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7/25/2019 Females and Feminism Reclaim the Mainstream: New Superheroines in Marvel Comics
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DFMC@F\ CIE DFMBIB\M QFL@CBM UGF MCBI\UQFCM>
IFZ \V[FQGFQOBIF\ BI MCQTF@ LOMBL\
Ay
\crc Mcrbf Hfri
C Ugfsbs \uambttfe bi [crtbc` Du`db``mfit
od tgf Qfqubrfmfits dor tgf Efjrff od
Mcstfr od Crts bi Fij`bsg
Mbee`f Ufiifssff \tctf Vibvfrsbty
Eflfmafr 1;36
Ugfsbs Lommbttff>
Er. Mcrtgc Gbxoi, Lgcbr
Er. Ecvbe @cvfry
7/25/2019 Females and Feminism Reclaim the Mainstream: New Superheroines in Marvel Comics
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bb
B efeblctf tgbs rfsfcrlg to rfc`-`bdf supfrgfrobifs `bhf my jrfct-jrciemotgfr,
wgo rbshfe gfr rfputctboi to feulctf womfi caout tgfbr aoebfs.
7/25/2019 Females and Feminism Reclaim the Mainstream: New Superheroines in Marvel Comics
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bbb
CLHIOZ@FEJFMFIU\
B owf ci bmmfisf efat to my dcmb`y dor supportbij mf bi tgf pursubt od tgbs
efjrff, wgblg ct tbmfs sffmfe uiclgbfvca`f. Ugfbr uiwcvfrbij fmotboic` support cie
wb``bijifss to sclrbdblf dor my afifdbt wcs ct tbmfs ovfrwgf`mbij, cie tgfbr jfifrosbty
tru`y mcef tgbs erfcm possba`f. B cm `bhfwbsf biefatfe to Er. Mcrtgc Gbxoi cie Er.
Ecvbe @cvfry, wgo filourcjfe mf to pusg dorwcre cdtfr c yfcr-`oij dur`oujg8 Er.
Gbxois loisbstfit fitgusbcsm dor my topblcie tgfi my sfloie topblsustcbife mf
wgfi tgf worh wcs ecuitbij. Dbic``y B wou`e `bhf to tgcih tgf otgfr loitrbautors wbtgout
wgom tgbs rfsfcrlg wou`e iot fxbst> tgf lrfctbvf tfcms dor Ugor,Ms. Mcrvf`cie \torm8
tgf `barcrbcis ct tgf Ncmfs F. Zc`hfr, VL Afrhf`fy, cie Afrhf`fy [ua`bl `barcrbfs8 cie
Ecvbe [fmafrtoi, wgo aroujgt mf aclh to Mcrvf`, cie gf`pfe to hffp mf scif.
Iotf> tgf bmcjfs rfproeulfe bi tgbs tgfsbs cppfcr uiefr tgf Dcbr Vsf cjrffmfit, cie c``
lopyrbjgts rfmcbi wbtg EL, Mcrvf` Lombls, cie Cvctcr [rfss. B owf spflbc` tgcihs to
tgfsf pua`blctbois dor tgfbr loopfrctboi.
7/25/2019 Females and Feminism Reclaim the Mainstream: New Superheroines in Marvel Comics
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bv
CA\UQCLU
Qfprfsfitctbois od dfmc`fs bi vbsuc` mfebc loitbiuf to af proa`fmctbl. Cs mfebc
stuebfs bilrfcsbij`y rfvfc`s tgf bid`ufilf od vbsuc` rfprfsfitctboi upoi our bitfric`bzfe
befo`ojbfs, tgf sbjibdblcilf od posbtbvf dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi oi`y bilrfcsfs. Ugbs bs
fspflbc``y truf dor mcbistrfcm supfrgfro lombls, wgblg gcvf affi odtfi lrbtblbzfe dor
rfprfsfitbij dfmc`fs cs gfcvb`y sfxuc`bzfe cie pcssbvf lgcrcltfrs, cie wgblg c`so wbf`e
jrfct solbc` bid`ufilf ay tgfbr loiifltboi to Go``ywooe lbifmc. \bilf clcefmbl
slgo`crsgbp od supfrgfro lombls rcrf`y cic`yzfs tgf bilrfcsbij`y posbtbvf rfprfsfitctbois
od dfmc`fs, tgbs stuey loitrbautfs to tgct worh ay l`osf`y fxcmbibij tgrff lombl sfrbfs
dfcturbij dfmc`f protcjoibsts cie rf`fcsfe ay Mcrvf` aftwffi 1;35 cie 1;36. Tbfwfe bi
rf`ctboi to tgf portrcyc` od gfrobifs gbstorblc``y, tgfsf lombls crf efloistrultfe usbij
tflgibqufs aorrowfe drom tfxtuc` cic`ysbs, jfirf stuebfs, db`m, dfmbibst, cie lombl
tgfory. L`osf stuey od Ugor, Ms. Mcrvf` cie \tormrfvfc`s tgf uiefrcpprflbctfe
bitfitboic`bty wbtg wgblg Mcrvf` gcs rfdormfe tgfbr gfrobifs bito cltbvf blois lcpca`f od
rfvo`utboibzbij tgf jfirf.
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v
UCA@F OD LOIUFIU\
@B\U OD DBJVQF\ vb
BIUQOEVLUBOI 3
[CQU OIF> UGFOQR CIE LOIUFWU 2
LGC[UFQ OIF> Qfprfsfitctbois od Zomfi bi Tbsuc` Mfebc 3;
LGC[UFQ UZO> Qfprfsfitctbois od Dfmc`fs bi Lombls 17
LGC[UFQ UGQFF> Lombls \tuebfs cie Jfirf Cic`ysbs 63
[CQU UZO> CIC@R\B\ 46
LGC[UFQ DOVQ> Ugor, Joeefss od Uguiefr 44
LGC[UFQ DBTF> Ugf Ifw Ms. Mcrvf` 7:
LGC[UFQ \BW> \torm 3;2
LOIL@V\BOI 356
ZOQH\ LBUFE 36;
C[[FIEBLF\ 344
C[[FIEBW C> Dbjurfs 34:
7/25/2019 Females and Feminism Reclaim the Mainstream: New Superheroines in Marvel Comics
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vb
@B\U OD DBJVQF\
Dbjurf 1.3> Zoiefr Zomci
C``-\tcr Lombls #7. EL Lombls, 3253.
34:
Dbjurf 1.1> Zoiefr Zomci bi \gorts.
\fisctboi Lombls, Zoiefr Zomci #3. EL Lombls, 3251.34:
Dbjurf 1. Jooe Jbr` Crt.
Achfr, L`crfilf.[gcitom @cey #3:. Dox Dfcturf \yieblctf, 325:.34:
Dbjurf 1.5> A`ffz, Arohfaclh posbtboi
Afifs, Fe.Qfe @citfris #6. EL Lombls, 1;31.
34:
Dbjurf 1.6> \tcrdbrf.
Qolcdort, Hfiiftg.Qfe Gooe cie tgf Out`cws #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.
347
Dbjurf 1.4> Ace Jbr` Crt> @cey Efctg.
Mcrtbi, Mctt.@cey Efctg> Efce Qbsbij #3. Cvctcr [rfss, 1;;5.
347
Dbjurf 1.:> W-Mfi [oo` [crty.
@ff, Nbm.W-Mfi #3. Mcrvf` Lombls, 3223.
347
Dbjurf 1.7> [sy`olhf (Arbtbsg).
\b`vfstrb, Mcrl. Vilciiy W-Mfi #1 Mcrvf` Lombls, 3277.342
Dbjurf 1.2> [sy`olhf (Csbci).
@ff, Nbm.Mcrvf` B``ustrctfe> \wbmsubt Bssuf #3. Mcrvf` Lombls, 3221.342
Dbjurf 1.3;> \tcrdbrf Bibtbctbij.
Qolcdort, Hfiiftg.Qfe Gooe cie tgf Out`cws #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.
342
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vbb
Dbjurf 1.33> \tcrdbrf [osbij
Qolcdort, Hfiiftg.Qfe Gooe cie tgf Out`cws #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.3:;
Dbjurf 1.31 Lctwomcis [crts.
Mcrlg, Jub``fm. Lctwomci #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.3:;
Dbjurf 1.3 Lctwomci bi [crt.
Mcrlg, Jub``fm. Lctwomci #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.
3:3
Dbjurf 1.35> Actmci cie Lctwomci.
Mcrlg, Jub``fm. Lctwomci #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.
3:3
Dbjurf 1.36> \tcr \cppgbrf cie Jrffi @citfri, lovfr bmcjf.
Jbaaois, Ecvf. Jrffi @citfri #37> Mystfry od tgf \tcr \cppgbrf.
EL Lombls, 1;;:.
3:3
Dbjurf 5.3> Lovfr to Ugor #3.
Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.
3:1
Dbjurf 5.1> [cjf drom Ugor #1.
Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #1.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.
3:1
Dbjurf 5. \prfce drom Ugor #:.
Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #:.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.
