FERTILITY PLACEMENT FOR FERTILITY PLACEMENT FOR CONSERVATION TILLAGE CONSERVATION TILLAGE

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

DICK WOLKOWSKIDICK WOLKOWSKI

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE

UW-MADISONUW-MADISON

LABOR SAVINGS TIME MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT/FUEL COSTS SOIL PRODUCTIVITY WATER QUALITY

WHY CONSERVATION WHY CONSERVATION TILLAGETILLAGE

SOIL CONSERVATION IS A SOCIETAL SOIL CONSERVATION IS A SOCIETAL CONCERNCONCERN

DEGRADATION OF THE RESOURCEDEGRADATION OF THE RESOURCE• FERTILITYFERTILITY• ORGANIC MATTERORGANIC MATTER• TILTHTILTH

WATER QUALITYWATER QUALITY• SEDIMENTSEDIMENT• NUTRIENTSNUTRIENTS

PROGRAM COSTPROGRAM COST• EXPENSIVE TO MANAGEEXPENSIVE TO MANAGE• CHEAPER TO PREVENTCHEAPER TO PREVENT

FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN CONSERVATION TILLAGECONSERVATION TILLAGE

HOW MUCH – WHAT – WHERE - HOW MUCH – WHAT – WHERE - WHENWHEN

NUTRIENT STRATIFICATIONNUTRIENT STRATIFICATION MANURE AND FERTILIZER ?MANURE AND FERTILIZER ? COMPACTION CONSIDERATIONSCOMPACTION CONSIDERATIONS EQUIPMENT AND PLACEMENTEQUIPMENT AND PLACEMENT

SOIL TEST TO DETERMINE SOIL TEST TO DETERMINE NUTRIENT NEEDNUTRIENT NEED

SAMPLING DEPTH VARIESSAMPLING DEPTH VARIES• MULCH TILLAGE: 3/4 DEPTH OF TILLAGEMULCH TILLAGE: 3/4 DEPTH OF TILLAGE• NO-TILL; STRIP-TILL: 6-7”NO-TILL; STRIP-TILL: 6-7”

• INCLUDE 0-2” SAMPLE FOR pHINCLUDE 0-2” SAMPLE FOR pH

ONCE IN THE ROTATION OR EVERY 3-4 ONCE IN THE ROTATION OR EVERY 3-4 YEARSYEARS

NUMBER OF SAMPLES/FIELD VARIESNUMBER OF SAMPLES/FIELD VARIES• MINIMUM 10 CORES/SAMPLEMINIMUM 10 CORES/SAMPLE

K STRATIFICATION AFTER 3 YEARS IN TILLAGE SYSTEM

0 50 100 150

SOI L TEST K (ppm)

0 to 2

2 to 4

4 to 6

6 to 8

NO-TILLNO-TILL

CHISELCHISEL

WOLKOWSKI, 2000 WOLKOWSKI, 2000

BANDING vs. BROADCASTBANDING vs. BROADCAST BANDING MORE EFFICIENTBANDING MORE EFFICIENT

• LESS FIXATION BY SOILLESS FIXATION BY SOIL• ““PRECISION PLACEMENT”PRECISION PLACEMENT”• REDUCED RISK FOR LOSSREDUCED RISK FOR LOSS• POSITIONALLY AVAILABLEPOSITIONALLY AVAILABLE• SLOW EARLY PLANT METABOLISMSLOW EARLY PLANT METABOLISM

BROADCAST TO CORRECT LOW TESTSBROADCAST TO CORRECT LOW TESTS• SOME TILLAGE MAY BE NEEDED SOME TILLAGE MAY BE NEEDED

VOLATILIZATION LOSS FROM UREA VOLATILIZATION LOSS FROM UREA CONTAINING MATERIALSCONTAINING MATERIALS

WHAT ABOUT SEED-PLACEMENTWHAT ABOUT SEED-PLACEMENT

WISCONSIN SOILS TYPICALLY RESPOND WISCONSIN SOILS TYPICALLY RESPOND TO ROW-APPLIED FERTILIZERTO ROW-APPLIED FERTILIZER

MANY SOILS TEST IN THE HIGH RANGEMANY SOILS TEST IN THE HIGH RANGE

TIME NEEDED TO FILL HOPPERS REDUCES TIME NEEDED TO FILL HOPPERS REDUCES PLANTING EFFICIENCYPLANTING EFFICIENCY

SOME SUGGEST HIGHER AVAILABILITY FOR SOME SUGGEST HIGHER AVAILABILITY FOR SEED-PLACED MATERIALSSEED-PLACED MATERIALS

INFLUENCE OF RATE AND TYPE OF INFLUENCE OF RATE AND TYPE OF SEED-PLACED FERTILIZERSEED-PLACED FERTILIZER

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

10 34 0 7 21 7 9 18 9

YIE

LD (

bu/

a)

