filtration-140913005653-phpapp02-141211112424-conversion-gate01

7/17/2019 filtration-140913005653-phpapp02-141211112424-conversion-gate01

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/filtration-140913005653-phpapp02-141211112424-conversion-gate01 1/53

FILTRATIONEQUIPMENTS

Presented by:

Hassan Sarfraz 027

Jalees Ahmad 029

Abdullah Irshad 32

Affan 33

Mateen 37



Defnition

• Filtration: It may be defne as a process oseparation o solids rom a uid by passingthe same through a porous medium thatretains the solids but allows the uid to pass

through.

• Clarifcation: When solid are present in erylow concentration! i.e.! not e"ceeding #.$%w&! the process o its separation rom li'uidis called clarifcation.

(



)erms used in fltration

*lurry • *uspension

to be fltered

Filter

medium

• Porous

medium usedto retain solid

Filter

ca+e

• ,ccumulated

solids on theflter

Filtrate -

• Clear li'uidpassing throughthe flter



Process o fltration

Pores o fltermedium aresmaller than

sie o particles

to be separate.

Filter medium/flter paper0 is

placed on a

support /mesh0

*lurry is placedoer the flter

medium

Due topressure

di1erenceacross theflter! uid

ows throughthe fltermedium

2raity isacting oer theli'uid medium

*o solids aretrapped on thesurace o theflter medium

3



,pplications o fltration

• Production o sterile products:45P, flters or laminar air bench

6embrane flters.

• Production o bul+ drugs

• Production o li'uid dosage

• 57uents and waste water treatment

8



6echanism o fltration

• )he mechanism whereby particles are retained by aflter is signifcant only in initial stages o fltration.

9

• * i m i l a r t o s i e i n g ! i . e . ! p a r t i c l e s o l a r g e r s i e c a n : t p a s s t h r o u g h s m a l l e r p o r e s i e o f l t e r m e d i u m .

*training

• * o l i d s h a i n g t h e m o m e n t u m m o e a l o n g t h e p a t h o s t r e a m i n g o w a n d s t r i + e / i m p i n g e 0 t h e f l t e r m e d i u m . ) h u s t h e s o l i d s a r e r e t a i n e d o n t h e f l t e r m e d i u m .

Impingement

• P a r t i c l e s b e c o m e e n t w i n e d / e n t a n g l e d 0 i n t h e m a s s e s o f b r e s / o c l o t h s w i t h f n e h a i r y s u r a c e o r p o r o u s e l t 0 d u e t o s m a l l e r s i e o p a r t i c l e s t h a n t h e p o r e s i e .

) h u s s o l i d s a r e r e t a i n e d w i t h i n f l t e r m e d i u m .

5ntanglement

• * o l i d s a r e r e t a i n e d o n t h e f l t e r m e d i u m a s a r e s u l t o a t t r a c t i e o r c e b e t w e e n p a r t i c l e s a n d f l t e r m e d i u m ! a s i n c a s e o e l e c t r o s t a t i c f l t r a t i o n .

,ttractieorces



)ypes o fltration

• Surface/ screenltration

It is a screening action bywhich pores or holes omedium preent the passage

o solids.6echanism inoled :

straining and impingement

For this! plates with holes orwoen siees are used.

5;cacy is defned in terms omean or ma"imum pore sie.

• Dept ltration In this slurry penetrates to a

point where the diameter osolid particles is greater than

that o the tortuous oid orchannel.

6echanism : 5ntanglement

)he solids are retained with agradient density structure by

physical restriction or byadsorption properties omedium.

<



Di1erence between surace anddepth fltration

Surface ltration

• )he sie o particles retained isslightly higher than the meanpore sie o medium.

• 6echanical strength o fltermedium is less! unless it ismade o stainless steel.

• It has low capacity.

• )he sie o particles retained ismore predictable.

• 5'uipment is e"pensiebecause ancillary e'uipmentsuch as edge clamps isre'uired.

• 5". Cellulose membrane flter.

