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Fig. 11.3-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© National Cancer Institute/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
SEM 2600x
(a)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Percentage bybody weight
Percentage byvolume
Plasma(percentage by weight) Albumins
58%
Globulins38%
Fibrinogen4%
Ions
Nutrients
Waste products
Gases
Regulatorysubstances
White blood cells
Neutrophils60%–70%
Lymphocytes20%–25%
Monocytes3%–8%
Eosinophils2%–4%
Basophils0.5%–1%
Red blood cells4.2–6.2million
Formedelements
45%
Buffycoat
Plasma55%
Proteins 7%
Water91%
Other solutes 2%
Formed elements(number per cubic mm)
Platelets250–400 thousand
White blood cells5–10 thousand
(left): © liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF
Fig. 11.1
Fig. 11.3Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a: © National Cancer Institute/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Red bloodcell
White bloodcell
Platelet
SEM 2600x
(a)
(b)Top view Side view
7.5 µm
2.0 µm
Red Blood Cell Biconcave disk; no nucleus; contains hemoglobin,which colors the cell red; 6.5–8.5 µm in diameter
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
TABLE 11.2 Formed Elements of the Blood
Cell Type Illustration Description Function
Table 11.2-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 11.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stem cell (hemocytoblast)
MegakaryoblastMonoblastProerythroblast Myeloblast Lymphoblast
Earlyerythroblast
Progranulocyte
Megakaryocyte
Intermediateerythroblast
Basophilicmyelocyte
Eosinophilicmyelocyte
Neutrophilicmyelocyte
Megakaryocyte breakup
Platelets
Nucleusextruded
Immature redblood cell
Basophilicband cell
Eosinophilicband cell
Neutrophilicband cell
MonocyteLymphocyteNeutrophilEosinophilBasophilRed blood cell
AgranulocytesGranulocytes
White blood cells
Lateerythroblast
Fig. 11.4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Increasedblood
oxygen
Decreasedblood
oxygen
Kidney
Red blood cellsIncreased
red blood cellproduction
Red bonemarrow
Increasederythropoietin
Fig. 11.5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
34
5
Heme
Kidney
In macrophages, the globin part ofhemoglobin is broken down toindividual amino acids (red arrow)and metabolized or used to buildnew proteins.
The heme of hemoglobin releasesiron. The heme is converted intobilirubin.
Blood transports iron to the redbone marrow, where it is used toproduce new hemoglobin (greenarrows).
Blood transports bilirubin (bluearrows) to the liver.
Bilirubin is excreted as part of thebile into the small intestine. Somebilirubin derivatives contribute tothe color of feces.
Other bilirubin derivatives arereabsorbed from the intestine intothe blood and excreted from thekidneys in the urine.
Intestines
Bilirubinin bile
Liver
Red bloodcell production
Red blood cells
120 days ingeneral circulation
Aged, abnormal, ordamaged red blood cells
Macrophagein spleen or liver
Hemoglobin
Globin
Aminoacids
Bilirubin
IronBilirubin in blood
Bilirubinderivativesin blood
Iron
Fig. 11.6
Table 11.2-6Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Red Blood Cell Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells Five types of white blood cells, each withspecific functions
Nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thinfilaments; cytoplasmic granules stain a lightpink or reddish purple; 10–12 μm in diameter
Phagocytizes microorganisms and othersubstances
Nucleus with two indistinct lobes; cytoplasmicgranules stain blue-purple; 10–12 μm in diameter
Nucleus often bilobed; cytoplasmic granules stainorange-red or bright red; 11–14 μm in diameter
Participates in inflammatory response ofallergic reactions and asthma; attackscertain worm parasites
Lymphocyte
Nucleus round, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped;contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocyte;12–20 μm in diameter
Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the bloodand becomes a macrophage, whichphagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cellfragments, and other debris within tissues
TABLE 11.2 Formed Elements of the Blood
Cell Type Illustration Description Function
Granulocytes
Basophil
Eosinophil
Agranulocytes
Monocyte
Spherical cells with a nucleus
