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Fdywcrjs= ?J \us`cvdr Akanyses, Ekordidktan Jykaieo Akanyses, XO graid struoturds.

AH_ZXAOZ

Ek t`d prdsdkt stujy, a kdw pus`cvdr prcodjurd gcr t`d sdesieo stateo akanyses cg pnak errdbunar ?J graid struoturds

es prcpcsdj, hasdj ck t`d appneoateck cg a sdt cg `crezcktan gcrod akj tcrqud jestrehutecks at dao` gnccr ndvdn. Ek

crjdr tc prdjeot t`d icst sdvdrd ockgeburatecks cg ak errdbunar struoturd suhmdotdj tc ak dart`quafd, icrd t`ak ckd

pus`cvdr akanyses `as tc hd pdrgcridj. Z`d prcpcsdj idt`cj es vanejatdj hy a ocksestdkt ociparesck cg rdsunts

grci stateo pus`cvdr akj jykaieo seiunatecks ek tdris cg jeggdrdkt rdspcksd paraidtdrs, suo` as jespnaodidkts,

rctatecks, gnccr s`dars akj gnccr tcrquds. _tartekb grci t`d nekdar akanyses, t`d prcodjurd es suhsdqudktny dxtdkjdj tc

t`d kcknekdar oasd. Z`d rdsunts ockgeri t`at, ek crjdr tc prdjeot t`d struoturan hd`avecur ek t`d icst sdvdrd

ockgeburatecks, jeggdrdkt gcrod jestrehutecks iust hd jdgekdj.

1

EKZXCJTOZECKEk t`d rdodkt ydars, kcknekdar stateo akanysds

rdodevdj a brdat jdan cg rdsdaro` attdkteck wet`ekt`d dart`quafd dkbekddrekb ociiukety. Z`deriaek bcan es tc jdsorehd t`d kcknekdar oapaoety cgt`d struoturd w`dk suhmdotdj tc `crezcktanncajekb, wet` a rdjuodj ociputateckan dggcrt wet`rdspdot tc kcknekdar jykaieo akanysds.

Gcr 8J graid struoturds, iaky stujeds `avdhddk pdrgcridj ek crjdr tc vanejatd jeggdrdktpus`cvdr tdo`kequds hy ociparesck wet` rdsunts

grci jykaieo akanysds (sdd Gdrraoute dt an. 8

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varecus icjan s`apds ard traksgcridj ek aoapaoety ourvd gcr ak dquevandkt _JCG. _desieojdiakjs ard sdparatdny dvanuatdj gcr dao` systdi_JCG akj a-pcstdrecre ocihekateck cg rdsunts es

pdrgcridj gcr stcrdy s`dars, ektdrstcrdy jregts,dto., typeoan hy idaks cg t`d _X__ idt`cj. Dvdkt`cub` t`d a-pcstdrecre icjd ocihekateckektrcjuods scid apprcxeiatecks ek t`d kcknekdarrakbd, t`d iaek ajvaktabd cg I\A es tc ocihekdt`d dggdots cg varecus icjds coourrekb kctseiuntakdcusny jurekb t`d jykaieo dvdkt, sc

hdekb ahnd tc dsteiatd t`d icst sdvdrdockgeburatecks t`d struoturd iay hd suhmdot tc.

Xdodktny, a jeggdrdkt sdt cg apprcao`dsw`drdhy jeggdrdkt ncajekb pattdrks, ocrrdspckjekbtc varyekb wcrst-oasd ockgeburatecks t`at iust hd

prdjeotdj hy stateo pus`cvdr akanysds, `avd hddkrdodktny prcpcsdj hy Hcsoc dt an. (8

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t`d idt`cj es hasdj ck t`d twc gcnncwekbassuiptecks=

Gcr pnak-errdbunar struoturds, 8 icjds ardjciekakt, akj `eb`dr crjdr icjds oak hdkdbndotdj.

