Figure 1.1 Knowledge that the natural world varies across landscapes and seascapes was likely essential to the survival of the earliest hominid societies

Figure 1.2 One of the central questions that biogeographers attempt to explain is why geographic ranges differ among species

Figure 1.3 An illustration of a world locator map to be used throughout this book

Figure 1.4 Darwin benefited from many discussions and lengthy correspondences with other leading naturalists of the day

Figure 2.1 The contributions of Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) to biology are legendary

Figure 2.2 (A) Two early hypotheses to account for the diversity and distributions of terrestrial organisms. Linnaeus hypothesized that terrestrial plants and animals survived the biblical Flood along the slopes of a mountain such as Mount Ararat (B)

Figure 2.3 Explorations of the world by Europeans, including Captain James Cook and his staff, provided invaluable information on the distributions of plants and animals

Figure 2.3 Explorations of the world by Europeans, including Captain James Cook and his staff, provided invaluable information on the distributions of plants and animals (Part 1)

Figure 2.3 Explorations of the world by Europeans, including Captain James Cook and his staff, provided invaluable information on the distributions of plants and animals (Part 2)

Figure 2.4 Alexander von Humboldt (A) is widely regarded as the “father of phytogeography” for detailed and incisive descriptions of the distributions of plants, including those on the Canary Islands (B) and in the Andes (C)

Figure 2.5 (A) Charles Lyell and (B) Adolphe Brongniart, often regarded as the “fathers of geology and paleobotany”

Figure 2.6 (A) Charles Darwin, (B) Joseph Dalton Hooker, (C) Philip Lutley Sclater, and (D) Alfred Russel Wallace

Figure 2.7 Charles Darwin’s voyage on the HMS Beagle was instrumental in the development of his theory of natural selection and the origin of species

Figure 2.8 Hypothetical land bridges were proposed by extensionists to account for major disjunctions in the distributions of terrestrial organisms

Figure 2.8 Hypothetical land bridges were proposed by extensionists to account for major disjunctions in the distributions of terrestrial organisms (Part 1)

Figure 2.8 Hypothetical land bridges were proposed by extensionists to account for major disjunctions in the distributions of terrestrial organisms (Part 2)

Figure 2.8 Hypothetical land bridges were proposed by extensionists to account for major disjunctions in the distributions of terrestrial organisms (Part 3)

Figure 2.9 (A) Ernst von Haeckel’s 1876 map of the phylogeny and dynamic geography of man (B) demonstrates his understanding that the process of evolution occurs over space as well as time

Figure 2.10 Philip Lutely Sclater’s (1858) scheme of terrestrial biogeographic regions based on the distributions of passerine birds

Figure 2.11 Alfred Russel Wallace’s voyages through the Malay Archipelago (1854–1862) led to major discoveries in evolutionary biology and biogeography

Figure 2.12 (A) Clinton Hart Merriam’s “life areas” of North America. (B) Elevational distribution of life zones on the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona. (C) Distribution of Merriam’s life zones across North America

Figure 2.12 (A) Clinton Hart Merriam’s “life areas” of North America. (B) Elevational distribution of life zones on the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona. (C) Distribution of Merriam’s life zones across North America (Part 1)

Figure 2.12 (A) Clinton Hart Merriam’s “life areas” of North America. (B) Elevational distribution of life zones on the San Francisco Peaks of Arizona. (C) Distribution of Merriam’s life zones across North America (Part 2)

Figure 2.13 (1) (A) James Dwight Dana’s scheme of biogeographic regions of marine organisms. (B) Philip Lutley Sclater’s classification of biogeographic regions was based largely on endemic fauna

Figure 2.13 (2) (A) James Dwight Dana’s scheme of biogeographic regions of marine organisms. (B) Philip Lutley Sclater’s classification of biogeographic regions was based largely on endemic fauna