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Figures for Chapter 5
Earmolds and earshells
Dillon (2001)
Hearing Aids
Figure 5.1 Cross sections of (a) a full concha earmold with a wide vent and (b) a Janssen mold that would have extremely similar acoustical properties, but different retention properties. See also Figure 5.3 for perspective views of these molds.
(a) (b)
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Hearing aid vent paths
Figure 5.2 Side view and cross section of the external ear, drawn to average full-size dimensions and typical shape (Salvinelli et al., 1991; Staab, 1999), and the names given to various parts of the ear (Shaw, 1975).
SAGGITAL SECTION(Lateral view)
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Helix
Tragus
Eardrum
First bendSecond bend
AXIAL OR TRANSVERSE
SECTION (Superior view)
CORONAL OR FRONTAL SECTION
(Anterior view)
Tragus
Inter-tragalnotch
Anti-tragus
Lobule
Cavum-concha
Cymba-concha
Crus-helias
Anti-helix
SUPERIOR
INFERIOR
MEDIALLATERAL
Eardrum
Bone
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
The external
ear
Figure 5.3 Names given to various parts of an earmold or ear shell, based in part on Alvord, Morgan & Cartright (1997).
Canal stalk
Helix lock or top lock
Aperturicseal
Medial tubing aperture
Conchalrim
Tragal notchInter-tragal
ridge
Crural
groove
Anti-tragal notchFirst
bend
Soundbore
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
The earmold
“Standard” mold
Free FieldJanssen Sleeve
Figure 5.4 Earmold styles for BTE hearing aids.
Semi-skeletonSkeletonCarved shell
Canal lock Canal Hollow Canal
CROS - A CROS - B CROS - C
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Earmold styles
Figure 5.5 Two types of elbows used in BTE earmolds. In (a) the tubing fits around the elbow, which creates some constriction. In (b) the tubing fits inside the elbow.
(a)
(b)
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Earmold elbows
ITE
Low- profile
ITE ITC CIC
Figure 5.6 Axial view of typical placements for ITE, low-profile ITE, ITC and CIC hearing aids.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Custom aid styles
250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000125
Frequency (Hz)
Vents
Dampers Soundbore
Figure 5.7 Frequency regions affected by each of the components of the hearing aid coupling system.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Acoustic modifications
L2
L1
d1
d2
Figure 5.8 A vent made up of two tubes of different lengths and diameters.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Stepped-diameter vent
Figure 5.9 The inserts (larger than life-size) from a vent insert system, and the earmold and vent receptacle (approximately life-size) into which they fit. Positive Venting Valve (PVV) and Select-A-Vent (SAV) are two such systems commercially available.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Vent inserts
-30
-20
-10
0
250 500 1000 2000 40000Frequency (Hz)
Ve
nt
effe
ct (
dB
)
Tube
2 mm1 mm
Occluded
3.5 mm
Figure 5.10 Effect of different sized vents on the frequency response of amplified sound, relative to the response with a tightly fitting earmold or earshell (Dillon, 1985).
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Low frequency vent-induced cuts
-30
-20
-10
0
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Frequency (Hz)
Ven
t ins
ertio
n ga
in (
dB)
Occluded
1 mm2 mm
tube
3.5 mm
Figure 5.11 Insertion gain of the vent-transmitted sound path for vents of different sizes in an earmold or shell with a mean canal stalk length of 7 mm (Dillon, 1985). Also known as Real-Ear Occluded Gain.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Insertion gain of vent
Figure 5.12 Sound travels from a source to the eardrum via the amplified path (solid line) and the vent or leakage path (dashed line). An ITE is shown but the same principle holds for BTE or body aids.
