi&en to

the American 'nterprise nstitute, !as publishe as Europe and !slam 1

INTRODUCTION OF ORIENTALISM

History of the world shows paganism always remained against

!slam "ut it faced failure# When it feels weakness in $ghting face

to face paganism adopts the way of conspiracies, After crusades

paganism changed its policy and disguised itself in form of

Orientalism# This mo%ement tried to deface uslims and !slamic

teaching under pretence of knowledge and research and to some

e&tent, succeeded, On one side Orientalists admitted

authenticity and truth of 'uran and Sunnah ,and on the other

hand they created confusion and tried to hit "asic !slamic sources

in order to create se%eral de"ates a"out !slamic "asic sources#

(ernard )ewis is one of these Orientalist # He has same thinking

and ideology# !n his "ook *THE +!S!S O- !S)A .Holy War and

/nholy Terror0, he raises many 1uestion a"out !slam and its
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol_Lecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institutehttp://www.aei.org/book/893http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kristol_Lecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institutehttp://www.aei.org/book/893


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political and other systems# This "ook has nine chapters,# !n this

assignment ! shall try to re%iew the said "ook#

CHAPTE 1! De"nin# Is$a%

n this chapter Bernar .e!is has iscusse political an social systemo* slam an amitte that slam has been the political, social, an culturalsuper po!er o* the !orl but along this he says that slam has lost its glorysince the last three centuries# Hhat is !hy problems are popping up *or theslamic !orl# Accoring to Bernar .e!is slam an %hristianity are sisters#Hhey ha&e many common attributes yet there are iLerences too# 2hilepraising the rophet Mohamma (B$), he isrespect*ully accuses him o*collecting ta0es li"e general monarchs o* the !orl# As he ays

$e amires the companions o* Mohamma (B$) that they manage$e also amires s"ill*ul management o* $oly rophet(B$)# $e OamitsPslam is a religion as other religions# $e states iLerent characteristics an7ualities o* slam# $e is o* the &ie! that %hristianity as an OancientP religionan through iscussion tries to *a&or %hristianity# #

Bernar .e!isis o* the &ie! that there are se&eralgroups o* the O*unamentalistsP that are supporte by iLerent states ango&ernments# $e presents the e0ample o* the O4e&olution o* ranP in his &ie!all the *unamentalists ha&e a common mission an that is to Ight Othe2est#P

Hhe conclusion eri&e at the en o* this chapter is also con*using# none han he says that maGority o* Muslims are peace lo&ing an aspire *or

*rienly relations !ith the 2est but on the other han he is o* the &ie! that*unamentalists are OhostileP an Oanger *or the 2est#P Hhis is ho! hesupports the O2est#P Hhen he also conclues that Muslims consier Othe2estP their enemy an they cooperate !ith Othe 2estP only *or their o!npurpose that is to gain political po!er# $e as"s 2est to be conscious# As hesays


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C&a'(er 2! H)*se )+ (&e war

n this chapter Bernar .e!is gi&es concept o* ?ihain slam but he can not unerstan the real meanings o* ?iha in slam# n his&ie! ?iha is only Ight against the enemies o* slam an Muslims# Ho escribethe literal an conte0tual meanings o* ?iha he re*ers to the Qurancommanments that the ?iha practically starte among alalah#

Hhe companions o* Mohamma (B$) re*er to urah n*al,commanment D1-=J# $e says that slam permits ?iha against *our "ins o*people#

1# nIels J# Hhe Apostate 3# 4ebels D# acoits

erhaps this perception is not *ully correct#

slam oes not permit to e&ery ini&iual to Ight against e&ery inIel oracoit#

$e says that uring the last *ourteen centuries, the military *orce !as nameas ?iha# $e e0plains an importance o* ?iha by gi&ing re*erence *rom theQuran an $aith # But conclusions ra!n by Bernar .e!is is !oner*ul ashe says that the purpose o* ?iha is to e0ten the state an rule or establishthe go&ernment o&er the Arab !orl#