Dept ltration

• )he sie o particles retainedis much smaller than themean pore sie o medium.

• 6echanical strength o fltermedium is high.

• It has high capacity.

• )he sie o particles retainedis less predictable.

• 5'uipment is cheaperbecause ancillary e'uipmentis not re'uired.

• 5". Ceramic flters andsintered flters. =



Factors inuencing fltration

Properties oli'uids

• Density• >iscosity•

corrosieness

Properties osolid

• Particleshape

•Particle sie• Particlecharge

• Density• Particle sie

distribution• ?igidity or

compressibili

ty o solidunderpressure

• )endency oparticle toocculate oradheretogether

Properties osolid in slurry

• ?ate oormation oflter ca+eespecially inearly stageo fltration

@bAecties

• Whether thesolid orli'uid or bothare to becollected

)emperature

• )emperatureosuspension

B



Classifcation o fltratione'uipments

• ased on application o e"ternal orce:

#$

flters

Pressureflters

Plate andrame flter

press6eta flter

>acuumflters

Filter lea

Centriugalflters

centriuges



ased on operation o fltration

Filters

Continuousfltration

Discharge and fltrate areseparated steadily and

uninterrupted

Discontinuousfltration

Discharge o fltered solid isintermittent.

Filtrate is remoed continuously.

@peration should be stopped tocollect solid.

##



ased on nature ofltration

Filters

Ca+e flters

?emoe largeamount o solid

Clariying flters

?emoe smallamounts o solids

Cross ow flters

Feed o suspensionows under

pressure at airlyhigh elocity

across the fltermedium

#(



*election o flters depends uponbelow listed actors

6aterial related

Properties o uid iscosity

Eature o solids sie! shape!distribution and pac+ing

characteristics o particles

Conc. @ solid in suspension

uantity o material to be handle

Whether it is necessary to wash thesolid

Whether any orm o pretreatmentwill be helpul.

5'uipment andprocess related

Flow rate

*hould be absolute in sense! limit tosie o particles passing through the

flter should be +nown.

*hould be sterilisable by heat!radiation or gas

*hould be economical. #-



Plate and rame flterpressPrinciple:

• 6echanism is surace fltration.

• )he slurry enters the rame by pressure and owsthrough flter medium.

• )he fltrate is collected on the plates and send tooutlet.

• , number o rames and plates are used so thatsurace area increases and conse'uently largeolumes o slurry can be processed simultaneously

with or without washing.

#3



Diagram

#8



Construction

• )he Filter press is made o two types o units! plate andrames.

• Gsually made o aluminium alloy.

• *ometimes! these are also lac'uered or protection

against corrosie chemicals and made suitable orsteam steriliation.

• Fra!e

It contains a open space inside wherein the slurryreseroir is maintained or fltration and an inlet to

receie the slurry. It is indicated by two dots in description.

#9

*lurryinlet

4andle to rest on rod



ContinueH.

• Frames o di1erent thic+ness are aailable.

• It is selected based on the thic+ness o ca+e ormedduring fltration.

• @ptimum thic+ness o rame should be chosen.

• Plate )he plate has a studded or grooed surace to support

the flter cloth and an outlet.

It is indicated by one dot in description.

#<

)hrough channel

Filtrate outlet



ContinueH.

• Plate supports the flter medium! receiing the fltrateand outlet.

• )he flter medium usually cloth is interposed betweenplate and rame.

• Plate! flter medium! rame! flter medium and plate arearranged in se'uence and clamed to a supportingstructure.

• It is normally described by dots as #.(.#.(.# so on.

• , number o plates and rames are employed so thatthe fltration area is as large as necessary.

• Eumber o fltration units are operated in parallel.

• Channels or slurry inlet and fltrate outlet can bearranged by ftting eyes to the plates and rames! these Aoin together to orm a channel.

