KIRK-OTHMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

CHEMICALTECHNOLOGYFifth Edition

VOLUME 10

KIRK-OTHMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY,FIFTH EDITIONEDITORIAL STAFF

Vice President, STM Books: Janet Bailey

Editorial Director, STM Encyclopedias: Sean Pidgeon

Editor: Arza Seidel

Managing Editor: Michalina Bickford

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Editorial Assistant: Stephanie Anderson

KIRK-OTHMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

CHEMICALTECHNOLOGYFifth Edition

VOLUME 10

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technologyis available Online in full color and with additional content athttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/mrwhome/104554789/HOME.

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Copyright # 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. – 5th ed.p. cm.

Editor-in-chief, Arza Seidel.‘‘A Wiley-Interscience publication.’’Includes index.

ISBN 0-471-48494-6 (set) – ISBN 0-471-48513-6 (v. 10)1. Chemistry, Technical–Encyclopedias. I. Title: Encyclopedia of

chemical technology.TP9.K54 20046600.03–dc22 2003021960

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

Embedding 1

Emission Control, Automotive 30

Emission Control, Industrial 67

Emulsions 113

Energy Management 133

Engineering Thermoplastics 168

Environmental Impact Assessment 228

Enzyme Applications, Industrial 248

Enzyme Inhibitors 317

Epoxy Resins 347

Esterification 471

Esters, Organic 497

Ethanol 527

Ethers 567

Ethyl Chloride 584

Ethylene 593

Ethylene Oxide 632

Ethylene Oxide Polymers 673

Ethylene-Acrylic Elastomers 696

Ethylene-Propylene Polymers 704

Explosives and Propellants 719

Extraction, Liquid-Liquid 744

Fats and Fatty Oils 801

Feeds and Feed Additives,

Nonruminant Feeds 836

Feeds and Feed Additives,

Pet Foods 848

Feeds and Feed Additives,

Ruminant Feeds 862

v

CONTRIBUTORS

Jacqueline Akhavan, Royal Military College ofScience, Wiltshire, United Kingdom,Explosives and Propellants

Mohammad Aslam, Hoechst-CelaneseCorporation, Corpus Christi, TX, Esterification

Darlene M. Back, Dow Chemical Company,Piscataway, NJ, Ethylene Oxide Polymers

Malcolm H. I. Baird, McMaster University,Ontario, Canada, Extraction, Liquid-Liquid

Ronald L. Berglund, HBC/Terracon,Kingwood, TX, Emission Control, Industrial

Torben Vedel Borchert, Novozymes A/S,Bagsvaerd, Denmark, Enzyme Applications,Industrial

James Corbin, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, Feeds andFeed Additives, Pet Foods

Ture Damhus, Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd,Denmark, Enzyme Applications, Industrial

J. P. Dever, Union Carbide Technical Center,South Charleston, WV, Ethylene Oxide

Claus Crone Fuglsang, Novozymes A/S,Bagsvaerd, Denmark, Enzyme Applications,Industrial

Fabio Garbassi, Eni Chem Research Center,Novara, Italy, Engineering Thermoplastics

Kathy F. George, Union Carbide TechnicalCenter, South Charleston, WV,Ethylene Oxide

Tomas Tage Hansen, Novozymes A/S,Bagsvaerd, Denmark, Enzyme Applications,Industrial

Gerard L. Hasenhuettl, Consultant, Port SaintLucie, FL, Fats and Fatty Oils

W. C. Hoffman, Union Carbide TechnicalCenter, South Charleston, WV,Ethylene Oxide

Lawrence Karas, ARCO Chemical Company,Newtown Square, PA, Ethers

Ole Kirk, Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd,Denmark, Enzyme Applications, Industrial

Ed Kostansek, Rohm and Haas Company,Spring House, PA, Emulsions

David P. Lawrence, Lawrence Environmental,B.C., Canada, Environmental ImpactAssessment

Teh C. Lo, T. C. Lo & Associates, Wayne, NJ,Extraction, Liquid-Liquid

John E. Logsdon, Union Carbide Corporation,Texas City, TX, Ethanol

Henrik Lund, Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd,Denmark, Enzyme Applications, Industrial

