WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 5

WHEN RICE IS FLOATING

Field Study in Peam Kraeng Village, Kampong Thom

karsikSaesdækic©sgÁmenAPUmiBamERKg extþ kMBg;FM

MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program – Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap

Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium

November 2002 vicäika 2002

WUP-FIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES ON TONLE SAP 5

WHEN RICE IS FLOATING

Field Study in Peam Kraeng Village, Kampong Thom

karsikSaesdækic©sgÁmenAPUmiBamERKg extþ kMBg;FM

MRCS/WUP-FIN KMerageFVIm:UEdl Tenøsab Water Utilization Program – Modelling the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap

Finnish Environment Institute Consultancy Consortium

November 2002 vicäika 2002

Bt’man)anmkBI - Information derived from

h‘l h‘n–Houl Hun, Cin cy–Ching Choy, Ng Nul–Non Nol, s‘uy Guwg–Suy Ing, Duk nU–Dok Nou, eGob FI –Eab Thy, Cin sux–Ching Sok, l Iv vt–Liv Vot, b‘un hg–Bun Horn, eXom san; CIv –Kiemsanchiv,

KImevOn –Kim Vorn, eBaF yWn–Por Yin, , bU nI–Bo Ny, hy KimKI,–Hoy Kim Ky, can; rwm–Chan Rin,

, yI KIm – Yi Kim

RkumeFVIkarsikSa - Field study team

elak ywm sMbUr - Mr Yim Sambo, Team Coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUP-FIN

kBaaØ Ny b:uk - Ms Noy Pok, Officer of Fisheries Department / WUP-FIN

elak sr vDÆ nI- - Mr Sor Vathny, Officer of Department of Rural Development, Kampong Thom

GñkRsI eTB sux bUra:n; - Mrs Tep Sok Boran, Officer of Seila-programme, Kampong Thom

kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La – Ms Ulla Haapala, Socio-economist, WUP-FIN

karsresrr)aykarN_ - Report writing

elak ywm sMbUr, elak ma:kU xIsIáEnn, kBaaØ Ny b:uk kBaaØ G‘ulLa Gab;)a:La - Ulla Haapala, Marko Keskinen, Yim Sambo and Noy Pok

For comments and questions please contact marko.keskinen@hut.fi or juha.sarkkula@ymparisto.fi.

matika

1-esckþIepþIm³ -----------------------------------------------------------3

2-eKalbMNgénkarsikSa³ -------------------------------------------------- 4

3-BiFIsaRsþ³ ------------------------------------------------------------ 4

4-RkumsikSa³ ------------------------------------------------------------ 5

5-TItaMgénkarsikSa³------------------------------------------------------- 5

6-skmµPaBnigeBlevlaénRkumsikSa³ ----------------------------------------- 6

7-karRbCuMCamYymnÞirBak;Bn§½nigGgÁkareRkArd§aPi)al³-------------------------------7

8-karrkeXIjBIkarsMPasn_Gñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH ³ ----------------------------------7

8-1-TItaMgPUmisaRsþ³----------------------------------------------------7

8-2-RbvtþixøIrbs;PUmi³ ---------------------------------------------------- 8

8-3-kMeNInRbCaCnnigkartaMgTIlMenAkard§anbþÚrmuxrbr ³-------------------------- 9

8-4-rcnasmæn§½énkarRKb;RKgrd§)al ³ --------------------------------------- 9

8-5-GgÁkarEdlkMBugeFVIkarGPivDÆn_PUmi³-------------------------------------- 9

8-6-sasnaGb;rMsuxPaBehd§arcnasmæn§½³ ------------------------------------10

8-7-karciB©wamCIvitrbs;GñkPUmi³ ------------------------------------------ 11

9-karrkeXIjBt’manBIRkumBiPakSa³------------------------------------------ 11

9-1-muxrbrrbs;GñkPUmi³ ----------------------------------------------- 11

9-2-karERbRbYlnigkMenInmnusSnigmuxrbr³ ---------------------------------- 13

9-3-kareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati³ ----------------------------------------- 13

2

10-karcUlrYmeFVIlMhat;sikSa³-----------------------------------------------14

10-1-kMNt;bgðajkarcUlrYmKUsEpnTI³ -------------------------------------14

10-2-kMNt;bgðajkaredIreFVIRtg;siuc³-------------------------------------- 16

10-3³ kMNt;bgðajRbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fñak;muxrbr ³ ---------------------- 17

10-4³kMNt;bgðajkarvivtþnigkarERbRbYlFnFanFmµCati³-------------------------20

11-karrkeXIjBt’mantamkarsMPasn_RkumBiPakSakartaMgTIlMenA³ ------------------ 23

11-1-karpøas;TIlMenArbs;GñkPUmielIkmun³ --------------------------------- 23

11-2 TsSn³eBlGnaKt³-----------------------------------------------24

11-3-kMNt;bgðajcMNat;fñak;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA³ -----------------------24

12-kMNt;bgðajkarBiPakSabB©ab;³ ------------------------------------------ 26

13-karBiPakSa³-------------------------------------------------------- 26

14-snñid§an³----------------------------------------------------------- 28

]bsm<½n§

3

karsikSaesd§kic©sgÁm enAPUmiBamERKg XMu kþIdUg RsuksÞwgEsn extþ kMBg;

1-esckþIepþIm³ KMeragm:UEdlTenøsab (WUP-FIN)maneKalbMNg FVIm:UEdledaysikSaelIrbbTwknigKuN PaBTwkTenøsab . eKalbMNgFMKWpþl;KMrUrbbTwkTenøsabedIm,IeGayyl;dwgRbesIrTMnak;TMngrvag lkçNHrUbniglkçNHCIvsaRsþénbwgehIynigkarpøas;bþÚrEdlGacekItmaneLIgedayskmµPaBnusSkarsikSabBðaesd§kic©sgÁmKWCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;énKMerag.eKnigsMLwgemIlRbvtþiénkarsikSaEdlCa]bkrN_ sMrab;GPivDÆn_ nigRKb;RKgehIynigbegáItkarENnaM . eKalbMNgmYyénKMeragKWCYylT§ plénKMeragkñúgkareRbIR)as;nigkarBarbwgTenøsabEdlGacTTYlyk)antamryHsgÁmvb,Fm’ . eKalbMNgFMénkarviPaKesd§kic©sgÁmKWedIm,IeGayyl;dwgnUvTMnak;TMngrvagesd§kic©sgÁmnigktþab:HBal;brisßankñúgtMbn;TenøsabkarviPaKesd§kic©sgÁmekIteLIgedayBinitüelITinñin½yEdlmanRsab;sMPasn_CamYyGñkÉkeTscUlrYmkñúgkarsikSamU:EdlkarRbmUlBt’manviPaKbB©ab; . karsikSaesd§ kic©sgÁmEp¥kelIkarsikSaedayrh½snigedaymankarcUlrYm RRA.PRA BiFIsaRsþEp¥kelIkarsikSa kMritPUmikñúgGMLúgqñaM2002 KMeragmU:EdlTenøsab nigeFVIkarsikSaesd§kic©sgÁmenAPUmicMnYn 03 enA tambeNþayTenøsabkñúgextþkMBg;qñaMg eBaFisat; )at;dMbgenAcugqñaM 2002 KMeragnigsikSaesd§kic© sgÁmenAPUmicMnYn03 énextþkMBg;FMnigesomrabeTaHbICakareRbIBiFIsaRsþRsedogKñaPaBERbRbYlxøH énkarsikSaEdlmankñúgr)aykarN_R)akdCaekItmanRbesIrCagBIeBlsikSamun² . karsikSaBIPUmi mYy²kñúgGMLúgeBlrdUvR)aMgKW)ancMnYn03PUmiedayeBlenaHCardUvTwkrak;.cMENkÉkarsikSabIPUmi elIkeRkayKWsikSaGMLúgeBlrdUvePøógFøak;ehIynigTwkCMnn;liceKalbMNgénkarsikSaKWRbmUlBt’manelIesd§kic©sgÁmepSg ² edayepþateTAelImuxrbrkarERbRbYl RbtiTinrdUvkalkar eRbIR)as;Fn FanFmµCatiedayGñkPUmiRBmTaMgkarERbRbYlbrisßanpgEdr . kñúgkarsikSafµIepþatelIbBðabMpøajTIlM enAkartaMgTIlMenAehIynigTwkCMnn; . karsikSavanigeFVIeGaymanPaBRbesIrkñúgkaryl;dwgénsßan PaBmUld§anRBmTaMgBiFIsaRsþepSg² én RRAnigPRA . taMgBIRKb;karsikSaTaMgGs;r)aykarN_KW sresrRsedogKñaedayeRbITMrg;RsedogKñaeFVIeGaygayRsYlkñúgkareRbóbeFobBImYyeTAmYymüa:g eTotenAkñúgCMBUkxøHkñúgr)aykarN_nimYy² ¬ dUcCamYyenHKWEpñkxøHdUcKña ¦.

4

2-eKalbMNgénkarsikSa³ eKalbMNgFMénkarsikSa KW RbmUlBt’manenAkMritPUm iedIm,IbMeBjkarKaMRTBt’manesd§kic© sgÁmEdlmankñúgTinñn½yEdlmanRsab;nigsMPasn_CamYyCMnajepSg².ktþaénkarsikSaKWTak;Tg eTAnigkarrs;enAmuxrbr / karpøas;TIlMenAFnFanFmµCatiTwkCMnn;nigkarpøas;bþÚrbrisßan.

3-BiFIsaRsþ³ BiFIsaRsþeRbIR)as;kñúgkarsikSaKWmandUcbnþbnÞab;³ -sMPasn_Gñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH ¬sMPasn_Bak;kNþalpøÚvkar¦ -RkumBiPakSa ¬sMPasn_Bak;kNþalpøÚvkar ¦ -karcUlrYmKUrEpnTI -karedIreFVIRtg;siucnigsegát -RbtiTinrdUvkal nig cMNat;fñak;muxrbr -karvivtþn_ nig karERbRbYlFnFanFmµCati -RkumBiPakSanigcMNat;fñak;karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA -BiPakSabB©ab;nigviPaKBt’man. KMnitTI1KWRbmUlBt’manRKb;Ebbya:gelIesd§kic©sgÁmtamry³Gñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwHbnÞab; mkRkumBiPakSaepþateTAelIbBðakarciB©wamCIvitmuxrbrFnFanFmµCatinigbBðabrisßannigTwkCMnn;vanig CYydl;Bt’manEdl)anBinitüknøgmkdUcCakarcUlrYmKUsEpnTIkaredIreFVIRtg;siuckarsikSabnÞab;mkKWbBðaRbtiiTinrdUvkalnigkarpøas;bþÚrfµI²elIbrisßanFnFanFmµCatiTwkCMnn;nigkarciB©wamCIvitenHKWeFVI eLIgnUvlMMhat;BIrepSgKñaKWRbtiTinrdUvkalnigkarvivtþn_nigkarERbRbYlFnFanFmµCatibnÞab;mkKWbBðakarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nig kartaMgTIlMenA edaykareFIVlMhat;edayELkBIKña rYmmanRkumBiPakSa ehIy cMNat;fñak;TIRkugEd;lcg;eTArs;enA.enAcugbB©ab;karBiPakSakarbB©ab;nUvBt’manEdlRbmUl)anry³eBlb:unñanéf¶ knøgmk CamYyGñkPUmi enAkñúgkarRbCuMGñkPUmi )anpþl;eyabl; nig EktRmUvBt’manxøH ]bkrN_epSg ² énkarGnuvtþn_ lMhat;dUcCa EpnTI nigcMNat;fñak; mineRbIsMrab; begáItCa rbs;Kµan RbeyaCn_ dUcCaEpnTI b Jm:aRTic b:uEnþvaCa]bkrN_sMrab;skmµPaBénkarBiPakSaGMBIbBðaRbtiTinrdUv kal/karERbRbYlbrisßan EdlekItmancMeBaHBYkeK karBiPakSaTak;Tg kñúgGMLúgeBl karGnuvtþn_

5

lMhat;KWkt;kñúgr)aykarN_énkMNt;cMNaMénBiFIsaRsþepSg².r)aykarN_enHvabgðajBt’manlMdab;lMedayeyageTAtamBiFIsaRsþEdleRbIR)as;mineyageTAtamkarcg¥úrbgðajbJktþaepSg²enHKWerobcMeLIgedIm,IeXIjnUvFmµCatiepSg²nigKuNPaBBt’manCamYyBiFIsaRsþepSg² ehIyk¾eFVIeGaykar eRbóbeFob nig qøgkat;Bt’manrvagBiFIsaRsþ/kMritmYycMnYnGacnigeCosvag)an.

4-RkumsikSa³ RkumsikSaekIteLIgedaymansikçakamesd§kic©sgÁm 2 nak; énKMerag WUP-FINnig 2 nak;

CamRnþIextþ ehIynig GñkÉkeTsesd§kic©sgÁm 1nak;. -elak ywm sMbUr GñksMrbsMrYl / RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT (WUP-FIN)

-kBaØa Ny b:uk mRnIþnaykd§anClpl (WUP-FIN)

-elak sr vDÆn_ mRnþIGPvDÆn_CnbTextþkMBg;FM -elakRsIeTB suxmUra:nmRn ÁIkmµviFIsIlaextÁkMBg;FM - kBaØa G‘UlLa Gab;)a:La GñkÉkeTsesd§kic©sgÁm (WUP-FIN)

dUcCakarsikSaelIkmunEdrsmaCikBIrnak;énRkumsikSa)aneFVICaGñksMrbsMrYlkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþn_lMhat;ehIysmaCikBIrnak; KWCaGñkkt;Bt’man kñúgeBlBiPakSa niglMhat;ehIyk¾GnuBaØØti[ Gñkkt;Rtaqøgkat;Bt’mankñúgeBllMhat;pgEdr . ehIyBt’manEdlkt;)anRtUvsnüafa)ankt;cUl kñúgesovePABt’manPar³kic©KWpøas;bþÚrkñúgcMeNamRkumsikSakñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþn_lMhat;.cMENkÉ GñkÉkeTsesd§kic©sgÁmKWedIrtYCaGñksegátRKb;lMhat;BiFIsaRsþkñúglMhat;KWCaEpnkarGñkÉkeTsesd§kic©sgÁmrYmCamYysikçakamesd§kic©sgÁmr)aykarN_sresr KW sresredaysikçakamesd§kic© sgÁmGñkCMnaj nigGñkÉkeTsesd§kic©sgÁm.

5-TItaMgénkarsikSa³ WUP-FIN sikSaelIk TI 05 EdleFVIeLIgenA PUmiBamERKgXMukþIdUgRsuksÞwgEsn extþkMBg; FMPUmiBamERKgsßitenARbmaN 9 KILÚEm:Rt BITIrYmRsukehIyPUmienHzitenAtambeNaþysÞwgEsn. ¬sgxagmat;sÞwgEsn¦ karciB©wamCIvit rbs;GñkPUmi KW BwgBak;elIksikmµmanRsUveLIgTwknigmuxrbr bnÞab;bnSMdUcCaciB©wamstVensaT….

6

6-skmµPaBnigeBlevlaénRkumsikSa³ eyageTAtamkarsikSaBIéf¶TI14dl;19ExtulaqñaM2002minTan;cb;sBVRKb;Rkumkargar)ancMNayeBl1eToteTAsikSaenAPUmikMBg;RbdMcMENkÉkarsikSaenAPUmiBamERKgKWeFVIeLIgBIéf¶TI4dl;éf¶TI9Exvicäika qñaM2002. éf¶TI 4 Ex11 qñaM2002³ eFVIdMeNIrBIPñMeBjeTAkan;RsukesÞag ¬kMBg;FM¦ RbCMuRkumsikSa ¬ sñak; enA esÞagmYyyb;¦. éf¶TI 5 Ex11 qñaM2002³ sikSaCamYyGñkPUmikMBg;RbdM ³ karvivtþn_FnFankarERbRbYlbrisßan ³ RkumBiPakSakartaMgTIlMenAnigcMNat;fñak;TIRkug / bB¢IaeQµaHGñkcUlrYm ³ BiPakSabB©ab;CamYyGñkPUmivilRtLb;mkkMBg;FMvij éf¶TI 6 Ex11 qñaM2002³ eFVIdMeNIreTAPUmiBamERKg ³ sikSaCamYyGñkPUmi ³ sMPasn_Gñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH ³ sMPasn_RkumBiPakSa / RbCuMRkumsresrr)aykarN_ ¬sñak;enAPUmiyb;¦ éf¶TI 7 Ex11 qñaM2002³ sikSaCamYyGñkPUmi ³ karcUlrYmKUrEpnTI /karedIreFVIRtg;siuc ³ RbtiTinrdUvkarcMNat;fñak;muxrbr ³ RkumsikSasresrr)aykarN_ ³sMrakyb;enAPUmi éf¶TI 8 Ex11 qñaM2002³ sikSaCamYyGñkPUmiBamERKg ³ karvivtþn_FnFannigkarERbRbYlbrisßan ³ karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAnigcMNat;fñak;TIRkug ³ bB¢aIeQµaHGñkcUlrYmsikSa ³ BiPakSabB©ab;viPaKrYmelIBt’man ³ RkumsikSacakecjBIPUmimkkan;extþkMBg;FM

7

éf¶TI 9 Ex11 qñaM2002³ RkumsikSasresrr)aykarN_ ³cakecjBIkMBg;FMmkkan;PñMeBj ¬Bt’manlMGitsþIBIeBlevlasUmemIl]bsmæn§½TI7¦

7-karRbCuMCamYymnÞirBak;Bn§½nigGgÁkareRkArd§aPi)al³ karsikSaelIkTI1BIéf¶1418Ex10qñaM2002RkumsikSa)anCYbRbCuMCamYysaßbn½Bak;Bn§½nigGgÁkareRkArd§aPi)alkñúgextþkMBg;FMrYcGs;ehIy¬GaceXIjenAskmµPaBRkumsikSaenAcMNucelx7kñúgkarsiikSaenAPUmikMBg;RbdM¦ehIyeRkayBIRtLb;mkBIRsukesÞagvijbnÞab;BIbB©ab;karsikSaenAPUmikMBg;RbdM.kalBIl¶acéf¶GgÁarTI06Ex11qµñaM2002RkumsikSa)anCYbCamYyelak)a:vvuT§ImRnþIsMrbsMrYlKMeragRsUvTwkCMerAehIy)anTTYlBt’manBIskmµPaBKMeragrbs;elakEdleFVIkarsikSaelIRsUvTwk CMerAenAkñúgRsuksnÞúknigRsuksÞwgEsnkñúgbBðaPUmimYycMnYn.r)aykarN_KMeragRsUvTwkCMerAminepþat elI P RA eTedayBMumanKUsEpnTIPUmiehIykñúgr)aykarN_EdlGacrk)anenaHPaKeRcInelIRbtiTin rdUvkalnigsikSalMGitelIBUCRsUveLIgTwk.kñúgkarRbCuMenaHRkumsikSak¾)anCMrabCUnBIKMerag WUP-

FIN EdleFVIkarsikSaenAPUmiCab;extþTenøsabnigCMuvijTenøsabpgEdr.