Neutrophil
Biconcave disk; no nucleus; contains hemoglobin,which colors the cell red; 6.5–8.5 µm in diameter
Releases histamine, which promotesinflammation, and heparin, whichprevents clot formation
Produces antibodies and other chemicalsresponsible for destroying microorganisms;contributes to allergic reactions, graftrejection, tumor control, and regulationof immune system
Round nucleus; cytoplasm forms a thin ringaround the nucleus; 6–14 μm in diameter
Fig. 11.7
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
LM 1200x
(a-e): © Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold Inc./Photolibrary.com
Fig. 11.6
Table 11.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Red Blood Cell Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells Five types of white blood cells, each withspecific functions
Nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thinfilaments; cytoplasmic granules stain a lightpink or reddish purple; 10–12 μm in diameter
Phagocytizes microorganisms and othersubstances
Nucleus with two indistinct lobes; cytoplasmicgranules stain blue-purple; 10–12 μm in diameter
Nucleus often bilobed; cytoplasmic granules stainorange-red or bright red; 11–14 μm in diameter
Participates in inflammatory response ofallergic reactions and asthma; attackscertain worm parasites
Lymphocyte
Nucleus round, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped;contains more cytoplasm than does lymphocyte;12–20 μm in diameter
Cell fragment surrounded by a plasma membraneand containing granules; 2–4 μm in diameter
Round nucleus; cytoplasm forms a thin ringaround the nucleus; 6–14 μm in diameter
TABLE 11.2 Formed Elements of the Blood
Cell Type Illustration Description Function
Granulocytes
Basophil
Eosinophil
Agranulocytes
Monocyte
Platelet Forms platelet plugs; releases chemicalsnecessary for blood clotting
Spherical cells with a nucleus
Neutrophil
Biconcave disk; no nucleus; contains hemoglobin,which colors the cell red; 6.5–8.5 µm in diameter
Releases histamine, which promotesinflammation, and heparin, whichprevents clot formation
Produces antibodies and other chemicalsresponsible for destroying microorganisms;contributes to allergic reactions, graftrejection, tumor control, and regulationof immune system
Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the bloodand becomes a macrophage, whichphagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cellfragments, and other debris within tissues
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Percentage bybody weight
Percentage byvolume
Plasma(percentage by weight) Albumins
58%
Globulins38%
Fibrinogen4%
Ions
Nutrients
Waste products
Gases
Regulatorysubstances
White blood cells
Neutrophils60%–70%
Lymphocytes20%–25%
Monocytes3%–8%
Eosinophils2%–4%
Basophils0.5%–1%
Red blood cells4.2–6.2million
Formedelements
45%
Buffycoat
Plasma55%
Proteins 7%
Water91%
Other solutes 2%
Formed elements(number per cubic mm)
Platelets250–400 thousand
White blood cells5–10 thousand
(left): © liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF
Fig. 11.1
Fig. 11.14Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
0
He
ma
toc
rit
sc
ale
Hematocrit tube
Plasma
White blood cellsand platelets formthe buffy coat.
Red blood cells
FemaleMale
Withdrawblood intohematocrittube.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Centrifuge blood inthe hematocrit tube
Fig. 11.8
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Platelet adhesion occurs whenvon Willebrand factor connectscollagen and platelets.
During the platelet release reaction,ADP, thromboxanes, and otherchemicals are released and activateother platelets.
Platelet aggregation occurs whenfibrinogen receptors on activatedplatelets bind to fibrinogen, connectingthe platelets to one another. Theaccumulating mass of platelets forms aplatelet plug.
3
1
2
3
1
ADP
Thromboxane
Platelet
Granules
von Willebrand factor
Collagen
Plateletplug
Smoothmusclecell
Endothelialcell
Bloodvesselwall
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogenreceptor
2
Fig. 11.9-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
1 Inactive clotting factors inthe plasma are activatedby exposure to connectivetissue or by chemicalsreleased from tissues.Through a series ofreactions, the activatedclotting factors formprothrombinase.
