Upload
lauren-ramsey
View
236
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Fig. 15-0a
Fig. 15-0b
Fig. 15-0c
Fig. 15-1
Fig. 15-2
Fig. 15-3a
Fig. 15-3b-1
Monomers Formation of short RNApolymers: simple “genes”
1
Fig. 15-3b-2
Monomers Formation of short RNApolymers: simple “genes”
1
Assembly of acomplementary RNAchain, the first step inreplication of the original “gene”
2
Fig. 15-4
Phanerozoic eon
Colonizationof land
Paleozoic
Animals
Meso-
zoic
Cenozoic
Origin of solarsystem andEarth
Humans
Single-celledeukaryotes Atmospheric
oxygen
Multicellulareukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Proterozoiceon
Archaeaneon
1
2 3
4
Billions of years ago
Fig. 15-5
Time (thousands of years)
1––16
11.4 17.1 22.8
1–8 1
––32
1–2
1–4
0 5.7 28.5
Fra
ctio
n o
f C
arb
on
-14
rem
ain
ing
Fig. 15-6
Fig. 15-6a
Fig. 15-6b
Fig. 15-7a
NorthAmericanPlate
Juan de FucaPlate
PhilippinePlate
IndianPlate
AntarcticPlate
AustralianPlate
Eurasian Plate
AfricanPlate
SouthAmericanPlateNazca
Plate
PacificPlate
ArabianPlate
CaribbeanPlate
Scotia Plate
Cocos Plate
Fig. 15-7b
Present
Eurasia
Mill
ion
s o
f ye
ars
ago
65.5
135
251
Mes
ozo
icC
eno
zoic
Pa
leo
zoic
Madagascar
India
Australia
Africa
Antarctica
SouthAmerica
North Americ
a
Laurasia
Gondwana
Pangaea
Fig. 15-7c
Fig. 15-7d
NorthAmerica
= Living lungfishes
Australia
Africa
AsiaEurope
SouthAmerica
= Fossilized lungfishes
Fig. 15-8
San Andreas Fault
NorthAmericanPlate
Santa Cruz
San Francisco
PacificPlate
Los Angeles
California
Fig. 15-8a
Fig. 15-9
NorthAmerica
Chicxulubcrater
YucatánPeninsula
YucatánPeninsula
•
Fig. 15-9a
YucatánPeninsula
Fig. 15-9b
Fig. 15-10
Ancestralmammal
ReptilianAncestor
250Millions of years ago
Eutherians(placentalmammals;5,010 species)
Marsupials(324 species)
Monotremes(5 species)
150200 50100 0
Fig. 15-11a
Gills
Fig. 15-11b
Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult
Human fetus Human adult
Fig. 15-11c
Missing pelvic spine
Fig. 15-12
Light-sensitivecells Fluid-filled cavity
Opticnerve
Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)
Light-sensitivecells
Eye cup
Nervefibers
Nervefibers
Opticnerve
Lens
Transparent protectivetissue (cornea)
Simple pinholecamera-type eye
Eye withprimitive lens
Opticnerve
Complexcamera-type eye
Cornea
Retina
Eye cupPatch of light-sensitive cells
Limpet Abalone Nautilus Marine snail Squid
Fig. 15-12aLight-sensitive
cells
Nervefibers
Patch of light-sensitive cells
Limpet
Fig. 15-12bLight-sensitive
cells
Eye cup
Nervefibers
Eye cup
Abalone
Fig. 15-12cFluid-filled cavity
Opticnerve
Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)
Simple pinholecamera-type eye
Nautilus
Fig. 15-12d
Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)
Opticnerve
Lens
Transparent protectivetissue (cornea)
Eye withprimitive lens
Marine snail
Fig. 15-12e
Lens
Opticnerve
Complexcamera-type eye
Cornea
Retina
Squid
Fig. 15-13
RECENT
Hippidion and other generaPLEISTOCENE
MIOCENE
PLIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
Equus
Nannippus
Pliohippus
Neohipparion
MegahippusCallippus
Hipparion
Sinohippus
Anchitherium
Archaeohippus
Hypohippus
Merychippus
Parahippus
Miohippus
Mesohippus
Orohippus
EpihippusPaleotherium
Propalaeotherium
Pachynolophus
HyracotheriumGrazersBrowsers
Fig. 15-14
Fig. 15-15aSpecies:Felis catus
Genus: Felis
Family: Felidae
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
Bacteria Domain: Eukarya Archaea
Fig. 15-15b
Order GenusFamily
Fe
lis
Fe
lida
e
Me
ph
itis
Mu
ste
lida
e Lu
tra
Ca
rniv
ora
Ca
nid
ae
Ca
nis
Species
Feliscatus
(domesticcat)
Mephitismephitis
(striped skunk)
Lutralutra
(Europeanotter)
Canislatrans
(coyote)
Canislupus(wolf)
Fig. 15-16a
Igu
ana
TAXA
Longgestation
Du
ck-b
illed
pla
typ
us
Kan
gar
oo
Bea
ver
CH
AR
AC
TE
RS
Character Table
0 00 1
0 10 1Gestation
Hair, mammaryglands 0 11 1
Long gestation
Gestation
Hair, mammary glands
Iguana
Duck-billedplatypus
Kangaroo
Beaver
Phylogenetic Tree
Fig. 15-16aa
Igu
ana
TAXA
Longgestation
Du
ck-b
illed
pla
typ
us
Kan
gar
oo
Bea
ver
CH
AR
AC
TE
RS
Character Table
0 00 1
0 10 1Gestation
Hair, mammaryglands 0 11 1
Fig. 15-16ab
Long gestation
Gestation
Hair, mammary glands
Iguana
Duck-billedplatypus
Kangaroo
Beaver
Phylogenetic Tree
Fig. 15-16b
Birds
Ornithischiandinosaurs
Pterosaurs
Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds
Lizardsand snakes
Crocodilians
Saurischiandinosaurs
Fig. 15-16c
Eggs
Front limb
Hind limb
Fig. 15-17
Procyonidae
Ursidae
Americanblack bear
Spectacled bear
Asian black bear
Raccoon
Lesserpanda
Brown bear
Pleistocene
Pliocene
35Oligocene
Millions of years ago
Miocene
Polar bear
Giantpanda
Sloth bear
Sun bear
30 25 20 15 10
Fig. 15-18
Computer modelof HIV
0.20
1900
Dif
fere
nce
s b
etw
een
HIV
seq
uen
ces
1920
0.15
1940
0.10
1960
0.05
19800
2000
Year
Fig. 15-19a
Most recent common ancestor of all living things
Gene transfer between mitochondrial ancestorand ancestor of eukaryotes
Gene transfer between chloroplast ancestorand ancestor of green plants
Billions of years ago
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
4 3 2 1 0
23
1
2
3
1
Fig. 15-19b
Bacteria Archaea
Eukarya
Fig. 15-UN1
2.1 bya:First eukaryotes (single-celled)
1.2 bya:First multicellular eukaryotes
3.5 bya:First prokaryotes (single-celled)
3.5
Billions of years ago (bya)
500 mya:Colonizationof land byfungi, plants,and animals
1.53
2.54 2 .51 0
Fig. 15-UN2
Fig. 15-UN3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Fig. 15-UN4
evolutionaryrelationships
Systematics
traces generateshypotheses for
constructingshown
in(a)
sharedancestral
characters
cladistics
sequence ofbranch points
(f)
nucleotidesequences
(b)
(c) (d) (e)
analysis identifiesmust
distinguishfrom
seen in
using
based on
using determine
Fig. 15-UN5
Outgroup