Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Final April 2010
3.34
Fig. 3.1. PEMD deployed in the intertidal zone.
Final April 2010
3.35
Fig. 3.2. Photographs of the different types of subsurface oil observed in 2008 on the oiled
zones. A) Moderately oiled residue from 0-5 cm at HMP-05B; B) Coat/cover on individual clasts from 0-10 cm at KFP-01E; C) Tarball from 55-60 cm at SKN-05A; and D) Coat/cover/pooled oil from 15-40 cm at MKS-16B. The number indicates the pit number.
Final April 2010
3.36
75 a f
50
g e
25
0 600
f
500
400
300
200 g
100 e
0 800 c
700 f
600
500
400
300
200 g
100 e
0 200 d f 100 e g
0 Reference
Chernofski
Oiled area Fig. 3.3. Geometric mean PAH concentrations in mussels (panel a) and PEMDs (panels b – d)
by area [reference, historical impact (Chernofski Harbor), and oiled] and zone (subtidal, surface water, and intertidal). Error bars are ± SE. Within each zone, all estimates were significantly different, signified by different letters.
Sub
tidal
TP
AH
W
ater
TP
AH
(ng/
devi
ce)
Inte
rtida
l TP
AH
(ng/
devi
ce)
Mus
sel T
PA
H (n
g/g
dry)
b
Final April 2010
3.37
Fig. 3.4. Total PAH distribution in mussel tissue (2008) within the previous Selendang Ayu spill
area, historically contaminated, and reference areas. Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.
Final April 2010
3.38
Fig. 3.5. Source distribution of PAHs in mussel tissue (2008) within the previous Selendang Ayu
spill area, historically contaminated, and reference areas. Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.
Final April 2010
3.39
2 a
1
0
1
4 b
3 2 1 0 1
4 3 c
2 1 0 1
-
-
-
4
3
2
1 d
0
-1
Reference Chernofski Oiled area Fig. 3.6. Mean PAH source model scores in mussels (panel a) and PEMDs (panels b – d) by area
[reference, historical impact (Chernofski Harbor), and oiled] and zone (subtidal, surface water, and intertidal). Potential model scores range from -6 (pyrogenic) to +6 (petrogenic); scores close to 0 indicate ambiguous sources. Error bars are ±SE. Asterisks indicate significant differences within each zone.
Sub
tidal
PA
H m
odel
sco
re
Wat
er P
AH
mod
el s
core
In
terti
dal P
AH
mod
el s
core
M
usse
l PA
H m
odel
sco
re
Final April 2010
3.40
b
10 a
8
6 Oiled
4
Chernofski
2
0
-2
-4 Reference
-6 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9
First component 10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 First component
Fig. 3.7. First and second principal components from correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in mussel tissue. Panel a includes data from all sources: oiled sites are illustrated with circles, reference with squares, Chernofski Harbor with triangles. Panel b repeats oiled samples only (identified by oil source model scores ≥2), color coded by percent naphthalenes as a surrogate for weathering.
% Naphthalenes
Final April 2010
3.41
Fig. 3.8. Total PAH distribution in passive samplers (2008) within the previous Selendang Ayu
spill area, historically contaminated (Chernofski Harbor), and reference areas by zone (subtidal, surface water, and intertidal). Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.
Final April 2010
3.42
Fig. 3.8, continued
Final April 2010
3.43
Fig.3. 8, continued
Final April 2010
3.44
1000
100
10 1 10 100 1000
TPAH in mussels (ng/g dry) Fig. 3.9. Total PAH in passive samplers (PEMDs) versus that in mussels. Regression “a”
includes all data points and indicates 95% confidence bands. Regression “b” excludes leverage point 1 and regression “c” excludes both leverage points.
2
a 1
b
c
TPA
H in
PE
MD
s (n
g/de
vice
)
Final April 2010
3.45
Fig. 3.10. Source distribution of PAHs in passive samplers (2008) within the previous
Selendang Ayu spill area, historically contaminated (Chernofski Harbor), and reference areas by zone (subtidal, surface water, and intertidal). Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.
Final April 2010
3.46
Fig. 3.10, continued
Final April 2010
3.47
Fig. 3.10, continued
Final April 2010
3.48
14
12
10
8
6 Chernofski
4
2
Oiled
Subtidal
0
-2
-4 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
First component Fig. 3.11. First and second principal components from correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in
passive samplers (PEMDs) by zone (intertidal, surface water, and subtidal).
