Fig. 23-CO, p. 790

Fig. 23-1, p. 791

Fig. 23-2, p. 791

Fig. 23-3, p. 791

Fig. 23-4, p. 792

Fig. MCQ23-12, p. 817

Fig. P23-5, p. 818

Fig. 23-10, p. 795

Fig. 23-9, p. 794

Fig. 23-13a, p. 797

Fig. 23-13, p. 797

Fig. 23-11, p. 795

Fig. 23-13b, p. 797

Fig. 23-13c, p. 797

Fig. 23-14, p. 798

Fig. 23-18, p. 803

Atmospheric Refraction and Sun’s Position

• Light rays from the sun are bent as they pass into the atmosphere.

• It is a gradual bend because the light passes through layers of the atmosphere.– Each layer has a slightly

different index of refraction.• The Sun is seen to be

above the horizon even after it has fallen below it.

Section 23.5

Atmospheric Refraction and Mirages

• A mirage can be observed when the air above the ground is warmer than the air at higher elevations.

• The rays in path B are directed toward the ground and then bent by refraction.

• The observer sees both an upright and an inverted image.

Section 23.5

Fig. 23-20b, p. 804

Fig. 23-21, p. 805

Lenses work by

refracting light

Fig. 23-23, p. 806

Fig. 23-24, p. 807

Fig. 23-25, p. 807

Fig. 23-25a, p. 807

Fig. 23-25b, p. 807

Fig. 23-25c, p. 807

Fig. 23-26, p. 809

Fig. 23-26a, p. 809

Fig. 23-26b, p. 809

Fig. 23-27, p. 810

Fig. 23-27a, p. 810

Fig. 23-27b, p. 810

Fig. 23-31, p. 814

p. 815

p. 815

p. 815

p. 815

p. 815

p. 816

p. 816

p. 816

Fig. P23-36, p. 820