FFD301 – ERGONOMICS 2015 – Ertan Demirkan (Vitruvius Man by Da vinci)

Human Anatomy

Human Proportions

Human Proportions

Human Proportions (Modulor by Le Corbusier)

Human Proportions

Anthropology Physiology Medicine Psychology Biological Sciences

Engineering ERGONOMICS

“Interdisciplinary science which studies the relationship

between people and their environment”

‘’ergon’’ work

‘’nomos’’ rules

Ergonomics is an istrument for designing

products, tools, equipments and

elements of spaces in such a way, to improve human

safety, health, comfort and

efficient performance.

* Maintain a comfortable & safe environment… * Reduce extra force and motions… * Keep everything in easy reach… * Work at proper heights… * Minimize fatigue … * Provide clearance…

The need for anthropometric data generated in military industry in the Second World War.

Several disciplines came together to solve the problems arising from the operation of the complex military equipments.

The result of this operation build up the foundation of the first ever national ergonomics society in 1949…

Noun an·thro·pom·e·try \ an(t)-thrə-ˈpä-mə-trē\

: the study of human body measurements especially on a comparative basis http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anthropometry

SHORT AVERAGE TALL

STANDING

1 Stature 150.5 167.5 185.5 2 Forward grib reach 65.0 74.3 83.5 3 Chest depth 21.0 25.0 28.5 4 Vertical grip reach 179.0 198.3 219.0 5 Eye height 140.5 156.8 174.5 6 Shoulder height 121.5 136.8 153.5 7 Elbow height 93.0 104.8 118.0 8 Knuckle height 66.0 73.8 82.5

SHORT AVERAGE TALL

SITTING

1 Sitting height 79.5 88.0 96.5 2 Sitting eye height 68.5 76.5 84.5 3 Sitting elbow height 18.0 24.0 29.5 4 Popliteal height 35.5 42.0 49.0 5 Elbow-grip lenght 30.Nis 34.3 38.7 6 Buttock-popliteal l. 43.5 48.8 55.0 7 Buttock-knee height 52.0 58.3 64.5

•What is the percentage of the user group we are supposed to design? • If Average %50 Then 50 percent of the group may suffer…

AVERAGE MAN DOESN’T EXIST !

The right percentage to fulfill the needs:

%95

How can we decide the height of a shelve?

•You must use the shortest arm dimension of the %95. •So that the shortest can reach .

•It will also function for the longer arms.

*the importance of the control… *the order in which the control operations are carried out… *the frequency with which the control is used…

•Design must allow enough space for the user in order to use that space or product.

•Than it will be the largest body of %95. •So it would also allow clearance for the others.

..???..

One such factor is that body sizes vary with age,sex,race,and even occupational groups… Difference between the shortest & longest brought out the adjustability.

Should be used in preliminary design for preparing the brief or list of general requirements. Also, it should be used during the design process for checking that nothing has been forgotten.

Corlett, Esmond Nigel and Thomas Stephen Clark. 1995. The ergonomics of workspaces and machines: a design manual. Second edition. CRC Press.

design and performance factors ergonomics considerations Functional requirements

Assign functions to hardware and operators according to abilities and characteristics of users, not just technical, economic and other considerations. Undertake task analysis.

Safety Utilise appropriate safety design procedures. General Refer to appropriate regulations and standards etc.

Identify hazards. Make appropriate design decisions. Remove hazard at source if possible, or provide barrier, guard or separation, or provide personal protection. Separate and/or protect from mechanical, electrical, chemical or other hazards. Separate and/or protect from extremes of temperature, noise, vibration and other environmental hazards. Minimise physical, mental and environmental fatigue or stress.

Physical workplace

Design working position and task to avoid strain and damage to the body, especially the back. Components and materials to be safely handled, manually or mechanically. Locate hazards beyond longest reach. Openings to be small enough to prevent access to hazards. Provide space for access and emergency exit. Minimise obstruction to physical action and vision.

Control design Assess information requirements. Choose and design controls for safe and efficient operation, considering requirements for force, speed, accuracy, feedback etc. Design to avoid accidental operation. Locate to avoid interference. Locate controls for safe, efficient and comfortable operation. Consider priority, frequency and duration of operation, speed accuracy and sequence. Locate emergency controls suitably. Controls should move in a direction compatible with display or system movement.