$e amits the success o* the Muslims !hich they attaine in a shortspan o* time#

Bernar .e!is says that ?iha has lost its glory in the present ay!orl# nly Military *orce has become the symbol o* ignity# Hhe alestinianan 8ashmiri ?iha acti&ists are egraing the ignity o* ?iha# As he says


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Hhe author employs contrariety an *orce amits that ?iha has notal!ays meant aggra&ation# Author is o* the &ie! that all countries !ereattaine through *orce an ?iha# erhaps this is !rong perception o* theauthor #n the other han the author amits that the %hristians an ?e!s!ere allo!e to lea their li&es accoring to their o!n religion at the cost o*a ta0 O?RSAP# As he says

CHAPTE NO 3! ,r)% Cr*saders () I%'eria$is(s

n this chapter Bernar .e!is criticizes thesocial an economical agreements o* Muslim countries !ith !esterncountries $e raises a 7uestion mar" on these agreements as his opinion the

Muslims are oing such agreements to their sole purpose that is to regaintheir lost rule (go&ernments)#n his opinion Muslims are not sincere !ith the!est they ha&e their o!n interests in these agreements# $e sho!s happinesson the success o* %hristian an *ailure o* the Muslims # As he e0presses his&ie!

$e escribes the economic progress o* the %hristian countries# $e says thatthe Muslim traers also became the beneIciaries o* %hristian economic!orl# Hheir proucts began to be e0porte to the !est but the Muslimscoul not unerstan as to ho! the !est attaine the economic an political


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omination in a short span o* time# 'uropeans entereP the lastP as OtraersPan car&e its political cla!s there# Hhis entry complete in iLerent phases#

$e escribes the uses an abuses o* the inter*erence o* 'urope in theMile 'ast# But Bernar .e!is is o* the &ie! that this inter*erence starte as

a result o* aams ictatorship an the ran 4e&olution# As his &ie!s are

Bernar .e!is in the &ie! that the isintegration o* the o&iet nionma"es the *unamentalists belie&e that they ha&e e*eate 4ussia# imilarly

they can easily e*eat the uper o!er o* toay# $e thin"s this is *arcical#

C&a'(er !Dis)/erin# A%eria

n this chapter Bernar .e!is escribes the initial conitions o* therelations o* the Muslim %ountries !ith the ## $e amits that in the early!hen the Muslims !ere in po!er, the American teachers, traers, ancholars use to go the Muslim nstitutes to attain eucational ancommercial e0perience# 2hile the Muslim !orl also trie to isco&er anunerstan America# Hhen he e0presses his surprise upon the OhatrePagainst America by the Muslims# Hhis astonishment re&eals the sympathy o*Bernar .e!is *or !est#

$e raises the 7uestion that once America !as a *rien o* the Muslim!orl but ho! i &ery soon the became the representation o* theOe&ilsPT As his &ie!s are


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Bernar .e!is himsel* gi&es the ans!er o* this 7uestion that maGorityo* Muslims consier !est there enemy, Because Muslims are in the opinionthat !est !ants to e0ert pressure particularly on the Mile 'ast to procureits purposes an to ac7uire complete control o* their natural resources !hichis sole mission o* ## $e gi&es the reason o* Muslim an !est enmity that isleaership o* ye Qutub !ho is leaer o* *unamentalists # ye Qutub!as ealy against the !est an !estern style o* li*e#

Bernar .e!is conclue that ye Qutub poisone the mins o* the*unamentalists against America# Hhis is the reason o* OhatreP o* Muslims

against the Americans society# Muslims use the term O


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$e also criticizes the American policy to!ar the ra7 an ranictatorship, on the other han he amires the political system o* srael(inirectly Bernar .e!is supports the sraeli tate) an amires theemocratic system in srael# Bernar .e!is e0presses that a*ter collapse o*so&iet union American policy has change to!ar mile east that is toestablish monopolistic control o* mile eastern oil an resources# HheMuslim !orl is !ell a!are o* American intension so Muslims are ma"ingsome ne! alliances !ith other countries#