Edward McBride, DuPont Company,Wilmington, DE, Ethylene-Acrylic Elastomers

Matt C. Miller, Dow Chemical Company,Freeport, TX, Ethyl Chloride

John J. Mooney, Environmental & EnergyTechnology & Policy Institute, Wyckoff, NJ,Emission Control, Automotive

Lone Kierstein Nielsen, Novozymes A/S,Bagsvaerd, Denmark, Enzyme Applications,Industrial

Jacques W. M. Noordermeer, DSMElastomers, R&D, Geleen, The Netherlands,Ethylene-Propylene Polymers

Hans Sejr Olsen, Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd,Denmark, Enzyme Applications, Industrial

E. F. Olszewski, ABB Lummus Global, Inc.,Bloomfield, NJ, Ethylene

Maurice J. Parks, Dow Chemical Company,Freeport, TX, Epoxy Resins

Tilden Wayne Perry, Purdue University(Emeritus), Van Buren, AR, Feeds and FeedAdditives, Ruminant

Ha Q. Pham, Dow Chemical Company, Freeport,TX, Epoxy Resins

W. J. Piel, ARCO Chemical Company, NewtownSquare, PA, Ethers

Riccardo Po, Eni Chem Research Center,Novara, Italy, EngineeringThermoplastics

Alan Rossiter, Rossiter & Associates, Bellaire,TX, Energy Management

Raj Sakamuri, Clariant Corporation,Somerville, NJ, Esters, Organic

Hans Erik Schiff, Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd,Denmark, Enzyme Applications, Industrial

Robert L. Schmitt, Dow Chemical Company,Piscataway, NJ, Ethylene Oxide Polymers

M. M. Shreehan, ABB Lummus Global, Inc.,Bloomfield, NJ, Ethylene

Hwiali Soo, Union Carbide Technical Center,South Charleston, WV, Ethylene Oxide

K. M. Sundaram, ABB Lummus Global, Inc.,Bloomfield, NJ, Ethylene

G. Paull Torrence, Hoechst-CelaneseCorporation, Corpus Christi, TX,Esterification

Park W. Waldroup, University of Arkansas,Fayetteville, AR, Feeds and Feed Additives,Nonruminant

Chris Whiteley, Rhodes University,Grahamstown, South Africa, EnzymeInhibitors

vii

C. P. Wong, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta, GA, Embedding

Yun-Tai Wu, DuPont Company, Wilmington,DE, Ethylene-Acrylic Elastomers

Jianwen Xu, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta, GA, Embedding

Edward G. Zey, Hoechst-Celanese Corporation,Corpus Christi, TX, Esterification

viii CONTRIBUTORS

CONVERSION FACTORS,ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS

SI Units (Adopted 1960)

The International System of Units (abbreviated SI), is implemented throughoutthe world. This measurement system is a modernized version of the MKSA (meter,kilogram, second, ampere) system, and its details are published and controlled byan international treaty organization (The International Bureau of Weights andMeasures) (1).

SI units are divided into three classes:

BASE UNITS

length metery (m)mass kilogram (kg)time second (s)electric current ampere (A)thermodynamic temperaturez kelvin (K)amount of substance mole (mol)luminous intensity candela (cd)

SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS

plane angle radian (rad)solid angle steradian (sr)

DERIVED UNITS AND OTHER ACCEPTABLE UNITS

These units are formed by combining base units, suplementary units, and otherderived units (2–4). Those derived units having special names and symbols aremarked with an asterisk in the list below.

{ The spellings ‘‘metre’’ and ‘‘litre’’ are preferred by ASTM; however, ‘‘-er’’ is used in theEncyclopedia.

zWide use is made of Celsius temperature (t) defined by

t ¼ T � T0where T is the thermodynamic temperature, expressed in kelvin, and T0 ¼ 273:15 K by definition. Atemperature interval may be expressed in degrees Celsius as well as in kelvin.