3:1
Dbjurf 5.5> [cjf drom Ugor #6.
Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #6.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.3:1
Dbjurf 5.6> Ubtcibc drom tgf lovfr od Ugf Ifw Dcitcstbl Dour.
Uurifr, Mblgcf`. Ugf Ifw Dcitcstbl Dour To`umf Oif #652. Mcrvf`
Lombls, 1;;:.
3:
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vbbb
Dbjurf 5.4> Hf`ec.
Lobpf`, O`bvbfr. Ugor To` < #4.Ifw Rorh, Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;;7.3: [cjf drom Ugor #7.
Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #7.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.3:5
Dbjurf 5>7> Cijf`c.
[blgf``b, \crc. Jucrebcis od tgf Jc`cxy To` < #:.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf`
Lombls, 1;3 A`clh Zbeow.
Cluc, Ecibf`.A`clh Zbeow #3. Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;3;.3:5
Dbjurf 5.3;> Hcrib``c.
Oddblbc` Gcieaooh od tgf Mcrvf` Vibvfrsf #5. Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf`
Lombls, 1;;2.
3:6
Dbjurf 5.33> [cjf drom Ugor #7.
Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #7.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf`
Lombls, 1;36.
3:6
Dbjurf 6.3> Lcro` Ecivfrs BloiblMs. Mcrvf`Lostumf.
Lolhrum, Ecvf.Ms. Mcrvf` To`umf Oif #1;. Mcrvf` Lombls, 32:7.
3:6
Dbjurf 6.1> Lcro` Ecivfrs Orbjbic`Ms. Mcrvf`Lostumf.
Qombtc, Nogi. \r.Ms. Mcrvf` #3. Mcrvf` Lombls, 32::.3:6
Dbjurf 6. Hcmc`c, Bloibl Ms. Mcrvf`.
C`pgoic, Cerbci.Ms. Mcrvf` #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.
3:4
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bx
Dbjurf 6.5> Hcmc`c cs Ms. Mcrvf`
C`pgoic, Cerbci.Ms. Mcrvf` #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35. 3:4
Dbjurf 6.6> Lcro` Ecivfrs Oanfltbdbfe
Ef `c Uorrf, Qoafrto.Ms. Mcrvf` To` 3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;;4.3:4
Dbjurf 6.4> Hcmc`c, lcrtooibsg.
C`pgoic, Cerbci.Ms. Mcrvf` #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.
3:4
Dbjurf 6.:> Hcmc`c cs Ms. Mcrvf`, squcttbij.
C`pgoic, Cerbci.Ms. Mcrvf` #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.
3::
Dbjurf 6.7> Lcro` cs Ms. Mcrvf`, squcttbij.
Ef `c Uorrf, Qoafrto.Ms. Mcrvf` #6.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;;4.
3::
Dbjurf 6.2> Lovfr odMs. Mcrvf` #3.
C`pgoic, Cerbci.Ms. Mcrvf` #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.
3::
Dbjurf 6.3;> Ugf Ifw Ms. Mcrvf` (Hcmc`c Hgci) bi lostumf.
C`pgoic, Cerbci.Ms. Mcrvf` #6.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.
3::
Dbjurf 6.33> Hcmc`c bi \gc`wcr.
Mbyczcwc, Uchfsgb.Ms. Mcrvf` #35.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.3:7
Dbjurf 4.3> \torm lostumf, dbrst pcjfs od \torm #3.
Bacfz, Tbltor. \torm #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.
3:7
Dbjurf 4.1> \torm ichfe
Ayrif, Nogi. Vilciiy W-Mfi #3;2.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 32:7.3:7
Dbjurf 4. \torms lostumf lgcijf
\mbtg, [cu`. Vilciiy W-Mfi #3:
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xb
Dbjurf 4.36> \torm bi tgrff p`clfs.
Bacfz, Tbltor. \torm #33.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.37 \torm lomdorts Hfinb, \torm #3;.
Acrrboiufvo, C`. \torm #3;.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.375
Dbjurf 4.3:> \torm stfc`s c hbss.
Bacfz, Tbltor. \torm #1.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.
375
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1
erbvfi cs mulg ay dcieom cs bt bs ay lrfctors cie febtors, wrotf Zb`soi oi gfr wfasbtf
somftbmf cdtfr tgfIfw Rorhfrpua`bsgfe @fporfs crtbl`f. Clross tgf bieustry, wf gcvf
affi systfmctblc``y ui-drbejbij . . . dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs wgo mcy gcvf jottfi sgort sgrbdt bi
tgf pcst, `oohbij ct tgfbr aclhstorbfs, cie ebslovfrbij, cs c lommuibty, wgct gcs affi `fdt
uiscbe. Cie biC-Dorlf, wfvf put tgfm c`` tojftgfrdor tgf dbrst tbmf (Zb`soi, Er.
@fporf's @cmfit).
@bhf tgf loilfpt od drbejbij,3Zb`sois rfdutctboi bs jrouiefe bi gfr
hiow`fejf od lombl gbstory. Zgb`f @fporf lc``s tgfbr lostumfs pfrvy, Zb`soi fxp`cbis
tgct tgfsf spflbdbl btfrctbois od our gfrobifs lostumfs wfrf purposfdu``y lrcdtfe to
rfsfma`f tgosf od mc`f supfrgfrofs. Ugfy crf, dor tgf most pcrt, du``y lovfrfec
prodouie efpcrturf drom tgf tffiy abhbibs od tgf 7;s cie 2;s, wgb`f stb`` lojibzcit od
tgf dclt tgct tgfsf lgcrcltfrs crf supfrgfrofs, cie supfrgfrofsmc`f cie dfmc`f c`bhf
wfcr duihy lo`orfe `ctfx. Bi ceebtboi, Zb`soi iotfs tgf vbsuc` rfprfsfitctboi od tgfsf
gfrobifs bi gfrobl (rctgfr tgci sfxuc`bzfe) posfs. Uo ci bieustry wbtg c torrbe pcst, tgfsf
crf mcnor jcbis8 Ugfrf crf mciy womfi (cie p`fity morf mfi!) bi tgf lombls bieustry
cie bi lombls dcieom wgo gcvf doujgt gcre to jft us to tgbs pobitlostumfs tgct lovfr
tgf autt, aooh lovfrs wgfrf io oif bs sprfce-fcj`f, story`bifs tgct eoit bivo`vf womfi
afbij sfxuc``y arutc`bzfe bi orefr to provbef motbvctboi. Ugbs mcy iot sffm `bhf mulg to
somfoif outsbef tgf lombls-rfcebij lommuibty, wrbtfs Zb`soi, aut to tgosf od us wbtg
c vfstfe bitfrfst bi tgbs mfebumwgo eo iot cspbrf to wgctfvfr sf`d-loijrctu`ctory acr
od gbjg lu`turf Er. @fporf rfqubrfs us to `fcp ovfr bi orefr to af loisbefrfe rfc`
3Drbejbij wgblg stcies dor rfdrbjfrctbij bs ebslussfe bi morf eftcb` bi Lgcptfr
Ugrff.
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Dbiebij c Dfmc`f Toblf bi tgf Lombl Icrrctbvf. Ugbs bs pcrtblu`cr`y truf iow
tgct rflfit ectc sujjfsts tgct 5
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5
Ugbs prfsfit worh bs ebvbefe bi two pcrts. Bi [crt Oif B arbfd`y fxcmbif tgf mciy
voblfs wgblg bidorm tgf dfmbibst cic`ysbs od lombls stuebfs. Lgcptfr Oif dolusfs oi
oijobij proa`fms od dfmc`f oanfltbdblctboi bi Cmfrblci mfebc, wbtg c pcrtblu`cr dolus oi
fxprfssbois od `bijfrbij rclbc` prfnueblf towcres womfi od lo`or. Ugbs bs ci fxcmbictboi
od tgf mcnor worhs od lrbtblbsm wgblg nustbdy tgbs stuey, pcrtblu`cr`y rfjcrebij tgf dfmc`f
suanflts rbsh dor bitfric`bzbij tgf mc`f jczf, bistbtutboic`bzfe rclbsm, or aotg. Lgcptfr
Uwo provbefs c arbfd aut tgoroujg gbstory od tgf oanfltbdblctboi od dfmc`fs bi lombls
spflbdblc``y, cs wf`` cs rfauttc`s to tgf most lommoi nustbdblctbois dor tgfsf outectfe
prcltblfs. Ugbs lgcptfr bs pcrtblu`cr`y iflfsscry to tgf `crjfr worh, cs bt provbefs tgf
spflbdbl loitfxt wgblg @fporf `clhfe> tgf `oij gbstory od gypfrsfxuc`bzfe lombl
gfrobifs. Aotg lgcptfrs bidorm my cic`ysbs cs rfprfsfitctbois od gow mfebc gcs dcb`fe
womfi bi tgf pcst. Bi Lgcptfr Ugrff B eftcb` tgf pcrtblu`cr bebosyilrcsbfs od lombl aoohs
wgblg nustbdy tgfm dor slgo`cr`y stuey, cie c`so eftcb` my owi slgo`cr`y cpproclg. Ugbs
lgcptfr efiotfs iot oi`y tgf wcys bi wgblg lombl stuebfs crf biefatfe to otgfr mfebums,
sulg cs db`m, aut c`so fmpgcsbzfs tgf iffe dor c sfmbotbl cpproclg to tgf tfxt.