8-karrkeXIjBIkarsMPasn_Gñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH ³ karsMPasn_Gñkpþl;Bt’manKnøwHKWeFVIeLIgCamYyRbFanPUmi h‘ul h‘n GnuRbFanPUmielak CigcynigRbFanKGPelakNnNulRBmTaMgcas;RBwT§acarüelaktas‘uyGIugkarsMPasn_eFVIeLIgenApÞHRbFanPUmikñúgkarsMPasn_elak ywm sMbUr CaGñksMrbsMrYl.

8-1-TItaMgPUmisaRsþ³ PUmiBamERKgsißtenAkñúgXuMkþIdUgRsuksÞwgEsnextþkMBgFMEdlmanRBMRbTl;PUmidUcxageRkam³

- xagekItCab;RBMRbTl;PUmiEsøg - xaglicCab;RBMRbTl;PUmibUBIg - xagt,ÚgCab;RBMRbTl;PUmiGUsMbYYr

8

- xageCIgCab;RBMRbTl; XMuRtBaMgbJsSI RbCaCnkñúgPUmiman271RKYsarEdlmanRbCaCn1452kMBugrs;enAEdlkñúgenaHmanRsþI729nak; Rbus723nak;PUmiBamERKg sßitenAtambeNþaysgxagmat;sÞwgEsn ehIyPUmimancMgay 5 K m BIsñak;karXuM nig 9 K-m BITIrYmRsuksÞwgEsnnigTIrYmextþ.enAqñaM1979 rd§aPi)al)anEbgEck dIkmµsiT§itamRKYsarnimYy ² ehIylT§plEdlTTYl)an KWRKYsarnimYy ² )anTTYlrbbdIERsnigdI lMenAd§anenAkñúgPUmibc©úb,nñman7RKYsarEdlKµandIksikmµPaKeRcInénGñkTaMgenHKWciB©wamCIvitedaysarlk;BlkmµnigebHrukçCatiTwkCamFümdIksikmµTTYl)andUcCadIERseLIgTwkKWmYyRKYsar1hictaenAkñúgPUmiminmandIcMkareTGñkPUmidaMEtRsUveLIgTwkenAkñúgPUmimanépÞdIsrub242hictaehIyEckecjCa ³

- dIlMenAd§an 34 hicta - dIksikmµ 181 hicta - dIbwg 25 hicta - dIpøÚv 2 hicta ¬tambeNþaysgxagmat;sÞwgEsn¦

8-2-RbvtþixøIrbs;PUmi³ tamkarniTanerOgrbs;RBwT§acarüs‘uyGIugEdlmanGayu 66 qñaM Kat;)anBJGtItcas;RBwT§acaü CMnan;munnIyayfaCaeRcInqñaMyUrlg;mk manbkSImYy)anmkeFVIsMbukrs;enAkñúgPUmibnÞab;mkGñkPUmi )anehAPUmienHfaPUmiBamERKgKWCaeQµaHstVERKgEdlmkrs;enAmat;sÞwgkñúgPUmiehIyPUmimanedImkMeNItenAqñaM1865ehIyeBlenaHmanEt(RKYsarEdlrs;enAkñúgPUmi.enArvagqñaM1936eTA1960enAkñúgPUmiman52RKYsarehIyrvagqñaM1960eTAdl;!1970PUmiekIndl;67RKYsarcMnYnRKYsarenAkñúgPUmi ekIneLIgedaysarRbCaCnerobGaBah_BiBah_enAkñúgPUmiehIyrvagqñaM1970dl;1979RbCaCn)anCMelosecjBIPUmieTArs;enAXMusanKrkñúgRsukkMBg;sVayBIeRBaHGMLúgeBlenaHmansRgÁamsIuvilenAkmæúCabnÞab;mkenA qñaM1979 GñkPUmi)anRtLb;mkPUmivijenAeBlbc©úb,nñRbCaCnkñúgPUmiman 271 RKYsarBIeRBaHRbCaCn)anerobGaBah_BiBah_enAkñúgPUmiCabþIRbBn§ehIynigkMeNInedayGRtakMeNInmnusSenAkñúgPUmi.enAkñúgPUmiBamERKgmanpÞHsrub245 pÞH ¬RKYsarxøHrs;enA 2-3 RKYsar

9

kñúgmYypÞH¦manpÞH85Rbk;ek,Óg15pÞHRbk;sgásInig145pÞHRbk;søwkpÞHGñkPUmiTaMgGs;sg;enAelIsrsrenAkñúgPUmiKµanpÞÞÞHbENþtTwkehIydIlMenAd§anlicTwkluHRtaEtTwkCMnn;FM dUc qñaM¬ 2000 2001 2002¦ .

8-3-kMeNInRbCaCnnigkartaMgTIlMenAkard§anbþÚrmuxrbr ³ enAPUmiBamERKgbc©úb,nñ minmankarpøas;bþÚrTI lMenAbJkarhUrecj RbCaCnkñúg PUmieTArs;enA eRkAPUmiKYreGaykt;sMKal;eLIy . manmnusS15nak;¬11nak;RsIRbus4nak;¦)anecjBIPUmieTArs; enAPñMeBjedIm,IeFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edrehtuplEdleFVIeGayGñkTaMgenHecjBIPUmiKWBYkeKxVH es,óg edayTinñplRsUvRbmUl)antic TwkCMnn;bMpøajdMNaMRsUveLIgTwk BYkeKcakecj BIPUmi eday BYkeKsÁal;mitþPkþ½Edlrs;enAPñMeBjehIyGñkTaMgenHman]kasmkCYbCuMRKYsarluHRtaEtmanbuNüFM² EdleKGnuBaØØØti eGayQb;sMrak dUcCabuNücUlqñaM ¬Exemsa¦ buNüP¢úMbiNü ¬ExkBaØa¦ bJk¾man smaCikkñúgRKYsarNamYymanmYyRKYsar)ancakecjecalPUmieTArs;enAkMBg;camenAqñaM 2001 . BIeRBaHBYkeK xVHkmøaMgGUsTaj sMrab;eFVIERsRsUveLIgTwk dUecñHBYkeKlk;dIERs nig dIlMenAd§aneTA eGayRKYsarepSg ² eTotenAkñúgPUmiRKYsar EdleTArs;enAkMBg;cameRBaHeKsÁal;mitþPk½þEdlrs;enA TIenaH.

8-4-rcnasmæn§½énkarRKb;RKgrd§)al ³ PUmiBamERKgmanRbFanPUmi1 nak;GnuRbFan 1nak;ehIyEckecjca27Rkum. RkumnImYy² manRbFanGnuRbFanRkumehIyman10RKYsarkñúgRkumnImYy²elIkElgEtRkumTI13man 11 RKYsar enAkñúgPUmimanKN³kmµaFikarGPivDÆn_PUmi¬KGP¦. KN³kmµaFikarenHeRCIserIsedaykare)aHeqñat enAqñaM1996EdlerobcMedaykare)aHeqñatenAqñaM1996 EdlerobcMedaykmµviFIsiTi§kumarehIy KGP mansmaCik5 nak;Rbus 4 nak;RsI1nak;sMrab;dwknaMkarGPivDÆn_PUmi.

8-5-GgÁkarEdlkMBugeFVIkarGPivDÆn_PUmi³ enAkñúgPUmibc©úb,nñmanGgÁkarBIrbIkMBugeFVIkarGPivDÆn_PUmikmµviFIsiTi§kumar)aneFVIPRAxøI²Tak;TgeTAnigkarvas;føwgkumarehIynigsuxPaBnarI . enAeBlbc©úb,nñkmµviFIsiT§ikumar )anpþl; \Tanxñat

10

tUcdl;RKYsarCYbkarlM)akehIyRkIRkehIy)anksagbNÑal½ykñúgPUmisMrab;RbCaCnerobcMfñak;Gkçrkmµ dl;GñkPUmipþl ;BUCdMNaM GNþÚg bgÁn; RCUk eKa EfTaMkumar nig Gnam½yRsþIkmµviFIsiTi§kumarcab epþImeFVIkarGPivDÆn_PUmienAqñaM1996rhUtdl;bc©úb,nñGgÁkarkarItas)anpÁt;pÁg;cMNIGaharsMrab; kumarnig RsþI kñúgmYyqñaM karItas cuHEckcMNIGahardl;GñkPUmi 2 dgkarItasmin)aneFVI PRARbmUl Bt’mankñúgPUmieLIy.mUlniFisgÁm)anpþl;karksagsæanBIrkEnøgenAkñúgPUmiehIynigsalaeronmYyxñgsMrab;kumarcUleron.

8-6-sasnaGb;rMsuxPaBehd§arcnasmæn§½³ GñkPUmiBamERKgTaMgmUlkan;sasnaRBHBuT§ GñkPUmiminmanvtþ enAkñúgPUmieTehIyeBlbuNü TanBYkKat;eTAeKarBbuNü enAvtþEsøg EdlmancMgay2 Km BIPUmi.PUmiBamERKgmansalaeron nig fñak;eron6 fñak; salaeroneQµaHfasalabzmsikSaBamERKgEdlksageLIgedaymankar]btßmÖÖBI mUlniFisgÁm¬qñaM1999¦ehIymansisS491nak;)ancUleron bnÞab;BIeroncb;fñak; TI 6 enHsisSRtUv eTAeronbnþenAGnuviTüal½yBamERKgEdlmancm¶ay1/5 Km BIPUmi. mNÐlsuxPaBRsuk)ancuHeTA PUmiedIm,IGb;rMRbCaCn BIkarEfTaMsuxPaBnigcak;fñaMkarBarCm¶W 3mux dl;kumar . manmNÐlsuxPaB enARsukkMBg;sVayehIyenAkñúgPUmimankEnøglk;fñaMeBTütUclk;CamYyTMnijRKb;RbePT PUmiminman bNþajePøIgGKÁsnIeT.ehIymanRKYsarcMnYn15EdlmanbgÁn;Gnam½yeRkABIenaHGñkPUmi)anbt;eCIgenAtamPUmixageRkaypÞH bJ tamKumæéRBtUc²xageRkaypÞH . enAkñúgPUmimanGNþÚgTwkcMnYn7¬pþl; edaykmµviFIsiTi§kumar¦ kñúgeBlExR)aMg GñkPUmi)aneRbIGNþÚg TaMgenHe dImI,ykTwksMrab;eRbIR)as; . BIeRBaHryHeBlExenHTwksÞwgEsn)ankøayeTACakxVk; . enAkñúgPUmimansæantUcBIr Edlksageday Fvikar mUlniFisgÁm ¬qñaM2002¦ ehIyenAkñúgPUmimanpøÚvlMcas; RbEvg 1 700m EdlsßitenAtam beNþaysgxagmat;sÞwgEsnehIyk¾manTMnb;mYyEdlksageLIgedayrd§aPi)al¬qñaM1988¦ehIymanbeNþay35mehIyGñkPUmixøH)aneRbITwkBITMnb;enHedIm,IeRsacdMNaM . GñkPUmi)an dwkplitpl ykeTAlk;enApSarkMBg;FM ehIyBYkKat;cMNay 5000` sMrab;mU:tUDub ehIycMNayCiHTUk 4 000 ` ¬eBlTwklic¦ehIycMNayeBl1 ema:g CiHm:UtU ebICiHkarNUt 1 ema:gknøH eTIbdl;kMBg;FM.

11

8-7-karciB©wamCIvitrbs;GñkPUmi³ enAkñúgPUmimanGñkmanCIvPaBFUrFar16RKYsarehIyGñkTaMgenaHmandIksikmµRKb;RKan;sMrab;eFVIERsRsUveLIgTwk . b:uEnþGñkTaMgenaHk¾ciB©wamstVnigensaTRBmTaMglk;dUredIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUlkñúg RKYsarmancMnYn 50 RKYsar EdlmanCIvPaBmFümPaKeRcInénGñkTaMgenaH maneFVIERsRsUveLIgTwk ehIynigensaTRBmTaMglk;dUrnigciB©wamRtIpgEdr.enAkñúgPUmimancMnYn205RKYsarEdlCaGñkRkIRk ehIyGñkTaMgenaHsuT§EtCaksikrmandIksikmµticehIynigeFVIensaTRKYsarxñattUcehIyk¾)anciB©wam RCUkpgEdrenAkñúgPUmiman 7 RKYsar EdlminmandIksikmµ BIeRBaHBYkKat;lk;eTAeGay GñkPUmi d¾éT eTot ehIyRKYsarTaMgenH rs;enAedayRbkbrbrbnÞab;bnSM dUcCalk;BlkmµnigebHrukçCatiTwksMrab; lk;nighUbkñúgRKYsar . GñkPUmiBamERKgBwgBak;TaMgRsugeTAelIRsUveLIgTwknigkarciB©wameKaRkbICa karciB©wamCIvitnigmuxrbrsMxan;d¾éTeTotmanensaTkarciB©wamRtIniglk;dUrtampÞH.GñkPUmidaMRsUvenA rdUvePøógFaøk;¬RsUveLIgTwk¦TinñplCamFüm2etankñúgmYyhicta.bnÞab;BIkareFVIERsBYkKat;bnþcab;RtIenAsÞwgEsnnigTenøsab . bBðaFMsMrab;karciB©wamCIvit rbs;GñkPUmiBamERKgEdlkMBugecaT CabBða TUTaMgPUmienaHKW TwkCMnn; )anbMpøajRsUvERseLIgTwk rab;Ban;hicta rbs;GñkPUmiry³eBlbIqñaMCab;Kña ¬ 2000-2002 ¦ EdlCaehtueFVIeGayGñkPUmiTTYlnUvkarxVHxates,ógehIysBVéf¶kMBugEtRBYy )armÖGMBIkarrs;enArbs;BYkKat;etIeBlxagmuxeTACaya:gNa?

9-karrkeXIjBt’manBIRkumBiPakSa³ Bt’manbgðajxageRkam KWRbmUl)anBIRkumBiPakSaCamYyGñkPUmi16nak;¬12nak;CaGñkPUmi RbFanPUmi!nak;GnuRbFanPUmi!nak;RbFanKGP1nak; cas;RBwT§acarü!nak;¦RkumBiPakSaeFVIeLIgenApÞH RbFanPUmielak ywm sMbUr CaGñksMrbsMrYlkñúgkareFVIlMhat;.

9-1-muxrbrrbs;GñkPUmi³ kareFVIERsRsUveLIgTwkKWCamuxrbrsMxan;sMrab;GñkPUminigmuxrbrsMxan;epSgeTotrYmmankar ensaTkarciB©wamstVkarciB©wamRtIehIynigmuxrbrbnÞab;bnSMdUcCakab;GusdutkñúgRKYsarebHrukçCatiTwkniglk;dUrtampÞH.

