Fermentation and Industrial Microbiology

UNIT-I

Microbes as friend’s - Normal flora - History of Industrial Microbiology, Microbes influencing our lives - Primary metabolites & secondary metabolites produced by the microorganisms.. Screening of Microorganisms - Primary screening - Isolation of desired and interested microorganisms - Secondary screening - yield potential of microbes - both qualitative and quantitative approach. Strain Improvement - Preservation of Microorganisms - Organizations involved in microbiological work . Fermentation media - Characteristics of an ideal production medium, Raw materials as media, Precursors and Inducers, Repressors, Antifoams . Industrial sterilization - Principles of Sterilization - Sterilization of equipment, Sterilization of Production media and sterilization of air. Types of fermentors - Stirred tank fermentors - Packed bed fermentors - Fluidized bed fermentors - Bubble column fermentor - Air lift fermentor - Cylindrical fermentors – Flocculated cell culture fermentor - Multi phase bioreactors - Trickling bed bioreactors - Tubular fermentor- Mechanically agitated stirred tank reactors, Deep jet fermentor, Cyclone Column Fermentor, Novel See saw Bioreactor, Stirred tank fermentor (CSTF). UNIT-II Fermentor - Components of a Fermentor, Parts of Fermentors, Peripheral parts and accessories, Alternative Vessel Designs, Additional accessories and Peripherals, Feed pumps, Exit gas analysis, Common measurements and Control systems (Speed Control, Temperature control, Control of Gas Supply, Control of pH, Control of Oxygen). Types of fermentations - Solid Substrate Fermentation-Submerged Fermentation – Factors affecting Submerged culture - Batch fermentation - Fed batch fermentation - Sub batch fermentation - Continuous fermentation - Multiple fermentations - Multistage fermentations.. Industrially important secondary metabolites - Production of Organic acids - Citric acid, Lactic acid, Itaconic acid, Acetic acid, Gluconic acid, Kojic acid, Gallic acid - Production - Microorganisms & Metabolisms - Fermentation conditions - Inoculum preparation - Carbon and nitrogen source - Trace elements - pH and temperature - Aeration and Agitation. Yield and Recovery. Uses of organic acids. Production of Antibiotics - Screening of antibiotic producers - - lactam antibiotics - Penicillin- Amino glycoside antibiotics - Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Griseofulvin, Macrolideantibiotics, Rifamycins. Streptomycin - Chemical nature and biosynthesis - Commercial production - Inoculum - Media - Fermentation process - Temperature - Aeration - pH - Biomass production - Recovery and purification - uses of antibiotic.. Probiotics – Importance – role in fermented dairy foods - Yoghurt - Lactobacillus acidophilus- Bifidobacterium - Lactobacillus delbrueckii - Lactobacillus bulgaricus - Standard number of Probiotics to be used - Probiotic cheese - Lactobacillus salivarius - Bifido bacterium bifidum - Kefir - combination of Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts- therapeutic and medicinal value - enhances digestion.. Bacteriocins - Nisin - Production - metabolism - Fermentation conditions - Inoculum UNIT-III preparation - carbon and nitrogen source - Trace elements - pH and temperature requirement - Recovery and purification. Biocolours - carotenoids - lycopene - Angkak- production - using fungi - Monascus purpureus - History and traditional uses - Morphology - Fermentation conditions - Pigment of M. purpureus - Health benefits -Toxicology - Safe consumption . Plant growth regulators and Hormones - Role in metabolic activity of plants - Microorganisms involved in the production of Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, purification. Role of Ethylene and abscissic acid in plant metabolic activity. Production of Microbial enzymes - Solid state fermentation - Fermentors - Medium Advantages and disadvantages - Submerged fermentation - Steps of enzyme production - Factors affecting submerged culture. Production of Amylases, proteases, Pectinases, Cellulases . Extraction of enzymes - physical disruption method - Chemical treatment method - Purification of enzyme - removal of nucleic acids and cell debris - preliminary purification - Final purification - Applications. Downstream processing - Steps involved in the purification of biological - Capture intermediate - Polishing - Cell disruption methods - Chemical methods - Mechanical methods – Sonication - Freeze - thawing - Concussion device - Liquid shear - Colloid mill - French press . Centrifugation - Flocculation and coagulation - Filtration - Product concentration- Extraction

