The NAADS programme is designed to make extensionadvisory services more responsive to farmers’ needs.

Issue 16

Newsletter of the Sasakawa Africa Association

Inside

Technology is available—infrastructure is the obstacle

page 3

Expansion of theSAFE programme

page 6

New QPM hybrids in Ghana

page 12

Policy assistance in Tanzaniapage 18

Feeding the Future

April 2001

Uganda—new approachesto agricultural extension

The Laureates were cited “fortheir unique, two-decade

collaboration that led tobreakthrough achievements in thedevelopment of quality proteinmaize (QPM)—which stands togreatly improve nutrition forhundreds of millions of people indeveloping countries.”

continued on page 4

continued on page 4

Pioneering QPM scientistsawarded World Food Prize Two CIMMYT scientists—Drs Evangelina

Villegas and Surinder K. Vasal—shared theMillennium World Food Prize on 12 October 2000,in Des Moines, Iowa, USA.

Great strides have been made in the recovery ofUgandan agriculture over the past 15 years,

driven largely by expansion in cultivated areas andliberalisation of the economy. The country hasregained its position as the largest coffee producer on the continent, the tea industry has beenrevitalised, a small export-oriented horticultureindustry is emerging, and maize exports to Kenyacontinue to grow.

Dr Surinder K Vasal. Dr Evangelina Villegas.

Concerned with sources ofagricultural growth for the

future, the government hasdeveloped a new plan based upontwo strategic pillars—raisingoverall agricultural yields andproductivity and diversifyingsmallholder production patternsinto a mix of higher-value, export-oriented commodities, along withlower-value food staples.

Developed by a broadconstituency of stakeholders—officials and politicians, farmers,NGOs, civil society, and thecommunity of donors—the newplan places a high priority onagricultural research andextension, and especially onimproving the process oftechnology generation and transferthrough the decentralisation ofactivities, greater participation ofpotential users, and improvedutilisation of knowledge found inlocal communities.

2

News from The Carter Center

Global 2000 update

During his visit to Nigeria in July last year, former US PresidentJimmy Carter inspected SG 2000 maize management trainingplots (MTPs) at New Maro in Kaduna State. Here PresidentCarter and Federal Government officials receive a brief fromDr Kasim, programme manager of Kaduna AgriculturalDevelopment Programme (ADP) on the SG 2000 soybeanMTP, owned by Gorin-Gora Women’s Group.

Trachoma is the world’s leading cause of preventable blindness,and can be avoided by the adoption of simple hygiene

techniques such as face and hand washing. Those techniques, known as the SAFE strategy, are the primary weapon in the waragainst the disease.

In 2000, The Carter Center teamed with Helen Keller Internationalto assist Niger’s Ministry of Health to begin education projects in 30endemic villages. Sudan’s Federal Ministry of Health also launchedits Trachoma Control Programme (TCP), aided by the Lions-CarterCenter Sight First Initiative and a special donation of Zithromax TMfrom Pfizer Inc. The Center also works with the Ministries of Healthin Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, and Yemen, to establishprogrammes and increase awareness of trachoma.

Trachoma

In 2000, the Global River Blindness Control Programme (GRBP)assisted in the treatment of almost 7 million people, reaching over

14,000 villages in Africa and Latin America. River blindness can becontrolled with a single dose of MectizanR (donated by Merck &Co) given orally once or twice each year. Since its inception in1996, the GRBP has helped distribute more than 28 milliontreatments of MectizanR in Africa and Latin America. This year,The Carter Center expanded GRBP into Ethiopia and is preparingto launch a major treatment programme in 2001 targeting 250,000 treatments.

River blindness

The Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) Eradication Programme recentlylaunched a demonstration programme in partnership with the

Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health. The programme will illustratehow the disease can be effectively controlled and eliminated throughhealth education and drug treatment at the community level.

In 2000, over 131,000 people were treated with a combined therapyof MectizanR and Albendazole. A consortium for LF elimination,which includes The Carter Center’s LF Programme, was awardedUS$20 million by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation todemonstrate levels of LF eradication under epidemiologicalconditions around the world.

Lymphatic Filariasis

The Carter Center also is assisting Nigeria’s Federal Ministry ofHealth to combat schistosomiasis through health education and

drug treatment. Efforts include the integration of this programmewith The Carter Center’s ongoing community treatment of riverblindness and lymphatic filariasis.

The disease can be controlled with a single dose of praziquantelgiven orally once a year. The Carter Center has received donations ofthis drug from Medochemie Company, Bayer Pharmaceuticals andShin Poong Pharmaceutical Company. The first statewide treatmentsbegan in October 1999 in two states in central Nigeria. Since then,nearly 53,000 people have been treated, resulting in improved nutritionand cognitive ability, especially in young children. Efforts to encourageand secure additional donations of praziquantel will continue.

Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

The Carter Center’s Global 2000 healthcareprogramme to overcome preventable diseases

continues to make progress.

I n July 2000, The Carter Centerhonoured seven countries that

have been Guinea Worm free forat least one year. FormerPresident Jimmy Carter and Dr. Donald Hopkins, AssociateExecutive Director of The CarterCenter’s Health Programmes, werethere to congratulate Cameroon,Chad, India, Kenya, Pakistan,Senegal and Yemen on theirachievement.

“Those of us who have witnessedfirst-hand the ravages GuineaWorm inflicts on people, knowthat having no new cases of thedisease for a year is a significantturning point,” said Dr. Hopkins.

In 1986, when The Carter Center’s

Seven nationscelebrate GuineaWorm eradicationanniversary

Global 2000 Programme joinedthe global eradication campaign,the disease was prevalent in morethan 20 African and Asiancountries, infecting 3.5 millionpeople. Today, the global burdenof disease has been reduced by98 percent.

The Carter Center is now focusingon the 13 African countries stillafflicted. Five countries and 10northern states of Sudan are on theverge of halting transmission ofthe disease. Uganda reported zerocases of Guinea Worm during thelast two months of 2000. Lessthan 100,000 cases were reportedduring 2000, with about 73percent of these occurring inSudan. Hydro-Polymers donated9 million pipe filters to assist theSudan programme’s fight againstGuinea Worm in 2001. The goalis to stop disease transmission inall countries except Sudan, by theend of 2001.

3

Editorial

Technology is available—infrastructure is the obstacle

Dr Norman E Borlaug,SAA President.

Largely because of high

transportation costs, the price

of fertiliser at the farm gate in

Africa is often double—and

sometimes triple—what a farmer

in an industrialised country would

pay. Similarly, the price at the

farm gate for produce is often as

low as 50 percent of the market

price in urban centres.

For example, it costs about US$25 to ship a tonne of maize from aUS farm in the Corn Belt to a USGulf port, some 1,000 km away. Ittakes another $US 45 to ship thattonne all the way to Mombasa—a16,000 km journey. In contrast, itcan cost as much as US$ 100 toship the same tonne of maize fromMombasa to Kampala—only a1,000 km distance, not to mentionshipping that same tonne onwardbeyond the capital city. This pointsto the particularly high transportcosts facing land-locked countries.

Efficient transport is needed to

facilitate production and enablefarmers to bring their products tomarkets, and intensive agricultureis particularly dependent onvehicle access. But today, mostagricultural production in Africa isgenerated along a vast network offootpaths, tracks and communityroads where the most commonmode of transport is “the legs,heads, and backs of women.”Indeed, the largest part of ahousehold’s time expenditure isfor domestic transport.

The conditions of the mainhighways in Africa have improvedsomewhat, even though thedensities of paved roads remainamong the lowest in the world.Massive donor-fundedrehabilitation projects have helpedgovernments to financerehabilitation. The World Bankalone has 32 projects in thetransport sector, with a totalcommitment of US$ 2.4 billion.However, the condition of local

roads—both in rural areas and inurban centres—is generally poorand worsening, as the volume andweight of traffic increase.

Reversing this trend will requirenew thinking, new partnershipsand new institutionalarrangements. Even if the publicsector could manage transporteffectively, the private sector willbe increasingly asked to helpfinance it. Today, experts arecalling for new types of public-private sector partnerships to buildand maintain integrated transportinfrastructure—from farms tocities to ports.

National governments, inter-regional associations, such as theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS) and theCommon Market for Eastern andSouthern Africa (COMESA), andlarge international donororganisations have important rolesto play in the future planning,financing, and management of

The availability of technology is not the limitingfactor for productivity growth in smallholder

agriculture in Africa. With the technology alreadyavailable, farmers can quite easily double and tripleyields in most of their food, feed and fiber crops. Theydo not adopt this technology because they remaincaught in a double cost/price squeeze—on inputs andon output.

The conditionof local roads

is generally poorand worsening,as the volumeand weight of

traffic increase

integrated and coordinatedsystems. However, small- andmedium-sized privateentrepreneurs and localgovernments and communitiesmust also be involved in thedevelopment and managementprocess.

Not only will improvements intransport systems and other ruralinfrastructure (especially potablewater and electricity) greatlyaccelerate agricultural productionand rural economic growth, theywill reduce rural isolation, thushelping to break down inter-ethnicanimosities and establish ruralschools and clinics in areas whereteachers and health practitionershave been unwilling to settle.

Finding the way to provideeffective and efficientinfrastructure in sub-SaharanAfrica underpins all other effortsto reduce poverty, improve healthand education, and secure peaceand prosperity.

About Sasakawa-Global 2000Agricultural projects of Sasakawa-Global 2000 are operated as jointventures of two organisations––Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA)and the Global 2000 programme of The Carter Center in Atlanta.SAA, whose president is Dr Norman E Borlaug, serves as the leadmanagement organisation for the SG 2000 projects in Africa.Working through The Carter Center’s Global 2000 programme,former US President Jimmy Carter and his advisers provide policyadvice to national political leaders in support of programmeobjectives. Funding for SG 2000 projects comes from the NipponFoundation of Japan whose chairperson is Ayako Sono and presidentis Yohei Sasakawa.

Kilometres of paved roads per millionpopulation in selected countries

Km Km

USA 20,987 Guinea 637

France 12,673 Ghana 494

Japan 6,584 Nigeria 230

Zimbabwe 1,586 Mozambique 141

South Africa 1,402 Tanzania 114

Brazil 1,064 Uganda 94

India 1,004 Ethiopia 66

China 803

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the Year 2000

Foundation, which has not onlyfinanced the SG 2000 QPMtechnology transfer programme,but has also provided support tothe QPM research programme atCIMMYT. “Strong backstoppinghas also come from The CarterCenter, with President and Mrs.Carter rarely missing a chance topromote QPM wherever theytravel.”