•

In some types only one inlet channel is ormed! whileeach plate is haing indiidual outlets controlled by

#=



Wor+ing

• Wor+ing can be diided into two steps

#. Filtration operation

(. Washing o ca+e /i desirable0

•. Filtration operation

#B

Frame mar+ed by ( dotsPlate mar+ed by # dot

Plate and rame flter press! principle o fltrationoperation



ContinueHH

*lurry enters the ramerom the eed channeland passes through the

flter medium on thesurace o the plate

)he solid orms a flterca+e and remain in the

rame

)he thic+ness o theca+e is hal o the ramethic+ness! because on

each side o ramefltration occurs

)hus two flter ca+es areormed ! which meet

eentually in the centreo the rame

)he fltrate drainsbetween the proAections

o the surace o theplate and escape rom

the outlet

,s fltration proceeds!the resistance o theca+e increases and

fltration rate decrease

,t a certain pointprocess is stopped andpress is emptied and

cycle is restarted

($



Washing operation

• When washing o ca+e is also re'uired modifed plateand rame flter is used.

• For this purpose an additional channel is includedcalled as washing plate

•

In the hal o the washing plate! there is a connectionrom wash water cannel to the surace o plate.

.

(#



Procedure or washing the press

* t e p #

• F i l t r a t i o n p r o c e e d s i n t h e o r d i n a r y w a y u n t i l t h e r a m e s a r e f l l e d w i t h c a + e .

* t e p

( • ) o w a s h t h e f l t e r c a + e ! t h e o u t l e t s o w a s h i n g p l a t e s a r e c l o s e d .

* t e p -

• W a s h w a t e r i s p u m p e d i n t h e w a s h i n g c h a n n e l . • ) h e w a t e r e n t e r s t h r o u g h t h e i n l e t s o n t h e s u r a c e o w a s h i n g

p l a t e .

* t e p 3

• W a t e r p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e f l t e r c l o t h a n d e n t e r s r a m e w h i c h c o n t a i n s t h e c a + e .

• ) h e n w a t e r w a s h e s t h e c a + e ! p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e f l t e r c l o t h a n d

e n t e r s t h e p l a t e d o w n t h e s u r a c e .

* t e p 8

• F i n a l l y w a s h e d w a t e r e s c a p e s t h r o u g h t h e o u t l e t o t h a t p l a t e . ((



Diagrammatic procedure



)hings to be noted

• Water wash is e;cient only i the rames are ull withflter ca+e.

• I the solid do not fll the rame completely! the washwater causes the ca+e to brea+ /on the washing plateside o the rame0! then washing will be less e1ectie.

(3



*pecial proisions andGses

Gses:

• *terile fltrate can be obtain by using asbestos andcellulose flter sheet /or this! whole flter press andflter medium hae been sterilied preiously0.

•

Filtration o iscous li'uid can also be done byincorporating heating&cooling coils in the press.

(8



,dantages• Construction o flter press is ery simple and a ariety

o materials can be used.

• Proide large fltration area in relatiely small oorspace. )he capacity being ariable according tothic+ness o rames and number used.

• *turdy construction permits the use o considerablepressure di1erence

• 5;cient washing o ca+e is possible.

• @peration and maintenance is easy.

• It produce dry ca+e in orm o slab.

(9



Disadantages

• It is a batch flter! so it is a time consuming.

• )he flter press is an e"pensie flter! the emptyingtime! the labour inoled! and the wear and tear onthe cloths resulting in high costs.

•

@peration is critical! as the rames should be ull!otherwise washing is ine;cient and the ca+e is di;cultto remoe.

• )he flter press is used or slurries containing lessabout 8 % solids

•

In iew o the high labour costs ! it is most suitable ore"pensie materials e.g. the remoal o precipitatedproteins rom insulin li'uors.

(<



Chamber press

Principle


• )he slurry enters the rame by pressure and owsthrough the flter cloth.

•

)he fltrate is collected on the plates and send to theoutlet.

• , number o head plates are used! so that the suracearea can be increases and conse'uently large olumeso slurry can be processed simultaneously.

(=



Diagram

(B



Construction

• It consist o heay f"ed head plate made o cast iron andmounted on suitable rame.

• 5"tending rom the head plate! two horiontal bars support onboth ends.