Display design Choose, design and locate displays for safe and efficient operation. Consider operational requirements, type of information presented, and what is to be done with the information. Avoid masking (interference) of communication warnings. Provide clear warnings, labels, instructions, manuals, etc.

Operability Body size Allow for a range of users to fit workstation and reach work and controls.

Note variations with sex, ethnic background etc. Posture Avoid fatiguing posture, except for infrequent, short duration tasks.

Allow changes of posture. Provide support (seating, handle, rails, arm-rests, foot-rests, work-tops etc.) where possible.

Movement Design for efficient handling (sequence etc.) Avoid static muscular work. Balance muscle groups (e.g. two-arm operation.)

Strength Design for variation (e.g. sex differences) and weakest proposed user. Choose limb or muscle group appropriate to the task. Consider maximum versus continuous effort. Consider location, magnitude, direction, distance, frequency and duration of forces. Use power assistance where appropriate.

Work capacity/rate Allow adequate rest pauses or change of task. Machine-paced tasks (work rate determined by machine) to be avoided. Provide buffer storage. Allow for effects of physical environment (temperature, noise, lighting, vibration) or work capacity.

Visibility Allow comfortable viewing posture. No visual obstructions: eye positions of users. Objects of suitable size versus viewing distance. Allow for visual defects, spectacles, colour defects.

Illumination Provide adequate illumination for task: general background, local, in-built. Design for poorest lighting conditions: brightness, shadow. Provide adequate contrast between object and background: lighting, colour, size, shape. Avoid glare by position and design of lighting, work-surfaces, material. Colours to be appropriate for task, safety, aesthetics.

Choice and design of controls

Select and design controls according to functional requirements.

Layout of controls Arrange work and controls according to priority, functional requirements and comfort: consider the importance for safety, frequency, duration, force, speed, accuracy, sequence and compatibility between controls and displays.

Visual displays, information, software

Select and design according to functional requirements, standards etc.

Layout of visual task and displays

Arrange according to functional requirements for priority, convenience, comfort, importance for attention, frequency, sequence etc.

Noise, auditory signals

Auditory signal/displays to gain attention. Auditory environment should not interfere with communication, warnings etc., or cause annoyance or distraction.

Information load Avoid overloading capacity to receive and process information, e.g. minimise periods of concentrated attention, allow for reduced memory of older users.

Size Workstation Choose seated standing or choice of working position.

Allow for range of users to: fit workstation, reach work and controls, see work and displays. Allow clearances for head, trunk and legs of largest user. Allow reaches for arms and legs of smallest user. Adjustment where appropriate. Allow comfortable vision: viewing posture, viewing angles, viewing distance.

Access Space/gangways/aisles/ladders to the workstation, for maintenance and as an emergency escape.

Equipment Portable equipment, tools and protective equipment, to be appropriate for users, tasks and space. Controls, displays, seating etc. to be of recommended sizes.

Components Convenient size and weight for handling in installation, operation and maintenance. Modular construction where possible. Mechanical handling where appropriate. Objects to be of suitable size for viewing in worst conditions or use viewing aids.

Maintainability Specify design criteria for maintenance; incorporate design for maintainability into main design procedure; identify critical maintenance operations.

Access Provide access to all parts for maintenance. Allow priority of access according to design life, probability and consequences of failure. Provide warnings of failure. Consider location of repair site, workshop, factory.

Space Provide space for maintenance task for: maintenance personnel, operating tools, removing components and openings. Provide access to point of repair: walking, climbing, crawling.

Posture Working posture to be appropriate for nature and duration of task: Standing, sitting, kneeling, lying. Avoid interference with other operators.

Lifting and handling

Components to be suitable size for manual handling where appropriate. Provide lifting gear and lifting eyes if necessary. Covers, cases, fasteners and connectors to be easily removable and replaceable.

Instructions, manuals

Provide instructions, labels and manuals for safe and effective maintenance.

Physical environment

Allow for environmental conditions and safety of maintenance task—provide protection.