ix

Quantity Unit SymbolAcceptableequivalent

*absorbed dose gray Gy J/Kgacceleration meter per second

squaredm/s2

*activity (of a radionuclide) becquerel Bq 1/sarea square kilometer km2

square hectometer hm2 ha (hectare)square meter m2

concentration (of amountof substance)

mole per cubic meter mol/m3

current density ampere per squaremeter

A/m2

density, mass density kilogram per cubicmeter

kg/m3 g/L; mg/cm3

dipole moment (quantity) coulomb meter C �m*dose equivalent sievert Sv J/kg*electric capacitance farad F C/V*electric charge,

quantity of electricitycoulomb C A � s

electric charge density coulomb per cubicmeter

C/m3

*electric conductance siemens S A/Velectric field strength volt per meter V/melectric flux density coulomb per square

meterC/m2

*electric potential, potentialdifference, electromotiveforce

volt V W/A

*electric resistance ohm O V/A*energy, work, quantity of

heatmegajoule MJ

kilojoule kJjoule J N �melectronvolt{ eV{

kilowatt-hour{ kW �h{energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3

*force kilonewton kNnewton N kg �m/s2

{This non-SI unit is recognized by the CIPM as having to be retained because of practicalimportance or use in specialized fields (1).

x FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vol. 10

Quantity Unit SymbolAcceptableequivalent

*frequency megahertz MHzhertz Hz 1/s

heat capacity, entropy joule per kelvin J/Kheat capacity (specific),

specific entropyjoule per kilogram

kelvinJ/(kg �K)

heat-transfer coefficient watt per square meterkelvin

W/(m2 �K)

*illuminance lux lx lm/m2

*inductance henry H Wb/Alinear density kilogram per meter kg/mluminance candela per square

metercd/m2

*luminous flux lumen lm cd � srmagnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m*magnetic flux weber Wb V � s*magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m2

molar energy joule per mole J/molmolar entropy, molar

heat capacityjoule per mole kelvin J/(mol �K)

moment of force, torque newton meter N �mmomentum kilogram meter per

secondkg �m/s

permeability henry per meter H/mpermittivity farad per meter F/m*power, heat flow rate, kilowatt kW

radiant flux watt W J/spower density, heat flux

density, irradiancewatt per square

meterW/m2

*pressure, stress megapascal MPakilopascal kPapascal Pa N/m2

sound level decibel dBspecific energy joule per

kilogramJ/kg

specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kgsurface tension newton per meter N/mthermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m �K)velocity meter per second m/s

kilometer per hour km/hviscosity, dynamic pascal second Pa � s

millipascal second mPa � sviscosity, kinematic square meter per

secondm2/s

square millimeter persecond

mm2/s

Vol. 10 FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS xi

Quantity Unit SymbolAcceptableequivalent

volume cubic meter m3

cubic diameter dm3 L (liter) (5)cubic centimeter cm3 mL

wave number 1 per meter m�1

1 per centimeter cm�1

In addition, there are 16 prefixes used to indicate order of magnitude, asfollows

Multiplicationfactor Prefix symbol Note

1018 exa E1015 peta P1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto ha aAlthough hecto, deka, deci, and

centi are SI prefixes, their useshould be avoided except for SIunit-multiples for area andvolume and nontechnical use ofcentimeter, as for body andclothing measurement.

10 deka daa

10�1 deci da

10�2 centi ca

10�3 milli m10�6 micro m10�9 nano n10�12 pico p10�15 femto f10�18 atto a

For a complete description of SI and its use the reader is referred to ASTME380 (4) and the article UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS which appears in Vol. 24.

A representative list of conversion factors from non-SI to SI units is pre-sented herewith. Factors are given to four significant figures. Exact relationshipsare followed by a dagger. A more complete list is given in the latest editions ofASTM E380 (4) and ANSI Z210.1 (6).

Conversion Factors to SI Units

To convert from To Multiply by

acre square meter (m2) 4:047 � 103angstrom meter (m) 1:0 � 10�10yare square meter (m2) 1:0 � 102yastronomical unit meter (m) 1:496 � 1011

yExact.

xii FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vol. 10

To convert from To Multiply by

atmosphere, standard pascal (Pa) 1:013 � 105bar pascal (Pa) 1:0 � 105ybarn square meter (m2) 1:0 � 10�28ybarrel (42 U.S. liquid gallons) cubic meter (m3) 0:1590Bohr magneton (�B) J/T 9:274 � 10�24Btu (International Table) joule (J) 1:055 � 103Btu (mean) joule (J) 1:056 � 103Btu (thermochemical) joule (J) 1:054 � 103bushel cubic meter(m3) 3:524 � 10�2calorie (International Table) joule (J) 4:187calorie (mean) joule (J) 4:190calorie (thermochemical) joule (J) 4:184y

centipoise pascal second (Pa � s) 1:0 � 10�3ycentistokes square millimeter per 1:0y