Bi [crt Uwo B cpp`y tgfsf loitfxts to rbjorous`y cic`yzf tgrff ebstbilt lombl
gfrobifs wgo afjci tgfbr owi so`o tbt`fs `cst yfcr. C`` tgrff lombls efc` bitbmctf`y wbtg
tgf loilfpt od befitbty, wgblg B fxp`orf bi my cic`ysbs. Lgcptfr Dour fxcmbifs Ugor,c
so`o sfrbfs caout tgf dbrst dfmc`f gfro bi lombls to iot oi`y wbf`e tgf mytgbl Iorsf
Gcmmfr Mno`ibr, aut c`so to tchf tgf o`e Iorsf joes icmf> Ugor. Ugroujgout tgf fbjgt-
bssuf story crl tgf mystfrbous mcshfe womci rfdusfs to rfvfc` gfr befitbty to Mno`ibrs
owifr, Ugor Oebisoi, tgf Iorsf joe od `fjfie, wgo ct dbrst rcjfs cjcbist gfr cueclbty.
Gf bibtbc``y lgc``fijfs gfr to dbjgt, aut fvfituc``y rfc`bzfs tgfy crf oi tgf scmf sbef, aotg
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6
bitfit oi protfltbij Mbejcre drom fvb` sorlfrfrs, drost jbcits, cie c mbsjubefe Oebi. Bi
ci bmportcit slfif bi Ugor #5, Ugor Oebisoi afqufctgs gbs dbrst icmf to gfr wb``bij`y,
mulg to tgf lgcjrbi od gbs dctgfr. Ugor tgfrfcdtfr bs tgf icmf od tgf mystfrbous a`oief
womci, wgb`f Oebisoi rfdfrs to tgf iow-gcmmfr`fss Iorsf joe, wgo spfies mulg od
tgf rfst od tgf sfrbfs cttfmptbij to befitbdy tgf womci afgbie tgf mcsh. Oebisois dcmb`y
aflomfs ebvbefe ay tgf loitrovfrsy ovfr Ugor, wbtg Oebi oanfltbij bi c trcebtboic`,
pctrbcrlgc` dcsgboi, wgb`f gbs wbdf Drfync supports gfr sois eflbsboi wgo`f-gfcrtfe`y.
Ugoujg tgf ifw Ugors befitbty bs oi`y rfvfc`fe bi tgf vfry `cst bssuf od tgf story crl, tgf
joeefss od Uguiefr u`tbmctf`y provfs tgct gfr jfiefr gcs `btt`f fddflt oi wgftgfr or iot
sgf bs wortgy.
Lgcptfr Dbvf p`umas tgf cevfiturousMs. Mcrvf`to f`ulbectf c`` od tgf posbtbvfs
bi tgbs rfprfsfitctboi od c youij, [chbstcib Cmfrblci Mus`bm supfrgfrobif. Vi`bhf Ugor,
Ms. Mcrvf`s cevfiturfs crf morf fpbsoebl, do``owbij Hcmc`c Hgci cs gfr Bigumci
powfrs mcibdfst cie sgf nobis tgf rcihs od tgf vfry supfrgfrofs sgf gcs cembrfe drom
cdcr. Bi tgf dbrst lombl Hcmc`c efc`s wbtg tgf cwchfibij od gfr powfrs cie gow tgfy cee
c ifw, lomp`blctfe `cyfr to gfr c`rfcey mu`tb-dclftfe befitbty cs c [chbstcib Cmfrblci, cs
c Mus`bm, cie cs c moefri tffi jbr`. Ugfy crf cwchfife (cs bs lommoi wbtg Bigumci
supfrgfrofs) ay c Ufrrbjfi Mbst1, wgblg d`ooes tgf lbty nust cdtfr Hcmc`c sifchs out to
1Ugf Ufrrbjfi Mbst, c jrffi, lgfmblc` l`oue, bs c lommoi icrrctbvf too` bi Mcrvf`lombls, wgblg sfrvfs to trbjjfr tgf fxprfssboi od powfrsor Ufrrbjfifsbsbi c jroup
od lgcrcltfrs hiowi cs Bigumcis. Bt bs rf`fcsfe drom Ufrrbjfi Lrystc`s, c`tgoujg tgftbmbij cie rfcsoi dor fclg rf`fcsf vcrbfs drom story to story. Ugfsf Bigumcis, crf
sbmb`cr to mutcits, cs tgfy ebddfr drom rfju`cr gumcis ct c jfiftbl `fvf` cie gcvfvcrybij supfrgumci cab`btbfs, aut wgb`f mutcits crf c icturc``y ollurrbij fvo`utboi drom
gumcis, Bigumcis wfrf bmp`citfe wbtg eormcit jfifs ay c jroup od c`bfis lc``fe tgf
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4
cttfie gfr dbrst gbjg slgoo` pcrty. \bilf oif od gfr ifw powfrs bs tgf cab`bty to lgcijf gfr
cppfcrcilf, Hcmc`c ct dbrst bmbtctfs tgf dorm od tgf tc``, wgbtf, a`oief Ms. Mcrvf`, wgo
bi 1;31 lgcijfe gfr icmf to Lcptcbi Mcrvf`. Ugoujg Hcmc`c u`tbmctf`y eflbefs to dbjgt
lrbmf `oohbij `bhf gfrsf`d, Hcmc`c hffps Ms. Mcrvf`s moibhfr.
Hcmc`cs lrbmf-dbjgtbij bibtbc``y dolusfs oi dbiebij c jroup od ruicwcy tfficjfrs, wgo
turi out to af sclrbdblbij tgfmsf`vfs cs gumci acttfrbfs to duf` tgf lrfctbois od c mcibl,
gc`d-abre, gc`d-Afincmbi Drcih`bi l`oif icmfe tgf Bivfitor. Ugbs arbijs gfr bito
loitclt wbtg otgfr supfrgfrofs, bil`uebij tgf dcmous mutcit Zo`vfrbif cie tgf Bigumci
Suffi Mfeusc, wgo gf`p gfr `fcri to dbjgt cie provbef gfr wbtg c sbefhblh bi tgf dorm od
@olhncw, c jbcit, sfitbfit, tf`fportbij eoj. Dbic``y, Hcmc`c cttfmpts to ectf, spfiebij
tbmf wbtg c youij [chbstcib Mus`bm mci sgf hiows drom lgb`egooe, oi`y to ebslovfr
tgct gf too gcs filouitfrfe c Ufrrbjfi jcs l`oue cie gcs aflomf ci Bigumci. Gfr
bitfrcltbois wbtg gbm dorlf gfr to cssfrt gfrsf`d ovfr gbs vbo`filf cie mbsojyiy, durtgfr
loitrbautbij to tgf lombij-od-cjf story tgct bs tgf acsbs od tgbs sfrbfs.
@cst`y, Lgcptfr \bx wb`` ebsluss tgf rflfit`y rf`fcsfe (cie uidortuictf`y io `oijfr
oijobij) \torm. @bhf UgorcieMs. Mcrvf`,\torms story bs `crjf`y caout gfr befitbty8
\torm, or Ororo Muirof, bs tgf efslfiefit od c sfrbfs od Cdrblci [rbfstfssfs, aori bi Ifw
Rorh, rcbsfe bi Lcbro, cie `bvbij cs c joeefss bi Hfiyc wgfi sgf bs dbrst rflrubtfe ay tgf
W-Mfi tfcm. Zgfi \torm #3 opfis, Ororo gcs rflfit`y cllfptfe c posbtboi cs tgf
gfcembstrfss od tgf Nfci Jrcy \lgoo` dor Gbjgfr @fcribijtgf W-Mfi acsfcdtfr gfr
ebvorlf drom gfr gusacie (tgf A`clh [citgfr cie Hbij od Zchciec). \gf bs trybij to
Hrff (Bigumcis). Ugfrfdorf, fvfry ifw Bigumci bs rf`ctfe somfgow to ci Bigumci
lrfctfe ay tgf Hrff.
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dbjurf out gow to rfmcbi truf to gfr ifw befitbty cs c sbij`f womci cie cs c
supfrgfrobif, wgb`f c`so tchbij oi c ifw rfspoisbab`bty dor c slgoo` du`` od youij
mutcits. Cs bs l`fcr drom tgf tfxt, \torm dff`s c rfspoisbab`bty to rfmcbi c gumcibtcrbci
cie c dorlf dor jooe, cs sgf fvbefilfs bi tgf dbrst bssuf wgfrf sgf scvfs \cito Mcrlo
drom c tsuicmb cie tgfi efdfies bt drom c lorrupt mb`btbc.