0

12.5

25

50

lb P2O5/a

GELDERMAN et al., 1995GELDERMAN et al., 1995

INFLUENCE OF RATE AND PLACEMENT OF INFLUENCE OF RATE AND PLACEMENT OF UREA FERTILIZER ON A SILT LOAM SOILUREA FERTILIZER ON A SILT LOAM SOIL

160

170

180

190

200

SEED 2 x 2

YIE

LD (

bu/

a)

0

7.5

15

30

N (lb/a)

WOLKOWSKI, 1999WOLKOWSKI, 1999

NO STARTER = 179 bu/aALL: 10 lb/a P205 AND K20

RECOMMENDATIONS TO REDUCE RECOMMENDATIONS TO REDUCE SEED-PLACED INJURYSEED-PLACED INJURY

LIMIT TO 10 lb N + KLIMIT TO 10 lb N + K22O/aO/a

AVOID HIGH SALT CARRIERSAVOID HIGH SALT CARRIERS

NO UREA, UAN, ATSNO UREA, UAN, ATS

USE CAUTION ON SANDY OR DRY SOILSUSE CAUTION ON SANDY OR DRY SOILS

AVOID USE ON SALT-SENSITIVE CROPSAVOID USE ON SALT-SENSITIVE CROPS

MANURE LAGOON MIXINGUSDA-DFRC, 2001

WILL MANURE CONFLICT WITH WILL MANURE CONFLICT WITH FERTILIZER AND TILLAGE FERTILIZER AND TILLAGE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

PLANNING

NMP WILL ALLOCATE MANURE TO MORE FIELDS ON A FARM

SOME MAY BE DIRECTED TOWARD SLOPING LAND

ROTATIONS AND TILLAGE MAY NOT BE ADAPTABLE TO MANURING

CREDIT THE MANURE NUTRIENTS

MANURE INCORPORATION MANURE INCORPORATION TOOLS: TOOLS: USDA-DFRC FIELD DAY, USDA-DFRC FIELD DAY,

AUGUST, 2001AUGUST, 2001

NARROW POINT INJECTORNARROW POINT INJECTOR

ROLLING TINE COVERAGEROLLING TINE COVERAGE

RELATIVELY AGGRESSIVERELATIVELY AGGRESSIVE

SMOOTH SEEDBEDSMOOTH SEEDBED

MANURE INCORPORATION MANURE INCORPORATION TOOLS: TOOLS: USDA-DFRC FIELD DAY, USDA-DFRC FIELD DAY,

AUGUST, 2001AUGUST, 2001

SWEEP INJECTORSWEEP INJECTOR

ROUGHER SURFACE, MOREROUGHER SURFACE, MORE

RESIDUERESIDUE

WATCH YOUR STEP!!WATCH YOUR STEP!!

NEED FOR ROW-PLACED NEED FOR ROW-PLACED FERTILIZER ON MANURED LANDFERTILIZER ON MANURED LAND

3

3.5

4

4.5S

ILA

GE Y

IELD

(t

DM

/a)

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3

WI THOUT

WI TH

MOTAVALLI et al., 1993MOTAVALLI et al., 1993

MANAGE SOIL COMPACTIONMANAGE SOIL COMPACTION

SOIL COMPACTION REDUCES YIELD SOIL COMPACTION REDUCES YIELD LIMIT UNNECESSARY TRAFFIC, LIMIT UNNECESSARY TRAFFIC,

AVOID OPERATIONS ON WET AVOID OPERATIONS ON WET SOILS, LIGHTEN LOADSSOILS, LIGHTEN LOADS

POTASSIUM MANAGEMENT IS POTASSIUM MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANTIMPORTANT

SUBSOILING IS NOT A QUICK FIXSUBSOILING IS NOT A QUICK FIX

RESPONSE OF CORN TO ROW-RESPONSE OF CORN TO ROW-APPLIED K, OSHKOSH WIS.,(3 yr. APPLIED K, OSHKOSH WIS.,(3 yr.

avg.)avg.)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

< 5 t 19 t

YIE

LD

RE

SP

ON

SE

(b

u/a

)

OPTI MUM

V. HI GH

45 lb K45 lb K22O/a; 2 x 2 PLACEMENT O/a; 2 x 2 PLACEMENT

STRIP TILLAGE OPTIONSSTRIP TILLAGE OPTIONS - FALL vs. SPRING- FALL vs. SPRING - SHALLOW vs. DEEP- SHALLOW vs. DEEP - LIQUID vs. DRY- LIQUID vs. DRY

THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES AFFECT THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES AFFECT FERTILITY MANAGEMENTFERTILITY MANAGEMENT

ROW OR RESIDUE CLEARINGROW OR RESIDUE CLEARING• REMOVE RESIDUEREMOVE RESIDUE• FINGER COULTERS, BRUSHES, SWEEPSFINGER COULTERS, BRUSHES, SWEEPS