12

9-1-1-kareFVIERsRsUveLIgTwk³ PaKeRcInénGñkPUmiKWeFVIERssMrab;ciB©wamCIvitehIymanRKYsar264EdlTak;TgkñúgkareFVIERsenHRKb;RKYsarTaMgGs;enHeFVIRsUvERseLIgTwk . kardaMRsUveLIgTwk KW daMenAtMbn;dITMnabvallicTwk tamrdUvkñúgeBlTwkCMnn;xæs;. minmanRKYsarNaEdleFVIERsRsUveLIgTwkenaHeT kareFVIERseLIgTwk BwgBak;elITwkePøógnigTwkCMnn; GñkPUmieRbI eKa RkbI CakmøaMgGUsTaj enAkñúgPUmi manstVBahn³eKa 368k,al nigRkbI 298 k,alTinñplRsUveLIgTwkKW 2 etankñúgmYyhicta . GñkPUmieRbIR)as; BUC RsUvdUcCa srkajj: RkLg;PñM Rkjal; ésbYr RKYsarxøH )aneRbICI lamkstV CaCI sMrab;dak; ERs RbCaCnmineRbICIKImI sMrab;dak;ERseTGñkPUmi)aneRbIfñaMsMlab;esµA (ANCO72DD¦plitenA RbeTsevotNam edIm,IsMlab;esµA enAkñúgERsRsUveLIgTwk RsUvEdlplit)aneRkA BITukhUbGñkPUmi )anykeTAlk;enApSarkMBg;FMkñúgtMél300erolkñúgmYyKILÚRkam.RsUv)anTinñplxæs;eBlTwkCMnn;eLIgmkRtwm2/5m . RbsinebITwkeLIgdl;kMBs;3m ehIydMNaMRsUvnigRtUvbMpøajedayTwkCMnn;pg Edr.RbsinebITwkCMnn;eLIgelOnbJyWteBkRsUvnigRtUvbMpøajedayTwkCMnn;. 9-1-2-karensaTRKYsar³ RbCaCn kñúgPUmi)anensaT CalkçNHRKYsareBj mYyqñaM enAkñúgPUmiKµanLÚt_ensaT enArdUv R)aMgRbCaCnensaTenATenøsab¬ Exminanig emsa¦cMgayRbmaN80KmBIPUmi/kñúgGMLúgExvgSaBYk Kat;ensaTenAsÞwgesÞagehIynigbwgCMuvijPUmiEk,rpÞHBYkKat;]bkrN_EdlensaTmanmg sMNaj; . man264RKYsarEdleFVIensaTCalkçN³RKYsarenAkñúgPUmimanTUk¬61 TUk ma:sIun¦nig 185TUkEcv GñkPUmi)aneq¥IrRtIehIylk;kñúgPUminiglk;eTA TIpSarenAkMBg;FM kñúgtMél 350`kñúgmYyceg¥IrehIyRtI EdlGn;KunPaBBYkKat;eFVIRbhukbJeFVITwkRtIsMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar. 9-1-3-muxrbrepSg²rbs;GñkPUmi³ eRkABIdaMRsUveLIgTwknigensaTPaKeRcIn én RKYsar k¾Tak;Tg nwg karciB©wamRCUk eKaRkbInig ciB©wamRtIEdlGacrkcMNUl)ankñúgRKYsarénRbCaCnkñúgPUmiTaMgGs;ehIyk¾manman;ciB©awmtamRKYsarxøHEdr.enAkñúgPUmiman20RKYsarciB©awmRtIcMENkÉRKYsardéTeTotxVHfvikaredIm,ITijkUnRtImkciB©wamGñkPUmiciB©wamBI700eTA 1000k,al énkUnRtIeqþarbJkUnRtIR)aehIyeGaycMNIsIumankUnRtItUc ² nig

13

bEnøbJknÞk;sMrab;RtIciB©wamkñúgRsHnImYy².enAkñúgPUmiman23RKYsarEdllk;dUrCalkçN³RKYsarenAtampÞHehIyRKYsarTaMgenHk¾eFVIERsensaTpgEdr . karlk;dUrtamRKYsarenH eFVIeGayGñkPUmigay RsYlTijplitplsMrab;hUbcuk nig buNüTanenAkñúgPUmipgEdr . ehIyhaglk;TMnijTaMgenHPaK eRcInlk;eRKÓgeTs nig fñaMeBTüenAlayKña nig TMnijRKb;RbePT . GñkPUmi7RKYsar)anlk;Blkmµ nig ebHrukçCati Twk BIeRBaHBYkKat;minmandIksikmµ Kat;lk;dIedaysarRKYsarmansmaCikkñúgRKYsar ehIynig xVHkmøaMgGUsTaj sMrab;eFVIERsRsUveLIgTwk . KµanRKYsarNamYyenAkñúgPUmiRbkbrbrkab; Guslk;eT.GñkPUmikab;GussMrab;duteRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsarehIyenAkñúgmYyqñaMBYkKat;eRbIGusGs;10Em:RtKUbGusTaMgenaHkab;BIéRBenAtMbn;PñMxagelIRbmaN 30 K m BIPUmi¬sñak;enABIryb;kñúgtMbn;kab; GusenaH¦.GñkPUmicab;kEgábsMrab;briePaKenAkñúgvalERsGMLúgExFøak;ePøógkEgábcab;PaKeRcInenA ExePøógFøak;dMbUgehIycab;)anCamFümmYyyb;2-3KRkehIyk¾KµanRKYsarNacab;kEgáblk;Edr.

9-2-karERbRbYlnigkMenInmnusSnigmuxrbr³ RbCaCnkñúgPUmiBamERKg)anekIntamryHGRtakMeNItCamFümmnusSekIt33nak;kñúgmYy qñaMehIyk¾minmanGñkeRkAmktaMgTIlMenAkñúgPUmieT.muxrbrGñkPUmik¾minERbRbYleRcIneTrvagrdUvepSg²GñkPUmiPaKeRcInKWeFVIERseBj 1 qñaMenArdUvvsSaBYkKat;sabRBYsRsUveLIgTwkehIyk¾ensaTTaMg R)aMgnigrdUvvsSaehIyRKYsarTaMgenaH )anciB©wamstVlk;dUr nig RKYsarxøHebHrukçCatiTwk dUcCa RBlwt RtkYnnigpáakMepøaksMrab;hUbniglk;eTApSarnigenAkñúgPUmienArdUvvsSaGñkPUmieTAkab;GusTuksMrab;dutenAtamRKYsarpgEdr.

9-3-kareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati³ RbPBTwksMxan;sMrab;GñkPUmiKWsÞwgEsnKuNPaBTwkKWl¥BImunsMrab;eRbIR)as;nigensaTRtICa BiessGMLúgeBlTwkeLIg xæs; . b:uEnþ\LÚvenHKuNPaBTwk )anfycuHedaysarkkrdIhUrBIPñMxagelI KWPñMKUElnCaBiessrvagExsIhanigExkBØakkrdIKWEbbcUleTAkñúgTwkedaysar\T§iBlePøógenAtMbn;PñMxagelIehIyCaBiessenArdUvR)aMgTwk)ankøayeTACakxVk;edayskmµPaBmnusSnigecalkaksMNl;BItMbn;xagelIeFVIeGayKuNPaBTwkcuHGn;fypgEdr. srubesckþImkKuNPaBTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;nig ensaTKWfyKuNPaBCageBlmun.RtIKWCaGaharsMxan; sMrab;GñkPUmibriePaKeBj 1 qñaMTaMgbrimaN

14

nigBUCRtI)anfycuHedaysarkarensaTRtIelIskMritnigkarensaTTMenIbedayeRbI]bkrN_qk;RtI)at;bg;CMrkéRBlicTwkRbCaCnekInkarhUbRtIk¾eRcIn TwkkxVk;Tenøsabrak;CagmunRtIxøH)at;bg;BUC dUcCa RtIdMrI RtIkaEh RtIKuCeRCo . RbePTdIksikmµenAkñúgPUmiKWdIkeNþgKuNPaBdIGaRs½yelITwkCaBiess TwkePøóg nig TwkCMnn;Rbsin ebIePøógFøak;eTogTat;KuNPaBdIl¥dIEdllicTwkmanCIvCatisMrab;ksikmµ manRsUveLIgTwkCaedIm dIpþl;Tinñpl 2 etan kñúgmYYyhicta ¬TwklicRsUvkMBs; 2 eTA 2/5Em:Rt¦. BImunqñaM1988éRBlicTwkmanenAsl;tictYckñúgPUmiCMuvijbwgeBaBaybwgkkbnÞab;BIqñaM1979rhUtmkdl; bc©úb,nñéRBlicTwk )anfycuHbrimaN edayehtufa mnusSkab;Gusdut ehIynig kab;éRBsMrab; dak;sMras;kñúgbwgTenøsabedIm,Icab;RtIehIyenAeBlbc©úb,nñenHGñkPUmieTAkab;GussMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsarenAéRBkñúgRsukR)asaTblgÁ½EdlmancMgayq¶ayBIPUmi.

10-karcUlrYmeFVIlMhat;sikSa³ lT§plénkarcUlrYmGnuvtþn_lMhat;epSg²mankarcUlrYmKUsEpnTIkaredIreFVIRtg;siucRbtiTinrdUvkar nig cMNat;fñak;muxrbrkarvivtþn_FnFanFmµCati nig cMMNat;fñak;karpøas;bþÚr TIlMenAGnuvtþn_kñúg eBlsikSaGacemIl eXIjnUv ]bsmæn§½TI 1 dl;TI 5 nigkarBnül;énBiFIsaRsþepSg ² man ktþa eRbI R)as;sMrab;BiPakSa ehIykMNt;bgðaj énkareFVIlMhat;GacemIleXIj kñúgkarcUlrYmGnuvtþn_ lMhat; sikSaGñkcUlrYm manskmµPaBNas;kñúgkarBiPakSakarcUlrYm KUsEpnTI nig kareFVIrg;XIg pgEdr . karTTYlxusRtUvénkarKUsEpnTInigkarsresrktþaepSg ² ehIynig lT§plénkarGnuvtþn _lMhat;KW pøas;bþÚrkñúgcMeNamGñkcUlrYmepSg ² KñapgEdr.

10-1-kMNt;bgðajkarcUlrYmKUsEpnTI³ karcUlrYmKUsEpnTIKWeFVICamYyRkumGñkPUmi16nak;enAkñúgpÞHRbFanPUmiGñksMrbsMrYlKWelakywmsMbUr nig kBØaaNyb:uk . eKkMNt;sMKal;fa karsikSaKWeFVIeLIg nUvbB©ab;rdUvvgSa eBlEdlTwk CMnn;lic ehIyeLIgxæs;. xageRkam KW kMNt;bgðajBIRbPBFnFan nig FnFanFmµCatiCMuvijPUmikar Bnül;sBØaaEpnTI GacemIleXIjnUvkMNt;sMKal; kñúgEpnTIFnFanFmµCatiEdleRbIR)as; edayRbCa Cn PUmiBamERKg dUcCa dIksikmµ sÞwgEsnehIyRbPBTwkepSg²dUcCabwgeBaBIg bwgTenøsabbwgkk;

15

bwgR)a RBmTaMgéRBenAxageRkAPUmiRBMRbTl;PUmikarKUsEpnTIbB©ab;eday elak srvDÆnI nig kBaØa Ny b:uk. -sÞwgEsn³ RbPBTwksÞwgEsnmkBIPñMKUEln¬xagelI¦kñúgrdUvePøógFøak;TwkhUrBIPñMKUElndIxagelIcak;cUleTATenøsabtamry³sÞwgEsn ehIymancMgay 1 700m BIedImPUmieTAcugPUmiehIymanRbeyaCn_sMrab;Gñk PUmiCaRbPBTwknigRtInigpøÚvdwkCB¢Úan. -pøÚvlM³ mYyKILÚ 700m beNþayPUmi ehIypøÚvenHlicTwkeBlEdlTwkCMnn;eLIg xæs; b:uEnþ\LÚvxUcxateday TwkCMnn;BMuTan;)anksagenAeLIy. -pÞHRbCaCn³ pÞHsg;elIsrsrenAtambeNþayeqñrsÞwgEsnTaMgBIr ¬sgxagsÞwg¦ ehIysg;elIdIkmµsiT§erogxøÜnCa CYr²ehIyenAtambeNþaypøÚvnigbeNþaysÞwg. -valERs³ valERssßitenAxageRkaypÞH ehIylicCaerogral;qñaM enAtamvalERsGñkPUmidaMRsUveLIgTwk enArdUv Føak;ePøógeRkABIeFVIERsRsUveLIgTwkBYkKat;mindaMdMNaMcMkarbJRsUvERsR)aMgeT.srubdIERsRsUveLIg Twkman181hictaenAkñúgPUmiBamERKg. -bwgtUc²³ GñkPUmieRbIR)as;TwkbwgtUc²EdlenACitPUmisMrab;cab;RtIbJebHrukçCatinigsMrab;eKaRkbIpwk. -TMnb;³ RbCaCnBMu)aneRbIR)as;TMnb;enHsMrab;eRsacRsbeTeRBaHTMnb;enHksageLIgkñúg qñaM 1988 rbs;kg T½BkñúgGMLúgeBlmansRgÁamenAkñúgRsuk. -sæan³ enAkñúgPUmimansæantUcBIrEdlksageLIgedaymUlniFisgÁm¬2002¦. -Tenøsab³ TenøsabCaCMrkRtIrs;enAnigkarcab;RtIrbs;GñkPUmieBjmYyqñaMehIysßitenA 80 Km BIPUmiehIyman

16

RKYsarRbmaN50EdleTAensaTenAbwgenaHGñkTaMgenaHeTAensaTenAbwgTenøsabGMLúgExmInarhUtdl;emsaehIyBYkeKRtLb;mkpÞHvijenAEx ]sPa EdlCardUvsabRBYsRsUv. -éRBeQI³ épÞdIéRBeQIKWsßitenAxageRkAPUmiRbmaN30Km¬RsukR)asaTbløgÁ½¦BIPUmiGñkPUmieTAkab;eQIbJGus enAtMbn;enaHedaysMrakBIéf¶enATIenaH. -pSarkMBg;FM³ GñkPUmidwkCB¢ÚanplitpleTAlk;enApSarkMBg;FMBIpSarkMBg;FMGñkPUmi)anTijTMnijmklk;kñúgPUmivij pgEdr.

10-2-kMNt;bgðajkaredIreFVIRtg;siuc³ karedIreFVIRtg;siucKWbnÞab;BIkarcUlrYmKUsEpnTICamYynigRkumGñkPUmi16nak;.karedIrKWcab;BImat;sÞwgEsnmçagehIyqøgkat;sÞwgEsnedayCiHTUkehIycugbB©ab;edIrrhUtdl;valERsxageRkaypÞHRbCaCnkaredIreFVIRtg;siucKWbnÞab;BIrdUvvgSanigkarcuHeTAvijénTwkCMnn;.karKUsRtg;siucbB©ab; eday elak ywm sMbUr nig GñkRsI eTB sux bUra:n. 1-valERs³ tMbn;enHeRbIR)as;sMrab;daMRsUveLIgTwkdIenAtMbn;enHCaRbePTdIkeNþgehIyenAtMbn;enHk¾manbwgtUc²CaeRcInenAkñúgvalERs. 2-RsHciB©awmRtI³ RsHRtIKWsßitenAxageRkaypÞHRbCaCnehIymanRKYsarcMnYn20RKYsar EdlciB©awmRtI GñkPUm iciB©wamBI 700eTA1000kUnRtIR)a bJRtIeqþarkñúg1RsHBYkeKciB©awmry³1qñaMeTIbcab;RtITaMgenaHykeTAlk;enA pSarkMBg;FMkñúgtMél1KILÚRkam@000`. 3-edImeQIhUbEpønigpÞHRbCaCn³ pÞHRbCaCnPaKeRcInsßitenAtMbn;enHehIyCMuvijpÞHmandaMedImeQIhUbEpømandUg TwkedaH sVay xñúr EdlBYkKat;ebHtamrdUvkalnig)ancMNUlkñúgRKYsarehIyk¾manCMrksMrab;ciB©wameKapgEdr . 4-pøÚvlM³ pøÚvlMenHrt;tambeNþaysÞwgEsn RbEvg1700m enAEpñkpøÚvxøHTTYlkarxUcxatedayTwkCMnn;pøÚvman

17

RbeyaCn_sMrab;GñkPUmieFVIdMeNIrkñúgPUminigqøgkat;BIPUmi 1 eTAPUmi 1 Ca Biess enArdUvR)aMg. 5-sÞwgEsn³ CaRbPBTwksMxan;sMrab;GñkPUmiGñkPUmicab;RtI BIsÞwgEsn eRbITwksMrab;hUbnigmuCCaRbcaMenArdUvR)aMg manGñkPUmixøHdaMbEnøTukhUbtamRKYsaredayeRbITwksÞwgsMrab;eRsacRsB. sÞwgEsnmanRbPBBIPñMKU ElndIxagelIehIyhUrcUlTenøsab. 6-pÞHnigedImeQIhUbEpø³tMbn;enHRsedogKñanigtMbn;TI3. 8-edImeQIhUbEpønigpÞHPaKeRcInénpÞHenAkñúgPUmi³ KWsßitenAtMbn;enH CMuvijpÞHGñkPUmidaMEpøeQIhUbEpøman¬man dUg eck sVay xñúr ehIyRbmUlpl tam rdUvkaledIm,Ilk;ykR)ak;kñúgRKYsar¦ . 9-RsHciB©wamRtI³ RsedognigRsHciB©wamRtIenAtMbn;TI2 10-valERs³ tMbn;enHeRbIR)as;sMrab;dMaRsUveLIgTwkehIyCaRbePTdIkeNþgehIyk¾manbwgtUc ² enAkñúgvalERs enHEdrehIymanedImetñatenAkñúgERspgEdr.