Jespnaodidkt akj rctateck prcgends cg gerst akjsdockj icjd anckb t`d graid `deb`t ard rdnatdjas=

)()(,)()(,)()( 181818 zFzzzzz Xyyxx

(1)

Z`d icjds `avd hddk kcrianezdj hy sdttekb tcukety t`d tcp jespnaodidkt ek t`d jciekaktjerdoteck (d.b., t`d jerdoteck cg t`d dart`quafdicteck).

Dqk (1) statds jespnaodidkt prcgends cg gersttwc icjds ard apprcxeiatdny prcpcrteckan tcdao` ct`dr anckb t`d graid `deb`t, akj t`d saidoak hd saej gcr rctateck ocipckdkts, hdekb FX t`d

soand ocdggeoedkt.Z`drdgcrd, t`d gcrod jestrehuteck prcpcrteckan

ckny tc t`d gukjaidktan icjd cg t`d struoturdwet` t`d `eb`dst parteoepakt gaotcr gcr t`d sdndotdjbrcukj icteck jerdoteck es ocksejdrdj. Z`d gnccrgcrod rdsuntakt cg t`d e-t` gnccr ndvdn es jevejdjektc natdran gcrods

exG, , eyG , akj tcrqud eZ wet`rdspdot tc t`d odktrd cg iass. Ek t`d prcpcsdj

prcodjurd, a wdeb`t ocdggeoedkt gcr t`d twcocipckdkts es t`dk ektrcjuodj, sc jdgekekb aonass cg gcrod jestrehutecks wet` vareahnd

traksnateckan akj tcrseckan ockgeburatecks. Z`dgcrods appnedj at e-t` gnccr ard t`dk wrettdk as (sddGeburd 1)=

9

9

9

ee

eyey

exex

ZZ

GG

GG

,,

,,

)1(

)1(

(8)

Geburd 1. \rcpcsdj GZ\ tdo`kequd= gcrod jestrehuteck atdao` gnccr akj twc neiet oasds.

Z`d wdeb`t ocdggeoedkt oak vary grci zdrctc ckd. Z`drdgcrd, traksnateckan gcrods ckny akjtcrqud ckny ard appnedj, gcr t`d twc neiet oasds,9< akj 91, rdspdotevdny, as jdpeotdj ek Geburd1. Gcr 9

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:

OCI\AXE_CK CG XD_TNZ_ GXCI

JUKAIEO AKJ \T_@CWDX AKANU_D_

:.1 Nekdar rakbd

Z`d aei cg t`d prdsdkt wcrf es tc vanejatd t`dprcpcsdj GZ\ prcodjurd t`rcub` ociparesckwet` rdsunts grci jykaieo akanysds. Z`dociparesck `as hddk iajd at a bevdk neiet statd,ocrrdspckjekb tc t`d attaekidkt cg t`d unteiatdstraek ek ockordtd ocrd (ou9

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-

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statd). Ek Geburd 2a, t`d iaxeiui vanuds cg t`csdrdspcksd paraidtdrs grci 18 jykaieo akanysdsard rdpcrtdj akj ocipardj wet` t`d gaenurd statds

prdjeotdj hy GZ\ gcr jeggdrdkt vanuds cg .Gcr oasd k. 1, t`d rdsunts, ek tdris cg

jespnaodidkt-rctateck ocupnds ocrrdspckjekb tct`d attaekidkt cg t`d iaxeiui rctateck criaxeiui jespnaodidkt, ard quetd oncsd tc dao`ct`dr, jud tc t`d rdnatevdny siann errdbunarety cgt`d struoturd (siann doodktreoety). Ekjddj, gcr t`esoasd pus`cvdr akanysds wet` wdeb`t ocdggeoedkts9

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rdsunts ocrrdspckjekb tc t`d attaekidkt cg t`dneiet statd o,iax9 ou es rdpcrtdj ek Geburd 11.Bccj abrddidkt ek tdris cg jespnaodidkts,ektdrstcrdy jregt, s`dar akj tcrqud anckb t`d `deb`tcg t`d struoturd es s`cwk.

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