second (mm2/s)cfm (cubic foot per minute) cubic meter per second

(m3s)4:72 � 10�4

cubic inch cubic meter (m3) 1:639 � 10�5cubic foot cubic meter (m3) 2:832 � 10�2cubic yard cubic meter (m3) 0.7646curie becquerel (Bq) 3:70 � 1010ydebye coulomb meter (C �m) 3:336 � 10�30degree (angle) radian (rad) 1:745 � 10�2denier (international) kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1:111 � 10�7

texz 0.1111dram (apothecaries’) kilogram (kg) 3:888 � 10�3dram (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 1:772 � 10�3dram (U.S. fluid) cubic meter (m3) 3:697 � 10�6dyne newton (N) 1:0 � 10�5ydyne/cm newton per meter (N/m) 1:0 � 10�3yelectronvolt joule (J) 1:602 � 10�19erg joule (J) 1:0 � 10�7yfathom meter (m) 1.829fluid ounce (U.S.) cubic meter (m3) 2:957 � 10�5foot meter (m) 0:3048y

footcandle lux (lx) 10.76furlong meter (m) 2:012 � 10�2gal meter per second squared

(m/s2)1:0 � 10�2y

gallon (U.S. dry) cubic meter (m3) 4:405 � 10�3gallon (U.S. liquid) cubic meter (m3) 3:785 � 10�3gallon per minute (gpm) cubic meter per second

(m3/s)6:309 � 10�5

cubic meter per hour (m3/h) 0.2271

yExact.zSee footnote on p. x.

Vol. 10 FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS xiii

To convert from To Multiply by

gauss tesla (T) 1:0 � 10�4gilbert ampere (A) 0.7958gill (U.S.) cubic meter (m3) 1:183 � 10�4grade radian 1:571 � 10�2grain kilogram (kg) 6:480 � 10�5gram force per denier newton per tex (N/tex) 8:826 � 10�2hectare square meter (m2) 1:0 � 104yhorsepower (550 ft � lbf/s) watt (W) 7:457 � 102horsepower (boiler) watt (W) 9:810 � 103horsepower (electric) watt (W) 7:46 � 102yhundredweight (long) kilogram (kg) 50.80hundredweight (short) kilogram (kg) 45.36inch meter (m) 2:54 � 10�2yinch of mercury (328F) pascal (Pa) 3:386 � 103inch of water (39.28F) pascal (Pa) 2:491 � 102kilogram-force newton (N) 9.807kilowatt hour megajoule (MJ) 3.6y

kip newton (N) 4:448 � 103knot (international) meter per second (m/S) 0.5144lambert candela per square meter

(cd/m3)3:183 � 103

league (British nautical) meter (m) 5:559 � 103league (statute) meter (m) 4:828 � 103light year meter (m) 9:461 � 1015liter (for fluids only) cubic meter (m3) 1:0 � 10�3ymaxwell weber (Wb) 1:0 � 10�8ymicron meter (m) 1:0 � 10�6ymil meter (m) 2:54 � 10�5ymile (statue) meter (m) 1:609 � 103mile (U.S. nautical) meter (m) 1:852 � 103ymile per hour meter per second (m/s) 0.4470millibar pascal (Pa) 1:0 � 102millimeter of mercury (08C) pascal (Pa) 1:333 � 102yminute (angular) radian 2:909 � 10�4myriagram kilogram (Kg) 10myriameter kilometer (Km) 10oersted ampere per meter (A/m) 79.58ounce (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 2:835 � 10�2ounce (troy) kilogram (kg) 3:110 � 10�2ounce (U.S. fluid) cubic meter (m3) 2:957 � 10�5ounce-force newton (N) 0.2780peck (U.S.) cubic meter (m3) 8:810 � 10�3pennyweight kilogram (kg) 1:555 � 10�3pint (U.S. dry) cubic meter (m3) 5:506 � 10�4

yExact.