CHAPTE ! D)*$e S(andard

n this chapter Bernar .e!is apparently iscusses ouble stanar o*the !est an specially America to!ar Mile 'ast # Hhis ouble stanar o*the 2est has create a great gap bet!een !est an Mile 'ast# Hhe peopleo* Mile 'ast consier themsel&es Oin*eriorP to the people o* the 2est#Bernar .e!is compares the !estern li*e style to the 'astern li*e style# n his&ie! there is hell o* iLerence in their li*e stanars #Hhe people in theMile 'ast consier that the 2est has committe e0treme human rights&iolations, in ra7, ran, alestine, Nietnam, etc# n the other han 2estaccuses the Muslim that they cannot run the emocracy smoothly as apolitical system# Hheir political leaers are in&ol&e in corruption# 2hileAmerica an the 2est support their ictators to procure their reste interestsan they Ight against those !ho o not *ulIll their re7uirements *or e0ample


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aam $ussain# Hhe an 'uropeans support aui Arabia *or their o!ninterests# Hhere*ore, the is not concerne *or the common people o* anycountry,

$e points out the atrocities committe in ra7 an the oublestanars in yria# Bernar .e!is gi&es his opinion to!ar ouble stanar o*America # n his &ie! America has no interest in emocracy or ictatorship#Americans support only the systemUperson !hich or !ho suit them anprotect their political an economical interest #

C&a'(er ! ,ai$*re )+ M)derni(4

n this chapter author escribes the O'conomiceclineP o* Muslims# $e compares the conition o* the Muslim countriesparticularly the Arab countries !ith the !est# $e compares the politic,economic, eucation, an research conitions !ith that o* the !est anconclues that the Muslims are *ar behin the 2est# Muslim countries are*acing iseases li"e po&erty, unemployment, restlessness etc# t is notablethat the author !ishes to re;ect the superiority o* the !est an the

in*eriority o* the Muslim countries#

nirectly, he !ants to conclue that in this ne! !orl o* globalizationthe Muslims ha&e completely *aile# emocracy has *aile as a political

system in Muslim countries !hile ictatorship has been succeee # +one o*their leaer has attaine !orth!hile *ame# imilarly the author escribes theeucational ecline o* the Muslims, he supports his &ie!s by the graph anIgures as -


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$e connects terrorism to the economic, political, an eucational*ailure in Muslim countries# Author connects the 9U11 incient to the Arab!orl# $e is o* the &ie! that those terrorists came *rom the aui Arabia #

(Author has blame aui Arabia !ithout gi&ing any soli e&iences)# 2hile9U11 incient is contro&ersial incient# t is separate ebate !hetherMuslims or ?e!s !ere responsible# t is pro&en *act that the 9U11 incient!as a &ery !ell concei&e an eliberate OramaP stage be the !esterncountries# Hhis re&eals biase approach o* author#

C&a'(er 8! Marria#e )+ Sa*di ')wer and 5a&ai (ea&in#

n this chapter Bernar .e!is e0presses reasons o* terrorism aneLects o* 2ahabi teachings in the !orl# Accoring to Bernar .e!is Muslim

!orl has baly *aile to accept moernization# Hhere*ore, the*unamentalists got the opportunity an such mo&ements starte# Bernar.e!is gi&es e0ample o* 2ahabi mo&ement# Accoring to Bernar .e!is thismo&ement o* pure *unamentalists !hich belong to aui Arabia Hhismo&ement !as greatest mo&ement o* Jthcentury# All aui la!s !ere maeaccoring to the 2ahabi thoughts an teachings # 2ahabi leaers hol thatthe ecline o* the Muslims is ue to e;ection *rom slamic teaching an


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principles an aoption o* 2estern li*e style# articularly, the rulers o* Muslimcountries are the representati&es o* the 2est#

