Field Trip Manjung Diversity of Species

8/3/2019 Field Trip Manjung Diversity of Species

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BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BIOLOGY 2 (TBU 3023)

FIELD WORK REPORT

TITLE: THE DIVERSITY OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

LOCATION: TAMAN PAYA BAKAU AND LUMUT, MANJONG PERAK.

LECTURES NAME: Dr. SHAKINAZ DESA.

TEAM MEMBERS:

NAME MATRIX NO.

KU MOHAMAD SYAFIQ BIN KU YUSUF D20091035089

MOHAMAD ARIF BIN NASARUDDIN D20091035123

MOHAMAD FADHILLAH BIN MUKHLAS D20091035126

SUARDI BIN NANANG D20091035131

MOHD AIDIL UBAIDILAH BIN RAZILAN D20091035132


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Diversity of Plant in Taman Paya Bakau.

Mangrove Plant.

Scientific classification :

Characteristics:

Rhizophora species have arching stilt roots that emerge from the trunk. Rhizophora

means "root bearer" in Greek. It roots hold up the tree in soft mud, permeable to gases, while

remaining impermeable to salts. In addition, entire upper root systems including the trunk and

prop roots that emerge from the branches have this feature. Besides that, pneumatophores(inthe picture below) penetrate the sand surrounding a mangrove tree. Thus the roots also help the

tree to breathe.

In order to exclude salt, Rhizophora use ultrafiltration at the root level. It also stores

any salt that gets through in old leaves which they later shed. Rhizophora grow best in wet,muddy and salty sediments. Its flowers are wind-pollinated, producing lots of powdery pollen

and no fragrance or nectar. They are also self-pollinating. The fruit does not fall away when it

ripens. The single seed within the fruit starts to germinate while it is still on the mother tree,

and the mother tree channels nutrients to the growing seedling, this is called vivipary. The

seedling forms a stem called a hypocotyl. When the seedling falls, at first it floats

horizontally, and drifts with the tide. It can survive for long periods at sea. After some weeks,

the tip gradually absorbs water and the seedling floats vertically and starts to sprout its first

leaf from the top, and roots from the bottom. After it hits land, it grows more roots to anchor

itself upright. Then more leaves will grows. Rhizophora seedlings grow rapidly to avoid

being submerged at high tide.

Kingdom Plantae

DivisionMagnoliophyta

(Angiosperm)

Class Eudicotyledoneae

Subclass Rosidae

Order Malpighiales

Family Rhizophoraceae

Genus Rhizophora
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophytahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicotyledoneaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighialeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophoraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophoraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighialeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicotyledoneaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophytahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification


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Species of Rhiophora:

1.Rhizophora mucronata (Bakau Kurap).

R. mucronata grows well in soft mud too and it is among the few that can survivecomplete daily inundation.

Uses:

1. As food: Fruits may be eaten by scraping off the skin and boiling with wood ashes. Itssweet, edible, and can make as juice or light wine. Besides that, young shoots are

cooked and can be eaten as a vegetable.

2. Use as traditional medical to treat angina, haemorrhaging, diarrhoea, diabetes,dysentery, and hematuria.

3. Used for construction for instance to make fish traps, house frames, pilings and poles.Mangrove wood also for firewood and to make charcoal.

2) Rhizophora apiculata ( Bakau Minyak )

It leaf blades elliptic, tiny black-spotted below, leaf stalks and stipules often tinged

red. Its stalkless flowers are cream-coloured, in pairs, on a short, stout, dark grey stalk. It has

brown, upside-down pear-shaped fruit, crowned by the persistent sepals. Their trunk looks

oily.


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Diversity of Plants in Lumut.

1) Fern

Scientific classification:

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Pteridophyta

Subphylum Filicinophyta

Species name Azolla pinnata (floating fern)

Characteristics:

Ferns are terrestrial plants. The sporophyte generation (dominant generation) of fern

has roots, stems, and leaves. They have lignins and fibrous material as supportive substances.

Most fern have rhizome (main stem underground) that function to contain or store starch intheir starch-filled cells. The leaves called fronds. For this species the fronds have 1 milimeter

long that grow upward from rhizome. This ferns can be 25 meters high. This fronds are

swordlike but in orther species of ferns its can be divided into leaflets called pinnea. There

have true vascular tissue (xylem, phloem and sieve tube are present in this plant). Life cycle

start with the production of spore(haploid gamete) by meiotic cell division within sporangia

cell that locate in sori. Spore spread by wind to surrounding. The spore will germinate and

divide to form haploid gametophyte called prothallus ( small, photosynthetic and have

archegonia-an ovum production structure and antheridia-sperm producing structure).

Prothallus disintegrate and sporophyte matures, produce strong rhizome that support fronds.Many typical ferns are epiphytes that attach to grow on a trunk of another tree but do not

withdraw any nutrient from it.

2) Moss

Scientific classification:

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Bryophyta

Class Musci

Species name Polytrichum(moss)

Characteristics:

Live in damp and shaded area. Their gametophytes are leafy. Fragmentation is a

method of asexual reproduction. Any part of gametophyte plant capable to regenerate. The

shoots bear antheridia-sperm production structure and archegonia-ovum production structure.