The first woman ever to receivethe World Food Prize,Evangelina Villegas, said at theawards ceremony, “I am gratefuland happy to be co-recipient ofthis award because it will raiseawareness about malnutrition. Iknow QPM will not solve all theworld’s nutrition problems, but itcan certainly help.”

SG 2000 joins in saluting thesetwo outstanding scientists fromthe Maize and WheatImprovement Center (CIMMYT)and the many other colleagues atinternational and nationalinstitutions around the worldwho have worked tirelessly tobring this nutritionally superiormaize to the fields and homes ofsmall-scale farmers.

SAA President, NormanBorlaug, is proud of the role thatSG 2000 has played in the QPMrenaissance. “SG 2000 staff, ledby Dr. Wayne Haag, have beeninstrumental in QPMintroduction in sub-SaharanAfrica, beginning with thecollaboration in Ghana in 1990with scientists from the CropsResearch Institute.

“Today, high-yielding, disease-resistant QPM varieties andhybrids are being growncommercially in Ghana, Benin,Guinea, Malawi, Burkina Faso,Uganda, and Mali,” Borlaugadded, “and Ethiopia and Nigeriawill soon follow suit.”

“This has been a team effort,”says Borlaug. “We are verygrateful to the Nippon

4

Pioneering QPM scientistsawarded World Food Prize

policy guidelines and a regulatoryframework. The NAADSSecretariat will help districts andsub-counties develop the capacityto participate in the programme.Farmers (through farmers’ forums)together with sub-countyadministrations will manage theprocesses of planning, financingand contracting the serviceproviders.

The new approach in Ugandastands in sharp contrast to pastextension programmes in anumber of ways. It moves awayfrom monolithic and civil serviceheavy structures by explicitlyencouraging plurality in extensionproviders and methodology.Perhaps most importantly, theNAADS design is an attempt tomake extension advisory servicesmuch more directly responsive tofarmers’ self-identified needs.

Private sector roleNAADS is one component of abroader strategy (the Plan for theModernisation of Agriculture—orthe PMA) by the Ugandangovernment to stimulatedevelopment in the agriculturaland rural economy. A policy andregulatory environment is beingdesigned to encouragedevelopment of private sectormarketing and distribution chainsfor modern inputs (includingcredit, fertiliser, seeds andequipment) and for farm products.Complementary investments havealready been made to give freeuniversal primary education.More specific measures areplanned to improve rural andagricultural education. Thelandmark legislation provides formore secure property rights toland for men and women. Finallythe government is reinforcing itscommitment to improve ruralinfrastructure—especially roads,transport, potable water, andelectricity systems.

continued from page 1continued from page 1

Uganda—new approaches to agricultural extension

A central component in thisstrategy is the new NationalAgricultural Advisory ServicesProgramme (NAADS), launchedin early 2001. The first phase willrun for seven years, with anestimated cost of US$107 million.The World Bank (IDA) and theInternational Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD) will finance$62.5 million and ten other donorswill finance $28.5 million, withthe government (national, districtand sub-country levels) andfarmers financing roughly $16million. The programme is to beimplemented by a newly createdNAADS Secretariat.

DecentralisationMajor reforms of agriculturalextension are planned underNAADS. These include furtherdecentralisation of extensionresponsibilities, from the districtto the sub-county level;contracting extension servicesfrom a range of providers;involving farmers in programmeplanning, evaluation, anddecisions about extensionproviders; establishing cost-sharing between national and localgovernments and farmers; and thecreation of more effectiveoperational links between farmers,markets, extension workers, andagricultural researchers.

Approximately 65 percent of theNAADS resources will finance thecontracting of extension services.Opportunities will be created for arange of players (including privatesector, the National AgriculturalResearch Organisation (NARO),universities and technical traininginstitutes, NGOs, and farmerassociations) to bid for providingsuch services.

The Ministry of Agriculture,Animal Industries and Fisheries(MAAIF) will ensure that NAADSoperates within well-defined

Countries that will be growing QPM by 2003.

5

Mucuna – restoring the soil’s nutrients

Killing noxious weedsIn a growing number of SG 2000project countries, the use ofMucuna (Mucuna pruriens) isbeing promoted as a soil nutrient-improving and weed-smotheringcover crop. Mucuna can restore upto 120 kg N/ha to the soil and canalso shade out and kill noxiousweeds, such as spear grass(Imperata cylindrica). Mucuna isadapted to ecologies with a broadrange of precipitation (1,000-2,500 mm annual rainfall) and canbe grown as a sole crop or inassociation with other crops, suchas a relay crop with maize.

Benin was the first SG 2000project country where thedissemination of Mucuna wasactively promoted. This followed adevelopment-oriented research

project of the Ministry of RuralDevelopment (MDR), theInternational Institute of TropicalAgriculture (IITA), and the RoyalTropical Institute of theNetherlands in 1990-91.

Promoting MucunaStarting in 1992, SG 2000 workedclosely with MDR extensionservices to support a dynamicMucuna promotion programme. In1993, some 3,000 farmers weretesting Mucuna and by 1996,around 10,000 farmers wereinvolved. Suppression of Imperatawas the first benefit identified byfarmers who, in many instances,had abandoned these weed-infested fields. After one cycle ofgrowing Mucuna as a sole crop inthese fields, Imperata infestationwas reduced by 90 percent. After

two or three cycles, it waseliminated. Maize grain yieldsincreased by approximately 1.0t/ha, due to the additionalnitrogen. When phosphorus andpotassium were also added, yieldsincreased up to two t/ha overtraditional farmer practices.

Increasing yieldsPromotion of Mucuna use has alsobeen undertaken in other SG 2000project countries, especially inGuinea, where over 800 farmerdemonstrations and differentexperimental plots at researchstations have been grown between1996 and 2000. Rice, maize andsorghum yields have beenincreased by 0.5 to 1.5 t/ha.

SG 2000 Guinea has also beenworking with women’s groups onhow to utilise detoxified Mucunagrain in everyday foods, in similarpreparations as with cowpeas andsoybeans.

One drawback of Mucuna is that itcontains a substance known as L-Dopa, which can be poisonousif eaten in quantities above1,500mg. SG 2000 Guinea hasbeen working with scientists at theWorld Hunger Research Center atJudson College in Elgin, Illinois,in search of simple and economicmethods to detoxify Mucuna.

Expanding populations and food requirements insub-Saharan Africa have pushed farmers onto

more marginal lands and led to a shortening in thebush/fallow periods previously used to partially restoresoil fertility. With more continuous cropping on therise, organic material and nitrogen have been rapidlydepleted, while phosphorus and other nutrient reservesare being depleted slowly but steadily. This is havingdisastrous environmental consequences, such asserious erosion and weed invasions. However, some ofthese alarming trends can be minimised if farmersgrow a green manure cover crop.

Animal feedOne such method of detoxifyingMucuna for animal feed purposesis now employed in Guinea.Following a procedure suggestedby Ruiz Sesma of Merida,Mexico, Mucuna seeds aredetoxified for 24 hours (ifcracked) or 48 hours (if whole) infour percent Ca (OH)2. Thismethod reduces L-Dopa levels toabout 0.1 percent. Two studies areunderway using Mucuna meal toreduce fishmeal by 30 percent inbalanced poultry feed ratios.Weight gains and egg productionare equal or better than thestandard ration. Higher levelsof substitution are planned forfuture studies.

Unfortunately, the samedetoxification method cannot beused for human consumption asthe treatment renders the Mucunaa very dark colour. Existingmethods involve variouscombinations of cracking the seedinto smaller pieces, soaking andboiling it. However, thesetechniques are still too laborious ifMucuna is to become aneconomically viable human food,especially for home processingand utilisation by small-scalefarmers. Nonetheless, the ‘greenmanure’ Mucuna, as a cover crop,is continuing to make a substantialimpact.

SG200 training in Guinea––food preparations using Mucuna.

Starting in 1992, SG 2000 worked closely with Benin extensionservices to support a dynamic Mucuna promotion programme,to contol the noxious weed Imperata and to improve soilfertility.

In September 2000, 70professionals from 13 African

countries, including universityvice-chancellors, rectors and deansfrom selected agriculturaluniversities and colleges, seniorofficials from ministries ofagriculture and education, andrepresentatives from private sectororganisations, attended Workshop2000 in Accra and at theUniversity of Cape Coast. Thetheme of the workshop was“Bringing African universities andcolleges more into agriculturaldevelopment.” For a full reportsee page 7.

Africa’s political leaders, too, arerecognising the importance of theSAFE programme—partly throughthe achievements of the SAFE

students. The then Vice-Presidentof Ghana, John Atta Mills, openedWorkshop 2000. In Uganda, amonth later, President YoweriMuseveni presided over thegraduation ceremony at MakerereUniversity for 2,000 newgraduates. The award for the bestoverall student went to AnnetteOgema, a Kenyan, who enrolled inthe SAFE programme in her owncapacity.

The occasion marked thegraduation of the first group ofmid-career extensionists from theDepartment of AgriculturalExtension Education at Makerere.Eleven students passed—four menand seven women. Nine studentsachieved an upper second classdegree, “an unusually good

6

SAFE

University of Cape Coast, Ghana

Alemaya University, Ethiopia

Makerere University, Uganda

Sokoine University,Tanzania

Kwadaso AgriculturalCollege, Ghana

Sub total

BSc

MSc

PhD

Sub total

TOTAL

Mid-career BScand Diploma Courses Graduated Current Total

Scholarships Graduated Current Total

result,” commented SAFEDirector, Deola Naibakelao.

At Alemaya University ofAgriculture (AUA) in Ethiopia, thesecond class of mid-career BScprogrammes graduated in 2000.In July, a second batch of 19students—18 men and one woman—graduated after successfullycompleting their BSc inagricultural extension education.Two students graduated withdistinction, “further confirmingthat despite many years out ofschool, these experienced andhighly motivated field extensionstaff are well capable of followingacademic programmes,” says JeffMutimba, the programme joint-coordinator for SAFE’s partnerinstitution, Winrock International.

The SAFE programme facilitatedand funded a study tour toMakerere for three facultymembers from Alemaya. Theobjective of the visit for the stafffrom both universities was to shareexperiences on the development oftheir respective programmesincluding the structure of theircurricula and the challenges andsustainability of the programmes.