10-3³ kMNt;bgðajRbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fñak;muxrbr ³ enAkúñgRbtiTinrdUvkalénmuxrbrepSg ² nigktþabrisßanKWeFVIeLIgedayRkumGñkPUmi 16 nak; GñksMrbsMrYlKWelakywm sMbUrnigkBØaa Ny b:ukRKab;RKYstUc²KWdak;kñúgRbGb;nImYy²GñkPUmisMerc rYmKñatMélBI010enAkñúgRbGb;nImYy²/kMNt;cMNaMbgðajPaBsMbUrbJsMxan;enAkñúgktþabJExepSg²cMnYnelxEdlFMCageKKWsMxan;bJsMbUrkarsMbUrbJsMxan;KWsMercedayGñkPUmirYmKña. KYrkt;sMKal;fatél KW eRbóbeFobrvagExepSg²mineRbóbeFobrvagktþaepSg²enHmann½yfa]TahrN_ExmkramantMél2sMrab; ExTaMgBIr KWensaT nig ciB©wamstVminmann½yfatMélesµIKñasMxan;kñúgExmkrarIÉkarensaTman tMél2sMrab;TaMgExmkrabJkumÖH bgðajfava KWsMxan;esµIKñakñúgExTaMgenaH bnÞab;BIRbtiTinrdUvkal/kar eRbóbeFobrvagmuxrbrepSg ² KWeFVItamry³cMNat;fñak;muxrbrkareFVIrg;XIgenHKWGnuvtþn_tammeFüa )ayRsedogRbtiTinrdUvkalkMNt;cMNaMdak;kñúgRbGb;nImYy² énmuxrbrKWcg¥úrbgðajkarsMxan;énmux rbrcMnYnelxKWbnþbnÞab;énmuxrbrnImYy² bgðajlT§plénkareFVIcMNat;fñak;muxrbrcMnYnelx EdlFM CageK KWCamuxrbr Edl sMxan; sMrab;ciB©wamCIvitrbs;GñkPUmi . tamryHcMNat;fñak;muxrbrGacemIl

18

eXIjfa kareFVIERsRsUveLIgTwk karciB©wamstV nig ensaTCamuxrbrsMxan;sMrab;GñkPUmibnÞab;mkkar ciB©wamRtI lk;dUebHrukçCatiTwk nig kab;GusCakarkt;sMKal;muxrbrbnÞab;bnSMxageRkamKWCakarBnül; BIkarTak;TgeTAnigktþaepSg² Edl)ansresrcuHkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSa. -ePøógFøak;³ ExEdlePøógFøak;xøaMgKWWExkBØaakñúgGMLúgExTaMgenHTwkCMnn;k¾Cn;xøaMgehIyk¾CaExEdlminsUvl¥sMrab;GñkPUmiGñkPUmicab;epþImdaMRsUveLIgTwkenAkñúgEx ]sPa nig mifuna kñúgGMLúgExTaMgenHBYkKat;RtUvkar ePøóg b:uEn þePøógFøak;BMuRKb;RKan;enAeBlenaHePøógFøak;mineTogTat; eFVIeGaykargarksikmµman karlM)ak . -TwkCMnn;³ TwkCMnn;;eLIgkMBs;x<s; enA ExkBØaa nig ExsIha KWenAeBlEdlTwkCMnn;licPUmipgEdr. RbsinebITwk CMnn;eLIgxæs;3Em:RtRsUveLIgTwkKWRtUvbMpøajbIqñaMknøgKWqñaM20002001nig2002BamERKgman TwkCMnn;liclg;eRcInelIkelIsFmµtamUlehtuedayTMhMénTwkePøógnigTwkCMnn;BITenøsabehIynig sÞwgEsnTwkCMnn;licRsUvbIqñaMknøgmkeFVIeGayTinñplRsUvBMu)anTTYlplnigkarxVHes,ógenAkñúgPUmiCaRbcaM. -KuNPaBdI³ KuNPaBdIKWminERbRbYlBImYyrdUveTAmYyrdUvb:uEnþKWl¥eBjmYyqñaMeBlxøHdIman\T§iBledaysarePøóg nig TwkCMnn ;ebIePøóg nig TwkCMnn;FmµtadIKWmanKunPaBl¥sMrab;RsUveLIgTwkehIyGñkPUmiTTYl)anTinñ plxæs;. -KuNPaBTwksÞwgEsn³ KuNPaBTwkKWl¥kñúgrvagEx sIha nig Ex kBØaa tula BIeRBaHkñúgGMLúgeBlenaHTwkCMnn;x§s; ehIyTwk sMbUrenAkñúgsÞwgeRkABIExTaMgenHTwkKWmankMritTabehIyKuNPaBTwkfycuHehIyel,óWnénkarhUrvayWteBkTaMgenHKWeFVIeGaymankareRbIR)as;TwklM)akenArdUvR)aMgGñkPUmi)aneRbIR)as;TwkGNþÚgsMrab;hUbBIeRBaHGMLúgrdUvenHTwkenAsÞwgEsnvakxVk;eRcIn. -karduHdI³ karduHdIEdlGñkPUmisMKal;eXIj KW enAEx sIha nig Ex kBØaa nig ExtulaBIeRBaHhUrBItMbn;xagelInig

19

BIPñMKUElnKWnaMCamYynUvkkrdIpgEdr.kkrdIenHhUrcUlsÞwgEsn bwg nigvalERsEk,rPUmi/kaksMNl; skmµPaBmnusSk¾eFVIeGayduHdIEdr ehIyk¾bNþalmkBIkardak;sMras;sMrab;cab;RtIpgEdr. -kareFVIbuNüTan³ enAkñúgPUmi)anR)arB§buNüFMBIrenAkñúgPUmiKWbuNücUlqñaMbuNüP¢úMbiNЬemsanigkBØaa¦nigbuNütUctac dUcCabuNüGMuTUk Exvicäkar nig buNüepSg ²eTot manmaXbUCa ExkumÖH Bisax bUCa Ex ]sPa nig ecjvgSa Extula ¬sMrab;GñkPUmi ¦. -kareFVIERseLIgTwk¬10¦³ RBYsRsUveLIgTwk KWcab;BI Ex ]sPa nigRbmUlplExkumÖH KWCaeBlevlaEdlGñkPUmimmajwkkñúgkic© karrbs;Kat;. cab;BIEx ]sPa dl;Ex mifuna GñkPUmi P¢ÜrdI nigRBYsRsUv kñúgvalERs cMENk ExkumÖHKW ExsMxan;sMrab;RbmUlplkarRBYsRsUveLIgTwkBwgBak;ya:gFMelITwkePøógnigTwkCMnn;/TwkCMnn;RbesIrKWkMBs;2/5mehIyépÞdIksikmµRsUveLIgTwkmancMnYn181hictaTinñplRsUvCamFümKW 2 etan kñúg mYyhicta ¬RbsinebIePøógnigTwkCMnn;eTogTat;¦. -karensaTRtI¬10¦³ RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmicab;RtIeBjmYyqñaMsMrab;hUbniglk;tictYcBIsÞwgEsnTenøsab nig bwg CMuvijPUmi. GñkPUmiPaKeRcIneRbI]bkrN_CalkçN³RKYsar kEnøgEdl ensaT)anRbesIr KWenA bwg TenøsabeBl Edl GñkPUmirYcral;nUvkarRbmUlplRsUveLIgTwk BYkKat;eTArkRtIenATenøsabCaBiess 50 RKYsar EdlrkRtIenATenøsabedayeRbITUkm:asIunRtIsMbUrenATenøsabkñúgEx ]sPa nigemsanigmInapgEdr. -karciBwa©ameKa¬10¦³ GñkPUmiKWCaGñkERsdUecñHKat;RtUvkarkmøaMgGUsTajsMrab;P¢Ürras;dIdUecñHBYkKat;RtUvEtciB©awmeKaEdl ekItmaneBjmYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM.bnÞab;BIeKaFM²GñkxøH)anlk;eKaeTAeGayGñkPUmid¾éTeTotEdleFVI eGayBYkKat;)anluyxøHsMrab;edaHRsaykñúgRKYsar.eKalk;)anéføkñúgExmInanigemsa. -karciB©awmRCUk¬8¦³ karciB©wamRCUkCamuxrbrbnÞab;bnSMrbs;GñkPUmiBamERKgBYkKat;cab;epþImciB©wamRCUkkñúgExkumÖHehIy cab;lk;enApSarkMBg;FMkñúgExtulaBIeRBaHBYkKat;lk;RCUk)anéføenAkñúgExTaMgenH.

20

-karciB©wamRtI¬3¦³ GñkPUmicab;kUnRtIdak;kñúgRsHBI Exemsa ehIynig ]sPa ehIyeGaycMNIdl;kUnRtIGayumYyqñaM eTIb cab;ykeTAlk;enApSarkMBg;FM)anmYyKILÚ 2000`¬RtIR)a¦. -karkab;Gus¬5¦³ enAkñúgeBlrdUvTwkeLIgrvag ExkBØaa nig Ex tula GñkPUmi)ankab;GusBIéRB xagelIkñúg RsukR)asaT blgÁ½.enAkñúgryHExTaMgenHBYkKat;kab;Gus)anRKb;RKan;sMrab;eRbIR)as;eBjmYyqñaM/BYkKat;)an eRbITUksMrab;dwkCB¢ÚanGusTaMgenH/kñúgmYyRKYsarkab;GusCamFüm 10m3 kñúgmYyrdUvGñkPUmikab; sMrab;EtTukdutminmanGñkkab;Guslk;eTenAkñúgPUmi. -karebHrukçCatiTwk¬3¦³ kñúgGMLúgeBlrdUvTwkCMnn;rvag Exkkáda nig Extula GñkPUmi)anebHrukçCatiTwkdUcCaRBlit RtkYn CaBiess7RKYsarEdlKµandIksikmµ kñúg ExkBØaa CaExEdll¥sMrab;ebHrukçCatiTwkenACMuvijPUmiGñkPUmi ebHrukçCatiTwksMrab;hUbcMENk7RKYsareTotlk;rukçCatiTwkeTAkan;TIpSaredIm,IykR)ak;edaHRsay CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶rbs;BYkKat;.rukçCatiTwkxøHBYkKat;TuksMrab;hUbkñúgRKYsaredIm,IkMueGayGs;R)ak;Tij bEnøsMrab;eFVImðÚbeTot.

10-4³kMNt;bgðajkarvivtþnigkarERbRbYlFnFanFmµCati³ karvivtþn_nigRbvtþiERbRbYlénbrisßannigRbCaBlrd§KWeFVIeLIgedayRkumGñkPUmi 16 nak;¬dUc

KñanigRbtiTinrdUvkal¦. dUcenAkñúgRbtiTinrdUvkalkMNt;cMNaMkareRbI BinÞú BI 0-10 dak;kñúg RbGb; nImYy²kMNt;cMNaMKWcg¥úrbgðajPaBsMbUrbJsMxan;énktþaepSg²kñúgGMLúgeBlknøgmkcMnYnelxEdlFMCageKKWsMxan;Nas;bJsMbUrénktþaepSg².edIm,eFVIeGaymanPaBRbesIrCagr)aykarN_munr)aykar enHnigbgaaðjnUvkareTaTn;énktaþepSg²edIm,IeFVIeGaygayyl;¬]bsm<½n§4¦sBaØaRBYjeLIgelIbgaðjénkarekIn eLIg énktaþ sBaØaRBYjcuHbgaðjénkarfycuHénktaþ nig sBaØaTwkrlk¬˜¦bgðajfaman esßrPaB bJkarERbRbYlénktaþminc,as;las;. ehIyk¾RtUvkt;sMKal;faenAkñúgRbtiTinrdUvkalnigkarvivDÆn_Fn FantMél KW eRbóbeFobrvagktþaeBlevlamineRbóbeFobrvagktþaepSg².xageRkamKWkMNt;Bnül; Tak;TgeTAnwgktþaepSg² KWsresrkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSa.

21

-RbvtþPUmi³ enAqñaM 1983 ekItCm¶WstVBahn³ xVHxates,óg qñaM 1984 enAqñaM 1987 stVcéRgbMpøajdMNaMenA qñaM1988ExµrRkhmvaycUlPUmienAqñaM1993G‘untak;erobcMkare)aHeqñatqñaM1994PUmiCYbeRKaHraMg s¶ÜtqñaM1999mansalaeronfµImYyxñgehIykñúgrvagqñaM1995dl; 2000manTwkCMnn;FMlicPUmiEdl bNþaleGayxUcRsUveLIgTwk/BYkeKKitfaenAeBlGnaKtGacmanTwkCMnn;bJxVHes,ógenAkñúgPUmiBI eRBaHFnFanenACMuvijPUmi)anfycuHya:gxøaMg.

-ePøógFøak;³ munqñaM 1990 manePøógFøak;tictYcenAkñúgtMbn;enH . BIeRBaHGMLúgeBlenaHéRBelI enAman tic RKb dNþb;elIRbeTs.bnÞab;BIqñaM1995rhUtdl;qñaM2000ePøógenAEtmanFøak;tictYcBIeRBaHéRBeQIenAticBIqñaM@000dl;GnaKtePøógkan;EtfycuHBIeRBaHxVHGPirkSéRBnigkarRKb;RKgedaysarskmµPaB mnusSdUcCaGaCIvkmµeQIedayRkumh‘unnigGaCIvkmµeQImUl.enAeBlGnaKtePøógnigfycuHkan;Etq¶ay.

-TwkCMnn;³ munqñaM!((0manTwkCMnn;eTogTat;enAkñúgtMbn;BIeRBaHenAeBlenaHTenøsabnigsÞwgEsnenAmanCMerA ehIyéRBeQIenAmanTMhMFMkarKMramKMEhgéRBeQIedaymnusSKWtictYcbnÞab;BIqñaM!((%TwkCMnn;enAkñúgtMbn;enH)anekIneLIgBYkeKKitfabBðaTaMgenHekIteLIgedayGs;éRBeQIkarduHdIenATenøsabnig sÞwgEsn)ankøayCarIgrak;ehIyTwkCMnn;x<s;BI3-4 Em:RtbeNþayeGayxUcxatRsUveLIgTwkenAeBl GnaKtTwkCMnn;nwgekIneLIgedaysarkarduHdIenATenøsabnigsÞwgEsn.

-karRKbdNþb;éRBeQI³ munqñaM 1990éRBeQIenAkñúgtMbn;manTMhMFM CaBiessenACMuvijbwg enACitPUmi BIeRBaH GMLúgeBlenaH GñkPUmikab;eQIsMrab;eRbIR)as;Etb:ueNÑaHehIytRmUvkareQIeRbIR)as;mancMnYntic.bnÞab;BIqñaM1995karRKbdNþb;éRBeQI )anfycuHTaMgbrimaN nig KuNPaB edaysarPaBGnaFibetyü énkarkab; bMpøajéRBeQI RbCaCnkab;eFVIsMrassMrab;cab;RtI enAeBlGnaKt éRBeQIGacekIneLIgtictYceday sarmnusSyl;dwgBIGtßRbeyaCn_éRBeQI.

22

-karensaTRtI³ munqñaM1990RtIsMbUrenAsÞwgEsnnigbwgCMuvijPUmi CaBiessenAbwgTenøsabBIeRBaHGñkPUmieRbI]bkrN_ ensaTRsbc,ab;RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi nigrs;enAtamsÞwgEsn mancMnYntic éRBlicTwkenAsMbUrEdr Ca CMrkBgRtIkUnnigTwkenAsÞwgmanCMerA. bnÞab;BIqñaM 1990 brimaNnigBUCRtI )anfycuHedaysarTwk rak;karfycuHénéRBlicTwknigkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_xusc,ab;ehIynigkMenInRbCaCnBI1 qñMaeTA 1 qñaM manbrimaNeRcIn.

-cMnYneKaRkbI³ munqñaM1990maneKaRkbImancMnYnticenAkñúgPUmi RKYsarEdl)anciB©awmeKa 2-3k,al kñúg1RKYsar bnÞab;BIqñaM1990mkdl;bc©úb,nñbrimaNeKaRkbI)anekIneLIg.b:uEnþ)anfycuHtictYcBIeRBaHRbCaCnlk;eKa RkbI eTAeGayGñkPUmidéTeTot enAeBlGnaKtcMnYneKaRkbIGacekIneLIg BIeRBaH enAeBl \LÚvenHRKYsarCaeRcIn)ancab;epþImciB©awmeKaRkbI.

-stVkNþúr³ munqñaM 1990enAtMbn;enHmanbrimaNkNþúrtictYc BIeRBaHman stVsIukNúþr CaGahardUcCa stVBs; nigéRBenARkas; CaCMrkstVBs; ehIyenAeBlenaHRbCaCnmincab;Bs; eRkay qñaM 1990 brimaN kNþúr)anekIneLIg edaysarRbCaCncab;Bs;éRB CaCMrkenAsl;tic enAeBlGnaKtBYkKat;Kitfa kNþúrekIneLIgrhUt.

-KuNPaBTwksÞwgEsn³ munqñaM 1990 KuNPaBTwksÞwgEsnKWl¥RbesIrenHKWmkBIbrimaNmnusSenAmancMnYnticnigGñkensaT BYkeKensaTenATenøehIyTwkenAmanCMerAehIyéRBlicTwkenAmanTMhMFM.GaCIvkmµéRBeQIenAtMbn;PñMKUElndIxagelIenAmanTMhMtUc kkrdIk¾tictYcnigkaksMNl;mnusSecalk¾mantic. bnÞab;BIqñaM1995 TwkmanKuNPaBfycuH edayTenø)ankøayeTACarak ;mnusSrs;enAtambeNþaysÞwgecalkaksMNl eTAkñúgsÞwg ehIyGñkensaTeRbIsMras;eRcIn sMrab;cab;RtI GaCIvkmµéRBeQI enAPñMKUEln)anekIneLIg ehIykkrdIk¾hUrcUlsÞwgEsnTwksÞwgEsnhUrk¾yWtenAeBlGnaKtKuNPaBTwkGacfycuHehIykxVk; EfmeTot.

23

-karciB©wamCIvit³ karciB©awmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmiBamERKgBImun KW mankMritx<s;eRBaHGMLúgeBlenaHmanePøóg nig TwkCMnn; eTogTat; ehIyBUCRsUvsMrab;RsUveLIgTwk KWl¥ehIynigsMbUrFnFanFmµCati dUcCaRtIéRBCaedImBIqñaM 1995 mkdl;bc©úb,nñCIvPaB rs;enArbs;RbCaCn)anfycuHedaysarePøóg nigTwkCMnn;mineTogTat; sMrab;eFVIERsRsUveLIgTwkRKYsarxøHKµandIsMrab;ksikmµRbCaCn)anekIneLIgenAeBlGnaKtkarciB©wamCIvit )anrbs;RbCaCn)anfycuHedaysarkarxVHdIsMrab; eRBaHRsUveLIgTwk nig ePøógnigTwkCMnn;min eTogTat;.

-RbCaCn³ munqñaM1990RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmiKWenAmancMnYntictYcbnÞab;BIqñaM1990rhUtdl;bc©úb,nñRbCaCn)an ekIneLIgBIeRBaHRbCaCn)anerobkarenAkñúgPUmiehIy nigkUnekIteRcInenAeBlbc©úb,nñGRtaRbCaCn KW33nak;kñúgmYyqñaMenAeBlGnaKtRbCaCnGacekIneLIgpgEdr.

11-karrkeXIjBt’mantamkarsMPasn_RkumBiPakSakartaMgTIlMenA³ Bt’mankñúgr)aykarN_enHKWRbmUl)ankñúgRkumBiPakSaCamYyGñkPUmi16nak;RkumBiPakSaeFVIe

LIgenApÞHRbFanPUmielakywm sMbUr nig kBØaaa Ny b:uk CaGñksMrbsMrYl / elak sr vDÆnI nig elakRsI eTB suxbUra:nCaGñkkt;Rta.

