Fenestration: A World of Change High Performance …...Smart Coatings for Dyna Balancing Cooling • Flexible, optimized control of gain and daylight • Passive control – Photochromic

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Stephen Se

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ance Facades: d Innovation:

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Why Focus onTotal Building Energy Us

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n Buildings??e; End Use Consumption

Buildings consume 40% of total U S energyU.S. energy

• 71% of electricity•54% of natural gas

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U.S. EnHistory andHistory and

19731950

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19731950

ergy Use: d Future Goalsd Future Goals

Annual Energy Outlook Forecast ~+30%+30%

200819901990

-50%

80%-80%

20302005 20502020

Goals


20302005 20502020

Significant ImpactComprehensive Bp

To routinely deliver high perforwe must find a balance betwewe must find a balance betwe

People

Technology

p

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Solutions fail with

t Comes Only from Balanced Programgrmance, low-energy buildings en:en:

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MarketsEconomics

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Economicson


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Research and Inno• Technology and Built Envi

– Technology/Widgets InTechnology/Widgets In– Static, Stand alone Dy

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eedback?eedback?gy outcomes?

nce Berkeley National Laboratoryey + business practice + people

Building InnovationMATERIALS AND SYSTEMS

• Smart Glass/Dynamic solar control• High R Windows, Insulation

Thermal Storage En elope str ct ral• Thermal Storage- Envelope, structural

• 200 lumen/watt lighting• Daylight integration

Dimmable Addressable Lighting Controls• Dimmable, Addressable Lighting Controls

• Task Conditioning HVAC• Climate Integrated HVAC• HVAC vs comfort and IEQ• HVAC vs comfort and IEQ

• Miscellaneous Electrical Loads

• Demand Responsep• Controls infrastructure- sensors, networks• Building- and Grid- Smart electronics• Electrical Storage

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But we need a “framework” for action,

n “Game Changers”

IT and LIFE-CYCLE OPERATIONS

• Building Life Cycle Perspective• Benchmarks and Metrics• Building Information Models (BIM)Building Information Models (BIM)• Integrated Design Process and Tools• Building Operating Controls/Platform• Building Performance Dashboards

• Understanding Occupants/Behavior• Facility Operations


not just lists of important challenges

A Framework for Bu

Vision: To design and operateenergy performance.gy pGoal: To accurately predict andacross the building life cycle, fro

1. Predict Performance: Use fully vmodels and processes to reliablyoptimize a wide range of systemsoptimize a wide range of systemsinteractions.

2 Ensure Actual Performance: Va2. Ensure Actual Performance: Vasimulation with measurements in buildings.

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uilding Performance

buildings with “guaranteed”

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Recent Advances – N

Glazing-Façade TecGlazing Façade Tecand Systems

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eeds - New Directions

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Glazing, WindowGlazing, WindowTwo Contrasting ViewsTwo Contrasting Views

1976 Perspective: Code Official’s View of the Ideal Window

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ws and Facades:ws and Facades:s of Energy Efficiencys of Energy Efficiency

ws2011 Perspective: Architect2011 Perspective: Architect’’s s

View of the Ideal WindowsView of the Ideal Windows


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• Architectural Solution withFaçade”– Highly glazed façade; extended daylig– Reliable tools reduce risk– High Performance technology with Syst– Dynamic, smart control- automated s

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Dynamic, smart control automated s– Economic from Life cycle perspective– Optimized for people and for energy, ele

Use of Glass in Buildingsg, e.g. double

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• Provide comfortable daylight• Provide fresh air to interior w• Enhance occupant health c• Enhance occupant health, c

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from the utility

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from the utility• Power generation (photovolt

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ermal comfortermal comfortd distribute as a heating source educe cooling loads

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Challenge for Adva

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• New Technology, Smarter Desig– New Business Opportunities– Design freedom and flexibilit

V l dd d b fit b– Value-added benefits, e.g. be– New performance benefits: e

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anced Facades

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gn offers:Manufacturer

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• All climates– Replace electric lighting

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g Window Energy Use

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Human Factors: Thermal comfort

Business CManufacturingInstallation

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Thermal comfortVisual comfortSatisfactionPerformance

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ew and Retrofitomfortns

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Program Activities:SimulationOptimization

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Need to balance between a number of issues

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• Comfort: visual/thermal• View• Appearance• ……

n Integrated Facades

Slopes vary depending on efficiency of lighting and HVAC tHVAC systems

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nergy

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Ideal: Integrated approach toIdeal: Integrated approach to façade-lighting-HVAC building systems to achieve optimum energy-efficiency and comfort.