Stage 1
Injuryto
vessel
Connectivetissue
exposed;chemicalsreleased
Inactiveclotting factors
Calciumand
plateletchemicals
ProthrombinaseActive
clotting factors
Fig. 11.9-2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
1
2
2
Inactive clotting factors inthe plasma are activatedby exposure to connectivetissue or by chemicalsreleased from tissues.Through a series ofreactions, the activatedclotting factors formprothrombinase.
Prothrombinase convertsprothrombin to thrombin.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Injuryto
vessel
Connectivetissue
exposed;chemicalsreleased
Inactiveclotting factors
Calciumand
plateletchemicals
ProthrombinaseActive
clotting factors
ThrombinProthrombin
Fig. 11.9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
1
2
3
2
3
Inactive clotting factors inthe plasma are activatedby exposure to connectivetissue or by chemicalsreleased from tissues.Through a series ofreactions, the activatedclotting factors formprothrombinase.
Thrombin convertsfibrinogen to fibrin (theclot).
Prothrombinase convertsprothrombin to thrombin.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Injuryto
vessel
Connectivetissue
exposed;chemicalsreleased
Inactiveclotting factors
Calciumand
plateletchemicals
ProthrombinaseActive
clotting factors
ThrombinProthrombin
Fibrin(clot)
Fibrinogen
Fig. 11.10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
1
2
2
Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert inactiveplasminogen into plasmin.
Plasmin breaks down the fibrin in a blood clot, resulting in clotfibrinolysis.
Thrombinand tissue
plasminogenactivator
PlasminPlasminogen
Fibrin breaks down(clot fibrinolysis).
Fibrin(clot)
Fig. 11.11
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Red blood cells withtype A surface antigensand plasma with anti-Bantibodies
Red blood cells withtype B surface antigensand plasma with anti-Aantibodies
Red blood cells with neithertype A nor type B surfaceantigens but both anti-A andanti-B plasma antibodies
Red blood cells with bothtype A and type B surfaceantigens and neitheranti-A nor anti-B plasmaantibodies
Neither antigenA nor B
Antigens A and BAntigen BAntigen A
Red bloodcells
Plasma
Anti-B antibody Anti-A antibody Anti-A and anti-Bantibodies
Neither anti-A noranti-B antibodies
Type A Type B Type AB Type O
Fig. 11.12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a) No agglutinationreaction. Type A blooddonated to a type Arecipient does notcause an agglutinationreaction because theanti-B antibodies in therecipient do notcombine with the type Aantigens on the redblood cells in thedonated blood.
(b) Agglutinationreaction. Type A blooddonated to a type Brecipient causes anagglutination reactionbecause the anti-Aantibodies in therecipient combine withthe type A antigens onthe red blood cells in thedonated blood.
+
+
Type A blood of donorAnti-A antibodyin type B bloodof recipient
Agglutination
Antigen andantibodymatch.
No agglutination
Antigen andantibody donot match.
Anti-B antibodyin type A bloodof recipient
Type A blood of donor
Fig. 11.13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Before or during delivery, Rh-positive red blood cells from thefetus enter the blood of an Rh=negative woman through a tear inthe placenta.
The mother is sensitized to the Rhantigen and produces anti-Rhantibodies. Because this usuallyhappens after delivery, the fetus isnot affected in the first pregnancy.
During a subsequent pregnancy with anRh-positive fetus, Rh-positive red bloodcells cross the placenta, enter thematernal circulation, and stimulate themother to produce antibodies against theRh antigen. Antibody production is rapidbecause the mother has been sensitizedto the Rh antigen.
The anti-Rh antibodies from the mothercross the placenta, causing agglutinationand hemolysis of fetal red blood cells,and hemolytic disease of the newborn(HDN) develops.
1
1 2
3
4
2
3
4
Maternalcirculation
MaternalRh-negativered blood cell
Anti-Rhantibodies
Maternalcirculation
MaternalRh-negativered blood cell
Fetal Rh-positivered blood cell in thematernal circulation
Maternalcirculation
Maternal anti-Rhantibodies crossthe placenta.
Agglutination offetal Rh-positivered blood cellsleads to HDN.
FetalRh-positivered blood cell