• )he bar supports the plate by lugs.

• ,t the center o the each plate! a hole is proided orintroducing the eed.

• )he holes o the all plate are connected on the head o thepress.

• @er each press plate! a sheet o flter cloth with a hole cut in

the centre and is placed.• )he flter cloth is astened by means o rings called grommets

and either screwed together or loc+ed.

• )hese draw down the cloth! so that it is shaped round theplate.

• ,ll such plates are arranged and a heay ollower plate is

placed behind and tighten.

-$



Wor+ing

-#



Gses! adantages anddisadantages

Uses"

• used or clarifcation o syrups and fltrating o inAectionsolutions.

A#$anta%es"

•

Proide large fltering area in relatiely small oor space.• , number o head plates can be increased or decreased

as per need.

• @peration and maintenance are straight orward /nomoing part0.

• Filter cloths are easily renewable.Disa#$anta%es"

• Eot adaptable or washing o ca+e.

• )he wear o cloth is seere.

• )he fltrate is usually not clear.

-(



Filter lea

Principle"

• It is an apparatus consisting o a longitudinal drainagescreen coered with a flter cloth.

• )he mechanism is surace fltration and acts as siee.

•

>acuum or pressure can be applied to increase the rateo fltration.

&onstruction"

• )he lea flter is consisting o a rame enclosing adrainage screen or grooed plate.

• )he rame may be any shape circular! s'uare orrectangular.

• )he whole unite being coered with flter cloth.

• )he outlet or the fltrate connects to the inside o therame through suction.

--



Diagram

-3



Wor+ing and uses

'or(in%"

Use"

• Gse or the fltration o slurry which do not contain highsolid content! about 8%! i.e. dilute suspensions.

-8



,dantages

• *implest orm o flter used or batch process.

• , number o units can be connected in parallel toincrease the surace area o fltration.

• Pressure di1erence can be obtained either with

acuum or using pressure up to the order o =$$+ilopascals.

• Jabour costs or operating the flter lea are airlymoderate.

• )he e;ciency o washing is high.

• )he slurry can be fltered rom any essel.• )he ca+e can be washed simply by immersing the flter

in a essel o Water.

-9



6etaflter

Principle"


• In this! metal rings contain semicircular proAections!which are arranged as a nest to orm channels on theedges.

• )his channel o1ers resistance /strainer0 to the ow osolids /coarse particles0.

• )he clear li'uid is collected into receier rom the top.

-<



Construction

• 6etaflter consists o a series o metal rings.

• )hese are threaded so that a channel is ormed on theedges.

• It contains a grooed drainage column on which a serieso metal rings are pac+ed.

• )hese rings are usually made up o stainless steel andhae dimensions o about #8.$ mm internal diameter and((.$ mm e"ternal diameter.

• 5ach metal ring has a number o semicircular proAections

/$.= mm in thic+ness0 on one side o surace.

• )he proAections are arranged as a nest to orm channelson the edges.

• )hese rings are tightened on the drainage column with anut.

• 6etaflters are also +nown as edge flters.

-=



Diagram

-B



Wor+ing

3$

For separation o fne particles! a bed o suitablematerials such +ieselguhr is frst built up.

)he pac+ o rings seres essentially as a base on whichthe true flter medium is supported.



Gses

• 6etaflters can be used or

Clarifcation o syrups

Filtration o inAection solutions

Clarifcation o insulin li'uors

Filtration o iscous li'uids can be achieed byapplying pressure.

3#



,dantages

• Can be used under high pressures! without any dangero bursting the flter medium.

• ?unning cost are low! as separate flter medium is notused.

• Can be constructed rom a material that can proidee"cellent resistance to corrosion and aoidcontamination o sensitie products.

• It is e"tremely ersatile flter because fne as well aslarge both type o particles can be separated.

•

?emoal o ca+e can be carried out by simply bac+ushing with water.

• Change oer rom one batch to another or one productto another is easy.