Source
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Multi-path propagation
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8kFrequency (Hz)
Inse
rtio
n ga
in (
dB)
Combined path
Amplifiedpath
Ventpath
Figure 5.13 Insertion gain of the vent-transmitted path and the amplified path and the way these might combine to form the insertion gain of the complete hearing aid.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Combined amplified and vent-transmitted sound paths
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8kFrequency (Hz)
Inse
rtio
n ga
in (
dB)
0 degrees
120 degrees170
Figure 5.14 Insertion gain of the combined response for phase differences of 0, 120, and 170 degrees between the vent-transmitted and amplified sound paths shown in Figure 5.12. The combined path in Figure 5.12 assumed a phase difference of 90 degrees.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Phase and the combined insertion gain
-5
0
5
10
15
0 5 10 15 20
Length of canal stalk (mm)
Occ
lusi
on e
ffect
(dB
)
Figure 5.15 Increase in ear canal SPL (relative to no earmold) for the octave centered on 315 Hz when an aid wearer talks. Ear canal length was measured from the ear canal entrance along the center axis of the ear canal. For this person, the transition from cartilaginous to bony canal, as evidenced by the texture of the impression surface, commenced 9 mm into the canal (on the posterior wall, at the second bend) and completed 16 mm into the canal (on the anterior wall).
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Occlusion SPL and canal stalk length
-20-15-10
-505
101520
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8kFrequency (Hz)
Occ
lusi
on
eff
ect
(d
B) Occluded 1 mm
Tube
3.5 mm2 mm
Figure 5.16 The mean increase in SPL (relative to no earmold) in the ear canal for 10 subjects, as they talked while wearing earmolds with vents of different sizes (May & Dillon, 1992).
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Vent size and occlusion SPL
A
Figure 5.17 Axial view of earmolds or shells that produce a very strong occlusion effect (A), and a very weak occlusion effect (B). The mold or shell shown in (C) will produce a weak occlusion effect and will also have minimal leakage of sound from the hearing aid. In each case, the wavy lines show the vibrating anterior wall and the arrow shows the primary direction in which bone conducted sound will travel once it enters the ear canal. The looseness of fit in each diagram has been exaggerated for clarity.
B C
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Occlusion sound and mold/shell shape
Figure 5.18 Cross section of a Y-vent (or diagonal vent) in a BTE earmold.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Y-vent
do
l
di
l
do
di
Figure 5.19 Two acoustic horns, one stepped and one continuous, each with inlet diameter di, and outlet diameter do, and the boost (an increase in gain and maximum output) given to the frequency response by the continuous horn.
Frequency
Hor
n ef
fect
(dB
)
fh
i
o
d
dlog20
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Acoustic horns
Figure 5.20 A Libby 4 mm horn (a) fully inserted into the earmold, and (b) partially inserted, with the mold forming the final section of the horn. Diameters are in mm.
43
2
(a)
43
2
(b)
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Libby horn insertion
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
125 250 500 1 k 2 k 4 k 8 kFrequency (Hz)
Effe
ct o
f wid
e bo
re (
dB)
2
14
11
8
5
Figure 5.21 The effect of drilling a 4 mm diameter hole at the medial end of an earmold, relative to a constant 2 mm diameter sound bore. The number next to each curve shows the length, in mm, of the widened bore.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Effect of horn length
1.5 LP
1.35
14
1.9 mm
1.0
1.9 mm
13
0.9
1.5 mm
12
6C106C5
Figure 5.22 The dimensions of the constriction configurations known as 6C5, 6C10, and 1.5 LP (Etymotic Research Catalog; Killion, 1981).
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Constrictions for high-frequency cuts
Hea
ring
thre
shol
d (d
B H
L)
250125 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Frequency (Hz)
ER12-1
250125 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ER12-2
250125 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ER12-3
250125 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ER12-4
Figure 5.23 Audiometric configurations for which each of the special earhooks has been designed. The hatched area in the ER12-3 audiogram is applicable if a non-occluding earmolds is used and the solid area if an occluding earmold is used.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Audiograms for special earhooks
10
20
30
40
100 1000 10000
Frequency (Hz)
Cou
pler
gai
n (d
B)
500200 2000 5000
No damper
1500 ohms at tip
1500 ohms at nub
Figure 5.24 Frequency response of a hearing aid with no damper, and with a 1500 ohm damper placed at each end of the earhook.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Effects of dampers
(a) (b)
Figure 5.25 An unmodified vent (a) and a shortened vent (b). The dashed lines in (a) indicate the position of the vent. The dashed lines in (b) indicate potential further stages of shortening, and the dotted line indicates the original profile.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Shortening the vent
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.26 Insertion of tubing into an earmold by (a) pushing, or by (b) pulling with a loop of wire.
Source: Dillon (2001): Hearing Aids
Re-tubing