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
Intertidal
Oiled Chernofski
Reference
14
12
10
8
6
Surface water 8
Oiled 4 0
Chernofski
-4 Reference 4
2
0
-2 -4
Oiled Boat
Boat -8
Reference Chernofski
Sec
ond
Com
pone
nt
Sec
ond
Com
pone
nt
Sec
ond
Com
pone
nt
Third
com
pone
nt
Final April 2010
3.49
14 Subtidal
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
First component
Fig. 3.11b. First and second principal components from correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in passive samplers (PEMDs) by zone (intertidal, surface water, and subtidal) for oiled samples only (where score ≥2), color coded by percent naphthalenes as a surrogate for weathering.
14
12
10
8
6
4
2 0
-2
-4
Intertidal
% Naphthalenes
Final April 2010
3.50
Fig. 3.12. Source distribution of PAHs in sediment (2008) within the previous Selendang Ayu spill area. Sediments were not collected from the reference area and Chernofski harbor. Shoreline oiling was assessed in 2005.
Final April 2010
3.51
Weathering Undefined
8000 ng/g. Letters (a – f) indicate samples illustrated as examples in Fig. 3.15.
TPAH conc. < 100 ng/g 100 - 2200 > 8000
C2
Final April 2010
3.52
Sites MKS16 MKS14 HMP05 KFP01 SKN15 SKN11 SKN05 SKS12 SKS04
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 C1
Fig. 3.14. Regressions by oiled site of the first and second principal components from the
correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in sediment. These data are a subset of those illustrated in Fig. 3.13.
C2
Final April 2010
3.53
Fig. 3.15. Relative polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) composition in representative
sediment samples collected in 2008 from least weathered (a) to most weathered (f). See Table 3.4 for abbreviations. See text for an explanation of the unitless weathering coefficient w.
20 KFP01-F (pit 1); w = 6.8 f
15 10
5
0
20 KFP01-G (pit 10, right); w = 5.1 e
15 10
5
0
20 KFP01-G (pit 3, right); w = 3.1 d
15 10
5
0
20 KFP01-F (pit 19); w = 2.0 c
15 10
5
0
20 KFP01-G (pit 23, left); w = 0.8 b
15 10
5
0
20 KFP01-G (pit 19, right); w = -0.1 a
15 10
5
0
Per
cent
of t
otal
PA
H
Per
cent
of t
otal
PA
H
Per
cent
of t
otal
PA
H
Per
cent
of t
otal
PA
H
Per
cent
of t
otal
PA
H
Per
cent
of t
otal
PA
H
N0
N1
N2
N3
N4
BP
AC
A
E F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
D
0 D
1 D
2 D
3 D
4 P
0 P
1 P
2 P
3 P
4 A
N
FL
PY
R1
R2
R3
R4
AA
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
BB
BK
BE
BA
PE
IC
DB
Final April 2010
3.54
Sites Selendang Ayu
MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN06 near KFP01 SKN15 SKN11 or nearby SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 PMN20 PMN20 near PMS15 outside Chernofski
16
12
8
reference
4
0 MDO
IFO
oiled
r 2 = 0.839
-4 -8 -4 0 4 8
C1
Fig. 3.16. Summary of PAHs in oil or sediment shortly after the Selendang Ayu spill. First and second principal components from the correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in 2004 to 2005 sediment color coded by weathering coefficient (w). Solid symbols indicate samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu. No oil was observed in reference samples. In some cases the same area contributed both reference and oiled samples (e.g., MKS05); reference samples were collected upstream above oil influence, oiled samples were collected downstream or intertidally.
Weathering Undefined
Final April 2010
3.55
Fig. 3.17. Relative polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) composition in each Selendang Ayu oil sample collected between December 19, 2004 and January 5, 2005 from least weathered (a) to most weathered (d). Vertical bars indicate ± 1 standard error (2 ≤ n ≤ 3). See Table 3.4 for PAH abbreviations. See text for an explanation of the unitless weathering coefficient w.