- Chromatography - Size exclusion - Ion exchange - Affinity - Hydrophobic interaction - Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography - HPLC - Gas chromatography - Supercritical fluid chromatography - Electrophoresis - Mass spectrometry . Microbial polysaccharides - Bacterial polysaccharides - Localization and description - Xanthan - Pullan - Curdlan - Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria - dextran – from extremophilic bacteria . Fungal polysaccharides - cell wall polysaccharides - Lichen cell wall polysaccharides fungal exopolysaccharides - Production of polysaccharides - Culture techniques and fermentation parameters - Agitation - pH - Aeration - culture medium - immobilized micro organisms - Solid state fermentation UNIT-IV . Applications of polysaccharides - Polysaccharides as food additives - Pharmaceutical applications - Oligosaccharides derivatives. Production of amino acids – Historical developments - Manufacturing methods – Extractive isolation - Chemical synthesis - Enzymatic catalysis - Fermentative production - L – Glutamic acid - L- Lysine - uses and applications. Production of vitamins - General aspects - Nomenclature and classification - Vitamin B complex - Vitamin B12 - Vitamin B2 - production of these vitamins - production by fermentationof Ashbya gossypii - Vitamin C. Production of bio insecticides - Bacillus thuriengensis - insecticidal protein - endotoxin - engineering with endotoxin gene - rDNA technology - inserting into maize - cotton - rice - BT cotton. Production of SCP - Single cell protein advantages - Source of SCP - Production of bacterial biomass - Production using waste - Starchy waste - from Algae - Nutritive value of SCP - Consumption of SCP - uses of SCP 26. Bakers yeast - Development and history - The Vienna process - Production of yeast - Nutrient materials - Concentration of sugar - Aeration - temperature - pH - Molasses ammonia process - yeast from sulphite liquor - Florylin yeast - Food and fodder yeast - yeast products - fat from yeast - vitamins from yeast UNIT-V .Batch fermentation - Fed batch fermentation - Sub batch fermentation - Continuous fermentation - Multiple fermentations - Multistage fermentations. Food based fermented products - Cheese - Types, ripening of cheese - Yogurt – Buttermilk - Acidophilus milk - Cream - Fermented vegetables - Saurerkraut - pickles - Silage - Kimchi. Olives - Fermented meat - fish - Bread and other fermented plant products – fermented cereal foods. Wine, production and Beer production and Mushroom production . Biochemical changes - fermented legumes foods - Bhallae - Papadam - vada - Fermented cereal legume foods. Fermented dairy foods - Yoghurt - Lactobacillus acidophilus - Bifidobacterium - Lactobacillus delbrueckii - Lactobacillus bulgaricus - Standard number of probiotics to be used - probiotic cheese . Industrial fermentors - Accessories - Types of fermentors - Stirred tank fermentors – Packed bed fermentors - Fluidized bed fermentors - Bubble column fermentor - Air lift fermentor - Cylindrical fermentors - Flocculated cell culture fermentor - Multi phase bioreactors – Trickling bed bioreactors . Blue green algae - general characters - occurrence - Industrial importance of Blue green algae - uses of Blue green algae.

TEXT BOOKS

AshokPandey, Christian Larroche, Advances in Fermentation Technology Presscot / Dunn, Industrial Microbiology Agrawal / Parihar, Industrial Microbiology - Fundamentals and Applications. Under kofler and R.J Hickey, Industrial Fermentation Vol. II Al. R.Y Stainer, M.Doudroff, General Microbiology.