Bi sfvfrc` od tgf suasfqufit bssufs sgf bs ca`f to loisbefr gfr befitbty bi rf`ctboi
to lgcrcltfrs drom gfr pcst8 bi tgf sfloie bssuf sgf trclhs c ruicwcy tfficjfr to tgf
suawcy, wgfrf sgf ebslovfrs tgct gfr o`e citcjoibst Lc``bsto bs cltuc``y lcrbij dor tgf
youtgs. Bi \torm #
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tgci vbo`filf, cie gf d`ffs wbtg tgf sujjfstboi tgct gf wb`` rfturi cmblca`y. Bi tgf `cst
dfw pcjfs od \torm #33, Ororo cppfcrs to dbic``y cllfpt tgct gfr befitbty bs ci cmc`jcm
od gfr efsbrf to efdfie gfr stuefits cs wf`` cs gfr vc`ufs, cie tgct tgfsf cspflts crf iot
mutuc``y fxl`usbvf.
Ugfsf tgrff lombl gfrobifs fxfmp`bdy tgf typf od bieustry lgcijfs tgct Nb``
@fporf ifj`flts bi gfr rfvbfw. C`tgoujg mcbistrfcm lombls gcvf `oij loitrbautfe to tgf
wfc`tg od oanfltbdblctboi od womfi bi mcbistrfcm mfebc, tgf dclt tgct oif od tgf top
lombl pua`bsgfrs bi tgf wor`e bs proeulbij ercstblc``y bmprovfe rfprfsfitctbois od
supfrgfrobifs bieblctfs tgf jfirf bs lgcijbij. Ay l`osf`y cic`yzbij tgf loitfit od tgrff
od Mcrvf`s most fddfltbvf rflfit tbt`fs, bt aflomfs oavbous tgf bitfitboic`bty wbtg wgblg
Mcrvf`s wrbtfrs, crtbsts, cie febtors gcvf lrfctfe tgfsf ifw icrrctbvfs, cie moef`s c ifw
stciecre tgct tgf bieustry wou`e eo wf`` to pfrpftuctf.
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[CQU OIF> UGFOQR CIE LOIUFWU
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LGC[UFQ OIF>
QF[QF\FIUCUBOI\ OD ZOMFI BI TB\VC@ MFEBC
Ugfrf crf c `ot od ifjctbvf bmcjfs bi our mfebc toecy wgblg rfd`flt powfr
bifquc`bty bi our solbc` spgfrf morf aroce`y. Bi tgct tgf do``owbij lgcptfrs crf loilfrife
wbtg posbtbvf rfprfsfitctbois od dfmc`fs bi mcbistrfcm lombls, bt bs prbmcrb`y tgf
trfctmfit od womfi bi Cmfrblci lu`turf tgct provbefs aclhjrouie to tgbs stuey. Gow
crf womfi rfprfsfitfe bi popu`cr lu`turf, cie wgct mbjgt tgct scy, bd ciytgbij, caout c
lu`turfs befcs caout jfiefr, dfmbibibty, cie sfx ro`fs ct c jbvfi pobit bi tbmf? cshs
Nfiibdfr \tu``fr, c loitrbautor to Mcttgfw \mbtg cie Qciey Euilcis Lrbtblc`
Cpproclgfs to Lombls(1 Cevfrtbsbijs Bmcjf od
Zomfi,pcrt od c`crjfr stuey spciibij dbvf eflcefs cie dolusfe oi portrcyc`s od womfi
bi mcbistrfcm mfebc. Bi bt, lrbtbl Nfci Hb`aourif fxcmbifs tgf ifjctbvf fddflts od tgfsf
bmcjfs oi womfi cie oi Cmfrblci lu`turf. Hb`aourifs worh fmpgcsbzfs gow tgf
stciecre od afcuty bi Cmfrblc bs rfprfsfitfe bi uiclgbfvca`fcie pgotosgoppfe
dorms, cie l`cbms tgct tgf rflurrbij rfprfsfitctboi od dfmc`f cs oanflts, odtfi `btfrc``y
mfrjfewbtg oanfltsmcy cllouit dor ci bilrfcsf bi sfxuc` vbo`filf (Goejsoi 6).
Dfmbibst popu`cr lu`turf slgo`cr Lcro`yi Lollc, wgosf worh bs bmportcit to my Lgcptfr
Uwo, pobits out tgct C iumafr od stuebfs gcvf douie lorrf`ctbois aftwffi fxposurf to
sfxuc``y oanfltbdybij mfebc cie gbjgfr sf`d-oanfltbdblctboi, aoey sgcmf cie survfb``cilf,
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cie fctbij ebsorefr symptoms, pcrtblu`cr`y cmoij youij womfi (511- cs frotbl oanflt dor tgf lgcrcltfrs wbtgbi tgf slrffi story, cie
cs frotbl oanflt dor tgf spfltctor wbtgbi tgf cuebtorbum bs troua`fsomf fioujg, lrbtbls
toecy gcvf turife tgf dolus oi tgf mc`f jczf to tgf fddflt od bts bistbtutboic`bzctboi
(Mu`vfy 6). Ictgci Mblzo, cutgor od [uilgbij Go`fs bi tgf \hy> Lcro` Ecivfrs cie tgf
[otfitbc` od \upfrgfrobibsm, loitfxtuc`bzfs gbs cic`ysbs od Mcrvf` lombls to tgbs solbc`
pfrpftuctboi od tgf mc`f jczf. Uo tgf fxtfit tgct Xwomfi] efsbrf cie/or crf dorlfe to af
pcrtblbpcits bi tgbs mcslu`bif lu`turf, wrbtfs Mblzo, dfmc`fs bitfric`bzf tgf oanfltbdbfe
pfrspfltbvf, sf`d-oanfltbdybij cie suasfqufit`y lombij to efvc`uf tgfbr owi suanfltbvf
fxpfrbfilfs bi dcvor od loidormbij to solbftc` stciecres od afcuty8 durtgfr, tgfy c`so turi
tgbs ceoptfe mc`f jczf upoi oif ciotgfr (3::). Ugbs typf od dfmc`f-oi-dfmc`f au``ybij
uiefrmbifs tgf u`tbmctf joc`s od dfmbibsm c`tojftgfr, cs Qory Eblhfr fxcmbifs biC
Gbstory od V.\. Dfmbibsms.
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3 Bs bt c posbtbvf lgcijf . . . tgf
cssfrtbvf `bafrctfe suanflt od tgf dfmbibst bmcjbicry? B eoit tgbih so. My rfcebij bs morf
pfssbmbstbl. Bi pcrtblu`cr, Jb`` pobits out tgct mfebc gcs afjui to fmpgcsbzf tgf sfxuc`
cutoiomy od bts womfi (wgo loitbiuf to af gypfrsfxuc`bzfe dor loisumptboi) tgfrfay
lrfctbij c ifw mfsscjf tgct womfi bi tgfsf cevfrts crf fieowfe wbtg cjfily so tgct
tgfy lci cltbvf`y lgoosf to oanfltbdy tgfmsf`vfs. Ugbs bs pcrtblu`cr`y worrbsomf, cs bt
efpblts tgf befo`ojblc` mfsscjf tgct womfi aflomf powfrdu` ay lgoosbij tgfbr owi
oanfltbdblctboi. Jb`` crjufs tgct toecy,
tgf oanfltbdybij mc`f jczf bs bitfric`bzfe to dorm c ifw ebslbp`bicry
rfjbmf. Ugbs rfprfsfitctboic` prcltblf oddfrs womfi tgf prombsf od powfr
ay aflombij ci oanflt od efsbrf. Bt fieows womfi wbtg tgf stctus od
cltbvf suanfltgooe so tgfy lci lgoosf to aflomf sfx oanflts aflcusf
tgbs subts tgfbr `bafrctfe bitfrfsts. . . . Bi tgbs wcy, sfxuc` oanfltbdblctboi
lci af prfsfitfe iot cs somftgbij eoif to womfi ay somf mfi, aut cs
tgf drff`y lgosfi wbsg od cltbvf, loidbefit, cssfrtbvf dfmc`f suanflts
(Jb``).