11-1-karpøas;TIlMenArbs;GñkPUmielIkmun³ eRkayBIrbbb:ulBtkarpøas;TIlMenArbs;RbCaCnPUmiBamERKgBMumankarGVImYyKYrkt;sMKal;

kñúgkarpøas;TI lMenAeTArs;enAtMbn;bJTIRkugepSg² .RbCaCnEdrrt;ecjehIyeTArs;enATIRkugmandUc xageRkam -manmYyRKYsar)ancakecjBIPUmieTArs;enAextþkMBg;camkñúgqñaM2001BIeRBaHBIeRBaHRKYsarenHxVH kmøaMgP¢Ürras;kñúgkareFVIERs BYkKat;)anlk;dIksikmµeTAeGayGñkPUmi nig lk;dIlMenAd§an ehIy BYk Kat;k¾cakecjeTArs;enAextþ kMBg;cam eRBaHKat;mankUnRbusnigRsIenATIenaH ehIyKat;cakecjBI PUmikñúgGMLúgrdUvR)aMg. enAqñaM 2001manmnusS 15 nak;¬Rbus4nak;RsI11nak;¦)ancakecjBIPUmieTArs;enATIRkugPñMeBj

24

edIm,IeTArkkargareFVIenAeragcRkkat;edrenAeragcRk ehtuplEdleFVIeGayGñkTaMgenaHcakecj BI PUmibNþalmkBIxVHxates,ógGahar edayTinñpl RsUvTab ehIyFnFan enAkñúgPUmi)an fycuHkñúg GMLúgeBlGñkTaMgenaHrs;enAkñúgPUmieKTaMgGs; KW CaksikrehIy BYkeK)aneroncb;Rtwmfñak; TI 5 fµI ehIymanGayu 20 qñaM BYkTaMgenaHcakecjBIPUmienArdUvvsSa ehIyBYkeKcakecjeTAPñMeBj eday sÁal;mitþPkþ½rs;enAPñµMeBj ehIyGñkecjBIPUmiTaMgenHvilRtLb;mkelgRKYsarkñúgExmanbuNüTan dUcCacUlqñaM fµI Ex emsa nig buNü P¢úMbiNÐ Ex kBØaa GñkPUmiEdlcakecjTaMgenH suT§swg CaRKYsar RkIRkehIyBYkeKTaMgenaH enAlIvTaMgGs; .

11-2 TsSn³eBlGnaKt³ enAkñúgRkumBiPakSaGñkPUmi)anniyayfa enAeBlGnaKt RbsinebIBYkKat;CYb nigkarciB©awm

CIvitdUcCa xVHes,ógGaharensaTRtImin)an ePøógFøak;tic ehIyTwkCMnn;eLIgx<s;eFVIeGaydMNaMRsUv xUcxat BYkKat;nigcakecjBIPUmieTArs;enATIRkugepSg ² edImI,EsVgrkkargardUcCalk;BlkmµbJk¾rk sIulk;dUr BYkKat;cg;eTATIRkugNaEdlmanmitþPk½þ bJbgb¥Únrs; enAehIyKat;cUlcitþrs;enATI RkugNa EdlCaTIRbCMuCnnigTIpSar eRBaHKat;KitfaKat;gayRsYlrkkargareFVIdUcCasIuQñÜrbJlk;EpøeQIepSg² eRBaHBYkKat;minmancMenHviC¢aeRCARCHsMrab;EsVgrkkargarFMenAkariyal½y bJRkumh‘uneLIy.

11-3-kMNt;bgðajcMNat;fñak;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA³ kareFVIcMNat;fñak;TIRkugKWeFVIeLIgedayRkumGñkPUmi 16 nak; sMrbsMrYlKWelakywmsMbUr nig

kBØaa Ny b:uk . kardak;RKab;RKYstUc ² enAkñúgRbGb;nImYy ² GñkPUmisMercrYmKñaedaymantMél BI 0-10kñúgRbGb;nImYy ² cMnYnelx EdlFMCageK KWCaTIRkugEdlGñkPUmicg;eTArs; enAkareRbIR)as;TI RkugKWsMercnigyl;RBmrYmKña CamYyGñkPUmi KYrkt;sMKal;fa tMél KW eRbóbeFogrvag TIRkugEdlcg; eTArs;enA nig TIRkugEdlmincg;eTArs;enA bnÞab;BIkarpøas;TIlMenA KW kareRbóbeFobTIRkugepSg ² KW eFVItamry³cMNat;fñak; TIRkugmYycMnYn EdlmanlMdab;lMeday bnÞab;BIcMNat;fñak;TIRkug vaGaceXIj faTIRkugPñMeBjCaTIRkugmYyEdlmnusScg;eTArs;enAeRcIn bnÞab;mkTIRkugéb:lin nig e)a:yEb:t RBm TaMgTIRkugkULaLaMBYrpgEdr ¬emIl]bsm<½n§5¦ . xageRkamKWkMNt;Bnül;EdlTak;TgeTAnigTIRkug epSg² Edlcg;eTArs;enAnigcUlcitþrs;enACagEdlsresrkñúgGMLúúgGnuvtþn_lMhat;edayRkumsikSa³

25

11-3>1-cMNat;fañk;elIkTITImYyénTIRkugEdlcg;eTArs;enA³ -PñMeBj³ enAeBlGnaKtmanmnusS12nak;¬Rbus6 nak; RsI 6 nak;¦ BYkeKmanbMNgcakecjBI PUmieTAPñMeBjedIm,IrksIubJsIuQñÜrlk;BlkmµBIeRBaHBYkeKsÁal;mitþPkþ½rs;enATIenaH. -kULaLaMBYr³enAeBlGnaKtmanmnusS2nak;¬Rbus 1 RsI 1 nak;¦manbMNgeTAeFVIkarenAkULaLaM BYr BIeRBaHBYkeKBJfard§aPi)almanbMNgeRCIserIsmnusSeTAeFVIkarenARbeTsm:aeLsIu. BYkeKBMuman mitþPkþ½rs;enATIenaHeTBYkeKniyayfaenARbeTsm:aeLsIuBlkmµ)anéføehIyBYkeKmanbMNgeFVIkar enAtampÞH. -e)a:yEb:t³enAeBlGnaKtmanmnsS1 nak;¬Rbus¦manbMNgeTArs;enAe)a:yEb:tBIeRBaHKat;man mitþPk½þrs;enATIenaHehIyCakEnøgl¥sMrab;Kat;sIuQñÜlbJlk;dUr. -éb:lin³enAeBlGnaKtmanmnsS1nak;¬Rbus¦cg;rs;enAéb:lin BIeRBaHéb:linCakEnøgl¥sMrab;daM dMNaMehIysMbUrFnFanFmµCati dUcCa dImanCIvCatiKat;manmitþrs;enATIenaH. 11-3>2-cMNat;fañk;elIkTI2 TIRkugEdlmincg;eTArs;enA³ -hUrCImij¬evotNam¦mnusS10nak;¬RsI5nak;Rbus5nak;¦EdlminmanbMNgeTArs;enAhUCImij BIeRBaHKat;BMumansÁal;nrNamñak;rs;enATIenaH erdayqJayBIRsukkMeNItKat;BMuGacniyay Pasa evotNam)anpgEdr. -haNUy¬evotNam¦mnusS4nak;¬RsI2Rbus2nak;¦BYkeKBMumanbMNgeTArs;enATIRkughaNUyeT BIeRBaHlM)akTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk CaBiessBYkKat;minGacniyayPasaevotNamehIyqJay BIPUmipg. -PñMeBjmanmnusS 2 nak;¬Rbus 2nak;¦BYkKat;minmanbMNgcg;rs;enAPñMeBjeT eRBaHBYkKat;BMuman sÁal;nrNamñak; rs;enATIenaHeT eRBaHPñMeBj CaTIRkugeBaeBj edayvibtþi suxPaB edaysar mnusS eRcIn Lan k¾eRcIn ¬BuledaysarEpSgrfynþ¦. 11-3>3-cMNat;fñak;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA³

kareFVIcMNat;fañk;TIRkug bJ extþ KWeRbIviFIsaRsþRsedogKa ñdUccMNat;RbtiTinñrdUvkalKMNt; sMKal;BinÞúBI 0-10 enAkñúgRbGb;nimYy ² nigbgaðj BITIRkug bJ extþ GñkPUmisMercrYmKañ CamYytMél énTIRkugnimYuy² EdlTTYl)anelxCabnþbnÞab;ehIyeQaµHTIRkug extþ bgaðjenA tMél Rkug bJ extþ

26

elx EdlFMCageK TIRkugEdlGUsTajBYkeK[eTArs;enAeRcIn. PñMeBj¬10¦³manmnusS10nak;cUlcitþeTArs;enAPñMeBj EdlCaTIRkugCab;cMNat;fñak;TI 1 sMrab;BYk Kat;eTArksIuenATIenaH. éblin¬3¦³manmnusS 3nak; cg;eTArs;enAéb:lin enHCaTIRkugTI 2 sMrab;BYkKat;eTArksIu nigedIm,I rkkargareFVI. e)a:yEb:t¬2¦³manmnusS 2 nak; cg;eTArs;enAe)a:yEb:tedIm,IrkkargareFVIenHCaTIRkug Cab ;cMNat; fñak;TI 3 sMrab;BYkKat;. kULaLaMBYr¬2¦³manmnusS 2nak; cg;rs;eTAeFVIkarenARbeTsma:eLsIu eRBaHéføBlkmµx<s;enHCaTI RkugCab;cMNat;fñak;TI3sMrab;BYkKat;cg;eTArs;enATIenaH.

12-kMNt;bgðajkarBiPakSabB©ab;³ enAPUmiBamERKgry³eBlb:unµanéfJ knøgmklT§pl nig lMhat;epSg²RBmTaMgr)aykarN_

EdlRbmUl)anry³b:unµanéfJ knøgmk)anbgðajdl;GñkPUmiedIm,IBiPakSabB©ab;nigviPaKBt’manrYmKña karBiPakSabB©ab;enHGnuBØatieGayqøgkat;eyabl;Kña edIm,IEklMGBt’manEdlRbmUl)anryH b:unµan éfJenaH ehIyk¾Ca]ikasmYysMrab;eGayGñkPUmipþl;eyabl;bEnßm elIBt’manEdlRbmUl)anknøg mkkñúgGMLúgeBlRbCMuenaH GñkPUmi)anpþl;eyabl; nig EktRmUvBt’manxøHbnÞab;mkGñkPUmik¾)anyl; RBmelIRKb;Bt’manTaMgGs;enaHnigBYkKat;)anmanRbsasn_favamanRbeyaCn_sMrab;BYkKat;cUlrYmkñúgkarsikSaenH.

13-karBiPakSa³ karBiPakSaenHEtgEtmanlT§PaBlMeGogxøHkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSabJk¾karsresrr)aykarN_

enAkñúgCMBUkenHva nig naMeTArkkarBiPakSa cMeBaHbBða Edl GacekIt manPaBlMeGog énkarsikSanig lT§plrbs;r)aykarN_PaKeRcInKWvaRsedog eTAniwg karsikSaelIkmun . enHCaelIk TI 5 rbs; karsikSaKMeragm:UEdlTenøsabsmaCikénRkumsikSamanbTBiesaFn_elIBiFIsaRsþepSg²nig]bkrN_sMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgeBlsikSa . karBiesaFn_naMmkenAPaBeCOCak; nig PaBRbesIr eTaHbICamanPaB

27

xVHxattictYcenAeBlGnuvtþn_karsikSataMgBIRbePTBIFIsaRsþdUcKñak¾eday.kareFVImþgehIymþgeTotkan;EteFVIeGaymanPaBRbesIreLIg PaBRbesIr nig karpøas;bþÚr GaceXIjenAkñúg r)aykarN_ eday sgát;F¶n;enAelITwkCMnn; karERbRbYlFnFanFmµCati nig karGnuvtþn_fµI²eTotk¾bB©ÚalBt’mankarpøas; TIlMenArbs;RbCaCnnigkarhUrcUlnighUrecjRbCaCnBIPUmieTATIRkugpgEdr.dUcCakarsikSaelIkmun²GñkPUmiRtUv)aneRCIserIseGaycUlrYmGnuvtþn_karsikSaKWeRCIserIsedayRbFanPUmi¬RbCaCnmkBI GayuePTmuxrbrRk…¦. CalT§plénkarBiPakSa KWRkummansmasPaB cMruH Kña eTaHCaya:gNa RbFanPUmicUlcitþmnusSNaEdlKat;eBjcitþ [mkcUlrYm CatMNagRkumTUTaMgPUmi kñúgkarsikSaenH edayeBlevlamankMNt;ehIynigkarepþateTAelImuxrbr kareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCatiRkumsMxan; ² k¾BMu)anRbCMudac;BIKñaeLIynigGnuvtþn_karsikSaKWeFVIeLIgrYmKñaedIm,IyklT§plrYm.eBlevlsMrab;karsikSaticCag4éf¶enAkñúgPUmiKWeBlticehIyeBlRtUvkarGnuvtþn_lMhat;k¾eRcIn.dUecñHkarBiPakSaRtUv kMNt;GVI EdlBiPakSaeRkApøÚvkarN_RtUvhamXat;nigeBlsMrakk¾KµanEdr eBlBiPakSaCYberOg cEmøk k¾)anebIkKMnitnigrIkraykñúgRkum . eBlcUldl;PUmi mankarlM)akTMnak;TMng edayRbFanPUmi nig RbCaBlrd§Cab;rvl;nigkargarrbs;BYkKat;smasPaBRkumsikSa 4 nak; CamRnþIrd§aPi)alehIymRnþI xøHmankarlM)akkñúgkarniyayGMBITid§PaBbrisßannigkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati nigmuxrbr GñkPUmi CalT§plkarsMxan;xøH CaBiesskareRbIR)as;FnFan BMu)an sIuCMerARKb;RKan; sMrab;eBlsikSa sma sPaBRkumsikSa 10 nak; Ca narI nigCaburskarsikS a KWminlMeGogBak;kNþal RkumCanarI narIman skmµPaBenaHkñúglMhat; eTaHbICanarImanskmµPaBticCagburs. 7 nak; CanarI kñúg cMeNam 16 nak; eBlxøH kar man vtþman b reTs kñúgeBlsikSa k¾GaceFVIeGay rMxan dl;karsikSa . eKk¾kt; sMKal;fa kareFVIcMNat;fñak;FnFan RtUveRbIeBlevla RbCaCncUlrYm Kit nUv GVI EdlekItman BIeBl knøgmkTaMgRbtiTinrdUvkalnigkarvivtþFnFanKWkarERbRbYlBIeBlqab;²nigeBlyUrmkehIyeTaHCaya:gNaGñkPUmi)ankt;sMKal;elIcMNucnImYy ² énBiFIsaRsþTaMgBIr)anya:gl¥RbesIrehIyyl;dwgBI RbtiTinrdUvkalnigkarERbRbYlFnFanFmµCatiemeronedImsMrab;karsikSaCaPasaGg;eKøseRkaymkeTIbERbsMrYlCaPasaExµr.emeronTaMgenHerobcMedayGñkÉkeTsesd§kic©sgÁmdUecñHEtgEtmanPaBlMeGogxøHkñúgkarERbsMrYlnigr)aykarN_Edl)ancgRkgehIy.eTaHCaya:gNacab;taMgBIkarsikSanig sresrr)aykarN_manbuKÁlik 2 nak;EdlecHPasaGgeKøsnigPasaExµr .dUecñHkarxusqÁgmin

28

xusTaMgRsugenaHeT lT§plénkarGnuvtþn_énkarsikSanigtMrUvkarlT§pl EtgEtmanPaBlMeGognig xusqÁg eTaHbIPUmiBamERKgRtUv)aneRCIserIs CaPUmitMNag eFVIkarsikSak¾eday . eTaHbIkareRbIBiFI saRsþcUlrYm CaTsSnHTaMgmUl énkarsikSaGacenAmankarriHKn;fakarcUlrYmminmaneBlRKb;RKan; edayktþaepSg²karsikSaeFVIeGayyl;dwgenAtMbn;sikSaminedIm,IGPivDÆn_PUmienaHeTdUecñHGVIEdlGñkPUmiTTYl)anBIkarsikSaehIyehtudUcemþc)anCaGñkPUmicUlrYmkñúgkarsikSaenHeTaHCaya:gNakarsikSaenAtamPUmiéntMbn;epSg²tYya:gdUcCaPUmiBamERKgGñkPUmimankarcab;GarmµN_cUlrYmkñúgkarGnuvtþn_lMhat;ehIyRbmUlcMeNHdwgnigBiPakSaBImYyeBleTAmYyeBl)anya:gl¥RbesIr.Bt’manniglMhat;epSg²Edl)aneFVIeLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlsikSaRkumkargar)anTukCUnBYkKat;edIm,ICaÉksarsMrab;PUmidUcCaEpnTIRbtiTinrdUvkalkarvivtþn_FnFanCaedImGñkPUmi)ancUlrYmeFVIEpnkarN_taMgBIdMbUgeRkaymkBiPakSarYmKñadMNak;karénkarsikSaesd§kic©TaMgmUlKWeFVIeLIgnUvGVIEdlKµanRsab;dUecñHbBðacUlrYmKYrkMNt;nigsgát;elIRKb;dMNak;kalénkarsikSaesd§kic©sgÁm.

14-snñid§an³ karsikSaenAPUmiBamERKg)aneFVIeGayeXIjfakarciB©awmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmiBwgBak;TaMgRsugelIRsUveLIgTwknigensaTRtIRBmTaMgkarciB©wamstVCacMNUlsMxan;bMputGñkPUmiBwgBak;elIFnFanFmµCatidUcCaRtIdIksikmµTwkCMnn;ehIybc©úb,nñkarciB©wamCIvit)anfycuHedaysarkMeNInRbCaCnehIydIksikmµenAdEdleRBaHGñkekItfµInigerobkarBMu)anTTYldIksikmµCakmµsiT§eLIy.eRkABIenaHGñkPUmi manmuxrbrbnÞab;bnSMdUcCaciB©awmebHrukçCatiTwkkab;GusdutTaMgenHvaRKan;EtCamuxrbrbEnßmtictYc sMrab;cMNYlelImuxrbrFM²rbs;BYkKat;.GñkPUmimankarRBYy)armÖBIbBðaaFnFanFmµCatienAkñúgPUmiKat;EdlecHEtfycuHTaMgbrimaNnigKuNPaBbBðaFMrbs;GñkPUmiBamERKgelIbrisßanKWTak;TgeTAnigTwkCMnn;mineTogTat;.nigTwkCMnn;bMpøajRsUveLIgTwkehIybc©úb,nñPUmiBamERKgsßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;PUmiEdlRkIRk .