xiv FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vol. 10

To convert from To Multiply by

pint (U.S. liquid) cubic meter (m3) 4:732 � 10�4poise (absolute viscosity) pascal second (Pa � s) 0:10ypound (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 0.4536pound (troy) kilogram (kg) 0.3732poundal newton (N) 0.1383pound-force newton (N) 4.448pound force per square inch (psi) pascal (Pa) 6:895 � 103quart (U.S. dry) cubic meter (m3) 1:101 � 10�3quart (U.S. liquid) cubic meter (m3) 9:464 � 10�4quintal kilogram (kg) 1:0 � 10�2yrad gray (Gy) 1:0 � 10�2yrod meter (m) 5.029roentgen coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) 2:58 � 10�4second (angle) radian (rad) 4:848 � 10�6ysection square meter (m2) 2:590 � 106slug kilogram (kg) 14.59spherical candle power lumen (lm) 12.57square inch square meter (m2) 6:452 � 10�4square foot square meter (m2) 9:290 � 10�2square mile square meter (m2) 2:590 � 106square yard square meter (m2) 0.8361stere cubic meter (m3) 1:0y

stokes (kinematic viscosity) square meter per second(m2/s)

1:0 � 10�4y

tex kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1:0 � 10�6yton (long, 2240 pounds) kilogram (kg) 1:016 � 103ton (metric) (tonne) kilogram (kg) 1:0 � 103yton (short, 2000 pounds) kilogram (kg) 9:072 � 102torr pascal (Pa) 1:333 � 102unit pole weber (Wb) 1:257 � 10�7yard meter (m) 0:9144y

yExact.

Abbreviations and Unit Symbols

Following is a list of common abbreviations and unit symbols used in theEncyclopedia. In general they agree with those listed in American NationalStandard Abbreviations for Use on Drawings and in Text (ANSI Y1.1) (6) andAmerican National Standard Letter Symbols for Units in Science and Technology(ANSI Y10) (6). Also included is a list of acronyms for a number of private and

Vol. 10 FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS xv

government organizations as well as common industrial solvents, polymers, andother chemicals.

Rules for Writing Unit Symbols (4):

1. Unit symbols are printed in upright letters (roman) regardless of the typestyle used in the surrounding text.

2. Unit symbols are unaltered in the plural.

3. Unit symbols are not followed by a period except when used at the end of asentence.

4. Letter unit symbols are generally printed lower-case (for example, cd for can-dela) unless the unit name has been derived from a proper name, in which casethe first letter of the symbol is capitalized (W, Pa). Prefixes and unit symbolsretain their prescribed form regardless of the surrounding typography.

5. In the complete expression for a quantity, a space should be left betweenthe numerical value and the unit symbol. For example, write 2.37 lm, not2.37 lm, and 35 mm, not 35 mm. When the quantity is used in an adjectivalsense, a hyphen is often used, for example, 35-mm film. Exception: No spaceis left between the numerical value and the symbols of degree, minute, andsecond of plane angle, degree Celsius, and the percent sign.

6. No space is used between the prefix and unit symbol (for example, kg).

7. Symbols, not abbreviations, should be used for units. For example, use ‘‘A,’’not ‘‘amp,’’ for ampere.

8. When multiplying unit symbols, use a raised dot:

N � m for newton meter

In the case of W �h, the dot may be omitted, thus:

Wh

An exception to this practice is made for computer printouts, automatic type-writer work, etc, where the raised dot is not possible, and a dot on the linemay be used.

9. When dividing unit symbols, use one of the following forms:

m/s or m � s�1 or ms

In no case should more than one slash be used in the same expression unlessparentheses are inserted to avoid ambiguity. For example, write:

J=ðmol � KÞ or J � mol�1 � K�1 or ðJ=molÞ=K

but not

J/mol/K

xvi FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vol. 10

10. Do not mix symbols and unit names in the same expression. Write:

joules per kilogram or J/kg or J � kg�1

but not

joules/kilogram nor Joules/kg nor Joules � kg�1

ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS

A ampere AOAC Association of OfficialA anion (eg, HA) Analytical ChemistsA mass number AOCS American Oil Chemists’a atto (prefix for 10�18) SocietyAATCC American Association of APHA American Public Health

Textile Chemists and AssociationColorists API American Petroleum

ABS acrylonitrile–butadiene– Institutestyrene aq aqueous

abs absolute Ar arylac alternating current, n. ar- aromatica-c alternating current, adj. as- Asymmetric(al)ac- alicyclic ASHRAE American Society ofacac acetylacetonate Heating, Refrigerating,ACGIH American Conference of and Air Conditioning