The two-year BSc agriculturalextension course at the Universityof Cape Coast “continues to growboth in terms of numbers ofstudents and in the quality of theprogramme,” says Moses Zinnah,the programme joint coordinatorfrom Winrock International. Atotal of 100 students, including 22women, have graduated since the

The Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education(SAFE) continues to expand its activities.

Concentrating its efforts on establishing and partiallysupporting BSc and Diploma university programmesfor career agricultural extension workers primarilyfrom SG 2000 project countries, the SAFE programmenow has been involved with 599 students enrolled atfive African institutes of learning—and a growingnetwork of institutional partnerships across Africa.

SAFE statistics 1993-2000

101

47

11

-

-

159

76

95

44

100

63

378

177

142

55

100

63

537

15

37

3

55

214

-

7

-

7

385

15

44

3

62

599

SAFE students at a conservation tillage demonstration inKumasi, Ghana.

programme was launched inNovember 1993.

The graduates include sixNigerians and one Mozambican.“Fifty-two students are currentlyconducting their off-campusSupervised Enterprise Projects inrural farming communities, while25 students are doing course workon the UCC campus,” notes DeolaNaibakelao.

At Kwasdaso AgriculturalCollege, 63 students are enrolledin a Diploma course, including 18women. This new diplomaprogramme, the first under theSAFE initiative, is the first stepabove the certificate held by mostAfrican extension workers.

The SAFE programme is set toexpand to Ahmadu BelloUniversity in Zaria, Kaduna Statein Nigeria. A workshop held atthe university last Octoberexamined the curriculum andfunding requirements forlaunching a BSc agriculturalextension programme.

The SAFEprogramme is

set to expand toAhmadu BelloUniversity inZaria, Kaduna

State in Nigeria

7

Partnerships

Whilst spending hundreds ofmillions of dollars during

the last two decades onstrengthening agricultural researchand extension, Africangovernments and the internationaldonor community have neglectedformal agricultural educationinstitutions, spending only a fewmillion on the capacity building ofthese institutions.

An international workshop,organised by the Centre for AppliedStudies in InternationalNegotiations (CASIN), on ways ofbringing African universities andcolleges more into the agriculturaldevelopment process, was held inGhana, September 4-6, 2000, inAccra and at the University ofCape Coast (UCC). Leaders frommore than a dozen Africanuniversities and colleges came tointeract with decision makers fromministries of agriculture, NGOs,private agribusinesses, and theinternational donor and technicalassistance agencies.

Workshop sessions focusedprimarily on the challenges ofproviding continuing educationopportunities for experienced mid-career extension workers, the vastmajority of whom have not hadopportunities to pursue muchformal education at universitylevel. They lack critical skills intechnical agriculture, farmercommunications, identifyingfarmer problems, and developingand implementing programmes thatmatch the needs of farmers,

Dr Borlaug’s citation acknowledged “your distinguished service to thisuniversity, the international community of universities and tohumanity…”

Yohei Sasakawa’s citation referred to his contributions to the developmentof agriculture throughout Ghana, while “several other African countrieshave benefited from your concern and generosity through the funding ofvarious projects in agriculture and health.”

Also commended in the citation were the grants SAA has provided tohelp build and equip the Sasakawa Centre, including computers for theCentre library, and a soft loan to help build 16 chalets. The chalets willbe used to generate income from workshop groups using the SasakawaCentre facilities.

A distinguished gathering of academics witnessed the ceremony.On the far left is UCC’s Vice Chancellor, Samuel K Adjepong.

The Sasakawa Centre at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana,was dedicated in 1995. Facilities include accommodation for 75students, a conference centre and group discussion rooms.

Workshop 2000: capacitybuilding at African universities

Conferment of HonoraryDoctorates on NormanBorlaug and Yohei Sasakawa

Norman Borlaug and Yohei Sasakawa wereawarded honorary degrees by the University of

Cape Coast at a special ceremony held duringWorkshop 2000. They were the twenty-third andtwenty-fourth recipients of this honour since 1972.

The fifteenth policy conference organised by the Geneva-basedCASIN, in Kampala in June, will address the impact of the changing

environment on food security in Africa. Funded by the NipponFoundation and sponsored by SAA, Workshop 2001 will bring togetherministers of agriculture and policy makers from SG 2000 countries,senior representatives from the World Bank, bilateral developmentagencies and agribusiness companies and other specialists on the issuesto be covered.

The workshop will be chaired by Dr Borlaug, former US President JimmyCarter, Nippon Foundation President Yohei Sasakawa and ChairpersonAyako Sono.

Workshop 2001 in Uganda—sharing good practices

agribusinesses and consumers.

UCC has been a pioneer in thedevelopment of responsive trainingprogrammes for mid-careeragricultural extension staff inAfrica. SAA and its NGO partner,Winrock International, have playedkey roles in this endeavour.

In his address, UCC ViceChancellor, Samuel K Adjepong,acknowledged the scepticism as to“whether most African agriculturaluniversities are addressing theactual problems faced by ruraldwellers,” noting that “manyAfrican universities seem morepreoccupied with the need touphold ‘academic rigor’ at theexpense of offering responsiveprogrammes that deal with the realneeds of the larger society withinwhich they are supported.”

“Major shifts are occurring in thedelivery of agricultural advisoryservices in sub-Saharan Africa,”said Christopher Dowswell, SAADirector for ProgrammeCoordination. “In the future therewill be a range of providers ofgovernment-funded extensionservices to small-scale farmers,including NGOs, farmers’associations, private agribusinesses,and government organisations.”

Workshop participants took the firststeps in outlining a strategicframework—including additionalfunding—for the development ofagricultural education andextension courses in Africanuniversities and colleges.

8

Agroprocessing Programme

“The main advantage of ourequipment lies in its design byIITA,” says Toshiro Mado, theagroprocessing programme leader.“Each piece of equipment isdesigned to take into considerationthe characteristics of crops as wellas agricultural and humanengineering factors. Some of thepostharvest machines are manuallyoperated while others use a smallpetrol engine as a power source.IITA’s postharvest equipment isportable, easy to handle, has goodmobility, and is therefore suitablefor women.”

Developing linkagesA further objective of theagroprocessing programme is todevelop linkages betweenagriculture and light industry bypromoting equipment that can befabricated by local manufacturers.Plans are underway to developformal networks that can representthe interests of agro-industrialequipment manufacturers andclients, and help ensure greater

availability of equipment andspare parts.

The agro-processing programmehas also become increasinglyinvolved in promoting the use ofimproved and high-capacitythreshing machinery. Ethiopianfarmers, for example, have begunto adopt the IITA multicropthresher and have purchased some50 units manufactured locally.The thresher can be used forseveral different crops such as teff,wheat, maize and barley.

“More efficient on-farm grainthreshing is important not only tohandle larger harvests, but also toreduce postharvest losses,” saysToshiro Mado. “Ethiopianfarmers usually arrange for oxento thresh harvested crops. This isa time-consuming and relativelycostly process, which also causespostharvest losses.”

Many small-scale farmers cannot,of course, afford the cost of athresher–but arrangements can bemade to bring its benefits tofarmers in the deepest corners ofthe countryside. Dr J W Jeon, anagricultural engineer who has longbeen associated with theprogramme, has providedtechnical support to a privateequipment manufacturer inAwassa who has now constructedan improved donkey cart to carrythe thresher and hire it out tofarmers.

“In the process it was found thatthe production cost of theimproved donkey cart was lessthan the conventional cost,” saysMado, “so there are benefits allround.”

Evaluation exerciseAfter six years, Mado believes thatthe time has come to evaluate the

The improved donkey cart is used to transport the IITA-designed multicrop thresher to farmers in Ethiopia.

SAA and the International Institute of TropicalAgriculture (IITA), in Ibadan, Nigeria, have beencollaborating since 1994 in a project to introduceimproved tools and simple machines for small-scaleagroprocessing—thereby diminishing the drudgery ofmanual processing, particularly for women who domost of the processing and marketing of food crops in Africa.

Sales of selected agroprocessing equipmentin Benin and Ghana, 1995–2000

Type of equipment No. of Units

Cassava grater 223

Double screw press 213

Palm Digester 57

Multicrop thresher 39

Wet grinder 18

Each piece of equipment isdesigned to take into consideration

the characteristics of cropsas well as agricultural andhuman engineering factors

IITA’spostharvest

equipment isportable, easy tohandle, has goodmobility, and is

thereforesuitable for

women

effectiveness of the programme—and this exercise will be heldduring 2001. The focus of theevaluation will be in Benin andGhana where over 330agroprocessing machines havenow been made by localmanufacturers and purchased bylocal entrepreneurs in order togenerate income.

Strengtheningcapacity“These entrepreneurs,” notesMado, “are not only generatingtheir own income but are alsoproviding a service to neighboursin towns and villages. Ourprogramme is therefore aiming tostrengthen the capacity of thethree different types ofbeneficiaries—machinerymanufacturers, medium-scaleagroprocessors and householdlevel agroprocessors. Our strategyis to establish effective linkagesbetween all three through fielddemonstrations and support for amanufacturers’ network.”

Mado is confident that “projectassessment will enable us tocollect more basic informationthat will, in turn, enable us toimprove our own performance.”

9

Between 1992 and 2000, some167 individual village-based

microfinance associations, calledCREPs (Caisse Rural d’epargne etde prêt), came into being, with atotal of some 35,000 members. Atthe end of the SG 2000 fieldprogramme in 1998, SAAmanagement felt that a nationalassociation could help tostrengthen the financial viabilityof individual CREPs and alsoprovide leadership to a jointagricultural extension programme,which would be conducted incollaboration with the Ministry ofRural Development. Afterconsultation with individual CREPleaders, FENACREP was born in1999 with SG 2000 financialsupport, under the leadership ofDr Bernadin Glenhouenou, andguided by a Board of Directors.

FENACREP has succeeded inaffiliating 67 CREPs withapproximately 22,000 membersand has been able to attractspecialised financial and technicalsupport from the UNDPMicrostart Programme and Care

International, as well as creditlines from the Financial Bank, aprivate Beninoise bankinginstitution.

From 28 November to 5 December2000, SG 2000 carried out anassessment exercise, comprising ofChris Dowswell and MasaMinagawa from centralmanagement, JD von Pischke, amicrofinance consultant, MarcelGaliba, former SG 2000 countrydirector in Benin, together withcolleagues from Care Internationaland the Ministry of RuralDevelopment.