Fertilization for sexual reproduction occurs when flagellated sperm fuse with ovum

producing diploid zygote, first cell of sporophyte. Zygote will divide to form sporophyte

(foot, stalk and upper capsule). Sporophyte attached to gametophyte and depends ongametophyte for food and shelter. Gamatophyte are dominant in phylum bryophyte.


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Summary

Plants Mangrove Fern Moss

Type of plant Vascular and sead-

Bearing plant

Seedless vascular

plant

Nonvascular plant

Kingdom Plantae Plantae PlantaePhylum Magnoliophyta

(Angiosperm)

Pteridophyta Bryophyta

Class Eudicotyledoneae Filicinophyta Musci

Species name Rhizophora apiculata( Bakau Minyak )

Rhizophora

mucronata(Bakau

Kurap).

Azolla pinnata

(floating fern)

Polytrichum

Habitat Area of in wet,

muddy and salty

sediments.

Tropics area. Damp and shaded

area.

Dominant phase of

life

Sporophyte phase

(tree,trunk, leaves,

root) is dominat

phase. Gametophyte

is very small parasite

of the sporophyte.

Sporophyte phase

(fronds, rhizome) is

dominat phase.

Gametophyte

(haploid generation

that produce haploid

gamete through

mitotic division) are

dominant phase.

The present of

flowers

Flowers are present Flowers are absent. Flowers are absent.

Vascular system Have phloem to

transfer product ofphotosynthesis from

leaves to other part of

the tree and xylem to

transfer nutrients

from soil to plant.

Have phloem to

transfer product ofphotosynthesis from

leaves to other part of

the tree and xylem to

transfer nutrients

from soil to plant

Do not have phloem

and xylem.

Adaptation

mechanism

In order to exclude

salt, Rhizophora use

ultrafiltration at the

root level. It also

stores any salt that

gets through in oldleaves which they

later shed.

They have lignins at

the leaves to prevent

water loss and

fibrous material as

supportive

substances.

Since there live in

moist place it can

shrivel up and

become dormant

when water get

scared and resumegrowth when rain

(water) return.

Reproductive method Its flowers are wind-

pollinated, producing

lots of powdery

pollen and no

fragrance or nectar.

They are also self-

pollinating (vivipary

mechanism)

By production of

spore (haploid

gamete). Spore

spread by wind to

surrounding (wind-

pollinated) and by

spreading and

branching of

rhizome.

Fragmentation

leave, stem and

rhizords of plant are

capable to

regenerate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophytahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicotyledoneaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicotyledoneaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta


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Animal Diversity

The Differences between Vertebrates and Invertebrates.

Vertebrate Invertebrate

Animals with an internal skeleton made of

bone are called vertebrates.

Animal without internal skeleton made of

bone.Well-developed internal skeleton; highly

developed brain; have advanced nervous

system; outer covering of protective cellular

skin.

It is an arthropods, in the same major group

as insects and spiders, and are most closely

related to decapod crabs, prawns, lobsters and

yabbies.

Class : Amphibians Class:Maxilopoda

Kingdom : Animalia Kingdom : animilia

Phylum : Chordata Phylum :Arthropoda

size from 4 to 12 inches long Doesnt move when reach adulthood

Breathing sacs bounded in a highly foldedthin layer of cells. This epithelium is flush

with blood vessels. This is a simple version

of mammalian lungs. They absorb oxygen

from these chambers into their blood. They

use their gills to breathe air - but keep their

gills wet by wiping them with their fins.

Feeding, these two top plates open andbasket-like cirri limbs wave into the

oncoming current of water and direct food

into the mouth.


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Veterbrate Invertebrate

Animals with an internal skeleton made of

bone are called vertebrates.

Animal without internal skeleton made of

bone.

Well-developed internal skeleton; highly

developed brain; have advanced nervous

system; outer covering of protective cellular

skin and scale.

Shell solid, equivalve; inequilateral, beaks at

the anterior end; approximately triangular in

outline

Class : Amphibians Class : Bivalvia

Kingdom : Animalia Kingdom : AnimiliaPhylum : Chordata Phylum : Mollusca

breathe with gills Can live in harsh condition

Their limbs are modified into fins for

swimming

Colour purple, blue, sometimes brown,

occasionally with prominent dark brown to

purple radial markings. Periostracum almost

black, dark brown, or olive; interior pearl-

white with a wide border of purple or dark

blue
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillopodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillopoda


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Vertebrate Invertebrate

Endoskeleton vertebrates. Exoskeleton hardened at end of abdomen.

Skin is covered with feathers. Carapace (shell) protecting body parts.

Have four-chambered hearts. Telson at the end of abdomen.

Gills for breathing.

Bones are lightweight and usually hollow. Head and thorax fused to form cephalothorax.

Forelimbs are modified as wings. 2 pairs of antennae.

Lay eggs. Lay eggs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Kingfisher_I_IMG_8014.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Kingfisher_I_IMG_8014.jpg

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Field Trip Manjung Diversity of Species