Governmental EngineersIndustrial Hygienists ASM American Society for

ACS American Chemical MetalsSociety ASME American Society of

AGA American Gas Association Mechanical EngineersAh ampere hour ASTM American Society forAIChE American Institute of Testing and Materials

Chemical Engineers at no. atomic numberAIME American Institute of at wt atomic weight

Mining, metallurgical, av(g) averageand Petroleum AWS American Welding SocietyEngineers b bonding orbital

AIP American Institute of bbl barrelPhysics bcc body-centered cubic

AISI American Iron and Steel BCT body-centered tetragonalInstitute Bé Baumé

alc alcohol(ic) BET Brunauer-Emmett-TellerAlk alkyl (adsorption equation)alk alkaline (not alkali) bid twice dailyamt amount Boc t-butyloxycarbonylamu atomic mass unit BOD biochemical (biological)ANSI American National oxygen demand

Standards Institute bp boiling pointAO atomic orbital Bq becquerel

Vol. 10 FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS xvii

C coulomb dil dilute8C degree Celsius DIN Deutsche IndustrieC- denoting attachment to Normen

carbon dl-; DL- racemicc centi (prefix for 10�2) DMA dimethylacetamidec critical DMF dimethylformamideca circa (Approximately) DMG dimethyl glyoximecd candela; current density; DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide

circular dichroism DOD Department of DefenseCFR Code of Federal DOE Department of Energy

Regulations DOT Department ofcgs centimeter-gram-second TransportationCI Color Index DP degree of polymerizationcis- isomer in which dp dew point

substituted groups are DPH diamond pyramidon some side of double hardnessbond between C atoms dstl(d) distill(ed)

cl carload dta differential thermalcm centimeter analysiscmil circular mil (E)- entgegen; opposedcmpd compound � dielectric constantCNS central nervous system (unitless number)CoA coenzyme A e electronCOD chemical oxygen demand ECU electrochemical unitcoml commerical(ly) ed. edited, edition, editorcp chemically pure ED effective dosecph close-packed hexagonal EDTA ethylenediaminetetra-CPSC Consumer Product Safety acetic acid

Commission emf electromotive forcecryst crystalline emu electromagnetic unitcub cubic en ethylene diamineD debye eng engineeringD- denoting configurational EPA Environmental Protection

relationship Agencyd differential operator epr electron paramagneticd day; deci (prefix for 10�1) resonanced density eq. equationd- dextro-, dextrorotatory esca electron spectroscopy forda deka (prefix for 10�1) chemical analysisdB decibel esp especiallydc direct current, n. esr electron-spin resonanced-c direct current, adj. est(d) estimate(d)dec decompose estn estimationdetd determined esu electrostatic unitdetn determination exp experiment, experimentalDi didymium, a mixture of all ext(d) extract(ed)

lanthanons F farad (capacitance)dia diameter F fraday (96,487 C)

xviii FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vol. 10

f femto (prefix for 10�15) hyd hydrated, hydrousFAO Food and Agriculture hyg hygroscopic

Organization (United Hz hertzNations) i(eg, Pri) iso (eg, isopropyl)

fcc face-centered cubic i- inactive (eg, i-methionine)FDA Food and Drug IACS international Annealed

Administration Copper StandardFEA Federal Energy ibp initial boiling point

Administration IC integrated circuitFHSA Federal Hazardous ICC Interstate Commerce

Substances Act Commissionfob free on board ICT International Criticalfp freezing point TableFPC Federal Power Commission ID inside diameter; infectiveFRB Federal Reserve Board dosefrz freezing ip intraperitonealG giga (prefix for 109) IPS iron pipe sizeG gravitational constant ir infrared

¼ 6:67 � 1011N �m2/kg2 IRLG Interagency Regulatoryg gram Liaison Group(g) gas, only as in H2O(g) ISO Internationalg gravitational acceleration Organizationgc gas chromatography Standardizationgem- geminal ITS-90 Internationalglc gas–liquid Temperature Scale

chromatography (NIST)g-mol wt; gram-molecular weight IU International Unit

gmw IUPAC International Union ofGNP gross national product Pure and Appliedgpc gel-permeation Chemistry

chromatography IV iodine valueGRAS Generally Recognized as iv intravenous

Safe J joulegrd ground K kelvinGy gray k kilo (prefix for 103)H henry kg kilogramh hour; hecto (prefix for 102) L denoting configurationalha hectare relationshipHB Brinell hardness number L liter (for fluids only) (5)Hb hemoglobin l- levo-, levorotatoryhcp hexagonal close-packed (l) liquid, only as in NH3(l)hex hexagonal LC50 conc lethal to 50% of theHK Knoop hardness number animals testedhplc high performance liquid LCAO linear combination of

chromatography atomic orbitalsHRC Rockwell hardness lc liquid chromatography

(C scale) LCD liquid crystal displayHV Vickers hardness number lcl less than carload lots