Various aspects of FENACREPoperations were examined:

1. Agricultural extension,production and processing.

2. Services to members (seed,fertilisers, health centre,commercial stores).

3. Financial statements,governance, savings and loans.

It was recommended thatFENACREP set up a new, moreproactive agricultural programme,based on a participatory diagnostic

exercise, and a market-drivenanalysis of potentially profitableagricultural activities andenterprises (new crops, livestockproduction, agroprocessing, etc).

FENACREP has been offeringinput services to its members—fertiliser being the maincommodity. It has been able tonegotiate lines of credit fromSONAPRA, the parastatal cottoncompany, and HydroChem-Benin,a private concern, to supplyfertiliser to its members. In 1999,about 2,400 tonnes and in 2000,about 1,300 tonnes weredistributed to members, all oncredit. Today, the Federation isconfronted with a serious problemrecovering these credits, andfacing a crisis if it is notsuccessful.

The Assessment Missionrecommended that commercialactivities, such as input supply,should be handled in the futurethrough a separate, but affiliatedentity. Moreover, to reduceassociated risks, only partial creditshould be offered.

CREPs have shown muchcreativity and responsiveness tolocal circumstances (changes ininterest rates), but savings do notrun very high, and outstandingcredit outstrips savings in over 50

Benin/Fenacrep

country profilesSG 2000

SG 2000 today provides financial support to theFédération nationale de caisses rurales d’epargne etde prêt (FENACREP), an outgrowth of its previouswork with participating smallholder farmers.

Benin’s CREP movement – mobilising savings and offeringcredit in rural communities.

Women’s groups benefit from the food processing activitiesbeing supported by the CREP movement.

percent of cases. Although savingsand loans have increased, longer-term deposits are still not wellunderstood. Management systemsare adequate, but the non-remuneration of some managersshould be remedied. Also, greaterefforts should be made to federatesome of the informal CREPs thathave relatively good potential.

The Assessment Missionperformed an analysis(income/asset ratio) based on thedata it was given. Ten CREPs wereclassified as having an ‘excellent’financial performance, 18 a‘medium’ performance, and 31either a ‘poor’ performance or as‘non-viable’. Recommendationswere made which should enableFENACREP to carry on with itsconsolidation programme in orderto become a profitable co-operative federation, not reliant onexternal financing.

Three mutual health associations(Caisses Villageoises de Mutuelleset de Santé Rurale) have beenorganised among the 67 federatedCREPs, and these are wellreceived by the members. MoreCREPs wish to be served andFENACREP is looking for NGOpublic health partners to helpestablish health clinics as part ofthe CREP process.

10

Burkina Faso

“The challenges of the Sahel areimmense,” comments countrydirector Marcel Galiba, “The 1997drought was replaced, in someareas of Burkina, with floods in1999—and, last year, much drierconditions again. These extremesrequire a long-term approach,particularly in combatingproblems such as soil fertility.”

Having started its programme inBurkina in 1996, in partnershipwith the Ministry of RuralDevelopment, SG 2000 nowoperates in eight regions of thecountry. A major thrust of theprogramme is to improve andmaintain soil and nutrient levels.As Marcel Galiba says, “thenutrient balance sheet is red for allnutrients.”

The rising population has alsoincreased pressure on the land,resulting in shortened fallows.Galiba believes that more trainingis needed to teach farmers thebenefits of improved fallowthrough the promotion of legumes,such as the new Mucuna, knownas rajada, which has a shortercycle than the more commonlygrown variety.

The importance of extension—or,in Galiba’s words, puttingextension first—was emphasised

last year by SG 2000 in a “back tobasics" programme which stressedthe central role of the productiontest plot (PTP)—supported bydykes, fallow and improvedcompost at village level. Over196 villages had been included inthis programme up to last year.

But, as in Mali (see page 15),concerns arose over the recoveryrates for inputs, which werereaching an average of no morethan 50 percent. The overallnumber of villages in the Burkinaprogramme was therefore reducedto 165—and villages which hadgraduated from the programmewere supported by productionplots (PPs) with inputs providedon a cash basis. Some 344 PPswere planted in Burkina last year.

Mamaba, introduced last year inBurkina, is a follow-up to the firstopen-pollinated Quality ProteinMaize (QPM) variety Obatanpa,which was named Ma Songo inBurkina. “Mamaba, being ahybrid variety, should enableprogressive farmers to increasetheir yields,” says Marcel Galiba.“Mamaba has a high yieldpotential. If it is adopted on alarge scale, a training programmeon hybrid production should beimplemented. So far, all seed

has been purchased from Kumasiin Ghana.”

Despite erratic rainfall, maizeyields in the programme were notdiscouraging, ranging between 1.9and 4.8 t/ha. Mamaba yieldedbetween 1.5 and 6.5 t/ha. Riceyields averaged 3.9, sorghum 1.2and millet a disappointing 0.8 t/ha.Many farmers still regard the useof fertilisers on sorghum andmillet as risky and prefer to investin maize, particularly QPM, whichcan provide a better return. A total of 141 villages wereinvolved in planting maize ascompared to 37 for sorghum, 23 for rice and 19 for millet.

After five years in Burkina, one ofSG 2000’s priorities was to

produce a logical framework forfuture activities. A workshop washeld from 29 January to 2 February in Tenkodogo, 150 kmfrom Ouaga, for this expresspurpose. The 35 participantsincluded representatives from theWorld Bank and the International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD).

The workshop helped to clarifythe mission of SG 2000 Burkina,improve relationships betweenorganisations and individualsinvolved in the project, set up anagreement basis and ease projectmanagement. It also allowed SG2000’s partners to understandbetter the programme and itslimitations.

Following poor rainfall last year, Burkina Faso nowfaces a severe shortage of cereals—a deficit of

442,100 mt and a decrease of 31 percent comparedwith 1999. Emergency food aid is now being planned.

Improving soil fertility, including the use of phosphate-enrichedcompost, is a major SG 2000 programme component.

Soil fertility restoration and improvement:results of 2000 rainy seasonSites Villages Dykes Improved Organic matter

(ha) fallows (compost &rock phosphate)

Centre 24 50 105 85

Centre Est 27 280 375 207

Centre Ouest 9 13 170 75

Centre Sud 36 275 39 43

Comoé 8 50

Mouhoun 16 15 110 62

Hauts Bassins 27 98

Sud Ouest 15 32 20

Total 162 633 979 492

Examples of PTP yields and traditionalyields, 2000 rainy season (kg/ha)

Sites QPM Rice Sorghum Millet

PTP Trad. PTP Trad. PTP Trad. PTP Trad.

Centre 960 435 481 245 201 167

CentreEst 2110 2207 1570 333

CentreOuest 1820 960 950 500 700 500 590 400

CentreSud 1484

Comoé 3800 1642 3650 1764 1764

Mouhoun 1884 1488 1710 1300 1075 800

HautsBassins 3181

SudOuest 2531 780

Average 2221 1131 1859 1188 956 515 375 283

11

In 2000/01, the rains weresteady and close to normal

across most of the country.Government figures show that12.6 million tonnes of cerealswere produced, 43 percent morethan the previous year, making the2000/01 harvest the best inEthiopia's recorded history—butthe bottleneck problems remain.Meanwhile, the Governmentremains committed to financing itsnational extension intensificationprogramme (NEIP) based on theSG 2000 technology transfermodel. Nearly four millionfarmers participated in NEIPduring the 2000/01 croppingseasons and six million aretargeted for participation in 2001/02.

During 2000, SAA conducted anassessment mission to take stockof the progress made in Ethiopian

While a considerable segment of the Ethiopianpopulation remains food insecure, the severe

threat of famine in the drought-prone areas of thecountry has subsided over the past few months.“Although there has been surplus food production inthe highlands,” comments country director MarcoQuiñones, “poverty and transportation bottleneckshave kept it from reaching many needy people,especially in the lowland areas.”

agriculture since the SG 2000programme began in 1993. TheSAA Board approved an extensionof the SG 2000 programme foranother five years, and endorsedthe proposed SG 2000 Ethiopiaprogramme to focus more on newstrategic interventions both in thehigh-potential highlands and in themore marginal production areas.

StrategicinterventionsIn 2000/01, 658 extensionmanagement training plots(EMTPs) were established, ofwhich 375 concentrated onconservation tillage practices.Other demonstration plots wereimplemented in wheat, to promotethe use of the broad bed maker(BBM) to improve the drainage ofexcess water from the heavy clayvertisols, and show the advantages

Ethiopia

of line planting to improve weedcontrol and increase seed rate andfertiliser-use efficiency. SG 2000has also been promoting the use ofimproved sorghum varieties withgenetic resistance to the parasiticweed, Striga, in lower-elevationareas with less moisture. Resultsfrom this work have beenpromising.

SG 2000 began its conservationtillage demonstration programmein 1998 with an initial focus onmaize, adding wheat in 1999 andteff and sorghum in 2000.Conservation tillage saves labourin land preparation and weedcontrol, helps to combat soildegradation and conservemoisture, and has consistentlyshown that yields are equal to, orbetter than, the best practices withconventional tillage.

PromisingQPM resultsDuring the last three years, SG 2000, in collaboration with theEthiopian Agricultural ResearchOrganisation (EARO), has beenpromoting the testing of qualityprotein maize (QPM). During thefirst two years, tests were limitedto on-station research sites.However, in 2000/01, the mostpromising QPM experimentalmaterials were tested extensivelyon farmers’ fields, with the aim ofidentifying one or two hybrids thatcould be released by thegovernment for commercialproduction. A final ruling has yetto be made, but promising resultswere obtained.

SG 2000 has continued to providestrong training support to frontlineextension staff. During 2000,theoretical and hands-on field

An SG 2000 assessment mission (from left to right):Dr Marco Quiñones, SG 2000 country director, a farmer fromJimma Zone, mission team leader Dr Ernie Sprague fromGlobal 2000 and Dr Tadesse Tekle Medhiu, a member of theassessment mission.

training in conservation tillagewas given to over 300 fieldextension staff and supervisors inthe Oromiya and Southernregions. SG 2000 also assisted inthe general in-service training of600 field staff from the mainagricultural regions.

