FIELD MONITORING STATIONS NETWORK FOR SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Satyanto. K. Saptomo , Budi. I. Setiawan, Chusnul Arif, Sutoyo, Liyantono, I Wayan Budiasa, Hisaki Kato , Takao Nakagiri , and Junpei Kubota

the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network 2014 v. 37 Bandung, January 20-24, 2014

FIELD MONITORING STATIONS NETWORK FOR SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Satyanto. K. Saptomo 1*), Budi. I. Setiawan1), Chusnul Arif1), Sutoyo1), Liyantono2), I

Wayan Budiasa3), Hisaki Kato5) , Takao Nakagiri4) , and Junpei Kubota5)

1)Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

2)Dept. of Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia 3)Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia 3)Osaka Prefecture University, Japan

5)Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan  

E-mail: saptomo.sk@gmail.com * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +62-251-8627225

Abstract

¨  Field monitoring systems had been installed in six locations of interest for field weather and environment monitoring for the support the development of Integrated Water Resources Management in two watersheds, namely Saba in Bali province and Jeneberang in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The stations are situated in down, mid and upstream of the watershed with intentions to obtain information of variation of the weather and soil that represent the variations of the parameters in the respective watershed. The system includes automatic weather station, soil monitoring system and Field Router remote monitoring system which deliver data on daily basis through internet by using. The fields soil physical condition were also collected, so that by using the acquired data can be used almost directly to figure the water status of the field regarding to the agricultural practice in the locations. Data handling procedures had been developed to process the data and calculate the water balance of each field. The result had given the description of the current condition of each field which can be basis of local field water management assessment. This real time monitoring networks can support the water management in the watersheds which are facing water related risks due to land use change and climate change.

¨  Keywords: water resources, remote monitoring, climate change, agriculture water management

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

¨  Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is a comprehensive, participatory planning and implementation tool for managing and developing water resources in a way that balances social and economic needs, and that ensures the protection of ecosystems for future generations.

¨  The information from water monitoring system is important for the evaluation of present water management in the correlation to the effort of adaptation to increasing water scarcity and increasing water use efficiency.

¨  Field level monitoring system supplies real time condition of weather and soil at the location.

¨  This work aims to develop a field monitoring stations network to support the development of local integrated water resources management framework.

Available water

Water Utilization

Irrigation

Non-Irrigation

Activities

Industry

Domestic

Recreation

Agriculture Rainfall

Evapotranspiration

Percolation and seepage Quantity

Quality

Reprocess

Reused

Recycled

Run Off/Drain

Product

Water Productivity

Environmental Impact

Quantity

Quality

Environment Bypassed Water

Flow of the Water

Water Utilization

Irrigation

Non-Irrigation

Rainfall

Evapotranspiration

Percolation and seepage

Run Off/Drain

Bypassed Water

Quantity

Quantity

Focus Research : Efficiency at Field Level

To clarify at the current irrigation regime :

-  Quantity of supplied irrigation -  Quantity of crop water requirement

(evapotranspiration) -  Quantity of losses (percolation, run off) -  Possible safe able water

IRRIGATION WATER EFFICIENCY

LOCATION AND NETWORK

the Sites

Bogor Agricultural University

Saba (Bali) Stations

Jeneberang (Sulawesi) Stations

• Two sites with contrasting socio-economic background but have been facing similar problem of water availability in recent years that might be caused by the occurrences of climate and land use changes. • Saba Watershed has a long historical water management background which involved many aspects of nature and human life which is widely known as Subak system • Jeneberang Watershed applies a modern approach based water management with the establishment a newly established Bili-bili Dam.

SABA WATERSHED – BALI ISLAND

JENEBERANG WATERSHED – SULAWESI ISLAND

Field Monitoring Network

Field Monitoring Stations

Watershed   Location   Elevation (m)   Coordinate  

Saba  

Downstream  Lokapaksa  

20-40   S 8°12'42.44", E 114°55'45.19"  

Midstream   Titab  200   S 8°16'16.43", E

114°58'2.87"  

Upstream   Umejero  680-700   S 8°17'1.43", E 115°

2'13.00"  

Jeneberang  

Downstream   Kampili  0-20   S 5°22'56.40", E

119°26'21.60"  

Midstream   Bisua  20-40   S 5°18'10.20”, E

119°30'51.00"  

Upstream   Malino  860   S 5°16'31.20", E

119°51'6.00"  

Saba Basin (Bali)

Jeneberang Basin (Sulawesi)