20 IFO, Selendang Ayu; w = -0.68 d
15 10
5
0
20 IFO, Selendang Ayu; w = -0.71 c
15 10
5
0
20 IFO, Selendang Ayu; w = -0.82 b
15 10
5
0
20 MDO, Selendang Ayu; w = -3.08 a
15 10
5
0
Per
cent
of t
otal
PA
H
Per
cent
of t
otal
PA
H
Per
cent
of t
otal
PAH
P
erce
nt o
f tot
al P
AH
N0
N1
N2
N3
N4
BP
AC
A
E F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
D
0 D
1 D
2 D
3 D
4 P
0 P
1 P
2 P
3 P
4 A
N
FL
PY
R1
R2
R3
R4
AA
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
BB
BK
BE
BA
PE
IC
DB
Final April 2010
3.56
Sites Selendang Ayu
MKS16 MKS14 MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN06 near KFP01 SKN15 SKN11 or nearby SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 PMN20 PMN20 near PMS15
outside Chernofski
15
12
9
6 MDO IFO
3
0
-3 r 2 = 0.788
-6
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 C1
Fig. 3.18. Summary of PAHs in oil or oiled sediment (excluding references). First and second principal components from the correlation matrix of normalized PAHs in all oiled sediment samples (2004 to 2008) color coded by weathering coefficient (w). Solid symbols indicate samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu. Samples collected in 2004 to 2005 are illustrated with small symbols. The fitted regression does not include the four stray samples where w was undefined.
Weathering Undefined
Final April 2010
3.57
Sites Selendang Ayu MKS16 MKS14 MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN03 or PTN06 KFP01 or nearby SKN15
SKN11 or nearby SKN05 ( in 2005) SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 outside Chernofski
6
volcanic ash
3 Reference
Anchor tar
0
MDO
b c
S. Ayu
oil
a
d -3 Oiled beaches
e
f
-6 -6 -3 0 3 6 9
C1
Fig. 3.19. Summary of alkanes in sediment. First and second principal components from the correlation matrix of normalized alkanes in all oil and sediment samples collected in 2004 or 2005 (solid symbols) and 2008 (open symbols). Samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu are illustrated in red, oiled samples in blue, and background samples in black. Two other interesting reference samples were also included, volcanic ash from a contemporaneous eruption and anchor tar from an unknown origin. Letters (a – f) indicate samples illustrated as examples in Fig. 3.20. The first component explained 40% of the variance and C2 explained 16% of the variance.
C2
Final April 2010
3.58
c1 = 4.48
c1 = -3.65
c1=-4.96
25 b
20
15
10
5
0 25
c1 = 2.51 20
15
10
5
0 25
c1 = -0.41 20
15
10
5
0 25 e
20
15
10
5
0 25 f
20
15
10
5
0
Fig. 3.20. Relative alkane composition in oil collected from the Selendang Ayu and oil or oiled sediment from beaches, 2004 to 2008. See Table 3.5 for abbreviations. C1 is the first principal component in the analysis illustrated in Fig. 3.19.
25
20
15
10
5
0
c1 = 7.66 a
Perc
ent o
f tot
al c
alib
rate
d al
kane
s Pe
rcen
t of t
otal
cal
ibra
ted
alka
nes
Perc
ent o
f tot
al c
alib
rate
d al
kane
s
C9A
LK
C10
ALK
C
11A
LK
C12
ALk
C
13A
LK
C14
ALK
C
15A
LK
C16
ALK
C
17A
LK
PRIS
C
18A
LK
PHY
C19
ALK
C
20A
LK
C21
ALK
C
22A
LK
C23
ALK
C
24A
LK
C25
ALK
C
26A
LK
C27
ALK
C
28A
LK
C29
ALK
C
30A
LK
C31
ALK
C
32A
LK
C33
ALK
C
34A
LK
C35
ALK
C
36A
LK
c
d
Final April 2010
3.59
Sites Selendang Ayu
MKS16 MKS14 MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN06 near KFP01 SKN15
SKN11 or nearby SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 outside Chernofski
10
Anchor tar
5
S. Ayu oil IFO
MDO
0 ash
oiled
Not oiled
-5
-10 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
C1 Fig. 3.21. Summary of biomarkers in sediment. First and second principal components from the
correlation matrix of normalized biomarkers in all oil and sediment samples collected in 2004 or 2005 (solid symbols) and 2008 (open symbols). Samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu are illustrated in red, oiled samples in blue, and background samples in black. Two other interesting reference samples were also included, volcanic ash from a contemporaneous eruption and anchor tar from an unknown origin. The first component explained 72% of the variance and C2 explained 11% of the variance.