C&a'(er 6! ise )+ (&e Terr)ris%

n this chapter he iscusses terrorism, its root causes, anconse7uences all o&er the !orl# $e connects all the terrorist acti&ities in the!orl to the Muslims, an attempts to pro&e that 9U11 an other suchincients ha&e connections !ith slamic !orl because the Muslim consier

the 2est their enemy in general an the as particular# Hhere*ore, theyhate the 2estern 2orl# $e calls Oterrorist#P to all slamic rganizations ormo&ements $e iscusses the ONerictsP o* Ayat-ullah 8humani an tries topro&e that it is illegal, immoral, an un-slamic# Bernar .e!is criticize Ayat-ullah 8humani an e*ens alman 4ushi $e pro&es terrorism amongMuslims an negates it in the !est# Bernar .e!is also hols that iLerentMuslims groups commit terrorism eri&e by their personal interests# Hheyuse the name o* slam# Hhey ignore the Quran an the teaching o* therophet (#B##$) an their only mission is to establish their ominance on

the !orl an create *ear among people# As he says


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As e&ience Bernar .e!is e0plains that in earlier these terroriststargete political leaers an statesmen an then the public places !eretargete to sprea terror# $e re*ers to the $aith to e0plain that, suicialattac"s are illegal# $e e&iently connects 9U11 to sama Bin .aen an the

Arab 2orl yet he uses the term O*unamentalistsP *or them an suggeststhe 2est to !age !ar against them# $e calls the enlightene Muslims their*riens !hile the other their enemies#

n the en, he also amits that the MaGority Muslims are peace lo&ingbut ens his boo" on the 7uestion that the Muslims ha&e to ecie !hetherthey !ant to be terrorists or peace lo&ingT Because i* sama an his*ollo!ers succee them the !orl !ill be oome# As his &ie!s are

n nutshells Hhe %risis o* slam is not a research oriente boo"# n *act,it is a boo" o* history in !hich &ery innocently the history has been portraye


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Ocriminally !rong#P t is an attempt to egrae slam as a religion# +o otherreligion has been criticize by the author %hristianity, ?uaism an the !esthas been OGustiIeP !hether irectly or in irectly# slam grae as e7ual to%hristianity an upremacy o* slam has not been accepte norac"no!lege# All Muslims mo&ements !hich starte as the reaction o*atrocities committe by the %hristian an ?e!s ha&e been nameOHerrorists#P Hhe 2est has been supporte in all its spirits !hile slam hasbeen represente as the OenemyP o* the 2est an attempts ha&e been maeto terrorize the !orl *rom the Muslims#

A eep stuy o* the boo" re&eals the superIcial research, %ontrariety,an biase approach o* the Author# $e has pro&e his honesty by portrayingthe !rong image o* ?iha an connecting terrorisms to the Muslim 2orl anby saying that slam an Muslim are a anger *or the !orl#

Hhe author calls *rien to only those Muslims !ho ha&e aopte!estern style o* li*e !hile remaining all Muslims are enemy o* the !est# $ehas iscusse term O?$AP by gi&ing re*erences *rom $oly Quran unnah buthe has not clear concept o* O?$AP #$e iscusse !ar against non-Muslims(8FFA4 MA88A$)but i not gi&e actual reason o* these !ars # Hheauthor only trie his best to pro&e that the purpose o* these !ars !as only toe0ten state po!er *urther he totally ignore the OMA88P li*e o*4$'H(#A#2)# Moreo&er he has not mentione about the sai !ars by!hich party these !ars !ere initiate# 2hich sho!s bias approach o* the

authorE,EENCE

1#PBernar .e!isP, retrie&e *rom httpUUen#!i"ipeia#orgU!i"iUBernarV.e!ison J9-D-1DJ#Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p# ,hoeni0 rion Boo"s .t ,J3,8#

3# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p# JD

D, Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#31

# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#39

6# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#D

=# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#J-3

># Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#D
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis%20on%2029-4-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis%20on%2029-4-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis%20on%2029-4-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis%20on%2029-4-14


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9# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#9

1# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam ,p#>1

11# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#9J

1J# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#99

13# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#1

1D# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#11

1# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#1J

16# Bernar .e!is, Hhe %risis o* slam, p#1D

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Final Assignment Crisis of Islam