Kampili

INSTRUMENTATION

Sensors and Parameters

¨  Solar radiaton ¨  Air temperature and

humidity ¨  Wind Speed and

direction ¨  Soil temperature ¨  Soil EC ¨  Soil Moisture ¨  Soil Potential

Field Stations

•  Weather Station

•  Soil Sensors

•  Field Router (Remote monitoring system)

•  Monitoring bridge

•  Measured every 30 min

•  Daily data upload to server via Wireless Internet

•  Data storage and management (dropbox)

DATA MANAGEMENT

Data Flow

Measurement on site

Measurement on site

Measurement on site

Measurement on site

Measurement on site

Measurement on site

Web Server Stored Data

Cloud Storage

Stored Data

Lab. Data Processing

Clients

Online Data Acquisition

Data Processing

Data Summary

No Parameter Daily Data Methods 1 Rainfall Total daily (mm) Summation 2 Radiation Total daily (MJ) Numerical integration (trapezoid

method)

3 Temperature Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 4 Relative Humidity Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 5 Wind speed Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 6 Barometric pressure Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 7 Evapotranspiration

(ETo) Total daily (mm) Summation

8 Soil moistures Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 9 Soil Temperatures Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 10 Soil EC’s Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 11 Soil water potential Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max 12 Soil water table Average, Min, Max Average, Min, Max

Data Sharing

RESULTS

Saba Upstream

Saba Mid Stream

Saba Downstream

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

11/1/2012 12/1/2012 12/31/2012 1/30/2013

pF

VW

C (

m3/

m3)

Lokapaksa

0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4 FWC m³/m³ PWP m³/m³

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

pF

VW

C (

m3/

m3)

Titab

0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4 FWC m³/m³ PWP m³/m³

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1-Jan-13 16-Jan-13 31-Jan-13 15-Feb-13

pF

VW

C (

m3/

m3)

Umejero

0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4 FWC m³/m³ PWP m³/m³ 10-15 MPS-1 Water Potential

Soil Moisture and Saturation Regimes of Saba Fields

Soil moistures at all depth were always above field capacity , and soil water potential was below pF 2 during growing period

Soil moistures at all depth were always above field capacity , and soil water potential was below pF 2 during growing period

Soil moisture was above field capacity

Water was sufficient during recorded period

Jeneberang Upstream

Jeneberang Mid Stream

Jeneberang Downstream

-0.800

0.200

1.200

2.200

3.200

4.200

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

20-Dec-12 4-Jan-13 19-Jan-13 3-Feb-13 18-Feb-13

pF

VW

C (

m3/

m3)

Bissua

0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

1-Jul-12 16-Jul-12 31-Jul-12 15-Aug-12 30-Aug-12

pF

VW

C (

m3/

m3)

Kampili

0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3 15-20 Soil VWC 4

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

25-Jan-13 9-Feb-13 24-Feb-13

pF

VW

C (

m3/

m3)

Malino

0-5 Soil VWC 1 5-10 Soil VWC 2 10-15 Soil VWC 3

15-20 Soil VWC 4 FWC m³/m³ PWP m³/m³

10-15 MPS-1 Water Potential pF

Soil Moisture and Saturation Regimes of Jeneberang Fields

Soil moistures at the surface layers sometimes fell below permanent wilting point (PWP). But At lower layers were above PWP and soil water potential was below pF 2 during growing period

Soil moistures at all depth were almost always below PWP, and soil water potential was betwen pF 2 and 4 during growing period. Corn planted partially groundwater irrigated land.

Early growing rice field, ponded with standing water

Water was sufficient and partially sufficient during recorded period

Problems

¨  Less solar energy in rainy season as the only energy source for battery recharge.

¨  Poor gsm connectivity as the key of remote monitoring in some sites

¨  Sites natural condition and human activity that lead the stations to malfunction

¨  Less human resources for trouble shooting

Concluding remarks

¨  Field monitoring systems that had been installed in six locations of interest for field water balance monitoring.

¨  Data is regularly delivered, downloaded, processed and distributed by using remote monitoring networks, data processing spreadsheet and cloud storage.

¨  The system is adequate for the project and can improve research efficiency by increasing efficiency data acquisition and reduce travels for data download.

¨  Some results suggest both water sufficiency for some fields and insufficiency for others.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

¨  This presentation is based on the work carried out

under the Project C-09-Init “Designing Local Frameworks for Integrated Water Resources Management” which is supported by Research Institute for Humanity and Nature.