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Ferns and Fern Allies
Ferns
Shoot Primary Growth: Apical Cell
Fern: Shoots (Stem, Leaves) and Roots
Leaves: Circinate Vernation
Fern Leaf: Frond
Fern Leaf: Pinna and Pinnule
Stem: Stele (Protostele)
Gleichenia
Stem: Stele (Siphonostele)
Ectophloic Siphonostele
Amphiphloic Siphonostele
Stem: Solenostele
Adiantum
Stem: Stele and Leaf Gaps (Non-Overlapping)
Fig. 13-21 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Solenostele
Polypodium
Stem: Dictylostele
Stem: Stele (Siphonostele) and Leaf Gaps Overlapping
Fig. 13-21 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Dictylostele
Pteridium
Double Dictylostele
Ecotophloic Siphonostele
Osmunda
Tree Ferns
Tree Ferns
Dicksonia Trunk Section
Fern Sporangium
Fern Sporangium: Annulus
Fig. 13-14 in Gifford and Foster 1989
Fig. 13-6 in Foster and Gifford 1989
Fern Sporangium: Sporangium Dehiscence
Fern Sori
Fig. 13-7 in Foster and Gifford 1989
Fern Sori: Marginal Position
Hymenophyllum
Fern Sori: Marginal Position
Fig. 13-7 in Foster and Gifford 1989
Fern Sori Position II: Intramarginal
Adiantum
Fern Sori Position II: Intramarginal
Fig. 13-18 in Foster and Gifford 1989
Fern Sori Position III: Abaxial or “Superficial”
Phanerophlebia
Fern Sori Position III: Abaxial or “Superficial”
Fig. 13-18 in Foster and Gifford 1989
Fern Leaves and Sporangia
Fig. 13-5
Psilophyton
(Early to Late Devonian)
Pertica
(Devonian)
Pseudosporochnus
(Middle Devonian)
Cladoxylon
(Middle Devonian)
Rhacophyton
(Late Devonian)
Origin of Leaves II: Telome Theory
Putative Leaf Origins
VS.
Telome TheoryEnation Theory
Megaphylls Microphylls
1 http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/pteridophytes/lyccla_leaves01.jpg
2 http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/ CellTissOrgan/LycoLeafX-sLab400.jpg
3 http://sols.unlv.edu/Schulte/Anatomy/Stems/LycopodiumStemSM.jpg
4 http://www.sunstar-solutions.com/sunstar/cornet92/nodalanat2.jpg