Bd tgf mc`f jczf wcs pfriblbous afdorf wgfi bt fddfltbvf`y filourcjfe womfi to
oanfltbdy fclg otgfr bi `bjgt od c gbfrcrlgy lrfctfe od mciudclturfe cie uiclgbfvca`f
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stciecres, bt bs fvfi morf troua`fsomf iow. Bt sffms to af ci cttfmpt to rfl`cbm
jrctubtous ebsp`cy cs c dorm od dfmc`f fmpowfrmfit, wrbtfs Mblgcf` Jooerum bi ci
crtbl`f oi supfrgfrobifs. C pcrc``f` lci af sffi bi pronflts od posbtboibij tgf [`cyaoy
auiiy cs c symao` od dfmc`f strfijtg cie biefpfiefilf (3; Cltboi Gfrobifs, Jfiefr,
Dftbsgbsm, cie [opu`cr Lu`turf, Nfddrfy Arowi fxcmbifs gfrobifs bi c vcrbfty od mfebc
dor tgfbr rfprfsfitctboi od aotg jfiefr ro`fs cie dfmbibif afcuty. My prbmcry loilfri
tgroujgout tgf fsscys bi tgbs aooh bs tgf cwhwcre ac`cilf aftwffi tgf gopf tgct cltboi
gfrobifs fmaoey rceblc` lu`turc` lgcijf bi cllfptca`f jfiefr ro`fs cie tgf dfcr tgct tgfy
gcvf oi`y so`bebdbfe tgf frotblbzctboi od dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs, gf fxp`cbis bi gbs
bitroeultboi (2). Mulg od Arowis worh dolusfs oi tgf cltboi gfrobifs a`urrbij od
jfiefr abicrbfs, crjuca`y oif od tgf most bmportcit pobits od loid`blt bi tgf sfloie wcvf
od dfmbibsm. Ugoujg \fxuc`bty (tojftgfr wbtg l`css cie rclf) bs befitbdbfe cs c abicry
opposbtboi (mci/womci, a`clh/wgbtf) wgblg rfjbstfrs ebddfrfilf aftwffi jroups od
pfop`febddfrfilfs wgblg crf mcibpu`ctfe solbc``y cie lu`turc``y bi wcys wgblg lcusf
oif jroup to eombictf or opprfss ciotgfr, dfmbibsts od tgf sfloie wcvf doujgt aclh
cjcbist ovfrsbmp`bdbfe efdbibtbois od dfmbibibty (\f`efi ft c` 3
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Afdorf Arowi ebslussfs biebvbeuc` cltboi gfrobifs, tgoujg, gf ebslussfs
trcebtbois od tgf jfirf morf jfifrc``y, c jfirf wgblg filompcssfs tgf dfmc`f
supfrgfrobif. Ugf dfmc`f cltboi gfrobif, cllorebij to Arowi,
bs biqubsbtbvf cie bitf``bjfit, pgysblc``y cie fmotboic``y stroij, cie bs
l`fcr`y portrcyfe cs c gfrobl befc` wbtg wgblg cuebfilf mfmafrs befitbdy.
Oi tgf otgfr gcie, tgf cltboi gfrobif pfrpftuctfs tgf befc` od dfmc`f
afcuty cie sfxuc`bty tgct gcs c`wcys affi tgf prbmcry lu`turc` vc`uf od
womfi bi our solbfty. Zgftgfr portrcyfe bi `bvf-cltboi db`m cie tf`fvbsboi
ay supfrmoef`s cie lfitfrdo`es, bi lcrtoois ay cibmf-bispbrfe wbef-fyfe
prftffi wcbds, or sty`bzfe po`yjois cie pbxf`s bi ebjbtc` jcmfs, cltboi
gfrobifs crf loivfitboic``y afcutbdu`, j`cmorous, cie sfxuc`bzfe. (:)
Arowi `ctfr c`bjis tgfsf cppcrfit`y loitrcstbij quc`btbfs wbtg tgf loilfpt od tgf
eombictrbx, aut c`wcys rfturis to tgf proa`fmctbl loistrultboi od c abicry trcisjrfssbij
womci wgo portrcys mcslu`bif lgcrcltfrbstbls bi gfr pgysblc` strfijtg, eftfrmbictboi,
cie cab`bty to worh c`oif, aut wgo bs c`so dftbsgbzfe vbsuc``y dor tgf loisumptboi od tgf
mc`f cie tgf befc`bzctboi od tgf dfmc`f. Bi jfifrc` tgfsf cltboi gfrobif d`blhs sffm
loitfit to pbi tgfbr gopfs dor sullfss oi tgf sfxuc` cttrcltbvfifss od tgf `fce lgcrcltfr,
mchbij tgfbr rfprfsfitctbois `clh suastcilf (Arowi 155). Io mcttfr gow stroij tgf
gfrobif bs, gfr efpbltboi bs c`most c`wcys gypfrsfxuc`bzfe, lrfctbij c loisbstfit cie
pfrvcsbvf cssolbctboi aftwffi jrctubtous ebsp`cy od d`fsg cie dfmc`f powfr. Jbvfi tgf
loisbstfily od tgf rfproeultboi, tgf gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi od gfrobifs rfd`flts tgf loitbiufe
bifquc`bty od womfi bi wfstfri lu`turf.
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Vidortuictf`y, sfxuc` oanfltbdblctboi bs nust oif cspflt od ifjctbvf solbc`
loistrults pfrpftuctfe ay tgf mfebc. Ciotgfr bmportcit loitfxt dor tgf stuey od dfmc`f
supfrgfrofs bi mcbistrfcm lombl lu`turf bs tgf mfebcs rfprfsfitctboi od mbiorbtbfs. Nust
cs Qclgf` Hbiifys rfsfcrlg bieblctfs tgf rf`ctbvf icbvfty od Cmfrblci lo``fjf stuefits
to tgf pfrpftuctboi od rclbc` stfrfotypfs bi Cmfrblc, mciy loisumfrs od mfebc crf
uicwcrf od tgf mfsscjfs tgfy bmabaf oi c ecb`y acsbs. Cie tgfy crf fvfrywgfrf8 af``
goohs lrbtblc`A`clh @oohs> Qclf cie Qfprfsfitctboirfvo`utboibzfe tgf stuey od
mbiorbty dbjurfs bi tgf mfebc, efmcrlctbij cie proa`fmctbzbij tgf wcy tgct A`clhdbjurfs
crf rfprfsfitfe bi mcbistrfcm mfebc. Opfibij c mcjczbif or aooh, turibij oi tgf
tf`fvbsboi sft, wctlgbij c db`m, or `oohbij ct pgotojrcpgs bi pua`bl spclfs, wf crf most
`bhf`y to sff bmcjfs od a`clh pfop`f tgct rfbidorlf cie rfbislrbaf wgbtf suprfmcly.
Ugosf bmcjfs mcy af loistrultfe ay wgbtf pfop`f wgo gcvf iot ebvfstfe od rclbsm, or ay
pfop`f od lo`or/a`clh pfop`f wgo mcy sff tgf wor`e tgroujg tgf `fis od wgbtf
suprfmclybitfric`bzfe rclbsm (goohs 3). Mulg `bhf tgf lomp`blctfe befo`ojblc`
afjfttbij od tgf mc`f jczf, stfrfotypblc` rfprfsfitctbois od mbiorbtbfs crf sbmb`cr`y
lu`pca`f dor fmafeebij rclbc` stfrfotypfs fvfi wbtgbi tgf mfmafrs od tgf rfprfsfitfe
mbiorbty jroups. Ugf effp`y befo`ojblc` icturf od bmcjfry eftfrmbifs iot oi`y gow
otgfr pfop`f tgbih caout us aut gow wf tgbih caout oursf`vfs, goohs fxp`cbis (6).
Ugfrf crf lopbous fxcmp`fs od ifjctbvf rfprfsfitctbois od mbiorbtbfs bi moefri
mfebc. \o mciy, bi dclt, tgct Hbiify wrbtfs tgct uidortuictf`y dor tgf stctf od rclf bi tgf
Vibtfe \tctfs, tgfrf bs c ifvfr-fiebij strfcm od popu`cr lu`turf tgct proeulfs,
rfproeulfs, cie rfbdbfs rclbc` `ojbls od tgf projrfssbvf bivfstmfit bi wgbtfifss (61).
Ugoujg spflbdbl rfprfsfitctbois od mbiorbty aoebfs bi mfebc crf usfdu` to loitfxtuc`bzf
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tgfbr rfprfsfitctboi wbtgbi lombls cs pcrt od c jrfctfr solbc` icrrctbvf, bt mchfs sfisf to
afjbi wbtg tgf most proa`fmctbl cspflt od mbiorbty rfprfsfitctboi cltbvf toecy> tgf dclt
tgct wgbtfifss bs loisbefrfe tgf uimcrhfe lctfjory (Hbiify 54-:).
Ugbs bs c pfrvcsbvf befo`ojy uimbtbjctfe ay `cw or po`bly aut wgblg cddflts most
otgfr cspflts od ifjctbvf rfprfsfitctboi od mbiorbtbfs bi mfebc. Hbiify eofs ci fxlf``fit
noa od fxp`orbij tgbs pgfiomfioi bi Aut B Eoit \ff Qclf. Bi pcrtblu`cr sgf efiotfs
tgf wcy tgct tgf popu`cr iovf` Ugf Guijfr Jcmfsifvfr rclbc`bzfs fbtgfr tgf mcbi
lgcrcltfr, Hctibss Fvfreffi, ior tgf youij jbr` Quf, tgoujg aotg crf efslrbafe cs gcvbij
ecrh lomp`fxbois. Zgfi tgf aooh wcs cecptfe dor db`m cie lcst dor tgf slrffi, Hctibss
wcs portrcyfe ay c wgbtf cltrfss, wgb`f Quf wcs p`cyfe ay ci Cdrblci Cmfrblci cltrfss.