Table of contest 1. Introduction ..................................................................302. Objective of the field study..............................................303. Methodology .................................................................314. Field study team............................................................315. Location of the field study ...............................................326. Itinerary .......................................................................327. Meeting with provincial line agencies and NGOs .................338. Finding from key informant interviews ..............................33

8.1. Village location and boundaries ...............................338.2. Village history.......................................................348.3. Migration/urbanisation ...........................................348.4. Administrative structure.........................................358.5. Organisations working in the village.........................358.6. Religion, education, health and infrastructure............358.7. Means of livelihood................................................36

9. Findings from group discussion ........................................369.1. Occupations .........................................................379.2. Migration and seasonal variation of occupations ........389.3. Natural resource use .............................................38

10. Participatory exercises .............................................3910.1. Remarks to participatory map.................................3910.2. Remarks to the transect walk map ..........................4010.3. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking ..........................................................4210.4. Remarks to time ranking........................................44

11. Finding on migration/urbanisation..............................4611.1. Previous migration ................................................4611.2. Future prospects ...................................................4711.3. Remarks to the rankings on migration/urbanisation ...47

12. Remarks from final discussion ...................................4913. Discussion ..............................................................4914. Conclusions ............................................................51 Annexes

30

1. Introduction Tonle Sap Modelling Project (WUP-FIN) aims to model the flow regime and water quality of Tonle Sap Lake. Main objective is to create a water model of Tonle Sap in order to better understand the interaction between the physical and biological features of the lake and their changes that may occur due to human activities. Socio-economical issues form an important part of the project. They will be taken into account in the baseline studies, in the development of management tools and in guidelines to be produced. One of the aims of the project is that with the help of the outcomes of the project the utilisation and protection of the Tonle Sap could be socio-culturally acceptable. The main aim of the socio-economic analysis is to achieve basic understanding of the interconnections of the socio-economic and environmental impacts and factors in Tonle Sap area. Socio-economic analysis consists of literature and database reviews, expert interviews, participatory field studies, modelling and final analysis of gathered information. Socio-economic field studies are based on different rapid and participatory appraisal (RRA/PRA) methods and their focus is on village level. During the spring 2002 Tonle Sap Modelling Project conducted three socio-economic field studies in the villages situated along Tonle Sap in the provinces of Kampong Chhanng, Pursat and Battambang. In autumn 2002, three more field studies are conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom and Siem Reap. Although new field studies use similar approach as well, some modifications and improvements in actual field studies as well as in report writing have taken place. Also time of the studies differs totally from each other: three first field studies took place during the dry season when the lake was its shallowest, while three latter ones are conducted just after the rainy season and peak of the flooding. Aim of the field studies is to collect information on different socio-economic factors, focusing on occupations and their seasonal variation, use of natural resources and access to them, as well as on environmental changes. In new field studies focus is also put on issues of migration/urbanisation and floods. Field studies will also give better practical level understanding of local circumstances as well as of different RRA/PRA-methods. Since all field studies use similar approach, reports are also written using similar structure, making them thus easier comparable with each other. Moreover, some of the more overall chapters in each report (like this one) are partly or exactly the same.

2. Objective of the field study Main aim of the field study is to collect complementary village level information to support socio-economic information derived from different databases, literature reviews

31

and expert interviews. Main indicators of the field study are related to the living condition, occupations, migration, natural resources, floods and environmental change.

3. Methodology Methods used in the field study were in chronological order:

- Key informant interview (semi-structured interview) - Group discussion (semi-structured interview) - Participatory mapping - Transect walk and observation - Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking - Time ranking - Focus group discussion and ranking on migration/urbanisation - Final discussion and analysis of the study

The idea is first to collect more overall information on socio-economic situation through key informant interview. Following group discussion deals especially with issues of livelihood, occupations, natural resources, environmental problems and floods. With the help of this data and information derived from participatory mapping and transect walk, study is then focused especially on issues of seasonality and recent changes in environment, natural resources, floods and livelihood. This is done using two different ranking exercises: seasonal calendar and time ranking. Next, issue of migration and urbanisation is dealt with in separate exercise including focus group discussion and different kind of rankings. In final discussion all derived information is put together and then analysed together with villagers. In this meeting, villagers’ comments on the field study and its results are achieved as well. Different visualisation exercises (mapping and rankings) do not only create a useful final product (map, matrix) but also act as tools for further discussion about the issues of seasonality, environmental changes, migration and causes behind them. Discussion evolved during the exercises is recorded in this report under the remarks for different methods. This report presents information chronologically according to methods used, not according to indicators and factors. This is done in order to see the differences in the nature and quality of information gathered with different methods and also to enable comparison and crosschecking between methods. Certain level of repetition could not therefore be avoided.

4. Field study team Field study team consists of two WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts, two provincial level team members and WUP-FIN socio-economist:

32

• Mr Yim Sambo, team coordinator, Ministry of Rural Development / WUP-FIN • Ms Noy Pok, officer of Fisheries Development / WUP-FIN • Mr Sor Vathny, officer of Department of Rural Development, Kampong Thom • Mrs Tep Sok Boran, officer of Seila-programme, Kampong Thom • Ms Ulla Haapala, socio-economist, WUP-FIN

Like in the earlier field studies, two members of field study team acted as main facilitators during the exercises and two members were taking notes on discussions and progress of exercise. Practise of two note-takers allows crosschecking of gathered information and ensures that all the important information emerging during the exercise will also be written down. Tasks were rotated among the team members in each exercise. WUP-FIN socio-economist acted as an observer in every exercise. Methods and exercises of the field study were planned by WUP-FIN socio-economists together with socio-economic trainees. Final field study report was written by WUP-FIN socio-economic trainees / experts and socio-economists.

5. Location of the field study WUP-FIN's fifth field study took place in Peam Kraeng village, Kdey Dong commune in Kampong Thom province. Peam Kraeng village is situated on both banks of Stung Sean River approximately nine kilometres east from the district headquarter.

All the houses in the villages are built on stilts. The livelihood in the village is depending primarily on agriculture especially on floating rice cultivation. There are 264 families in the village who are involved in floating rice cultivation.

6. Itinerary Oct 22, 2002: Preliminary visit to the village by provincial level team member.

Nov 5, 2002: Arrival to Kampong Thom. Meeting with CEDAC (deep water rice project). Nov 6, 2002: Arrival to Peam Kraeng village. Field study with Peam Kraeng villagers:

Key informant interview and group discussion. Team meeting. Staying overnight in the village. Nov 7, 2002: Field study with Peam Kraeng villagers: Participatory mapping, transect walk and seasonal calendar. Team meeting. Staying overnight in the village.

33

Nov 8, 2002: Field study with Peam Kraeng villagers: Time ranking, focus group discussion and preference ranking on migration/urbanisation, final discussion. Leaving from village to Kampong Thom. Team meeting.

Nov 9, 2002: Team meeting and report writing together with the whole team.

Leaving to Phnom Penh

7. Meeting with provincial line agencies and NGOs WUP-FIN’s fourth and fifth field studies were conducted in the same province (Kampong Thom) so the field study team had already visited most relevant governmental line agencies and NGOs (Provincial Department of Rural Development, Seila-programme, Provincial Department of Agriculture, GTZ, CWS). In these meetings field study team had informed line agencies and NGOs about the project and field studies and got information about related activities of different line agencies and organisations. Like in the earlier field study in Kampong Thom, also this time same persons from Department of Rural Development and Seila-programme joined the field study team. In addition to earlier meetings, field study team met with representative from CEDAC (Centre for Education Development Agriculture Cambodia) and discussed about their deep water rice cultivation –project. In the meeting it was found out that CEDAC has done field studies in the area of San Touk, Stung Sen District. These short RRA-studies were focused on specific issues, mostly on deep water rice cultivation and livelihood.

8. Finding from key informant interviews Key informant interview was conducted with chief of village Mr Houl Hun, deputy chief Mr Chhing Chay, chief of village development committee Mr Non Nol and village elder Mr Su Ing. The interview took place in the house of village chief and Mr Yim Sambo acted as main facilitator in the interview.

8.1. Village location and boundaries Peam Kraeng village is situated in Kdey Dong commune, Stung San district, Kampong Thom Province. Village boundaries are as follow:

- Eastern border against Sleng village - Western border against Bo Ping village - Southern border against Ou Sambour village - Northern border against Tra Peing Rossey commune

34

Population in the Peam Kraeng village is 1452 of which 729 are females and 723 males. There are 271 families in the village and it is situated along the banks of Stueng Sean River. The village is located five kilometres east from the commune headquarter and nine kilometres west from district and provincial headquarter. In 1979 the government gave the ownership of the land for every family in the village. As a result each family in the village own residential land and almost every family have also some agricultural land. At the moment there are seven families that do not own agricultural land and most of them get their livelihood from paid labour and collecting aquatic plants. The average agricultural land for floating rice is one hectare per family. There is no orchard or wet season rice land in the village and villagers cultivate only floating rice. The total land area in the village is 242 hectares and it consists of following land types:

- Residential land 34 hectares - Agricultural land 181 hectares (floating rice only) - Lake and water bodies 25 hectares - Road 2 hectares (along both sides of Stung Sean River)

8.2. Village history

The elder of the village (Mr. Su Ing, 66 years old) told that long time ago there was a bird with nest living in the village and from this the village got its name Peam Kraeng. In Khmer Peam means river and Kraeng is a name of bird. Peam Kraeng village was found in 1865 and at that time there were only 9 families living in the village. Between the years 1936 to 1960 there were 52 families and between 1960 to1970 there were 67 families in the village. The numbers of families increased due to the marriages and natural growth. During the civil war (1970 to 1979) villagers were evaluated to live in San Kor commune Kampong Svay district and the villagers returned back to the village after 1979. At the moment Peam Kraeng village have 271 families and 245 houses (in some houses there are more than one family). All the houses are built on stilts and there are no floating houses. The residential area is flooded during high floods (e.g. 2000, 2001, and 2002). Most of the houses (145 houses) have palm leaf roof, 85 houses have tile roof and 15 houses have zinc roof.

8.3. Migration/urbanisation

There has not been remarkable migration to or from Peam Kraeng village. Recently fifteen people (11 females, 4 males) have migrated from the village to work in the garment factories of Phnom Penh. Reason for their migration was lack of food due to low rice yield (floods destroyed their floating rice). Villagers moved to Phnom Penh because they have friends living there. These migrants come to visit their families during the

35

festivals (e.g. Khmer New Year in April and Phum Ben in October) or in the case of serious illness. In 2001 one family moved to live in Kampong Cham province because they lacked of draught animals to help in the cultivation of floating rice. They sold both their residential and agricultural land to other families in the village and moved. They moved to Kampong Cham because they had friends living there.

8.4. Administrative structure

Peam Kraeng village has a village chief, deputy chief and Village Development Committee (VDC) with five members (four males and female). Village is divided into 27 groups and each group has a chief and a deputy chief. There are 10 families in each group except group 13 that has 11 families. Village have had village development committee (VDC) since 1996 and it was chosen with elections that were supported by UNICEF’s SETKOMA –programme.

8.5. Organisations working in the village

At the moment, there are couple of organisations working in Peam Kraeng village. SETKOMA has conducted some short PRA-related studies in the village. However, information collected focused on child assessment and women health only. At the moment SETKOMA provides micro-credits for poor families, has built small library for villagers, organised literacy class, provided seeds, pig, cows, latrines, wells, children care and women sanitation. SETKOMA-programme has started in 1996. CARITAS supports food for children and women. Twice a year they make food to the women and children in the village and simultaneously teach about good nutrition. In addition, social fund has provided two small bridges and school building for the villagers.

8.6. Religion, education, health and infrastructure

All the villagers in Peam Kraeng are Buddhists. Village does not have own pagoda and during traditional festivals villagers visit Sleng Pagoda that is located two kilometres from the village. Peam Kraeng has a school building that with classes up to grade nine. Peam Kraeng School was constructed by social fund in 1999. There are 491 students in the school and after finishing all six grades students can continue they studies in Peam Kraeng College that has grades from six to nine. There is no health centre in the village but there are some small drugstores. Kampong Svay district health centre informs villagers about health care and arrange vaccinations for children.

36

Peam Kraeng has no electricity and only 15 families have latrines. Commonly people stool to forest or rice fields behind their houses. There are seven wells in the village (provided by SETKOMA) and during the dry season villagers use these wells for drinking water because water in Stueng Sean River is contaminated. There is one dam (35 meters long) in the village constructed by the Government in 1988. Only some villagers use water from the dam for irrigation. There are two small bridges in the village and they are constructed by social fund in 2002. There is an old rural road (1700m) in the village. Villagers transport their products to Kampong Thom Market to sell. The expense of transportation to Kampong Thom market is by motorbike 5000 riels and by boat 4000 riels. Villagers use boat during wet season when the village is easily accessible. By motorbike the trip from village to Kampong Thom takes one hour and by engine boat 1 1/2 hour.

8.7. Means of livelihood

Villagers in Peam Kraeng depend mostly on floating rice and livestock raising as their livelihood. Other important occupations include fishing, fish raising and commerce. Villagers are involved only on floating rice cultivation: no one cultivates recession rice or dry season rice because agricultural land is suitable only for floating rice. Floating rice is cultivated during the wet season and the average yield is two tonnes per hectare. After rice cultivation is finished, villagers continue to catch fish in Stung Sean River and Tonle Sap Lake. There are 16 rich families in Peam Kraeng village. Most of them have adequate agricultural land for cultivation of floating rice and they are also involved in livestock raising, commerce or fishing. Around 50 families belong to the middle-income group. Most of them cultivate floating rice and are involved in fishing. Many of them also do some home trade and fish raising. There are approximately 205 poor families in the village. Almost all of them are farmers owning only small areas of agricultural land for floating rice cultivation and they also do small-scale fishing and pig raising. There are seven families that do not own agricultural land because they have sold their land to the other villagers. These families are living with subsistence occupations like paid labour or collecting aquatic plants.

9. Findings from group discussion

Information presented next was collected from the group discussion of 16 villagers (12 villagers, village chief, deputy village chief, chief of VDC and village elder). Discussion took place in the house of village chief and Mr Yim Sambo acted as main facilitator of the exercise.

37

9.1. Occupations

Cultivation of floating rice is the main occupation for the villagers. Other important occupations are fishing, livestock and fish raising. Villagers are also involved in firewood and aquatic plant collection (mainly for home consumption) as well as in some commerce.

9.1.1. Cultivation of floating rice

Most of villagers rely on rice cultivation as their livelihood and there are 264 families involved in it. All these families cultivate floating rice and there is no family involved in wet season rice (recession rice) or dry season rice cultivation. Floating rice grows in the lower areas where the water level during the flood is higher. The rice yield is highest when flood rises to 2.5 meters. If the flood rises up to three meters the flood will be too high and rice crop will be destroyed. Also if the flood is too fast or low it has an effect on the rice yield. Floating rice is highly dependent on rains and floods and the average rice yield is approximately 2 tones per hectare. Villagers use rice seeds like Sor Krangang, Kanlan Phnom, Sor Krangol, Sai Bour. They do not use chemical fertilizers but some villagers use manure as fertilizer. Villagers have used herbicide (ANCO 720 DD that is made in Vietnam) for destruction grass in floating rice but recently they have finished the use. Villagers use cows and buffalos as draught animals in the fields and there are totally 368 cows and 298 buffalos in the village. Villagers travel to Kampong Thom market to sell their rice. The price of the rice is normally 300 riels per kilogramme.

9.1.2. Fishing

Most of the villagers do small-scale fishing all the year around and there are 264 families involved in fishing. There is no private fishing lot in the village area. In the dry season (March-April) people fish in Tonle Sap Lake approximately 80 km from village. In rainy season villagers fish in Stung Sean River and in the small ponds around their houses. Main fishing tool is gillnet. There are totally 61 engine boats and 185 boats in the village. Villagers produce smoked fish and sell it to the dealer in the village to be sold to Kampong Thom Market (costs 350 riels a piece). From the low quality fish villagers produce fish paste (prahok) or sauce for household consumption.

9.1.3. Other occupations

Besides cultivation of rice and fishing most of the families are involved in livestock and fish raising. They both form important income for the villagers. Most important livestock in the village are cows, buffalos, pigs and chicken. Cultivation of vegetables is very small-scale and vegetables are used only for home consumption. There are only 20 families involved in fish raising because other families lack fund for it.

38

Families involved in it raise fish species (700 to 1000 fingerlings) that are easy to fed with small fish caught by the villagers. This means that villagers do not have to buy a special food for the fish raising. There are 23 families involved in commerce and trade all year around. It is easy and convenient to the villagers to buy products from these small shops for daily consumption. Seven families work as paid labour and also collect aquatic plants because they do not have agricultural land. They have sold the land due to illness and lack of draught animals for cultivation. None of the families are involved in collecting of firewood for sale and people collect firewood only for home consumption. Villagers estimate that demand of firewood for one family is 10 m3 per year. Firewood is collected from the forest (upland) approximately 30 km from the village (staying two nights in the area). Frogs are caught for food from the rice field during the rains and most of the frogs are caught at beginning of rainy season. Average caught of frogs per night is 1 to 2 kg and frogs are caught only for home consumption.

9.2. Migration and seasonal variation of occupations Population of Peam Kraeng village increases naturally through births and marriages. Average birth rate in the village is 33 children per year. There are no people migrating to the village from outside. Occupations of the villagers do not change much between different seasons and most of the villagers are farmers all year around. In rainy season villagers cultivate floating rice. Villagers also do some fishing in both wet and dry season. In the wet season most of the families are involved in firewood collection for home consumption. Most of the families are involved in livestock raising and commerce all year round, and some families collect aquatic plants (especially water lily, water hyacinth and morning glory) for daily consumption or for sale in the village or in Kampong Thom market.