C2
Final April 2010
3.60
f
e
r 2 = 0.896
d
c
b
a
IFO
MDO
Sites Selendang Ayu
MKS14 MKS05 HMP05 or nearby PTN06 near KFP01 SKN15
SKN11 or nearby SKN04 SKS12 SKS04 outside Chernofski
Least weathered Most weathered 15
10
-5
-10
-3 0 3 6 w PAH
Fig. 3.22. Relationship between weathering of PAHs (wPAH) and the first principal component
for all biomarkers (C1) in sediment. Symbols are colored by wPAH as indicated. Letters (a – f) indicate samples illustrated as examples in Fig. 3.23. See text for an explanation of the unitless weathering coefficient w.
Weathering Undefined
Final April 2010
3.61
20
a 15
10
5
0
20
b 15
10
5
0
20
c 15
10
5
0
20
d 15
10
5
0
20
e 15
10
5
0
20
f 15
10
5
0
Fig. 3.23. Relative biomarker composition in oil collected from the Selendang Ayu and oil or oiled sediment from beaches, 2004 to 2008. See Table 3.6 for abbreviations. See also Fig. 3.22. See text for an explanation of the unitless weathering coefficient w.
w = -3.1
w = -0.7
w = 0.6
w = 3.0
w = 1.8
w = 6.9
Per
cent
of t
otal
bio
mar
kers
P
erce
nt o
f tot
al b
iom
arke
rs
Per
cent
of t
otal
bio
mar
kers
TR23
TR
24
TR25
a TR
25b
TET2
4 TR
26a
TR26
b TR
28a
TR28
b TR
29a
TR29
b Ts
Tm
H28
N
OR
25H
H
29
C29
Ts
M29
O
L H
30
Nor
30H
M
30
H31
S
H31
R
GA
M
H32
S
H32
R
H33
S
H33
R
H34
S
H34
R
H35
S
H35
R
S22
D
IA27
S
DIA
27R
C
27S
C
27bb
R
C27
bbS
C
27R
C
28S
C
28bb
R
C28
bbS
C
28R
C
29S
C
29B
BR
C
29B
BS
C
29R
Final April 2010
3.62
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-
-
0 1 2 C1
3 f
e
0 d c
Reference Oiled sediment
r 2 = 0.855 AT
- b
S. Ayu IFO
a
-
Sites Selendang Ayu MKS16 MKS14 HMP05 or nearby PTN03 KFP01 or nearby SKN15 SKN11 or nearby SKN04 and SKN05 SKS12 SKS04 outside Chernofski
-
-12 S. Ayu MDO
-15
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 C1
Fig. 3.24. Summary of persistent biomarkers in oil and sediment. First and second principal components from the correlation matrix of normalized persistent biomarkers (hopanes and steranes) in all oil and sediment samples collected in 2004 or 2005 (solid symbols) and 2008 (open symbols). Samples collected directly from the Selendang Ayu are illustrated in red, oiled samples in blue (2008) or solid green (2004 – 2005), and background samples in black. Anchor tar (AT) from an unknown origin is also included. The first component explained 51% of the variance and C2 explained 20% of the variance. Letters (a – f) indicate samples illustrated as examples in Fig. 3.25.
C2
C2
Final April 2010
3.63
Fig. 3.25. Relative persistent biomarker composition (hopanes and steranes) in sediment
collected from the Selendang Ayu and oil or oiled sediment from beaches, 2004 to 2008. See Table 3.6 for abbreviations. See also Fig. 3.24.
15 C2 = 2.55 f
10
5
0
15 C2 = -0.55 d
10
5
0
15 C2 = 1.00 e
10
5
0
15 C2 = -5.13 a
10
5
0
15 C2 -4.15 b
10
5
0
15 C2 = -1.06 c
10
5
0
Per
cent
of h
opan
es +
ste
rane
s P
erce
nt o
f hop
anes
+ s
tera
nes
Per
cent
of h
opan
es +
ste
rane
s
Ts
Tm
H28
N
OR
25H
H
29
C29
Ts
M29
O
L H
30
Nor
30H
M
30
H31
S H
31R
G
AM
H
32S
H32
R
H33
S H
33R
H
34S
H34
R
H35
S H
35R
S
22
DIA
27S
D
IA27
R
C27
S
C27
bbR
C
27bb
S
C27
R
C28
S
C28
bbR
C
28bb
S
C28
R
C29
S C
29B
BR
C
29B
BS
C
29R
1000146-2-4-4 0 4 8 12 161684-4153-6