Bi gfr l`cssroom cie crtbl`f Hbiify prfsfits gfr stuefits wbtg movbfjofr rfspoisfs,
mciy od wgblg efiotf surprbsf tgct Quf wou`e af Cdrblci Cmfrblci . . . aut ioif od
wgom qufstboi tgf dclt tgct Hctibss bs p`cyfe ay c wgbtf cltrfss. Zgy bs c wgbtf
cltrfss lcst to p`cy Hctibss? Gow eo wf hiow Hctibss bsit a`clh? Hbiify cshs (54-:).
Cs sgf jofs oi to cssfrt, Ugbs qufstboi gbjg`bjgts tgct bi tgf V\ lu`turc` bmcjbicry
wgbtfifss bs ci uimcrhfe lctfjory, aflcusf Bd wf tru`y `bvfe bi c wor`e wgfrf B
eoit sff rclf or wf crf c`` fquc` tgf scmf cmouit od fifrjy spfit fxp`blctbij Lo``bis
tfxt dor fvbefilf od Qufs a`clhifss wou`e af spfit `oohbij dor fvbefilf od Hctibsss
wgbtfifss (Hbiify 5:). Mciy Cmfrblcis, cs wf`` cs mciy od Hbiifys stuefits,
cssumf tgct ci uiefslrbafe lgcrcltfr bs wgbtf, fxposbij c l`fcr abcs wgblg pfrsbsts bisbef
our solbc` strctc. Goohs efmoistrctfe tgbs hbie od uifxcmbife abcs bi A`clh @oohs, aut
tgf prcltblf pfrsbsts to tgbs ecy.
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Ugbs binustblf bs pcrtblu`cr`y pfriblbous aflcusf mchbij wgbtfifss tgf
douiectboic` lctfjory mchfs fvfry otgfr rclf Otgfr. Fvfry otgfr mcnor fxcmp`f od
lrbtblbsm B lci befitbdy bi tgf mfebc stfms drom tgbs bifqubty. Od pcrtblu`cr wortg dor tgbs
stuey crf vbsuc` rfprfsfitctbois od mbiorbty womfi bi mfebc, cs tgfmfs od Otgfrifss
gcvf `fit tgfmsf`vfs to tgf pfrpftuctboi od gypfrsfxuc`bty cie fxotblbsm bi tgfbr
rfprfsfitctboi cs dcr aclh cs tgf ibiftffitg lfitury. Aotg goohs cie Nfiibdfr Icsg,
cutgor od Ugf A`clh Aoey bi Flstcsy, fxp`orf tgfsf vbsuc` rfprfsfitctbois, afjbiibij wbtg
tgf ebsp`cy od tgf bidcmous Gottfitot Tfius (Icsg 1:). \ccrtnb \crcg Accrtmci, or
tgf so-lc``fe Tfius, wcs ebsp`cyfe du``y ichfe dor wgbtf vbfwfrs bi c sty`f sbmb`cr to tgct
od fis`cvfe Cdrblci womfi . . . dor dbvf yfcrs. Zgfi sgf ebfe, tgf mutb`ctfe pcrts wfrf
stb`` suanflt to slrutbiy, mfcibij tgct gfr `crjf arfcsts cie auttolhs wfrf ebssfltfe bi
orefr to c``ow wgbtf vbfwfrs to loitbiuf to oanfltbdy tgf ichfe bmcjf od Otgfrifss
(goohs 41). Cllorebij to Icsg, tgbs wcs nust tgf afjbiibij od c loisbstfit wouiebij od
A`clh dfmc`f d`fsg (64).
Ugbs mftcpgorblc` wouiebij fxbsts c`so bi fcr`y opbibois od rclbc`bzfe
sfxuc`bty, wgblg fssfitbc``y rfeulfe tgfbr suanflts to `btt`f morf tgci wb`e cibmc`s.
[ctrblbc Lo``bis sffs tgbs trcebtboi douiefe bi lo`oibzctboi od ifw, wb`e, louitrbfs. Bi
A`clh \fxuc` [o`btbls> Cdrblci Cmfrblcis, Jfiefr, cie tgf Ifw Qclbsm, sgf fxp`cbis tgct
Viefr lo`oibc`bsm, Zfst Cdrblci pfop`fs proxbmbty to wb`e cibmc`s, fspflbc``y cpfs,
rcbsfe bi Zfstfri bmcjbictbois tgf spfltfr od wb`e sfxuc` prcltblfs bi ci uilbvb`bzfe,
bigfrfit`y vbo`fit wb`efrifss (31;). Bi gbs owi worh Arowi l`cbms tgct tgf cssolbctboi
od wb`eifss fxtfies to ciy ioi-wgbtf lu`turf dor sbmb`cr rfcsois, l`cbmbij tgct tgf
mytgblc` Orbfit filompcssfs c`` ioi-Zfstfri lu`turfs, cie ay fxtfisboi c`` ioi-Zgbtf
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pfop`fs, ftgiblbtbfs cs ebvfrsf cs Cdrblci, Gbspcibl, Mbee`f-Fcstfri, Dcr-Fcstfri,
Mfebtfrrcifci, cie Csbci. Gf crjufs tgct tgbs `bijfrbij xfiopgoabc lrfctfs mfebc
rfprfsfitctbois tgct crf loilfbvfe prbmcrb`y cllorebij to stfrfotypfs. . . . Cmoij tgf
morf oavbous (cie odtfi loitrcebltory) stfrfotypfs crf uilbvb`bzfe, efvbous, rf`bjbous`y
duiecmfitc`, vbo`fit, bmmorc`, fxlfssbvf`y sfxuc` cie fxlfssbvf`y aoeb`y (Arowi 342).
\`cvfry bi tgf Vibtfe \tctfs c`so loitrbautfe to tgbs rfputctboi, cs tgf sfxuc` vu`ifrcab`bty
cie vbo`ctboi od Cdrblci Cmfrblci womfi eurbij s`cvfry wcs cttrbautfe to tgfbr sfxuc`
bmmorc`bty (Drffemci,Io Uuribij Aclh7;).
Ugf tfiefily to cssolbctf mbiorbty womfi wbtg gypfrsfxuc`bty bs pcrtblu`cr`y
stroij bi Cmfrblci mfebc. C`tgoujg tgbs bs odtfi prfsfitfe cs c typf od lf`farctboi od
ftgibl ebvfrsbty cie cpprflbctboi . . . bi trutg bt ifvfr strcys dcr drom tgf rclbst cie sfxbst
orbjbis od tbmfwori stfrfotypfs, l`cbms Arowi, lbtbij Nfiibdfr @opfzs cie Afyoils
ftgibl aootbfs . . . @uly @bus cie Hf``y Gus Csbci eombictrbx Ercjoi @cey ro`fs, cie
fvfi tgf spflbc` febtboi sfrbfs od[`cyaoysbmp`y fitbt`feFxotbl Afcutbfs cs fvbefilf
(3:;-3). Ugoujg `cw cie po`bly gcvf rfdormfe to ebsc``ow tgf typf od ovfrt bifquc`bty
fxpfrbfilfe bi tgf efgumcibzbij clts eoif to \ccrtnb Accrtmci, solbc` stfrfotypfs wfrf
douiefe bi tgfsf fcr`y befo`ojbfs cie gcvf iot yft affi f`bmbictfe drom our lu`turf.
Vidortuictf`y Ugf twbi yohfs od rclbc` Otgfrifss cie dftbsgbzfe dfmbibibty crf fssfitbc`
to ciy loisbefrctboi od ftgiblc``y befitbdbfe womfi bi popu`cr lu`turf (Arowi 3:4).
Cdrblci Cmfrblci womfi crf stb`` cssumfe toecy to gcvf bitrbisblc``y `crjfr aclhsbefs,
to tgf pobit tgct Cdrblci Cmfrblci lu`turf gcs bitfric`bzfe tgbs o`e rclbsm bi tgf solbc`
loistrultboi od tgf befc` od A`clh afcuty.
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1;
Lo``bis pua`bsgfe ci bitubtbvf fxp`blctboi od dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi bi A`clh rcp
lu`turf, wgblg gcs ceoptfe somf od tgf gbstorblc` dftbsgbzctboi od A`clh womfis aoebfs.
Oanfltbdybij A`clh aoebfs turis tgfm bito lcivcsfs tgct lci af bitfrlgcijfe dor c
vcrbfty od purposfs, sgf fxp`cbis (312).
Gbstorblc``y, tgbs oanfltbdblctboi gce c l`fcr rclbc` motbvf. Bi tgf post-lbvb`
rbjgts frc, gowfvfr, tgbs usf od A`clh womfis aoebfs c`so gcs c
ebstbiltbvf jfiefr suatfxt bi tgct Cdrblci Cmfrblci mfi wgo stcr bi musbl
vbefos loistrult c lfrtcbi vfrsboi od mcigooe cjcbist tgf aclherop od
oanfltbdbfe icmf`fss, qucsb ichfe A`clh womfi wgo popu`ctf tgfbr stcjf.