STRIP TILLAGE (SHALLOW: < 6 in.)STRIP TILLAGE (SHALLOW: < 6 in.)• MOVE RESIDUE, SEEDBED PREP., ROW MOVE RESIDUE, SEEDBED PREP., ROW

FERTILIZERFERTILIZER• FLUTED COULTERS, DISCSFLUTED COULTERS, DISCS

STRIP TILLAGE (DEEP: > 6 in.)STRIP TILLAGE (DEEP: > 6 in.)• DISRUPT COMPACTION, DEEP-PLACE DISRUPT COMPACTION, DEEP-PLACE

FERTILIZERFERTILIZER• KNIVES KNIVES • SOME WITH COULTERS TO MOVE RESIDUE OR SOME WITH COULTERS TO MOVE RESIDUE OR

CREATE MINI-RIDGESCREATE MINI-RIDGES

ROW CLEARINGBANDED PLACEMENT WITH SEED OR 2 x 2 AT PLANTING

MAIN EFFECT OF ROW FERTILIZER ON CORN GROWTH, ARLINGTON, 1994-1996

15

20

25

30

35

40

1994 1995 1996

g/p

lan

t

NONE

FS

FI

2x2

MEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT 12 LEAF STAGEMEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT 12 LEAF STAGE

NPK STARTER

INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND ROW FERTILIZER, ARLINGTON, 1994-1996ROW FERTILIZER, ARLINGTON, 1994-1996

140

150

160

170

180

FZ SZ CH NT

YIE

LD

(b

u/a

)

NONE

FS

FZ

2x2

NPK STARTER

INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERACTION BETWEEN STARTER FERTILIZER AND ROW STARTER FERTILIZER AND ROW

CLEANERSCLEANERS

150

155

160

165

170

WI THOUT WI TH

ROW CLEANER

YIE

LD (

bu/

a)

NONE

STARTER

VETSCH AND RANDALL, 2000 (MN)VETSCH AND RANDALL, 2000 (MN)

NP STARTER

DEEP BANDED PLACEMENT INTHE FALL WITH STRIP TILLAGE

PRELIMINARY UW RESEARCH: DEEP STRIP TILLAGE AND FERTILIZER

ARLINGTON, 2001

CORN/SOYBEAN ROTATION AND CONTINUOUS CORN

NO-TILL, FALL CHISEL, FALL STRIP

BROADCAST, 2 x 2, FALL DEEP PLACED

SOYBEAN RESPONSE TO TILLAGE AND FERTILIZATION, ARLINGTON, 2001

45

50

55

60

65

CHISEL NO-TILL STRIP

YIE

LD

(b

u/a

)

NONE

BDCT

DEEP

FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30

SOYBEAN AFTER CORN

CORN RESPONSE TO TILLAGE AND FERTILIZATION, ARLINGTON, 2001

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

CHISEL NO-TILL STRIP

YIE

LD

(b

u/a

)

NONE

2 X 2

DEEP

FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30

CONTINUOUS CORN

CORN RESPONSE TO TILLAGE AND FERTILIZATION, ARLINGTON, 2001

180

190

200

210

CHISEL NO-TILL STRIP

YIE

LD

(b

u/a

)

NONE

2 X 2

DEEP

FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30

FIRST-YEAR CORN AFTER SOYBEAN

CORN RESPONSE TO TILLAGE AND K FERTILIZATION, KIRKTON, IN

140

150

160

170

180

NT - NT + ZT - ZT + MB- MB+

YIE

LD

(b

u/a

)

0

38

76

VYN AND JANOVICEK, 2001 (3 yr. avg.) VYN AND JANOVICEK, 2001 (3 yr. avg.)

- = NO STARTER; + = STARTER

FALL K2O (lb/a)

NO-TILL CORN RESPONSE TO P NO-TILL CORN RESPONSE TO P AND K PLACEMENT (IA)AND K PLACEMENT (IA)

130

140

150

160

P STUDY K STUDY

YIE

LD (

bu/

a)

NONE

BDCT

2X2

DEEP+

DEEP-

MALLARINO, 1998 MALLARINO, 1998

15 SITE YEARS

SUMMARYSUMMARY SOIL TEST TO DETERMINE NEEDSOIL TEST TO DETERMINE NEED CONSIDER THE SEED PLACEMENT RISKSCONSIDER THE SEED PLACEMENT RISKS AVOID SOIL COMPACTIONAVOID SOIL COMPACTION CREDIT MANURECREDIT MANURE BANDED PLACEMENT MORE EFFICIENTBANDED PLACEMENT MORE EFFICIENT

• RESPONSE POTENTIAL GREATER IN NO-TILLRESPONSE POTENTIAL GREATER IN NO-TILL• USE A COMPLETE MATERIALUSE A COMPLETE MATERIAL• 10-20-20 MINIMUM10-20-20 MINIMUM• SOME EVIDENCE FOR DEEP K PLACEMENTSOME EVIDENCE FOR DEEP K PLACEMENT