… It’s Complicated!!

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+ Gain

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nce Berkeley National Laboratory2010 2020

Hi-R Technology TraReduced

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loss spa

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Net Lower cost Krypton

Residential

Zero, Low Cost

Krypton

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2012

ack: FY12-20 Timelined heat acers

Dynamic and PV integration

Improved Frames Commercial

Gas loss & deflection resolved

Vacuum insulated glass


2020

High R-value Window PerfoSurface temperatures from infrared thermography; Test

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18 °C

12 °C

15 °C

9 °C

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0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

SHGC

SHGC

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Cooling Energy (MBtu)ow properties

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140

145

Residential Energy Use (MBTU/yr) vs Window Thermal Properties (U,

110

115

120

125

130

135 Properties (U, SHGC)

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85

90

95

100

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What are the Best Solara Window Anywhy

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r Optical Properties for here in the U.S.?

on and Orientation.

son and Weather.

pant Use Patterns

n is a window whose are variable.


Smart Coatings for DynaBalancing Cooling

• Flexible, optimized control of gain and daylight

• Passive control– Photochromic - light sensitive

Thermochromic heat sensitive– Thermochromic - heat sensitive

• Active control– Liquid CrystalLiquid Crystal– Suspended particle display (SPD– Electrochromic

• Active control preferred; but requires wiring windows for pand control

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• Automated blinds, shades, et

amic Control of Windowsg and Daylighting

solar

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LBNL Advanced Faç

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windows

Industry Advisory Groups:ManufacturersGlazing, ShadingFraming, Lighting

ControlsControlsDesigners

Architects, EngineersSpecifiers

Owner/OperatorsP bli P i t

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Public, PrivateUtilities

ade Testbed Facility

2007 20132007-2013Automated

Shading• Berkeley, South facing

3 Rooms• Changeable façade

Li hti HVAC• Lighting, HVAC• Heavily instrumented• Static/Dynamic• Occupant Studies


p• Controls/Automation

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in LBNL Facadein LBNL Facade

Daylight Redirec

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External Dynamic Shading

erformance of and Lighting Controlse Testbed Facilitye Testbed Facility

cting Glass

Electrochromic Glass


Automated Shading ControlTime Lapse from Tests in

Interior Daylight Luminance PaInterior Daylight Luminance Pa

LBNL Façade Test Facility

1

14

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ls Glare Throughout the DayLBNL Façade Test Facility: atterns with Dynamic Shadingatterns with Dynamic Shading

32

2 365


Automated daylight blindmirrored coating in upp

fi i h i lfinish in lo

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d: concave-up slats with per zone and light grey ower zone


Comparative Shading S

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System Performance


Average Annual LiUse vs Visual DUse vs Visual D

full power

auto-RS

ref-RS

0 34

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split-VB

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Conclusion: Automated systems delive

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Percent ofday

10% of day =1.2 hours

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0.57 W/sf4 W/sf

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W/sf

er excellent energy savings and comfort

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Energy Use

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Daylight oror

“Natural Light”Light

= MarketMarket

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New Daylighting TechnoP t ti l 100% i i• Potential: 100% increase in

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ologies and Systemst ti l i t ipotential perimeter savings

zone -> greater acceptancerimeter zone5m deep to 10-15m

ng Solutionsng Solutionslutions


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• Challenges– Fabrication at affordable cost

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Fabrication at affordable cost– Characterization - how do they perfo

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$$Initial Cost Annual Cost

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Initial Cost Annual Cost

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ade Layersal layer: Fixeding, light diffusiong layer: Fixedg layer: FixedE, spectrally selective- thermal control- solar gain controlg

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floor to deskdesk to headhead to ceiling


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using Simulationusing Simulation• Built a virtual model of the building in its urba

hourly weather data to simulate performance

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Source: Energy performance of LEED-NC buildings, NBI, 2008

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hallenge:Measured Performance

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locationslocations2. Average over all projects is not bad3. Max over-predict by 120%4. Max under-predict by 65%5 Al t ll d di t d5. Almost all under-predicted

for low energy designs(red triangle: EUI <= 40)

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au t etect o a d ag ost cs

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benefit analysis of >600 buildings• Energy Information & Benchmarking Systems for

commercial, residential

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the Buildings World:cs for Buildingscs for Buildingsnergy Data Initiativesvestors, owners, operators, designers.