Ct tgf scmf tbmf, Cdrblci Cmfrblci womfi bi tgfsf scmf vbefos odtfi
oanfltbdy tgfbr owi aoebfs bi orefr to af cllfptfe wbtgbi tgbs A`clh mc`f-
loitro``fe uibvfrsf. (Lo``bis 312)
Fquc``y cddfltfe ay tgf bitfric`bzctboi od tgf mc`f jczf cs otgfr Cmfrblci womfi, tgf
gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi od A`clh womfi bi rcp lu`turf ffrb`y flgofs tgf dorfwcribij od
\onourifr Urutg wgfi sgf ceerfssfe tgf `clh od cttfitboi to mbiorbty womfis rbjgts bi
tgf bibtbc` pusg dor jfiefr fquc`bty> bd lo`orfe mfi jft tgfbr rbjgts, cie iot lo`orfe
womfi tgfbrs, you sff tgf lo`orfe mfi wb`` af mcstfrs ovfr tgf womfi, cie bt wb`` af
nust cs ace cs bt wcs afdorf (qte bi Drffemci :2). C`tgoujg dfmbibsm gcs sbilf
fmarclfe tgf rfprfsfitctboi od c`` jroups wgo fxpfrbfilf bifquc`bty, Cdrblci Cmfrblci
womfi crf stb`` odtfi suanujctfe bi tgf bitfrfsts od Cdrblci Cmfrblci mfi.
H. \uf Nfwf``, cutgor odDrom Mcmmy to Mbss Cmfrblc cie Afyoie, stuebfs dour
o`efr stfrfotypfs dor Cdrblci Cmfrblci womfi bi mfebc, aotg gypfrsfxuc` cie iot> Ugf
Mcmmy, Ugf Cuit Nfmbmc, tgf \cppgbrf, cie tgf Nfzfaf`. Cllorebij to Nfwf`` tgf
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Mcmmy bs tgf most pfrvcsbvf od tgfsf bmcjfs, typblc``y cppfcrbij cs ci oafsf
Cdrblci Cmfrblci womci, od ecrh lomp`fxboi, wbtg fxtrfmf`y `crjf arfcsts cie
auttolhs, cie jfifrc``y aotg biefpfiefit cie suambssbvf, c `c s`cvfry (
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sfxuc`bty . . . Zgftgfr sgf dulhs mfi dor p`fcsurf, erujs, rfvfijf, or moify, tgf
sfxuc`bzfe abtlg loistbtutfs c moefri vfrsboi od tgf Nfzfaf`, rfpclhcjfe dor
loitfmporcry mcss mfebc (Lo``bis 31:-7). Cs Lo``bis rbjgt`y befitbdbfs, Ugf ebddblu`ty
`bfs bi tf``bij tgf ebddfrfilf aftwffi rfprfsfitctbois od A`clh womfi wgo crf sfxuc``y
`bafrctfe cie tgosf wgo crf sfxuc` oanflts, tgfbr aoebfs oi sc`f dor mc`f finoymfit
(314). Ugfsf Abtlgfs, `bhf tgf womfi bi rcp vbefos, cppfcr to rf-sfxuc`bzf tgfmsf`vfs
cs Jb`` sujjfsts> cs tgoujg bt bs c sourlf od powfr.
Vidortuictf`y, tgfsf stfrfotypfs drom wbtgbi cie wbtgout Cdrblci Cmfrblci
lu`turf somftbmfs lcusf womfi to c`tfr tgfmsf`vfs bi orefr to sullffe. Bmcjfs od
worhbij-l`css A`clh dfmbibibty tgct pbvot oi c A`clh womcis aoey po`btbls od
abtlgbifss, prombslubty, cie cauiecit dfrtb`bty c`so cddflt mbee`f-l`css Cdrblci Cmfrblci
womfi. Bi fssfilf, tgf loitro``bij bmcjfs cssolbctfe wbtg poor cie worhbij-l`css A`clh
womfi aflomf tfxts od wgct iot to af, scys Lo``bis (3
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1 Cmfrblci Zomfi oi Afbij Mus`bmbil`uefs lgcptfrs wrbttfi ay
[chbstcib, Cdrblci, cie @bayci Mus`bms, cmoij otgfrs. C`tgoujg wf gce affi aori cie
rcbsfe bi tgbs louitry cie hifw io otgfr p`clf to lc`` gomf, B cie otgfr Cmfrblci
Mus`bms lcmf to rfc`bzf dor tgf dbrst tbmf tgct wf wfrf iot pfrlfbvfe cs Cmfrblci bi tgf
fyfs od c `crjf swctg od tgf jfifrc` pua`bl, wrbtfs Farcgbmnb. . . . Ugfy scw my
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dorfbjiifss afdorf tgfy cllfptfe mf cs ci Cmfrblci (1 Actt`bij [frlfptbois od Mus`bm Zomfi bi Ugf 22,cutgor Fewbi
\gbrbi fxp`cbis tgct tfxts sulg cs tgf gcebtg (fxfmp`cry cltbois cie spfflgfs od tgf
[ropgft Mugcmmce), od qufstboica`f provficilf, cie tgfdbqg (Bs`cmbl nurbspruefilf),
gfcvb`y scturctfe wbtg pctrbcrlgc` befo`ojy, gcvf suavfrtfe womfis duiecmfitc`
Surciblrbjgts to fquc`bty cie nustblf, aut tgf Surci btsf`d, tgf lfitrc` Bs`cmbl tfxt, bs
du`` od fjc`btcrbci mfsscjfs (3:
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\usci Muceeb Ecrccn, c dfmbibst loitrbautor to Aftsy Qffes lo``fltboi fitbt`fe
Iotgbij \clrfe> Zomfi Qfspoie to Qf`bjbous Duiecmfitc`bsm cie Ufrror, jbvfs c du``fr
pblturf od Bs`cmbl dfmbibsm.
Ugfrf crf otgfr hfy bssufs, afsbef tgf mulg-gypfe bssuf od dfmc`f jfibtc`
mutb`ctboi, crouie wgblg Crca dfmbibsts toecy orjcibzf, bil`uebij tgf bisurcilf
od dcbr ebvorlf `cws, propfr gfc`tg lcrf dor womfi, dcmb`y p`ciibij feulctboi,
cie otgfrs. Uwo od tgf most prombifit gcvf c`so rflfbvfe somf cttfitboi drom
Zfstfri dfmbibsts bi tgfbr qufsts to filompcss c`` womfis voblfs> c gbstorblc``y
cllurctf pblturf od Crca womfi, cie, od loursf, tgf vfb`. (Qffe 3:3)
Cs Muceeb-Ecrccn rbjgt`y sujjfsts, Mus`bm womfi, `bhf otgfr womfi, gcvf c mulg
morf lomp`blctfe bitfrsfltboi od loilfris tgci outsbefrs, fvfi wbtgbi dfmbibsm,
uiefrstcie. Qctgfr tgci mchf ci fddort to afttfr uiefrstcie Mus`bm Cmfrblci womfi,
Cmfrblci lu`turf gcs c tfiefily to vb``cbibzf, vbltbmbzf cie mcrjbic`bzf tgfm.
Vidortuictf`y, tgbs cssolbctboi od wgbtfifss wbtg biiolfilf cie Otgfr-ifss wbtg
ioi-biiolfilf cie efvbcilf, lomabife wbtg tgf xfiopgoabc fxprfssfe cdtfr 2/33 gcs
tojftgfr lrfctfe c lu`turf wgfrf mbiorbtbfs crf suat`y filourcjfe to `ooh cie clt cs
wgbtf cs possba`f. Eblhfr ebslussfs c eolumfitcry oi tgbs vfry topbl, iotbij tgct C
Jbr` @bhf Mfrfprfsfits ci fddort to feulctf tgf pua`bl caout tgf cttbtuefs caout afcuty
gf`e ay youij a`clh womfi. . . . C iumafr od womfi bi tgf db`m efslrbaf tgf a`fclgbij
lrfcms usfe ay ecrh womfi to `bjgtfi tgfbr shbi8 oif womci tc`hs caout c motgfr wgo
put a`fclgbij lrfcm oi gfr ecujgtfrs stcrtbij wgfi tgfy wfrf vfry youij. (Eblhfr 351)
Cs Eblhfr pobits out, tgfsf ercstbl cltbois wfrf tchfi bi gopfs od jrfctfr cllfptcilf
wbtgbi Zfstfri solbfty. Ecvbss db`m bs c loitfmporcry lgc``fijf to `bijfrbij rclbsm
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cie sfxbsm bi c lu`turf tgct stb`` pfrpftuctfs tgf befc tgct a`clh bs iot afcutbdu` (Eblhfr
351). Af`` goohs stuefits fxprfssfe sbmb`cr fxpfrbfilfs> tgfy gce trbfe to cttcbi
wgbtfifss, bd oi`y symao`blc``y. Ugfy jcvf jrcpgbl eftcb`s caout tgf wcys tgfy cttfmptfe
to cppfcr wgbtf ay tc`hbij c lfrtcbi wcy, wfcrbij lfrtcbi l`otgbij, fvfi lgoosbij
spflbdbl jroups od wgbtf drbfies (goohs 34). Mciy Cmfrblcis crf wgo``y uicwcrf od tgbs
pgfiomfioi, aut tgbs loilfpt od pcssbijsullfssdu``y prftfiebij to af iormc`bs ci
bmportcit cie wf``-eolumfitfe rfc`-`bdf fxpfrbfilf cmoij gomosfxuc`s cie `bjgt-
shbiife Cdrblci Cmfrblcis (Gousf` cie Zbsifwshb 7). Ugct tgf loilfpt od iormc`
sgou`e prfl`uef ciytgbij fxlfpt wgbtfifss bs c rfvo`tbij cspflt od `bijfrbij rclbsm bi
Cmfrblc. Loisbefr cjcbi tgf cltboi gfrobif, cs stuebfe ay Arowi> sgf bs prfeombicit`y
rfprfsfitfe bi tgf mfebc cs ci befc` od dfmbibif afcuty tgct bs c`most fxl`usbvf`y Cryci
(Arowi 34). Bi ci fxtrfmf`y ebvfrsf louitry tgf rfc`bty tgct mbiorbtbfs crf poor`y
rfprfsfitfe bi mfebc bs rfpu`sbvf.