9.3. Natural resource use

Main water source in Peam Kraeng village is Stung Sean River. The water quality of the river was earlier good for fishing and drinking (especially during higher water level) but now there has been decrease in water quality. The main reason is sediment that is released to the water from upland Kou Len Mountain especially during the months of August and September when the rain is its heaviest. During the dry season water is contaminated by human activities and waste disposal from upstream. Fish forms throughout the year the most important food for villagers. Both the quantity of fish as well as the amount of fish species has decreased due to electrofishing and over-fishing, loss of flooded forest cover, population growth and water contamination. Tonle Sap Lake is shallower than before and some fish species like Trei Dam, Rey Trei, Ka Hai

39

and Trei Kou Chrao have became rare. Main soil type in the village is called Dei Kandeng. The quality of the soil depends from rain and floods: when the rainfall is normal the quality of soil is good. Soil that has been flooded for long time is good and fertile for agriculture. Before 1988 there was lot of inundated forest around the Boeng Por Poy and Boeng Kak. After 1979 up to now there has been decrease of the forests caused by people collecting firewood and cutting trees for fish catches (samras). At the moment villagers collect firewood from mountain located in Prasat Balin approximately 30 km away from the village.

10. Participatory exercises Products of different participatory exercises (participatory mapping, transect walk, rankings) carried out during the field study can be found from the Annexes 1 to 5. Explanation for difference methods and factors used as well as discussion and remarks written down during each exercise can be found from this chapter. Villagers were actively involved in all discussions, mappings and rankings. Moreover, the responsibility of drawing maps and writing down the factors and results of ranking exercises was rotated among different participants.

10.1. Remarks to participatory map

Participatory map in Peam Kraeng village was done with the group of villagers (16 people) in the house of village chief. Main facilitators for the mapping were Mr Yim Sambo and Ms Noy Pok. It is good to notice that field study took place at the end of wet season when flood had just reached its peak and map describes situation especially during this time. Following remarks present main natural resources in and around the village. Full explanation for the different symbols used in the map can be found from the map legend in Annex 1. As it can be seen the main natural resources used by villagers in Peam Kraeng village are agricultural land, Stung Sean River and other water bodies (Boeng Por Ping, Tonle Sap Boeng Pra, Boeng Kak Lake) as well as forest outside the village boundaries.

- Stueng Sean River Stung Sean River has its water source in Kou Len upland area. During the rainy season water flows from Kou Len Mountains into Tonle Sap Lake through the Stung Sean River. Approximately 1700m of the river runs inside the village boundaries. The river is useful source of water and fish for the villagers and it is also acts as an important transportation route.

40

- Road There is around 1700 meters of road inside the village boundaries. Road is partly flooded during highest flood. Recently the road got broken and is not yet reconstructed.

- Houses

Houses are built on both side of the river on stilts. The residential land follows the river and the road.

- Rice fields Rice fields are situated behind the houses and are flooded every year. In the fields villagers grow floating rice during the rainy season. Villagers do not grow dry season rice and chamkar (dry season vegetables) in the fields. The total land area for floating rice is 181 hectares.

- Small lake

Villagers use small lakes for catching fish, collecting aquatic plants and as a source of drinking water for the livestock.

- Dam Villagers do not use dam to get irrigation because it has only small water store. Dam was built during the civil war in 1988 by help of army force.

- Bridges

There are two small bridges in the village. The building of the bridges was supported by social fund in 2002.

- Tonle Sap Lake Tonle Sap Lake has plenty of fish and fish breeding areas all the year round. The lake is situated 80 kilometres west from Peam Kraeng village. Approximately 50 families go to the Tonle Sap Lake to catch fish between March and April and they normally return only two months later.

- Forest area

Forest area is located outside the village approximately 30 km (Preasat Balin district) from the village. People go to collect firewood from this area and they stay there for two nights.

- Kampong Thom market Villagers transport their products to Kampong Thom market for sale. From Kampong Thom market some people also buy goods to sell in the village.

10.2. Remarks to the transect walk map Transect walk map was done after participatory mapping with the same group of villagers. The walk started from the rice fields on another side of the river, crossed Stung

41

Sean River (by boat) and finished to the rice fields situated behind the villager’s houses. Final transect walk map was drawn by Mr Yim Sambo and Mrs Tep Sok Boran.

1. Rice fields This area is used for floating rice cultivation. The soil type in this zone is Dei Kandeng. There are also some small lakes situated to this zone.

2. Fishponds Fishponds are situated behind the houses of villagers. There are 20 families involved in fish raising and they raise 700 to 1000 fingerlings per pond. After they have raised fishes for one year they sell fishes in Kampong Thom market. The price of fish is 2000 riels per kilogramme.

3. Houses and fruit trees Most of the houses in the village are situated in this area. Villagers grow fruit trees (e.g. mangos, coconuts, milk fruit, jackfruits, bananas) around their houses. They harvest the fruits seasonally to get some income. There are also shelters for cows in the area.

4. Road This road runs along Stueng Sean River and its length is 1700 m. Some sections of the road are broken due to flooding. Road is useful for the villagers for transportation inside the village as well as to other villages.

5. Stueng Sean River Stueng Sean River is the main source of water for the villagers. Villagers catch fish from the river and use its water for consumption and bathing throughout the year. During the dry season some families grow vegetables along the riverbanks and use river water for irrigation. Stueng Sean River starts from the upland region and flows into the Tonle Sap Lake.

6. Houses and fruit trees Similar residential area than in zone 3.

7. Road The road runs along the Stueng Sean River. Similar road than in the zone 4.

8. Houses and fruit trees Residential area where are also some fruit trees. Similar residential area than the zone 3.

9. Fishponds Similar fishponds than in zone 2.

10. Rice fields Mostly used for floating rice cultivation. Similar zone than the zone 1.

42

10.3. Remarks to seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking

The seasonal calendar of different occupations and environmental factors was done with the group of 16 villagers. Main facilitator was Mr Yim Sambo. Markers (small stones) were placed in each of the boxes. Villagers decided together which value from 0 to 10 each box will get. Markers indicate abundance or importance of different factors in different months: the bigger the number, the more important / abundant the factor. It is important to notice that the values are comparable only between different months, not between different factors. This means that for example January’s value of 2 for both fishing and cow raising does not mean that they are equally important in January, whereas fishing’s value of 2 for both January and February indicates that it is equally important in those months. After seasonal calendar ranking comparison between different occupations was done through occupational preference ranking. This ranking was carried out in a similar way than actual seasonal calendar i.e. placing markers for each occupation to indicate the importance of the occupation. Numbers in parenthesis after each occupation show results from the preference ranking: the bigger the number, the more important the occupation. From the occupational preference ranking it can be seen that cultivation of floating rice is the most important occupation in the village. Also fishing and cow raising are remarkably important occupations for the villagers. After that comes pig raising, collecting firewood, fish raising and collecting aquatic plants, although the importance of firewood collection, collecting aquatic plants and fish raising is rather lower. Following remarks and explanations related to different factors were written down during the exercise by the field study team.

- Rainfall The month with heaviest rain is September. During this month the flood is usually highest and therefore it is not so good time for the villagers. Villagers start to grow floating rice in May and June. During these months some rain would be needed but rainfall is not often adequate at that time. Irregular rains make cultivation difficult.

- Flooding Flood reaches its peak in September and October when most of the village area is flooded. If the flood rises too high (3 meters) the floating rice crops are destroyed. From past three years (2000 to 2002) Peam Kraeng village has been flooded more than normally due to heavy rains as well as flood from Tonle Sap Lake and Stueng Sean River. These high floods have caused damage to the rice crop and food shortage in the village.

43

- Soil quality Soil quality does not change remarkably between different seasons and it is good all year around. Anyhow rainfalls and floods have some effect to the soil quality. If rainfalls and floods are normal the soil is good for cultivation of floating rice and villagers get good rice yield.

- Water quality Water quality in Stueng Sean River is good between August to October because during these months the flood is highest and there is plenty of water in the river. Besides these months water quality is lower as well as its height and flow which makes the use of water more difficult. In the dry season villagers use water from wells (the pumps are provided by SETKOMA) because during this season the water in Stueng Sean River is more contaminated.

- Sedimentation Sedimentation is highest in August, September and October because flow from the upstream and Kou Len Mountain is high and the water transports silt. This silt flows into the river as well as into the lake and fields. Use of samras fish catches and waste from human activities increase sedimentation as well.

- Festivals There are two main festivals in the village: Khmer New Year in March and Phum Ben in September. Other smaller festivals include water festival in November, Meak Bochea in February, Pisa Bochea in May and Chheng Preak Vosa in October.

- Cultivation of floating rice (10) Floating rice is cultivated from May till February and this is a busy period for the villagers: From May to June villagers prepare land for cultivation and sow floating rice seeds to the fields while February is the most important month of harvesting. Cultivation of floating rice depends greatly of the rains and floods. The best flood height for cultivation of floating rice is 2.5 meters.

- Fishing (10) People in the village catch fish all year around for their own consumption from Stueng Sean River, Tonle Sap Lake and from the small ponds around the village. Villagers use mostly small scale fishing gears. Best place for fishing is Tonle Sap Lake especially between April and May. Some villagers (50 families with engine boats) go to fish there when they have finished the cultivation of floating rice.

- Cow raising (10) Since most of villagers are farmers they need draught animals for ploughing of the land. Therefore almost all the villagers are involved in cow raising which takes place throughout the year. After the cows have grown up some families sell them to other villagers to increase their income. The price of the cows is highest in March and April.

44

- Pig raising (8) Pig raising gives extra income to the villagers. They start to raise pigs in February and sell them to Kampong Thom market in October because at that time they get highest price for the pigs.

- Fish raising (3) Villagers catch fish for fish raising from April and May. They feed fish in the pond one year and then they sell them to the Kampong Thom market (2000 riels per kilogram).

- Collecting firewood (5) During the flood between September and October villagers collect firewood for their own consumption from upland areas (Prasat Balin district). In these months villagers normally collect firewood enough for the whole year (average of 10m3 per season per family). They use boats for transportation of firewood.

- Collecting aquatic plants (3) During the flood season July to October villagers collect aquatic plants (e.g. water lily, water hyacinth and morning glory). September is particularly good month for collection of water lily from ponds near the village. Most of the villagers collect aquatic plants for own consumption but seven families that do not own agricultural land also sell aquatic plants in the Kampong Thom market to increase their income.

10.4. Remarks to time ranking Time ranking (historical change) of environmental and demographical factors was done with the group of 16 villagers (same group as seasonal calendar exercises). As in a seasonal calendar markers using the scale 0 to10 were placed in each of the boxes. Markers indicate the abundance or important of different factors in different time periods; the bigger the numbers the more important or abundance the factors. Table of time ranking (Annex 4) shows also the trends of different factors. Arrow pointing up indicates increase of the factor, arrow pointing down decrease, and tilde (~) that factor has stayed the same or is changing without clear trend. Moreover, it is important to notice that as in the seasonal calendar, also in the time ranking different values are comparable only between different time periods and not between different factors. Following remarks and explanation related to different factors were written down during the time ranking exercise by field study team.

- Population Before 1990 the population in the village was rather small. After 1990 up to present the population has increased due to marriages and births. At the moment average birth rate in the village is 33 children per year. In the future population most probably increases steadily as well.

45

- Rainfall Before 1990 there were only little bit rains in the area because during that time there was little forest cover. Between years 1995 and 2000 rains have decreased further because there is nowadays even less forests. Villagers believe that in the future rains will continue to decrease because of lack of the forest conservation, human activities and overcutting of the forests.

- Flood “quality” Unlike in three first field study reports, ranking for flooding in this time ranking was not done for the height of the flood but the “quality” of flood. This means that maximum value (10) indicates regular i.e. good flood, and smaller value not so regular and, consequently, not so good flood. In this case smaller value for flood “quality” means increase of flooding. Before 1990 there was regular flood in the area because during that time Tonle Sap Lake and Stueng Sean River were deeper, forest area larger and threats to the forests by human activities were smaller. After 1995 flooding in the area has increased and the villagers think that the reasons are the loss of forest area and the sedimentation of Stueng Sean River and Tonle Sap Lake. If the floods are high (3 to 4 meters) it will cause damage to the floating rice. In the future the villagers think that the floods will increase due to sedimentation.

- Water quality Before the year 1990 water quality in Stueng Sean River was fairly good. This was a result of various reasons: there were not many people or fishermen, river was deeper, the area of inundated forest was larger, exploitation of forest in upland was smaller (less sediment release) and waste disposal from people was smaller. After 1995 water has got unclean because river has become shallower, people living along the river disposal lot of waste to the river, fishermen use lot of samras fish catches and water flow in Stueng Sean River has gotten slower. Villagers think that in the future the water quality may get even worse.

- Fish catch Before 1990 there was plenty of fish in Stueng Sean River, Tonle Sap Lake and ponds around the village because at that time villagers used reasonably fishing gears, there were less people living along the river, inundated forest was larger and water was deeper. After 1995 both the quantity and the variety of fish species have decreased due to shallow water, decrease of inundated forest, use of illegal fishing gears and increased population.

- Forest cover Before 1990 forest area was large especially around lake near the village. During that time villagers cut forest only for their own consumption. After 1995 the forest cover has decreased due to powerful cutting (villagers cut forest for firewood and making samras fish catches). Villagers think that in the future the amount of forest may increase due to the increased consciousness.

46

- Number of cattle Before 1990 there were little cattle in the village and families that were raising cattle had only two to three animals. After 1990 to present the quantity of the cattle has increased even though some villagers have sold their cattle to other villagers. In the future people think that the number of cattle in the village will increase.

- Amount of rats Before 1990 there were only few rats in the village because there were a lot of predators (like snakes that eat rats), thicker forest cover and people did not hunt snakes. After 1995 the quantity of rats has increased due to snake hunting and decreased forest area. In the future villagers think that the amount of rats will increase.

- Level of livelihood Level of livelihood in Peam Kraeng village was earlier higher because there were a lot of rains and regular floods, rice seeds for floating rice cultivation were good, and there were plenty of natural resources (e.g. fish and forest). From 1995 up to present the level of livelihood has decreased due to the irregular floods and rains, some families have no land for agriculture and population have increased. In the future level of livelihood continues to decrease.

11. Finding on migration/urbanisation Information presented in this chapter was collected from the focus group discussion with 16 villagers. Group discussion took place in the house of village chief and Mr Yim Sambo and Ms Noi Pok acted as main facilitators of the exercise while Mr Sor Vuthny and Ms Top Sok Boran wrote down the remarks from the exercise.

11.1. Previous migration After the Pol Pot regime there has not been remarkable migration to or from Piem Kraeng village. One family moved to live to Kampong Cham province in the dry season of 2001 because they lacked draught animals for agriculture work. They sold their agricultural and residential land and moved to Kampong Cham. They moved there because they had their children living there. In wet season 2001 fifteen people (eleven females, four males) migrated from the village to Phnom Penh to work in the garment factories. Reason for their migration was lack of food due to low rice yield and decrease of natural resources around the village. These migrants were 20 years old farmers, mostly poor and single and they had graduated from the fifth grade. They moved to Phnom Penh because they had friends who were living in the city. These migrants come to visit their families during the festivals (normally during Khmer New Year and Phum Ben).

47

11.2. Future prospects In the group discussion villagers said that in the future if they will face shortage of rice, low fish catch, less rain or irregular flood, they will move from the village to some city in order to find work (e.g. paid labour or business). They want to move to the city where they know someone beforehand. Villagers prefer business cities (i.e. big cities) because they think that there it is easier from them to find job (paid labour, business, fruit or vegetable marketing etc.)

11.3. Remarks to the rankings on migration/urbanisation Rankings on migration/urbanisation (i.e. rankings of different cities and provinces) were done with the same group (16 villagers) than the focus group discussion of migration. The main facilitators were Mr Yim Sambo and Ms Noi Pok. Rankings consist of three different parts: first choice ranking, last choice ranking and preference ranking (Annex 5). In first choice ranking each villager had one marker and marked with it individually the city or the province where he/she would most likely to move. Last choice ranking was done similarly but the villagers picked up the city or the province where they would not like to move. In preference ranking villagers decided together how attractive they think different cities and provinces are to migrate in. Method used is quite similar to occupational preference ranking: here markers using the scale from 1 to10 were placed in each box. The bigger the number in the box, the more attractive villagers find the city/area to be. Cities and provinces in the exercise were agreed together with the villagers and they include provincial and district towns closer to the village as well as cities and provinces further away (e.g. Phnom Penh, Bangkok). Following remarks and explanation related to different cities and provinces were written down during field study exercise.

11.3.1. First choice ranking

Phnom Penh: Twelve people (six males, six females) would like to move from the village to Phnom Penh to do business or work as a paid labour. They know friend who is living there. Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia): Two people (male, female) would like to move to Kuala Lumpur because they have heard that royal government is willing to recruit Cambodian people to work in Malaysia. They do not know anybody who is living there but they think that in Kuala Lumpur they can do domestic work.

48

Poipet: One male would like to move to Poipet because he has a friend living there. He thinks that it is a good place for him to work in business or as a paid labour. Krong Pailin: One male would like to move from the village to Krong Pailin because it is a good place for crop cultivation and there are lot of natural resources (e.g. fertile land). He has some friends who are living there.

11.3.2. Last choice ranking

Ho Chi Min (Vietnam): Ten villagers (five females, five males) would not like to move to Ho Chi Min because they do not know anyone who is living there. They think that it is very far from their motherland and they cannot speak Vietnamese. Hanoi (Vietnam): Four people (two females, two males) would not like to move to Hanoi because it is far away from the village and they cannot speak Vietnamese. Phnom Penh: Two males would not like to go to Phnom Penh because they do not know anybody who is living there. They think that Phnom Penh is too densely populated and the air is polluted by traffic.

11.3.3. Preference ranking on migration/urbanisation

Preference ranking on migration/urbanisation used same kind of method than occupational preference ranking. Markers with scale from 1 to 10 were places to each box indicating city or province and villagers discussed and decided together which value each city and province gets. Number in parenthesis after the name of the city or province indicates the value which city or province in question got in the preference ranking: the bigger the number, the more attractive villagers think that city or province is to move in. Following remarks of the most attractive cities/provinces were written down during the exercise. Phnom Penh (10): Villagers think that Phnom Penh is the best city to migrate in because there it is easy to find work or do some business. Krong Pailin (3): Pailin is villagers’ second choice to move in and find work. Villagers think that in Pailin they are able to do agricultural work or find new land for cultivation. Poipet (2): In Poipet villagers think that they are able to do business. Kuala Lumpur (2): Fourth city/area that villagers prefer is Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. They think that there they can find domestic work with the help of government.