Standard Energy Efficiency Data (SEED)

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Advanced statistical methods to analyze emerging “big data” from data‐rich buildings

and large portfolio datasets

nce Berkeley National Laboratory49

Advanced Simulation EnSimergy: GUI with I

Platform for: Design, Retro

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ngines– EnergyPlusFC BIM import ofit and Operations


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Glazing and Façade DecDownload http://windows.lbl.gov/softw

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nce Berkeley National LaboratoryWebsite Efficient Windows Website

ulation Tools

Glazing/Shading/DaylightMeasurement and Valida

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tingation

• Façade/daylighting test facility• Integrated Systems testbeds• Mobile Thermal Test Facility • IR Thermography chamber• Large integrating sphere• Optics laboratory• Scanning Goniophotometer• HDR Imaging• Field Data Collection systems• Commissioning systems

• Virtual Building Controls Testbed• Daylighting controls laboratory


WINDOW ATTACHWindow attachments (coverings) are products added to existing win•improve energy performance, comfort, glare, privacy, security, or enhance the a•The primary energy impact from the attachments is ability to reduce U, manage

Types of Attachments:•Exterior attachments:•Exterior attachments:

•Interior attachments:Low-e Storm Window Fixed Awning Dynamic Awning

Drapes Louvered blinds Roller shades Surface applied

•Between Glass (applies to non‐sealed glazing systems only – applied as a reDrapes Louvered blinds Roller shades Surface applied

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MENTS – SCOPEndows to:appearance of a home. e SHGC and Tv and/or reduce air leakage

Roller Shutter - Window Roller shade Solar screen

d film Cellular shade Window quilt Seasonal film kit

etrofit option):d film Cellular shade Window quilt Seasonal film kit

nce Berkeley National LaboratorySolar screens Surface applied films

COMPLEX GLAZING

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G DATABASE-CGDB

Process Flow for Systems for which there are analytical models and measurement data for material coupons

Process Flow for Systems for which there are no analytical

models; direct system measurement required


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Using Fabric Properties Perform RayCellular Sh

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gSimulation and Measur

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e Early Design Toolws.lbl.gov/softwarestems: Thermal and Daylighting

bon, Comfort…


Diving Deeper: ExplorinSolar Gain/Daylig

Window solar gain

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ng Performance Detailsght/Glare Results

Glare Assessment w/ Radiance

nce Berkeley National LaboratoryCost Database; 5.1: Electrochromics

What Do We Learn fro

DOE EC d

MoWiTT Field Tests

1985-2000

DOE- EC and Dimmable Lighting

2010

DOE/CEC/PG&EElectrochromic

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Daylighting Testbed Oakland CA

1999

NY Ti

om the “Real World”?NY Times

Mockup and Test bed

2003-2007


Measuring Commercial BuilNew LBNL Test Bed Facility T

Envelopep

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ding Systems Performance:Targets Key Building Systems

Lighting

Room side conditioning


conditioning and Controls

Ideal TestbeBuilding Scale, Reality-ba

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Lab Scale Test Beds

Test Bed Program

Architects Architects InvestorsInvestors

Test Bed Program

& Engineers

& Engineers

ManufacturersManufacturers &Entrepreneurs

&Entrepreneurs

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Test bed will generate usefu

ed Features:ased, Integrated Systemsl Hi hl I t t dle, Highly Instrumented

Early AdoptersReal Buildings

Scalable Deploymentg

m

BuildingBuildingFederalFederal

m

Building OwnersBuilding Owners

StateLocal Govt

Code Officials

StateLocal Govt

Code OfficialsssUtilitiesUtilities


ul data for all decision-makers

FLEXLAB TeFacility for Low Energy e

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y gyARRA-fun

stbed Facility eXperiments in Buildings


p gded, $16M

Facility for Low Energy eFLEXLAB: 3 m

• Exterior Testbeds• Focus on Integrated Systems

& retrofit& retrofit• 5400 sf• Outside B90• Opens Fall 2013

• Occupied Lighting & Plug Load• ~3000 sf inside B90• Span width of B90p• Controls, Visual Comfort & Behavior• Opens Fall 2012