Vol. 10 FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS xix

LD50 dose lethal to 50% of the N newton (force)animals tested N normal (concentration);

LED light-emitting diode neutron numberliq liquid N- denoting attachment tolm lumen nitrogenln logarithm (natural) n (as n20D ) index of refraction (forLNG liquefied natural gas 208C and sodiumlog logarithm (common) light)LOI limiting oxygen index n(as Bun), normal (straight-chainLPG liquefied petroleum gas n- structure)ltl less than truckload lots n neutronlx lux n nano (prefix for 109)M mega (prefix for 106); metal na not available

(as in MA) NAS National Academy ofM molar; actual mass SciencesMw weight-average mol wt NASA National Aeronautics andMn number-average mol wt Space Administrationm meter; milli (prefix for nat natural

10�3) ndt nondestructive testingm molal neg negativem- meta NF National Formularymax maximum NIH National Institutes ofMCA Chemical Manufacturers’ Health

Association (was NIOSH National Institute ofManufacturing Occupational SafetyChemists Association) and Health

MEK methyl ethyl ketone NIST National Institute ofmeq milliequivalent Standards andmfd manufactured Technology (formerlymfg manufacturing National Bureau ofmfr manufacturer Standards)MIBC methyl isobutyl carbinol nmr nuclear magneticMIBK methyl isobutyl ketone resonanceMIC minimum inhibiting NND New and Nonofficial Drugs

concentration (AMA)min minute; minimum no. numbermL milliliter NOI-(BN) not otherwise indexedMLD minimum lethal dose (by name)MO molecular orbital NOS not otherwise specifiedmo month nqr nuclear quadruplemol mole resonancemol wt molecular weight NRC Nuclear Regulatorymp melting point Commission; NationalMR molar refraction Research Councilms mass spectrometry NRI New Ring IndexMSDS material safety data sheet NSF National Sciencemxt mixture Foundation� micro (prefix for 10�6) NTA nitrilotriacetic acid

xx FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vol. 10

NTP normal temperature and pwd powderpressure (258C and py pyridine101.3 kPa or 1 atm) qv quod vide (which see)

NTSB National Transportation R univalent hydrocarbonSafety Board radical

O- denoting attachment to (R)- rectus (clockwiseoxygen configuration)

o- ortho r precision of dataOD outside diameter rad radian; radiusOPEC Organization of Petroleum RCRA Resource Conservation and

Exporting Countries Recovery Acto-phen o-phenanthridine rds rate-determining stepOSHA Occupational Safety and ref. reference

Health Administration rf radio frequency, n.owf on weight of fiber r-f radio frequency, adj.O ohm rh relative humidityP peta (prefix for 1015) RI Ring Indexp pico (prefix for 10�12 rms root-mean squarep- para rpm rotations per minutep proton rps revolutions per secondp. page RT room temperaturePa Pascal (pressure) RTECS Registry of Toxic EffectsPEL personal exposure limit of Chemical Substances

based on an 8-h s(eg, Bus); secondary (eg, secondaryexposure sec- butyl)

pd potential difference S siemenspH negative logarithm of the (S)- sinister (counterclockwise

effective hydrogen ion configuration)concentration S- denoting attachment to

phr parts per hundred of resin sulfur(rubber) s- symmetric(al)

p-i-n positive-intrinsic-negative S secondpmr proton magnetic resonance (s) solid, only as in H2O(s)p-n positive-negative SAE Society of Automotivepo per os (oral) EngineersPOP polyoxypropylene SAN styrene-acrylonitrilepos positive sat(d) saturate(d)pp. pages satn saturationppb parts per billion (109) SBS styrene–butadiene–styreneppm parts per milion (106) sc subcutaneousppmv parts per million by volume SCF self-consistent field;ppmwt parts per million by weight standard cubic feetPPO poly(phenyl oxide) Sch Schultz numberppt(d) precipitate(d) sem scanning electronpptn precipitation microscope(y)Pr (no.) foreign prototype (number) SFs Saybolt Furol secondspt point; part sl sol slightly solublePVC poly(vinyl chloride) sol soluble