SG 2000’s agroprocessingprogramme, in collaboration withthe IITA post-harvest engineeringunit, has been training Ethiopianblacksmiths in the manufacture ofthe IITA-designed multi-cropthreshing machine. In 2000,technicians from four newmanufacturers were trained atEARO’s Melkassa ResearchCentre. Some 50 machines havenow been built.

Wheat fertilisationSG 2000, in collaboration withEARO, the Maize and WheatImprovement Centre (CIMMYT)the Ministry of AgricultureExtension Services, and theOromiya Bureau of Agriculture,published the results of a studythat developed more precise area-specific recommendations forwheat fertilisation in the Arsi Zoneof Oromiya. Similar studies arealso planned for other crop andproduction areas.

In 2000/01,Ethiopia producedthe best harvest

of cereals andpulses in the

nation’s history

SG 2000 has been promoting the use ofimproved sorghum varieties with geneticresistance to the parasitic weed, Striga, inlower-elevation areas with less moisture.

Results from this work have been promising

12

Ghana

In July 2000, SAA conducted anassessment mission of the SG

2000 programme, which has beenin operation in Ghana since 1986.The mission findings werediscussed with the SAA Board ofDirectors, which approved a three-year extension of the project.During this period, it is expectedthat SG 2000 will change its modeof operation, in keeping with thedecentralisation of governmentservices to the district level,including agricultural extension.Because SG 2000 budgetaryresources are more limited than inearlier years, the Board urgedSG 2000 Ghana management to

concentrate SG 2000 efforts in arelatively few number of districts,integrating various programmeofferings—crop production, post-harvest, agro-processing, trainingand institutional capacity-building—so that these districtscould serve as demonstrationlocations for other areas.

ImprovedpartnershipsFor SG 2000, the last year hasseen the development ofstrengthening partnerships withlocal government and ruralinstitutions. “District assembliesand rural banks fully appreciatethat our programme enhances theeffective and productive use of thedistrict assembly common fundsand other rural resources,” saysSG 2000 National Co-ordinator,Benedicta Appiah-Asante.“Furthermore 100 percentrecovery of past loans made toparticipating farmers has beenachieved.”

During the year 2000, seven ruralbanks provided financing to

farmers to grow extension testplots (ETPs) in their districts.During the annual NationalFarmers’ Day celebrations, SG2000 presented one districtassembly—Nzema East—with anaward for collaborating effectivelywith the programme in improvingthe lives of Ghanaian farmers.

Of the 1,600 ETPs grown in 2000,maize accounted for nearly 80percent of crop coverage, withrice, legumes and other crops—such as sweet potato and chillipeppers—making up the rest.

The quality protein maize (QPM)programme continues to expand,with 1,271 demonstration plotsbeing planted—three fourths withthe QPM hybrid, Mamaba, andone-fourth with the open-pollinated QPM variety, Obatanpa.“The hybrid variety recorded a 20per cent higher yield over theopen-pollinated variety,” saysBenedicta Appiah-Asante.

Developing newvarietiesThe QPM programme isundertaken in collaboration withthe Grains and LegumesDevelopment Board (GLDB), theCrops Research Institute (CRI),and the Ghana Seed InspectionDivision (GSID). Some 400farmers and 100 extension staffwere trained in “hybridproduction” during this period.New QPM varieties and hybridscontinue to be developed andtested by CRI. Three ‘extra-early’and ‘early-maturing’ QPMexperimental varieties, along withnine normal maize varieties, wereevaluated at ten locations.Considerably more Obatanpabreeder seed was produced in2000 compared with 1999.

The victory of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) at thepolls and the election of President Kufuor in

January has ushered in a new era for Ghana. MajorCourage Quarshigah has been appointed Minister ofAgriculture in the new government.

The QPM variety Obatanpa is now being grown on200,000 ha.

QPM contribution“Ghana is a key research player inthe development anddissemination of QPM,”comments Appiah-Asante. “Elevensub-Saharan African countries—Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Côted’Ivoire, Guinea, Mozambique,Uganda, Malawi, South Africa,Zimbabwe and Ethiopia—havereceived QPM varieties andgermplasm produced in Ghana.”

Conservation tillage technologycontinues to be transferred tosmall-scale farmers in the Brong-Ahafo and Ashanti regions, whereit is received with enthusiasm. Inthis work, SG 2000 iscollaborating with CRI, MOFA,Monsanto and its local distributor,Dizengoff, and a project supportedby the development agency, GTZ.The World Bank and FAO havealso pledged to supportconservation tillage in Ghana.Some 440 conservation tillageverification/demonstration plotswere grown by participatingfarmers last year.

The missionfindings werediscussed withthe SAA Board

of Directors,which approved

a three-yearextension ofthe project

For SG 2000, the last yearhas seen the development of

strengthening partnerships with localgovernment and rural institutions

Mothers participating in a baby nutrition study.The study, usingQPM-based gruel, has been ongoing for four years in the Ejuradistrict of the Ashanti region, in collaboration with the Ministryof Food and Agriculture (MOFA), the Crops Research Instituteand SG 2000. Babies weaned on QPM have better growth andhealth than those weaned on gruel made with normal maize flour.

13

Guinea

SG 2000, in collaboration with theService National de PromotionRural et Vulgarisation (SNPRV),increased its production test plot(PTP) programme to 3,906 PTPsin 2000—of which over half wererice. The number of maize PTPswas also increased, reflecting thegrowing popularity of qualityprotein maize (QPM) in Guinea.Soybean has also been increasingin importance, with 141 PTPs lastyear as opposed to only a handfulin 1999. Promotion of the ‘green

There was a further sharp decrease in riceimports—Guinea’s major food crop—last year,

with a 26 percent reduction compared to the previousyear. This downward trend in rice imports, which hasbeen evident for the past four to five years, is the resultof the concerted effort of the Ministry of Agricultureto raise domestic rice production. SG 2000 has playeda role in supporting the national rice productioncampaign.

manure’ legume, Mucuna,continued with training in thedetoxification procedures to renderthe grains safe for humanconsumption and for poultry feed(see page 5).

Overall, some 10,000 farmersparticipated in the PTPdemonstration programme in2000, which covered an area of1,175 ha. Some 227 tonnes offertiliser were used and 50 tonnesof improved seed. Additionalinputs included mold-board

ploughs, multi-crop threshers,motor pumps, sprayers, smallagricultural tools, and plantprotection chemicals.

The rice intensificationprogramme to raise yields andcultivate two or three crops in thesame year in the waterloggedlowland areas produced 9 t/ha ofrice in two harvests, followed by athird harvest of legumes.

About three quarters of Guinea’srice area is found in uplandregions, where it is grown underrainfed conditions. “Intensificationof upland rice production involvesthe choice of a good, early ricevariety, moderate amounts offertiliser and the planting of alegume under conservation tillageimmediately after the rice isharvested,” comments countrydirector Tareke Berhe.

He observes that the new varieties,produced by the West African RiceDevelopment Association(WARDA), “mature in 90 to 100days, making it possible for asecond crop to be cultivatedduring the 6 to 8 month rainyseason.”

Strengthening institutional andhuman capacity are importantobjectives of the SNPRV/SG 2000programme in Guinea. Workingwith the Institut de rechercheagronomique de Guinée (IRAG)and the SNPRV, over 800 farmerswere trained in QPM, soybean and

Mucuna food processing and 119farmers participated in narrow-crib construction, as part of thepost-harvest programme. EightGuineans spent two weeks on astudy tour in Uganda andEthiopia, examining mechanismsfor input sales and distribution.

SG 2000 Guinea supports 12women’s groups and twoagricultural youth clubs. Threepost-graduate students finishedone year of practical training atthe end of 2000. There are cost-sharing programmes with the sixnational research centres, theAgricultural University ofFaranah, two intermediate collegesof agriculture, WARDA, theNational Extension Service andthe Regional Ministry of Health inMamou.

Last November, SG 2000 helpedto finance the first Guinean SoilFertility Researchers Workshop,held in Labé, to exchangeinformation and create aninformation network forresearchers. Meanwhile, anational soil fertility action plan—under the World Bank’s SoilFertility Initiative—is in its finalstages of implementation.

During 2001, says Tareke Berhe,“more emphasis is being given topost-harvest activities, soil fertilityrestoration, agroprocessing, andthe training of seed producers andinput dealers.”

Dr Borlaug and Guinea’s First Lady, Mrs Henriette Conte, withbabies weaned on Obatanpa at a QPM village in Boké Region.

PTP results in 2000 Crop Region No. of Yield Average

PTPs range yield(t/ha) (t/ha)

Rice Kindia 264 1.4-4.0 3.3

Mamou 93 1.8-3.5 2.5

Labe 170 0.6-3.8 2.6

Faranah 451 1.4 - 5.0 3.2

Kankan 302 1.2-5.3 2.4

Macenta 168 2.1-3.8 2.5

Boke 476 1.5-3.7 2.5

Nzerekoure 165 1.2-4.3 2.7

Rice All regions 2,089 0.6-5.3 2.8

Maize Kindia 5 1.5-2.5 2.2

Mamou 92 0.9-4.3 2.4

Labe 400 0.4-6.0 2.6

Faranah 211 1.2-4.6 2.9

Kankan 178 1.2-3.4 1.8

Macenta 40 0.6-3.0 1.7

Boke 168 1.8-3.9 3.1

Maize All regions 1,094 0.4-6.0 2.4

Other crops All regions

Groundnuts 340 1.9-3.5 2.3

Soybeans 141 0.8-1.9 1.2

Mucuna 213 0.4-0.9 0.8

14

Malawi

One of the graduated MTP farmers stands in front of hisirrigated production plot at Chingale Zomba, part of theMachinga ADD.The one hectare plot is expected to yieldaround 79,500 green cobs.

Increased maize production inthe 1998/99 and 1999/2000

seasons was due to a big jump innational yield levels, which haveincreased from 994 kg/ha in1996/97 to 1,714 kg/ha in1999/2000. This increase has beendue to intensification campaigns—such as the massive “starter pack”programme of improved seed andfertiliser for 1,000 m2, supportedby the European Union and the SG2000 programme—and good anduniform rainfall in the majority ofthe maize-growing areas.

“SG 2000 has clearly demonstratedthat maize grain yields of eightt/ha tonnes are possible,” saysValencia. While improved yieldsare necessary and important,Valencia notes, “the collapse inprices also points to the need todiversify production and add new

crops to the farming systems.”