49

12. Remarks from final discussion

In the final meeting on Friday afternoon the products of different exercises together with preliminary reports of the field study were presented to the villagers for further discussion and analysis. This discussion allowed final crosschecking of the information as well as opportunity to hear villager’s comments about the study. During the meeting villagers made some comments and corrections to the information derived from different exercises. After the corrections villagers agreed on the result of the study and told that it was useful also for them to participate in field study. Before leaving the village original products of different exercises (mapping, ranking etc.) were left to the village.

13. Discussion There is always a possibility that some biases or even mistakes occurred during the field study or report writing. This chapter brings forward the discussion about the issues that may have caused biases for the study and its results. Most of them are similar to earlier field studies. Since this was already fourth field study of WUP-FIN team, members of the field study team have gained experience on the different methods and tools used in the study. This is naturally positive: experience brings confidence and improvements. On the other hand there is always a threat that applying same kind of methods repeatedly leads also to some routines and ruts. However, in this field study there were no signs of that. Like in earlier field studies, group of villagers for discussions and exercises was selected and gathered by the village chief according to wishes and advices of field study team (people from different gender, wealth, age and occupational groups). As a result the composition of the group was heterogeneous. However, there is always a possibility that village chief prefers some people and that the group does not thus actually present representative sample of the whole village. Due to time constraints and focus in occupations and natural resource use, important groups of gender and age were not dealt separately. On the other hand they were taken into account in the group composition and thus integrated to the overall results of the study. Time reserved for the study (only three full days in the village) was minimal and schedule of the exercises quite tight. Even though there did not appear to be hurrying, time reserved for relaxed and more informal discussions was limited. Moreover, when strangers -however friendly and open-minded enter to the village, there always exist certain inconvenience and suspicion which makes relaxed and totally truthful communication more difficult.

50

“Governmental” composition of the study team (four members out of five i.e. all local team members were government officials) might also have resulted in some difficulties to speak freely about all aspects of natural resource use. As a result, some important and especially sensitive issues like illegal use of natural resources were most probably not discussed and highlighted enough. The presence of ‘barang’ (foreigner) in the field study might also have caused some disturbance to the field study. It must also be remembered that while doing different kind of rankings related to time, people tend to emphasize and even exaggerate recent happenings and changes. This is most probably the case in both seasonal calendar and time ranking. In seasonal calendar activities taking place during the time of the study (wet season) get more emphasis than activities in other seasons, and in time ranking recent changes seem to be more radical than similar changes happened long time ago. However, when these points are noticed and remembered, both of these methods offer valuable tool for better understanding seasonal variation of natural resources and occupations as well as recent environmental changes. Since the methods and indicators for the study were originally planned by WUP-FIN socio-economist in English and translated later into Khmer, there is always a possibility for misunderstandings and mistranslations. And vice versa: since the field study was conducted and original report written in Khmer and then translated into English, there is always a possibility for small differences in this report as well. However, since the whole team was present during every exercise and two of the team members know both Khmer and English, bigger differences are not likely. During the socio-economic analysis, the results of the field study will be applied to the wider area. This demands always simplifications and may result to potential biases and even errors. Even though Peam Kraeng village was selected to be as representative as possible, every village is unique and could thus never be selected as ‘representative’. Even though using participatory methods, the whole concept of this field study can be criticized for being too extractive and not participatory and empowering enough. Due to the nature of the whole survey, the results of the study are used to get better understanding of entire study area, not for development of any specific village. Therefore it might be asked what villagers benefit from the study and why they would even bother to take part in it. However, like in other field study villages, also in Peam Kraeng villagers were interested in to take part in the exercises to share their knowledge with field study team. They discussed intensively about different issues and study can thus be regarded as initiator for further exchange of opinions. Original products of different exercises (maps, rankings etc.) were naturally left to the village. Moreover, villager’s participation in both earlier (planning) and later (analysis, report writing and implementation) phases of the field study as well as of the whole socio-economic survey is practically non-existent. Therefore, the issue of participation should definitely be addressed and taken even better into account in the all phases of the socio-economic survey and analysis.

51

14. Conclusions Field study in Peam Kraeng village pointed out that the livelihood of the villagers depends on agriculture and especially on the cultivation of floating rice. Also fishing and livestock raising forms an important part of income. Villagers are also involved in other occupations like fish raising and firewood collection, but they are practised clearly in smaller scale and offer only some extra income to the villagers. This kind of occupational involvement means that villagers’ livelihood depend significantly on natural resources such as agricultural land, fish and floods. The level of livelihood in the village has decreased due to population increase and decrease of natural resources. Main environmental problems in the village are related to irregular floods that harm the floating rice cultivation.

]bsm<n½§

]bsm<n§½TI1 ³ karcUlrYmKUsEpnTI ]bsm<n§½TI2 ³ karedIreFVIRtg;siuc ]bsm<n§½TI03 ³ RbtiTinñtamrdUvkalnigcMNat;fañk;muxrbr ]bsm<n§½TI04 ³ kMNt;bga<jkarERbRbYFnFanFmµCatinigkarvivtþIn_éneBlevla ]bsm<n§½TI05 ³ kartaMgTIlMenAnigcMNat;fañk;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA ]bsm<n§½TI06 ³ eQaµHGµkcUlrYmsikSa ]bsm<n§½TI07 ³ tarageBlevlaénkarcuHsikSa ]bsm<n§½TI08 ³ TItaMgénkarsikSatamPUmi ]bsm<n§½TI09 ³ rUbPaBBIkarsikSa

Annexes Annex 1: Participatory map

Annex 2: Map from transect walk

Annex 3: Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking

Annex 4: Time ranking

Annex 5: Rankings on migration/urbanisation

Annex 6: List of participants

Annex 7: Itinerary

Annex 8. Location of field study villages Annex 9. Pictures from the field study

Annex 3. Seasonal calendar and occupational preference ranking

RbtiTinrdUvkalnigcMNat;fañk;muxrbrPUmiBamERKg]bsm<n§½ TI 03

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

maX plÁún ecRt BisaF eCsææ GasaF RsaBN_ PRTbT GsSúC kkþik miKsir busS

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

ePøógFaøk; Rainfall 1 1 2 3 5 5 2 7 10 4 2 1

TwkCMnn; Flooding 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 7 10 10 6 2

KuúNPaBdI Soil quality 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

KuúNPaBTwk sWgEsn Water quality 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 7 5

karduHdI k§ugswgEsn Sedimentation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 10 10 5 4

buNüRbéBNIyPUmi Festivals 1 5 1 10 5 1 5 5 10 5 10 1

RsUÚÜÚÚÚUveLIgTwk ¬10 ¦ Cultivation of floating rice (10) 10 10 1 5 10 10 2 2 2 1 1 1

ensaTRtI ¬10¦ Fishing (10) 1 1 10 10 4 5 3 4 7 5 5 3

karciBa¢wmstV eKa ¬10¦ Cow raising (10) 10 10 10 10 1 1 3 4 4 3 4 3

karciBa¢wmRCUk ¬8 ¦ Pig raising (8) 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 5 5

karciBa¢wmRtI ¬3 ¦ Fish raising (3) 3 3 3 10 10 3 3 5 5 3 3 3

karkab;Gus ¬5¦ Collecting firewood (5) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 1 1

ebHRtkYn dkRBlwt ¬2¦ Collecting equatic plants (2) 1 1 1 1 3 5 10 10 10 10 5 1

Annex 4. Time ranking karvivtþinigkarERbRbYleBlevlaPUmiBamERKg]bsm<n§½ TI 4

munqaMñ 1990 1990-95 1995-2000 2000-2001 GnaKt eTaTn;Before 1990 1990-95 1995-2000 2000-2001 Future Trends

RbvtþiEdlekIt man Historical happenings 1983 CMgWsaøb;eKa RkbI 1993 e)aHeqañt eRCIs 1999TwkCMnn; lic 2000 TwkCMnn;licRsUv kñúgPUmi 1984eRKaHraMgs¶Üt erIs naykrdæmRnþI RsUv 2001 TwklicPUmi

1987 kNþúlbMpaøj 1994 eRKaHraMgs¶Üt 1999 mansalaeronfµI nig RsUv1988ExµrRkhm dut RsUvgab; 2002TwklicPUmi nigRsUv

pÞHRbCaCn e)aHeqañteRciserIs emXMu bJsgáat;

- 1983 Animal illness

- 1984 Drought - 1993 UNTAC-elections - 1999 New school building - 2000-2002 Big floods

- 1987 Pest destroyed crop - 1994 Drought - 1999 Big floods - 2002 Commune elections

- 1988 Khmer Rouge fights

RbCaCn Population 5 7 8 9 10

ePøog Rainfall 5 5 5 4 3

KuNPaBTwkswÞgeEsn Water quality 10 8 6 5 2

TwkCMnn; Flood "quality" 10 10 5 5 3

Flooding

ensaTRtI Fish catch 10 7 4 3 2

éRBeQIcTwk Forest cover 10 6 5 3 5

cMnYneKaRkbI Number of cattle 5 6 8 8 8

stVl¥itbMpaøj dMNaM Amount of rats 4 7 8 9 10

karciBwa©mCIvit Level of livelihood 8 7 4 3 3

Annex 5. Rankings on migration/urbanisation kartaMgTIlMenAnigcMNat;fañk;TIRkugEdlcUlcitþeTArs;enA BamERKg

cMNat;fak; TIRkugEdlcUlcitrs;enA

TIRkug City / province Preference ranking

Male Female Total Male Female Total

kMBg;FM Kampong Thom 0 0 0 0 0 0 1kMBg;cam Kampong Cham 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

bnÞaymanC_y Banteay Meanchey 0 0 0 0 0 0 1eBaFisat; Pursat 0 0 0 0 0 0 1esomrab Siem Reap 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

)at;dMdg Battambang 0 0 0 0 0 0 1e)a:yEb:t Poipet 1 1 2 0 0 0 2ekaHkug Koh Kong 0 0 0 0 0 0 1sIuhnu Sihanoukville 0 0 0 0 0 0 1éb:lin Pailin 1 0 1 0 0 0 3PñMeBj Phnom Penh 6 6 12 0 2 2 10

G’Ub’unrak;¬RbeTséf¦ Ubon Ratch (Thailand) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1)agkk ¬RbeTséf¦ Bangkok (Thailand) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

hUCImij¬RbeTsevotNam¦ Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) 0 0 0 5 5 10 1haNUy Hanoi (Vietnam) 0 0 0 2 2 4 1

evogcn_Þ ¬lav¦ Vientiane (Laos) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1kUT,alaMBYr Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 1 1 2 0 0 0 2

TIRk ugEdleKcUlcitþeTArs;enA eRcIn TIRkugEdlmincg;eTArs;enA

First choice ranking Last choice ranking

Annex 6. List of participants. eQµaHGñkcUlrYm PUmiBamERKg

Following list presents the name, sex, age, occupation, education (school class completed) and an average income level of each field study participant.

Income level of each participant was decided at the end of migrational ranking in a discussion together by all participants.

eQµaH ePT Gay u muxrbr kMritvb,Fm‘

Name Sex Age Occupation Education / classRkNas;

very poor

Rk

poor

mFüm

middle

man

rich

1 h‘l hun Houl Hun Male 60 emPUmi Village chief 6 cas; x

2 cwg cy Ching Choy Male 49 GnuemPUmi Deputy village chief 3 cas; x

3 Ng Nul Non Nol Male 40 RbFanK>G>P Chief of VDC 4 cas; X

4 s‘uy Giug Suy Ing Male 66 cas;RBwTaVcarü Village elder 5 cas; X

5 Duk nU Dok Nou Male 30 ensaTnigeFViERs Farmer and fisherman 7 fµI X

6 eGobFI Eab Thy Male 33 ensaTnigeFViERs Farmer and fisheman 7 fµI x

7 Cwg sux Ching Sok Male 61 ensaTnigeFViERs Farmer and fisherman 3 cas; X

8 lIv vt Liv Vot Male 44 ensaTnigeFViERs Farmer and fisherman 2 cas; X

9 b‘un h‘g Bun Horn Male 54 ensaTnigeFViERs Farmer and fisherman 10 cas; X

10 eXom sanCIv Kiemsanchiv Female 42 eFViERs Farmer 2 cas; X

11 Kwm evOn Kim Vorn Female 42 eFViERs Farmer 5 fµI x

12 eBa yIn Por Yin Female 43 eFViERs Farmer 3 cas; X

13 bU nI Bo Ny Female 45 eFViERs Farmer 3 cas; X

14 h‘y KwmKI Ho KimKy Female 22 eFViERs Farmer 9 fµI X

15 can; rwm Chan Rim Female 48 eFViERs Farmer 2 cas; x

16 yI Kim Yi Kim Female 40 eFViERs Farmer 2 fµI x

cMNUl Income level

Annex 7. Itinerary of the field study

Morning

Afternoon Evening

Tuesday 5th November

Arrival to Kampong Thom from Kampong Pradam village

Visit to CEDAC office

Team meeting - preparations for next day’s

exercises - staying overnight in Kampong

Thom Wednesday

6st November

Leaving to the Peam Kraeng village

Key informant interview - information on basic socio-economic

factors (population, infrastructure, occupations etc.) and natural resources

Group discussion - introduction to the field study for villagers - gathering of background information on

village, occupations, natural resources, floods and environmental change

Team meeting - evaluation of the day

- report writing and preparations for next day’s exercises

- staying overnight in the village

Thurday 7th November

Participatory mapping and transect walk -village and its surroundings

- use of different natural resources - micro-ecological zones

Seasonal calendar - seasonal variation of occupations and

environmental factors

Team meeting - evaluation of the day

- report writing and preparations for next day’s exercises

- staying overnight in the village Thursday

8th November

Time ranking - changes of environmental factors, natural

resources, population and level of livelihood

Group discussion and rankings on migration and urbanisation

Final discussion

- presentation of the findings with possible changes and comments

Leaving to Kampong Thom

Team meeting - evaluation of the day

- report writing

Friday 9th November

Team meeting - report writing together with the team

Leaving to Phnom Penh

eBlevlasMrab;karcuHsikSa enAk ñúgPUmi BamERKg extþ kMBg;FM ¬Biéf¶TI 04dl; 09 Exvicäika qñMa> 2002¦ eBlRBwk eBlresol eBll¶ac éf¶TI 04-11-02 cnÞ½

erobcMÉksar sMrab;cuH sikSa ¬PñMeBj¦ cakecjBI PñMeBj eTA RsukesÞag -RbCMuRkumsikSa erobcMEpnkar ¬sVak;enAesaÞg¦

éf¶TI05-11-02 GgÁar_

cMNat;fañk;nig karvivtþ FnFanFmµCati nigkarERbRbYl-ktþapaøs;bþÚrbrisaßn ¬ sikSa elIkTI 2 enA PUmikMBg;RbdM ¦

-Rkum GñkPUmi- nKrUbbnIkmµ -bgðajlT§pldl;GñkPUmi bBa¢IreQaµHGñkcUlrYm

cakecjBI PUmimk kMBg;FM

éf¶TI06-11-02 BuF

-sMPasn_GVkpþl;Bt’manKnøwH ¬RbFanPUmi VDC cas;RBwTa§carü ¦ -Bt’manesdækic©sgÁm ¬RbCaCn muxrbrFnFanFmµCati¦ .

-RkumBiPakSaCMrabCUneKalbMNgénkarsikSaRbmUl Bt’manBIPUmimuxrbr FnFanFmµCati karERbRbYlbrisßan -sMPasn_RkumGñkPUmi

-vaytMélkargarRbcaMéf¶ -r)aykarN_RbcaMéf¶ -RbCMuEpnkaréf¶ bnÞab;¬saVk;enAPUmi ¦

éf¶TI07-11-02 RBhst,i_

-karcUlrYmKUsEpnTIPUmi -karedIreFVIRtg;siucedayRkumGVkPUmi

-RbtiTinrdUvkal¬RkumGVkPUmi¦ -karERbRbYlmuxrbrnigktþabrisßan -cMNat;faVk;muxrbr

-vaytMélkargarRbcaMéf¶ -r)aykarN_RbcaMéf¶ -RbCMuEpnkaréf¶ bnÞab;¬saVk;enAPUmi ¦

éf¶TI 08-11-02 suRk

cMNat;fañk;nig karvivtþ FnFanFmµCatinigkar ERbRbYlktþapaøs;bþÚrbrisaßn

-Rkum GñkPUmi - nKrUbbnIkmµ -bgðajlT§pldl;GñkPUmi bBa¢IreQaµHGñkcUlrYm

cakecjBI PUmimk kMBg;FM

éf¶TI 09-11-02 esAr_

-r)aykarN_ -srr)aykarN_ rYmKañkñúgRkumsikSa cakecjBIextþkMBg;FM mkdl; PMñebj

Annex 9. Pictures from the field study ]bsm<½n§TI 9 ³ rUbPaBEdl)anmkBIkarsikSa

Village road. pøÚvenA kñúg PUmi Peam Kraeng village seen from the river. PUmiemIlBITenø

Peam Kraeng school. sa la eron enAPUmiBamERKg Piles of firewood. KMnr Gus

Cattle raising in the village.karciBa©wmeKaRkbI enAkñúgPUmi House of the village chief. pÞHRbFanPUmi

Fish pond behind the houses. RsHciBa©wmRtIenAxageRkaypÞH Floating rice field. val ERs RsUveLIgTwk

Placing stones to seasonal calendar. kardak;RKab;RKUskáúgRbGb;RbtiTinñrdUvkal Time ranking going on. karbnþeFVIkarERbRBUlFnFanFmµCati

Migrational ranking. cMNat;fañk;TIRkug cUlcitþrs; enA Villagers participate. kar cUlrYmrbs;GñkPUmi