• Controls & Visualization• Virtual Design & Modeling• Controls Interoperability, Sensors

D d R I t ti

Lawren

• Demand Response Integration• ~1000 sf inside B90• Opens Fall 2012

eXperiments in Buildingsmajor facilitiesj


Interchangeable li hti d

Reconfigurable, “Klighting and controls

Interchangeable façade elements: shading glazingshading, glazing

Granular sensor, instrumentation and

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metering system

Interchangeable skylights

Kit-of-Parts”

Interchangeable HVAC systems: air- and water-based

Data acquisition


and controls

Next S

Accelerating IAccelerating ICollabo

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Stepsp

nno ation iannovation via oration


Role of Innovation vs• Faster, Better, Cheaper…

– Incremental <--> Disru– Local <--> Widespread

• R&D Generates “New an– Building Technologies a– New Analysis Tools

New Business Process– New Business Process– New Benefits- e.g. envi

R&D Reduces “Negative• R&D Reduces “Negative– Risk and Uncertainty– Time

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– Cost

s Standard Practice….ptive

nd improved” optionsand Systems

esesironmental quality

es” that Stifle Actiones” that Stifle Action


Defining an InnoDefining an Innoto the

How do we aggressively ac1. The learning curve2. The adoption curve3. Creation of new part4. Transition to new exp

…guaranteed per

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ovation Pathwayovation Pathway Futureccelerate….

tnershipspectationsrformance??


LBNL- AECO (Architect/EPartnershi

Advanced Tools and Proc(i) develop new design workflowdesign and operation of buildingg p gthe tools within the Partner’s orgMeasured Performance Ddata and design information for bdata and design information for banalysis, discussion, benchmarkresearch in collaboration with LBEmerging Technology DeEmerging Technology Demeasure performance of innovator in buildings

FLEXLAB Testbed PrograFLEXLAB Testbed Prograperformance studies in new FLE

T E l C ll b ti

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To Explore Collaboration [email protected]

Engineer/Contractor/Owner)p Invitationcesses: actively collaborate with LBNL to

ws and evaluate new tools to enable the gs with guaranteed performance, (ii) adopt g g p , ( ) pganization, Data: Contribute measured performance building projects that can be used forbuilding projects that can be used for king, test cases and other potential BNL. emonstration Projects: Explore andemonstration Projects: Explore and tive technologies and systems at lab scale

am: Partner in design and execution ofam: Partner in design and execution of EXLAB facilities.

O t iti


Opportunities:

Where do we go from hWhere do we go from h

“Think Big, Start Sg,

Ask the Right Questions; Listen Carefully to the Answery

“If I had asked people wp pwanted, they would hafaster horses.”

Henry Ford

here?here?

mall, Act Now”,

rs

what they yave said

Benefits of High Perform

Add V

Improve

Add VReduce O

CoImprove

Occupant Comfort,Satisfaction and

Performance

OccupantBuildin

mance Building Facades

Value Reduce Energy, Value,Operating sts

gy,Greenhouse Gas

Emissions

Planetng Owner Planet

Information RSt h S lk itStephen SelkowitzE-mail: [email protected]

More Info:More Info:

http://windows.lbl.gov/resources/LBN

http://windows.lbl.gov

New York Times projectNew York Times projecthttp://windows.lbl.gov/comm_perf/newyoAdvanced Facades projecthttp:lowenergyfacades.lbl.govp gy ghttp://gaia.lbl.gov/hpbfCommercial Web Sitehttp://www.commercialwindows.org

http://buildings.lbl.gov

Resources

Lresources.pdf

orktimes.htm

Documents

Fenestration: A World of Change High Performance …...Smart Coatings for Dyna Balancing Cooling • Flexible, optimized control of gain and daylight • Passive control – Photochromic