He remains concerned about theeffectiveness of extension advice,especially in pest control.“Although field assistants havereceived training in pest control,this knowledge is not beingapplied to help farmers controlinsect pests in their fields and ingrain storage.”

During 1999/2000, 2,003 maizemanagement training plots (MTPs)were established in four regionalAgricultural DevelopmentDivisions (ADDs)—Blantyre,Machinga, Lilongwe and Mzuzu.Average MTP yields ranged from5.2 t/ha in Machinga to 7.3 t/ha inMzuzu.

Some 3,366 MTPs—almost all ofthem in maize—are beingestablished during the currentmaize season in five ADDs.

Rainfall began early in most partsof the country “and prospects forthe MTPs look excellent,”comments Valencia.

The season started last Septemberwith in-service training courses forfarmers, SG 2000/ADD co-ordinators, SG 2000/RuralDevelopment Project (RDP) co-ordinators and field assistants fromthe ADDs. Two blockdemonstrations per RDP have beenestablished with the objective ofshowing farmers and fieldassistants the new hybrid seedavailable in the country from threeprivate seed companies—theNational Seed Company ofMalawi, Pannar Seed Company,and the Seed Co-op Companyfrom Zimbabwe.

Conservation tillage technology—to reduce soil erosion, conserve

moisture, and reduce labourrequirements—is also a priority.Conservation tillage training isconducted in each of the RDPs ofthe five ADDs participating in theSG 2000/Ministry of Agricultureand Irrigation programme.Seventy plots have already beenestablished with minimum tillageacross the country. Collaboratorsinclude the National SeedCompany of Malawi, Monsanto,SG 2000 Nigeria, and SG 2000Mozambique.

During the winter season lastyear, SG 2000 supported rice seedmultiplication of five new varietiesselected by scientists from thenational research system. Thesenew varieties will be tested with farmers on upland rice next season.

Maize MTP yields, 1999-2000 season

ADD

Blantyre Average 5.6

Chiradzulu/shire 28.0 284 1.8-9.0 5.3

Thyolo 10.0 95 3.1-5.5 4.5

Mwanza 6.0 64 5.6-7.6 7.0

Phalombe 14.0 139 1.6-8.1 4.2

Mulanje 7.0 70 3.7-5.5 4.7

Machinga Average 5.2

Balaka 4.0 40.0 2.5-5.7 3.7

Kawinga 3.0 30.0 3.7-5.1 4.4

Mangochi 5.0 50.0 3.6-7.1 5.7

Namwera 38.0 381.0 3.2-7.8 5.4

Lilongwe Average 5.6

T/Lifidzi 18.9 189.0 3.3-8.5 5.7

Dedza Hill 6.0 60.0 2.7-5.8 4.6

Ntchew 6.0 60.0 2.6-7.4 5.3

Lilongwe east 7.0 69.0 5.3-8.8 7.3

Lilongwe west 13.0 131.0 3.3-6.6 5.3

Mzuzu Average 7.3

Rumphi 8.9 89.0 4.2-15.0 7.0

Central Mzimba 8.8 88.0 4.9-10.4 6.5

South Mzimba 8.0 80.0 6.1-9.6 8.4

Average for all ADDs 5.6

Totals 199.2 2,003.0

RuralDevelopmentProject(RDP)

No. offarmers

No. ofhectares

Rangeper

ADD(t/ha)

Averagegrain

yield perhectare(t/ha)

Maize is the major food staple in Malawi, whichhas one of the highest per capita consumption

rates in the world. During 1999 and 2000, Malawi hadthe largest maize harvests in its history, averagingnearly 2.4 million tonnes—almost double the level of1996/99—and even exported some 67,000 tonnes in2000. However, the surplus production seriouslydepressed maize prices, which, at the farm gate,dropped as low as $45 per tonne in 1999/2000,compared with $111 per tonne in 1998/99. “At suchlow grain prices, it will not be profitable to employhigh-yielding production practices,” says countrydirector José Antonio Valencia.

involved in anti-erosion activities,including the building of dykes orrock bunds, planted with livehedges, which break watermomentum and allow betterretention. Collective actionis a must.”

15

Mali

Erratic rainfall—a recurring problem in the Sahel—caused a serious cereal deficit in Mali in the year

2000. Rainfall in both 1998 and 1999 “was extremelygood”, comments country director Marcel Galiba, “butpoor rains last year led to a decrease in cerealproduction of 18 percent—and an overall deficit of147,000 tonnes.” Maize production especiallysuffered. Production test plot (PTP) yields averaged1.8 t/ha in 2000, compared to 3.1 t/ha in 1999.Sorghum yields were less affected, with the PTPaverage of 1.4 t/ha, only slightly below 1999. Theaverage millet PTP yield, at 1 t/ha, was 30 percentbelow 1999.

Proud farmer with a fine crop of sorghum nearing maturity.

SG 2000 maize efforts in Mali,says Galiba, “are concentrated onoff-season planting in irrigatedareas.” In 2000, the programmeadded off-season maize productionin the Mopti region, whileexpanding the number of maizeplots in Niono, one of thecountry’s largest irrigationschemes.

QPM expansionIn the Office de Niger area—witha potential of one million ha ofirrigated land, 1,075 productionplots (PPs) of 1 ha, 18 PTPs(2,500 m2 each), and 13 villageschemes have been planted withthe quality protein maize (QPM)variety, Denbanyuman, based onObatanpa from Ghana. AtBaguinéda, 300 PPs, 49 PTPs andsix village schemes have beenplanted with Debanyuman; atSélingué, 15 PTPs and 11 villages;at Mopti, 314 PPs, eight PTPs and four villages.

Denbanyuman was introduced forthe first time in the irrigatedperimeter of Baguinéda during the1997 off-season, with theobjective of breaking the cycle ofcontinuous rice-cropping. ThisQPM variety is proving popularwith farmers and average yields ofbetween 2.7 and 3.3 t/ha are beingrecorded.

Year 2000 results “are currentlybeing evaluated with our partners

in the Ministry of RuralDevelopment,” says Galiba, “andwe will be planning the 2001 rainyseason programme accordingly.”

Input loan recoveryAn important part of theprogramme review will be thesuccess achieved in the recoveryrates of input loans to farmers.Concerns arose last year thataverage recovery rates haddropped to 50 percent or less,except in Niono, where inputswere on a cash basis and wererecovered in full. After a series ofmeetings with SG 2000’s partners,it was decided to drop thosevillages which had not adequatelyrepaid their loans—and

Soil fertility restoration and improvement, 2000 rainy season

Sites

Koulikoro 26 0 0 2,600 10 0

ODRS 2 0 0

Segou 16 28 5 2,430 24 24

Mopti 8 102 0 420 24 33

OHVN 4 7

Total 56 130 5 5,450 58 64

Villages Vegetalisation(ha)

Dykes(ha)

Trees(no. ofplants)

Improvedfallows

Organic matter(compost

& rockphosphate)

Note:The low rate of vegetalisation is due to the difficulty of procuring enough plants to protect and reinforcethe dykes. Many potential species have been identified, such as ziziphus and euphorbia. Village nurseries couldprovide a solution.

concentrate on those villageswhich had.

“We are shifting our emphasis tothe quality of our PTP portfoliorather than quantity, per se,”Galiba commented. “Thus, only132 villages will be retained in theMalian programme next year.”

Collective actionImproved erosion control is acentral theme in the SG2000/Ministry of RuralDevelopment programme. Causedby wind and water, erosion takesaway sand, clay, organic matterand nutrients from the soil. “Tocontrol erosion,” Galiba explains,“the whole village must become

Improvederosion control

is a central theme in the

SG 2000/Ministryof Rural

Developmentprogramme

16

Mozambique

were also planted. Most of theinputs for demonstration plotspurchased by SG 2000 are nowbeing purchased by MADRthough PROAGRI—the publicsector’s agricultural investmentprogramme.

AgroprocessingWayne Haag also reports“considerable interest in theIITA/SAA cassava agro-processing equipment, particularlyin Nampula and Imhambaneprovinces.”

Eng Inacio Nhancale, the SAFEstudent who recently completedhis BSc at the University of CapeCoast in Ghana, has returned toMozambique to head up theconservation tillage programme.Dr Miloje Denic, an former maizebreeder with the SEMOC seedcompany, has moved to INIA, thenational agricultural researchorganisation, as technical adviserto the national maize programme,led by Eng David Maridote.

Maize prices in 2000 wereseriously depressed due to

a number of factors—includinglow market absorption capacity,high transport costs, and importedfood aid in response to the floods(rather than buying locally). Inconsequence, farmers were beingoffered the equivalent of US $30per tonne for maize, only aboutone third of the world market rate.Cotton prices have also beendepressed and, more recently,cashew nuts. Finally, increaseddemand in niche markets, such aspidgeon pea, has not materialisedas expected.

As a result, input loan recoveryfrom farmers participating in theSG 2000/DNER (NationalDirectorate for Rural Extension)demonstration programme hasbeen low. “Most of the credit wasprovided by private sector inputdistributors”, notes Wayne Haag.“Because of the very low producerprices, only about 50 percent ofthe credit has been repaid and theremainder has been rescheduled.”

S ince the end of its civil war in the early 1990s, percapita cereal production in Mozambique has

grown by 74 percent, an achievement unparalleled onthe continent. National maize production has increasedfrom 452,000 tonnes in 1990 to 1.1 million tonnes in2000, despite serious flooding in low-lying areasduring the past two years. However, the failure toprovide reasonable incentives for producers remains amajor factor limiting agricultural development inMozambique.

Local input supplyFertiliser has been in short supplyrecently, partly due to thesuspension of the KR2 fertilisersupplies provided by theGovernment of Japan. “Thissuspension has created anopportunity for local input supplycompanies to link up withfertiliser companies in SouthAfrica,” Haag notes. “With theassistance of the Ministry ofAgriculture and RuralDevelopment (MADR)/USAID/IFDC fertiliser project, somecredit lines have been establishedleading to small imports offertiliser, and seed and agro-chemical availability at provinciallevel has actually improved.”

The 1999/2000 demonstrationseason was quite good, especiallyfor maize and rice. However,sunflower demonstration plotswere planted too late and many ofthem did not reach maturity beforethe rains stopped, so yields werefairly low.