Vol. 10 FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS xxi

soln solution trans- isomer in whichsoly solubility substituted groups aresp specific; species on opposite sides ofsp gr specific gravity double bond betweensr steradian C atomsstd standard TSCA Toxic Substances ControlSTP standard temperature and Act

pressure (08C and TWA time-weighted average101.3 kPa) Twad Twaddell

sub sublime(s) UL Underwriters’ LaboratorySUs Saybolt Universal seconds USDA United States Departmentsyn synthetic of Agriculturet (eg, But), tertiary (eg, tertiary USP United States

t-, tert- butyl) PharmacopeiaT tera (prefix for 1012); tesla uv ultraviolet

(magnetic flux density) V volt (emf)t metric to (tonne) var variablet temperature vic- vicinalTAPPI Technical Association of vol volume (not volatile)

the Pulp and Paper vs versusIndustry v sol very soluble

TCC Tagliabue closed cup W watttex tex (linear density) Wb weberTg glass-transition Wh watt hour

temperature WHO World Health Organizationtga thermogravimetric (United Nations)

analysis wk weekTHF tetrahydrofuran yr yeartlc thin layer chromatography (Z)- zusammen; together;TLV threshold limit value atomic number

Non-SI (Unacceptable and Obsolete) Units Use

Å angstrom nmat atmosphere, technical Paatm atmosphere, standard Pab barn cm2

bary bar Pabbl barrel m3

bhp brake horsepower WBtu British thermal unit Jbu bushel m3; Lcal calorie Jcfm cubic foot per minute m3/sCi curie BqcSt centistokes mm2/sc/s cycle per second Hzcu cubic exponential form

yDo not use bar (105 Pa) or millibar (102 Pa) because they are not SI units, and are acceptedinternationally only in special fields because of existing usage.

xxii FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vol. 10

Non-SI (Unacceptable and Obsolete) Units Use

D debye C �mden denier texdr dram kgdyn dyne Ndyn/cm dyne per centimeter mN/merg erg Jeu entropy unit J/K8F degree Fahrenheit 8C; Kfc footcandle lxfl footlambert lxfl oz fluid ounce m3; Lft foot mft � lbf foot pound-force Jgf den gram-force per denier N/texG gauss TGal gal m/s2

gal gallon m3; LGb gilbert Agpm gallon per minute (m3/s); (m3/h)gr grain kghp horsepower Wihp indicated horsepower Win. inch min. Hg inch of mercury Pain. H2O inch of water Pain.-lbf inch pound-force Jkcal kilo-calorie Jkgf kilogram-force Nkilo for kilogram kgL lambert lxlb pound kglbf pound-force Nmho mho Smi mile mMM million Mmm Hg millimeter of mercury Pam� millimicron nmmph miles per hour km/h� micron mmOe oersted A/moz ounce kgozf ounce-force N� poise Pa � sP poise Pa � sph phot lxpsi pounds-force per square inch Papsia pounds-force per square inch absolute Papsig pounds-force per square inch gage Paqt quart m3; L8R degree Rankine Krd rad Gysb stilb lxSCF standard cubic foot m3

sq square exponential formthm therm Jyd yard m

Vol. 10 FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS xxiii

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM (Parc Saint-Cloud, France)is described in Ref. 4. This bureau operates under the exclusive supervision of theInternational Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM).

2. Metric Editorial Guide (ANMC-78-1), latest ed., American National Metric Council,900 Mix Avenue, Suite 1 Hamden CT 06514-5106, 1981.

3. SI Units and Recommendations for the Use of Their Multiples and of Certain OtherUnits (ISO 1000-1992), American National Standards Institute, 25 W 43rd St.,New York, 10036, 1992.

4. Based on IEEE/ASTM-SI-10 Standard for use of the International System of Units (SI):The Modern Metric System (Replaces ASTM380 and ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992), ASTMInternational, West Conshohocken, PA., 2002. See also www.astm.org

5. Fed. Reg., Dec. 10, 1976 (41 FR 36414).6. For ANSI address, see Ref. 3. See also www.ansi.org

xxiv FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vol. 10