• *terile products can be handled.3(



Cartridge flter

Principle"• It is a thin porous membrane in which pre flter and membrane

flter are combined in a single unit.

• )he fltration action is mainly siee li+e and particles areretained on the surace.

&onstruction"• It has cylindrical confguration made with disposable or

changeable flter media.

• 6ade up o either plastic or metal.

• Consist o two membrane flters /siee li+e0 made opolypropylene: pre flter and actual flter or fltration.

• , protectie layer surrounds them.

• )he cartridge are housed in a holder and a number ocartridges can be placed in a same housing.

• )he housing is closed with the lid.

• 4ousing has proisions or slurry inlet and outlets.

3-



Diagram

33



Wor+ing and uses

'or(in%"

Uses"

• Particularly useul or preparation o particulate ree

solutions or parenterals and ophthalmic uses.

• )his flter holder will process #$$$ #8$$$ litres osterile solution per hour.

38



,dantages and Disadantages

A#$anta%es"

• ,utoclaing can be done or sterile operations due tostainless steel construction.

• Cartridge with sel cleaning deices are adantageous.

• ?apid disassembling as well as reusing o flter medium is

possible.

• Cartridge are not brittle! when they are dry.

• Gsed as inline continuous fltration! which reduces handlingo solutions. It minimie chances o contaminations.

Disa#$anta%es"

• , number o manuactures proide the components! whichare generally not interchangeable between suppliers.

• Cost o disposable elements o1sets the labour saing in

terms o assembly and cleaning o cartridge clarifers. 39



?otary drum flter

Principle"

• *lurry fltered through siee li+e mechanism on the rotationdrum surace! under the condition o acuum.

• In addition compression! drying /using hot air0! andremoing the flter ca+e /using +nie0 are possible.

&onstruction"

• It consist o a metal cylinder mounted horiontally.

• )he drum may be up to - meters in diameter and -.8meters in length and gies surace area o ($ meter s'uare.

• )he cured surace being a perorated plate! supporting a

flter cloth.• Internally! it is diided into seeral sectors and a separate

connection is made between each sector and a specialrotary ale. 3<



Diagram

3=



Wor+ing

• )he drum is dipped into the slurry and acuum appliedto the outlet! which is connected to the fltratereceier.

• When the ca+e has ormed! the ca+e drained orpartially dried by acuum.

• )he drum is sprayed with water to wash the ca+e.

• ?etaining the acuum connection drains the ca+e andproduces partial dryness then! remoed by a doctor+nie.

•

When the solids o the slurry are too much that theflter cloth becomes bloc+ed with the particles! a precoat flter may be used.

• , precoat o flter aid is deposited on the drum priorto the fltration process.

3B



Gses

• )he rotary flter or continuous operation on large'uantities o slurry.

• *uitable or slurry contains considerable amounts osolids in the range #8-$%.

• 5"amples o pharmaceutical application include

the collection o calcium carbonate! magnesiumcarbonate! and starch.

)he separation o the mycelium rom the ermentation

li'uor in the manuacture o antibiotics.

8$



,dantages

• )he rotary flter is automatic and is continuous inoperation! so that the labour costs are ery low.

• )he flter has a large capacity ! so it is suitable or thefltration o highly concentrated solutions.

• >ariation o the speed o rotation enables the ca+ethic+ness to be controlled.

• Precoat o flter aid could used to accelerate thefltration rate.

• Filter has large surace area.

8#



Disadantages

• )he rotary flter is a comple" piece o e'uipment ! withmany moing parts and is ery e"pensie!.

• In addition to the flter itsel! some accessories areconnected !e.g.! a acuum pump! acuum receiers !slurry pumps and agitators are re'uired .

• )he ca+e tends to crac+ due to the air drawn throughby the acuum system! so that washing and drying arenot e;cient.

• eing a acuum flter! the pressure di1erence is limitedto # bar and hot fltrates may boil.

• It is suitable only or straight orward slurries

8(



8-

T h a n k Y

o u !

Documents

filtration-140913005653-phpapp02-141211112424-conversion-gate01