FavourablecomparisonThe quality protein maize (QPM)variety from Ghana, Obatanpa,was released under the name ofSussuma by the national maizeprogramme. A maize yieldexperiment grown at six locationsduring 1999/2000 reconfirmeddata from previous years, withSussuma yielding 4.6 t/ha, whichcompared very favourably to the

popular improved varieties,Matuba (4.4 t/ha), SEMOC-1 (4.2t/ha), and Manica SR (4.3 t/ha).

A total of 2,193 demonstrationplots are planned for the2000/2001 season. Maize is stillthe dominant crop with 1,431demonstration plots. Plans alsocall for between 50 and 100cotton, 30 soybean, 45 groundnutand 10 potato demonstration plots.Around 300 sunflower and 100field bean demonstration plots

The 1999/2000demonstration

season wasquite good,

especially formaize and rice

The availabilityof seed and

agrochemicalsat provincial

level hasimproved

A farm family in CaboDelgado display the seed,fertiliser and herbicide inputs used in theirdemonstration field.

Demonstration plots and traditional yields,1999/2000Province Crop No. of Average Traditional

demonstrations yield, yieldkg/ha kg/ha

Nampula Maize 720 2,831 974

Cabo Delgado Maize 170 1,767 444

Manica Maize 511 3,200 1,171

Sofala Rice 124 4,315 1,310

Gaza Rice 225 2,560 1,050

Manica Sunflower 24 421 205

17

Results, wheat MTPs, 1999-2000 season

Maize farmers participate in a national field day in Maska,Katsina State.

Nigeria

Initially the main objective wasto introduce improved maize

and wheat technologies through alarge-scale demonstrationprogramme. Over time,considerable diversification intoother crops of importance to thefarming system of the savannaecology has taken place. SG 2000’s reach, too, has beenextended across nine states—Kano, Kaduna, Jigawa, Katsina,Bauchi, Gombe, Kebbi, Sokotoand Zamfara.

I t is now nearly eight years since SG 2000 firstbegan operations in northern Nigeria. Since its

inception, the programme has been a joint operationbetween the state Agricultural DevelopmentProgrammes (ADPs) and the Federal Ministry ofAgriculture and Natural Resources.

Last season, despite below averagerainfall, farmers “recorded goodyields of millet, sorghum, maize,rice, sesame, soybean and cotton,”comments Dr Ahmed Falaki, SG2000’s national co-ordinator. “InKaduna and Jigawa states, farmershave increased their hectarages ofsoybean and sesame. SG 2000linked farmers in Jigawa state withAfri Agric Products, which haspurchased over 300 tonnes ofsesame from farmers for export.”

A total of 4,724 managementtraining plots (MTPs) wereestablished in the six mainSG 2000 states during the year2000 wet season—of which 3,216were hybrid maize plots. Some1,299 wheat plots are being grownin the 2000/2001 winter season,mainly in Jigawa and Kano states,in areas known as fadamas—small-scale irrigation on landsadjacent to the rivers.

National maize dayIn August last year, SG 2000, incollaboration with ADPs and the

State Hectares No. of Averagefarmers yield (t/ha)

Bauchi 9.8 35 4.7

Gombe 2.5 10 3.7

Jigawa 66.9 266 4.1

Kano 38 164 4.1

Totals 117.2 475 4.2

multiplication, quality control,promotion and utilisation of the various classes of seed,” saysDr Falaki.

ExpandingpartnershipsSG 2000 has continued to expandits partnerships with otherorganisations. Among thecollaborative activities are:promotion of the fungicide seeddressing, Apron Star, to controldowny mildew in millet, withNovartis; fertiliser demonstrationin cotton and cowpea with Dan-Hydro; and the demonstration ofnew maize hybrids with PremierSeeds. SG 2000 is also involvedwith state ministries of agriculturein promoting input marketing;demonstrations of new wheatvarieties with the Lake ChadResearch Institute (LCRI); andpostharvest training for extensionagents and farmers with theNational Stored Products ResearchInstitute (NSPRI). Work alsocontinues on integrated pestmanagement with IITA.

Federal Ministry of Agriculture,organised a national mass maizefield day at Maska town in KatsinaState. More than 2,000 farmers,extension workers, scientists, inputagencies, government officials andpolicy makers attended. Theseincluded the Minister of State forAgriculture, Dr Chris Ogbogu, theDeputy Governor of Katsina State,commissioners of agriculture andtraditional rulers from severalstates.

A national quality protein maize(QPM) programme for Nigeria isbeing established, following theholding of a one-day seminar onQPM organised by SG 2000 atAhmadu Bello University, Zaria,last December. Among thespeakers was Dr Ernest Sprague, amaize breeder and SeniorConsultant for Food Security atThe Carter Center.

SG 2000 staff have evaluated arange of QPM materials undervarious growing conditions. Thesematerials have come from theCrops Research Institute in Ghanaand the International Maize andWheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) in Mexico. Thebroadly-adapted QPM varietyfrom Ghana, Obatanpa, hasyielded well in Nigeria but is notcompetitive with hybrids.However, several QPM hybrids—from the Ghana and CIMMYTprogrammes—are competitive andshow considerable promise.

“A national QPM programme willco-ordinate all implementingagencies and will also be involvedin varietal development, seed

Last season,despite below

average rainfall,farmers recorded

good yields ofmillet, sorghum,

maize, rice,sesame, soybean

and cotton

SG 2000linked farmers inJigawa state with

Afri AgricProducts, whichhas purchased

over 300 tonnesof sesame from

farmers forexport

18

Tanzania

Tanzania has suffered from a major food shortageaffecting 11 regions as a consequence of the

drought, which afflicted much of East Africa last year.Near total failure of the vuli (short) rains wasexperienced in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions,followed by equally bad masika (long rains) in thoseregions. The result was a shortfall in the nationalproduction of cereals of over 300,000 tonnes in theyear 2000, leaving 2.7 million people in need of food aid.

While the drought wascertainly a problem,

Tanzanian agriculture over the pastdecade has not performed up toexpectations, and certainly not upto its potential. Fertiliserconsumption and the use ofimproved seeds have declined,cereal imports have increased, andthe export-oriented agriculturalsector has suffered from recentprice declines. FAO reports that,since 1990, per capita foodproduction has declined by morethan 20 percent and per capitacereal production by 36 percent.

Redirecting effortsIn 1998, after ten years of fieldcollaboration with the Ministry ofAgriculture extension services, SG 2000 ceased its direct fieldactivities in Tanzania. By thattime, participating small-scalefarmers had grown around 40,000 maize managementtraining plots (MTPs), with annual average yields rangingfrom 4.5 to 5.1 t/ha—compared toa national average yield of around1.3 t/ha. In addition, severalthousand MTPs of sorghum,pidgeon pea, and other legumeswere grown, again producing

yields significantly higher thanthose obtained with traditionalfarming methods.

Since that time, SG 2000 hasredirected its efforts to the policylevel. During the past 12 months,country director Dr MarcoQuinoñes has been activelyengaged with government andWorld Bank officials in developinga project to assist smallholderfarmers in restoring degraded soilresources and achieving greatergrowth in agricultural productivity.

“Continuous cropping withoutreplenishing soil nutrients haddegraded soil resources andaccelerated wind and watererosion. All these factors haveheld back the green revolution inTanzania,” says Quinoñes.

The government’s response hasbeen the Soil FertilityRecapitalisation and AgriculturalIntensification Project(SOFRAIP). “The core of thetechnical side of SOFRAIP wasdeveloped by SG 2000 staff, at therequest of the Tanzaniangovernment and with the approvalof the World Bank,” saysQuinoñes.

Policy changesThe project’s objectives areintended to restore and enhancesoil fertility by promotingimproved land husbandry andagricultural intensificationpractices through strengthenedproducer organisations—whilecontributing to the development ofprivate markets for inputs andoutputs. “This will be achieved bypolicy and regulatory changes,support for the private sector andproducer organisations, andcapacity-building of institutionsand people,” says MarcoQuinoñes.

Because HIV/AIDS is a majorthreat to the welfare ofsmallholder farmers, the projectwill pay particular attention toHIV/AIDS awareness and copingmechanisms, such as labour-saving technologies for affectedhouseholders. The project’s focuswill be mainly at the local level—village, ward, and district.

The SOFRAIP document has nowbeen submitted to the Bank andthe formal project appraisalprocess began in February 2001.Country director Marco Quinoñeshas been invited by thegovernment to participate on itsbehalf in the appraisal of theproject document. It is anticipatedthat the legal negotiations shouldbe completed before July. Oncethe legal approval is obtained,

Maize farmer, Babati.

funds hopefully will be madeavailable to the government by theend of 2001. This multi-milliondollar project will be spread over athree-year period, with theprovision of a second phasecontingent upon a successfulimplementation of the first phase.

Office re-openedThe SAA Board of Directors hasapproved a re-establishment ofselected SG 2000 activities inTanzania. An office has been re-opened and Dr. Quinoñes plans tospend several months per year inthe country, working withTanzanian and World Bankcolleagues to implementSOFRAIP. SAA is also addingnew professional staff to backstopSG 2000 efforts. In addition, theSAFE programme, incollaboration with WinrockInternational, continues to supportthe BSc course for mid-careerextension workers at SokoineUniversity.

The SAA Boardof Directors has

approved a re-establishment

of selectedSG 2000

activities inTanzania

The SAFE programme, in collaborationwith Winrock International, continues tosupport the BSc course for mid-career

extension workers at Sokoine University

and Luwero districts areparticularly committed to thistechnology transfer approach fromSG 2000.

Nalongo, the local name given forGhana’s quality protein maize(QPM) variety, Obatanpa, wasreleased officially in Uganda inNovember last year. Eighteentonnes of Nalongo seed are beingplanted on 750 ha in 2001 throughcollaboration with seed growers’associations and private seedcompanies. “Our target is toproduce 1,000 tonnes of cleanNalongo seed in this current year,”says Mike Foster.

19

Uganda

Country director Abu MichaelFoster sees growing evidence

that “partnerships between publicand private sector concerns aregenerating a growing momentumfor change.” One of the bestexamples of such collaborationhas been the government’s effortsto strengthen agricultural advisoryservices, concurrent with privatesector efforts to develop anefficient rural network of stockistsfor agricultural inputs.

Only four years after the initiationof SG 2000’s collaboration withthe Ministry of Agriculture,Animal Industries and Fisheries(MAAIF), more than 4,600farmers are self-financing theircrop demonstrations annually.“These farmer-demonstrators,”notes Foster, “purchase all therequired inputs on a cash basisfrom a network of private ruralstockists.”

In the first growing season lastyear, 300 extension workers andfarmer-demonstrators assistedsome 12,000 farmers in emulatingthe practices learnt atdemonstration and training events.

“It will be a major challenge for

extension workers to maintain anadvisory service that meets theprecision and variety of inputapplications demanded by farmersin increasingly large numbers,”says Foster.

In 2000, SG 2000 intensified itsactivities to link up more than 700parishes within the 18 districtswhere SG 2000 operates. Anadditional two districts, Mukonoand Jinja, also have substantiveprogrammes through collaborationwith independent farmers’associations. Of 237 stockiststrained during the year, 126 nowservice more than one millionfarming families within the 20districts participating in theprogramme. These numbers arereflected in the growth of fertiliserimports through the private sectorreaching around 15,000 tonnesduring the year.

Rebuilding and maintaining soilfertility is an integral part of theMAAIF/SG 2000 programme.Through collaboration with theNational Agricultural ResearchOrganisation (NARO), ICRISAT,the International Centre forResearch in Agroforestry

Agricultural intensification—the central policytheme for agricultural modernisation in Uganda—

continues to produce encouraging results. Ugandaproduced a bumper maize harvest last year—contributing to the nation’s growing levels of maizeexports. Cassava production reached a new high of 3.5million tonnes in 2000, 56 percent above the 1996harvest.

Only four yearsafter the

initiation of theSG 2000

programme,more than 4,600

farmers are self-financing

their cropdemonstrations

annually

Uganda’s Minister of Agriculture,Animal Industries andFisheries, Dr Wilberforce Kisamba Mugerwa (left), during a fieldtour of SG 2000 supported projects in Iganda district, easternUganda, with SG 2000 country director, Dr Michael Foster(right). During the tour, the minister emphasised to farmersthe importance of using improved seeds for better yields.

(ICRAF), and participatingfarmers, SG 2000 has beenassessing various opportunities formultiple cropping patterns wherecereals, roots and tubers, andvarious leguminous crops areintegrated. Recently, with theICRISAT regional programmebased in Nairobi, Kenya, SG 2000has been promoting theintroduction of pigeon peas intocereal-based farming systems todiversify farmers’ income earningopportunities and improve soilfertility. SG 2000 Uganda also co-hosted a travelling seminar ineastern Uganda and westernKenya in June 2000, with ICRAF,NARO, and KARI and KEFRIfrom Kenya, which was attendedby most senior SG 2000 staff.

Pigeon pea, groundnuts, commonbeans and velvet bean (Mucuna)have been multiplied over the lastthree years in farmer-to-farmerdistribution schemes. So far 557tonnes of legume seed have beenmultiplied on farmers’ fields.Next season 425 ha will beplanted using legume seedproduced from the multiplicationscheme.

Some 108 new animal tractiontool kits and ten ox carts wereplaced with farmers in 2000 and1,350 ha has been brought underoxen cultivation. Nakasongola

Yield comparisons of QPM Obatanpaand normal-protein Longe 1 maize varietyin verification plots in four districts, 2000

Source: Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute (NAARI), Kampala

District Obatanpa Longe 1

t/ha t/ha

Bugiri 4.3 3.9

Tororo 4.5 4.1

Mukomo 4.5 3.9

Mbale 5.1 5.0

Mean 4.6 4.2

20

32

SG 2000 publications and videos

Publications

Videos

For copies please contact Raitt Orr & Associates Ltd in London

For further information contact:JapanMasataka MinagawaGeneral Manager, SAAMichio Ito, Administrative OfficerToshiro Mado, Programme Officerc/o SPF, 3-12-12 MitaMinato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073Tel 81 3 3769 2093Fax 81 3 3798 5068E-mail minagawa@spf.or.jp

ito@spf.or.jptmado@pd5.so-net.ne.jp

MexicoChris DowswellDirector for ProgrammeCo-ordination, SAACIMMYTApdo. Postal 6-641Colonia JuarezMexico DF 06600Tel 52 5 804 2009/4Fax 52 5 804 7558E-mail cdowswell@cgiar.org

SwitzerlandJean FreymondDirector, CASIN7 bis, avenue de la PaixPO Box 1340, 1211 Geneve 1Tel 41 22 730 8660Fax 41 22 730 8690E-mail freymond@casin.ch

United KingdomPatrick Orr Information ConsultantRaitt Orr & Associates Ltd36 Buckingham Palace RoadLondon SW1W 0RETel 44 20 7828 5961Fax 44 20 7630 9750Fax 44 20 7828 0714E-mail patrick.orr@raittorr.co.uk

USAP. Craig Withers, JrDirector of Program SupportErnest SpragueSenior Agricultural ConsultantGlobal 2000 of The Carter CenterOne Copenhill453 Freedom ParkwayAtlanta, Georgia 30307Tel 1 404 420 3830Fax 1 404 874 5515E-mail cwither@emory.edu

And in Africa:

BeninDr Marcel GalibaSG 2000 SupervisorTel 229 30 22 18Dr Bernadin GlenouenouDirector, FENACREPSasakawa-Global 2000BP 04-1091 Cadjehoun, CotonouTel 229 300459Fax 229 300637E-mail sg2000b@intnet.bj

Burkina FasoMarcel GalibaSG 2000 Country DirectorTel 226 20 44 94Jean Babou BadoNational Co-ordinatorDeola NaibakelaoSAFE Director Sasakawa-Global 2000BP 01-6149, OugadougouTel/Fax 226 34 37 57E-mail sg2000@fasonet.bf

N.Deola@cgiar.org

EthiopiaMarco QuiñonesSG 2000 Country DirectorSasakawa-Global 2000c/o Ministry of AgricultureAgricultural Extension DepartmentPO Box 12771, Addis AbabaTel 251 1 510584Fax 251 1 510891E-mail m.quinones@cgiar.org

Ghana Benedicta Appiah-AsanteNational Co-ordinatorSasakawa-Global 2000Private Mail BagKotoka International Airport, AccraTel 233 21 660566Fax 233 21 660567E-mail benedict@ghana.com

Sg2000gh@ghana.com

GuineaTareke BerheSG 2000 Country DirectorSasakawa-Global 2000Rue KA 003 No 837BP 5348, ConakryTel 224 45 10 44Fax 224 45 10 45E-mail t.berhe@cgiar.org

MalawiJosé Antonio ValenciaSG 2000 Country DirectorCity Center Development House,Ground Floor,PO Box 30721, Private Bag A142Lilongwe 3Tel 265 771 182/364Fax 265 772 835E-mail saag2000@malawi.net

j.a.valencia@cgiar.org

MaliMarcel GalibaSG 2000 Country DirectorSasakawa-Global 2000BPE 3541, BamakoTel 223 75 14 38Fax 223 21 90 28E-mail m.galiba@cgiar.org

Sg2000@spider.toolnet.org

MozambiqueWayne HaagSG 2000 Country DirectorSasakawa-Global 2000Avenida Julius Nyerere 1339CP 4247, MaputoTel 258 1 490 004Fax 258 1 491 417E-mail w.haag@cgiar.orgSG 2000 Office, Ministry of Agriculture& Rural DevelopmentTel/Fax 258 1 460 575E-mail sg2000am@bilene.virconn.com

NigeriaJosé Antonio ValenciaSG 2000 Country DirectorSasakawa-Global 2000KNARDA Building, PMB 5190KanoTel 234 64 634890Fax 234 64 638190E-mail j.a.valencia@cgiar.orgOr Dr A A FalakiProject Coordinator for SG 2000IAR Ahmad Bello UniversityTel 234 64 645369/69 551867Fax 234 64 649224E-mail sg2000@samdav.com

TanzaniaMarco QuiñonesSG 2000 Country DirectorSasakawa Global 2000Haidery Plaza, 5th FloorPO Box 495, Dar es SalaamTel 255 22 21 28 221Fax 255 22 21 27 403E-mail m.quinones@cgiar.org

UgandaAbu-Michael FosterSG 2000 Country DirectorSasakawa-Global 2000Plot 15A Clement Hill RoadRuth Towers, Nakasero(Opposite UNDP building), KampalaTel 256 041 345497Fax 256 041 346087E-mail: sguganda@starcom.co.ug

amfoster@cgnet.comC/o Ministry of Agriculture,Animal Industries & FisheriesFSSP BuildingPO Box 452, Entebbe

• Proceedings of Workshop 1996 on Women, Agricultural Intensification, and HouseholdFood Security.

• Proceedings of Workshop 1996: Overcoming Rural Poverty in Africa.• Proceedings of Workshop 1995: Achieving Greater Impact from Research

Investments in Africa.• Proceedings of Workshop 1994: Strengthening National Extension Services in

Sub-Saharan Africa.• The Earth and the Sky––the change and challenges in African agriculture, (1998).

All videos are available in English and French. Video formats are PAL, Secam and NTSC.

* Also available in Japanese.

Feeding the Future is produced for SAA by Raitt Orr & Associates Ltd, London SW1and designed by B-Creative

Other publications available:

1. Setting the Grassroots on Fire––Norman Borlaug and Africa’s Green Revolution, (1999).*

2. Ethiopia, My Hope . . . My Future . . . The ‘Green Revolution’ in Ethiopia, (1998).* 3. Breaking the Mould. Bringing African Universities into Development, (1997).*4. Fulfilling the Promise. How nutritionally-improved maize can alleviate malnutrition

in maize-dependent countries, (1997).*5. Facing the Future. The SG 2000 Programme for Agricultural Development

in Africa, (1996).*6. You Can’t Eat Potential. Breaking Africa’s Cycle of Poverty, (1996).*

1 2 3

654

1. Proceedings of Workshop 2000: The Food Chain in Sub-Saharan Africa.2. Proceedings of Workshop 1999: Innovative Extension Education in Africa.3. Proceedings of Workshop 1998: Partnerships for Rural Development in

Sub-Saharan Africa.4. Proceedings of Workshop 1998: Microfinance in Africa. 5. Proceedings of Workshop 1998: Enhancing Postharvest Technology Generation

and Dissemination in Africa.6. Proceedings of Workshop 1997: Agricultural Intensification in Sub-Saharan Africa.7. SG 2000 in Nigeria––The First Seven Years (1999).8. This is SAA: An introduction to the work of the Sasakawa Africa Association.

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