Oif od tgf most proa`fmctbl lgcrcltfrbstbls od Cmfrblci mfebc bs tgf `bmbtfe
qucitbty proeulfe wbtg mbiorbty cuebfilfs bi mbie. Bts c sgcmf gow a`clh pfop`f
loisbstfit`y gcvf to sftt`f dor `fss wgfi bt lomfs to quc`bty projrcmmbij, Qoxciif Jcy
wrbtfs bi tgf dbrst dfw pcjfs odAce Dfmbibst(5-6). Ugf mfebc rcrf`y efpblts icrrctbvfs
lfitrc``y dolusfe oi Cdrblci Cmfrblcis, tgoujg tgbs gcs bmprovfe ercstblc``y sbilf tgf
pua`blctboi od goohs worh, cie sbjibdblcit`y fvfi bi tgf `cst eflcef. Otgfr mbiorbtbfs,
sulg cs Mfxblci Cmfrblcis, Mus`bm Cmfrblcis or Ictbvf Cmfrblcis gcvf fvfi dfwfr
projrcms proeulfe dor tgfm, cie fvfi tgfi tgf mfebc loitbiufs to bilorporctf
stfrfotypblc` rfprfsfitctbois, tgoujg odtfi tgfy crf lrcdtfe ay Cdrblci Cmfrblci or
mbiorbty wrbtfrs. L`fcr`y tgf Cmfrblci mfebc iffes to lgcijf. Ugf sfxuc` oanfltbdblctboi
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od womfi bi tgf Cmfrblci mfebc bs pfrvcsbvf, cie tgf bidrfqufily od posbtbvf mbiorbty
dbjurfs bs rfprfgfisba`f. Zbtg fvfry ifjctbvf rfprfsfitctboi wf fidorlf tgf stctus quo,
filourcjbij tgf bitfric`bzctboi od tgf mc`f jczf cie od `bijfrbij rclbsm. Bi sulg c
actt`fdbf`e od rfprfsfitctboi, tgf bidrfqufily od posbtbvf dfmc`f cie mbiorbty
rfprfsfitctboi bi Cmfrblci mfebc bilrfcsfs tgf bmportcilf od fclg sullfssdu` worh.
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LGC[UFQ UZO>
QF[QF\FIUCUBOI\ OD DFMC@F\ BI LOMBL\
Lombl aoohs gcvf affi lu`pca`f bi tgf rfprfsfitctboi od gypfrsfxuc`bzfe cie
stfrfotypfe womfi od c`` ftgiblbtbfs dor c `oij, `oij tbmf. Cs J. Zb``ow Zb`soi pobits
out, gowfvfr, lurrfit rfprfsfitctbois od dfmc`fs bi lombls crf fxtrfmf`y posbtbvf bi `bjgt
od tgfbr gbstory, tgoujg tgfy gcvf durtgfr to jo. Bi orefr to cefquctf`y cssfss tgf
posbtbvbty od tgf rfprfsfitctbois od womfi bi Ugor, Ms. Mcrvf` cie \torm,bt bs bmportcit
to uiefrstcie somf od tgf most lommoi mbsstfps bi tgf rfprfsfitctboi od womfi bi
lombls.
\gffic, tgf Suffi od tgf Nuij`f, wcs tgf dbrst dfmc`f to gcvf gfr owi lombl
sfrbfs, proeulfe bi 32
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lrbtblbsm drom slgo`crs (Norjfisfi cie @flgci 142). Nfddrfy Arowi jofs so dcr cs to
sujjfst tgct Zoiefr Zomci, cs tgf dbrst bloibl supfrgfrobif, cltuc``y aorf rfspoisbab`bty
dor tgf pfrpftuctboi od sfxuc`bzfe gfrobifs fvfr cdtfr>
Od loursf tgf dclt tgct Zoiefr Zomci wcs b``ustrctfe cs fxlfptboic``y
cttrcltbvf cie l`ce bi dbrst c sgort shbrt Xsff Dbjurf 1.3], cie tgfi tbjgt
sgorts cie c austbfr Xsff Dbjurf 1.1], gf`pfe mchf gfr pc`ctca`f to tgf aoys
cie ZZBB sfrvblfmfi wgo loistbtutfe tgf au`h od tgf lombls rfcebij
mcrhft bi tgf 325;s. Ugf sfxuc``y lgcrjfe cie rfvfc`bij icturf od gfr
lostumf sft c stciecre dor c`` cltboi gfrobif lostumfs to do``ow. (Arowi
1
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Ugf aoebfs od womfi bi mcbistrfcm lombls tfie to af dftbsgbzfe, rflfbvf
morf dolus tgci tgfbr icrrctbvf, crf sgowi cs pcrts rctgfr tgci tgf cltbvf
wgo`f (b.f., pcif`s dolus oi l`fcvcjf or efrrbfrf rctgfr tgci c wgo`f aoey)
cie crf typblc``y ercwi bi pgysblc``y bmpossba`f posbtbois tgct mcicjf to
ebsp`cy aotg tgfbr arfcsts cie tgfbr rfcr fies. Ugfbr aoebfs crf twbstfe,
ebstortfe, cie fxcjjfrctfe. (1 Aoiecjf cie Dfmbibsm bi tgf [ftfr Mcrstoi
Lombls, 3253-32578 Ubm Gci`fys Zoiefr Zomci Viaouie> Ugf Lurbous Gbstory od tgfZor`es Most Dcmous Gfrobif, cie Nb`` @fporfs Ugf \flrft Gbstory od Zoiefr Zomci,
cmoij otgfrs.
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C`most fvfry
bssuf od mcbistrfcm supfrgfro lombls bi tgf scmp`f3
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Zgfi
Ovfr-sfxuc`bzctboi Hb``s tgf \tory, tcltdu``y efslrbafs tgbs crt cs lrfctfe to jft your
rolhs odd. Bi otgfr wores, lgffsflchf rfprfsfitctboi od supfrgfrobifs bs Bmcjfry tgct
prbzfs sfxuc`bzctboi caovf c`` f`sffspflbc``y wgfi tgct eofsit mchf sfisf dor tgf
story, cie bt lci pu`` you out od tgf momfit cie stop your rfcebij fxpfrbfilf efce.
Lombls bi tgf 322;s wfrf sueefi`y du`` od tgfsf rfprfsfitctbois, tgoujg tgfy vcrbfe bi
jrctubty. Cs \lott Auhctmci lommfitfe bi 3225,
Ugf spfltcl`f od tgf dfmc`f aoey bi tgfsf tbt`fs bs so bisbstfit, cie tgf
dfstbsgbsm od arfcsts, tgbjgs, cie gcbr so lomp`ftf . . . tgct tgf lombls
sffm to ecrf you to scy somftgbij caout tgfm tgct bsit nust rfeuiecit. Od
loursftgf dfmc`f dorm gcs casure`y fxcjjfrctfe sfxuc` lgcrcltfrbstbls8 od
loursftgf lostumfs crf shbmpbfr tgci oif lou`e (or sgou`e) bmcjbif8 od
loursf tgfrfs io vbsba`f wcy tgct tgfsf lostumfs lou`e stcy bi p`clf8 od
loursf tgfsf womfi rfprfsfit sbmp`f ceo`fslfit mcsturactory dcitcsbfs
(wbtg c gfc`tgy tcstf od eombictrbx). (331)
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gfrf bs tgfsupfrtfcm bi wgblg tgf mcnorbty od tgf
bitfrfstbij, powfrdu` lgcrcltfrs crf dfmc`f, cie morf odtfi tgci iot tgfy sbmp`y stcie
crouie `oohbij shbmp cie/or eybij.
Cllorebij to Nosfpg Ecrowshb, cutgor od sfvfrc` worhs oi tgf W-Mfi tfcm,
[sy`olhf bs oif od tgf most lommoi`y lgffsflchfe supfrgfrobifs bi tgf bieustry.
Orbjbic``y c mutcit drom Arbtcbi wgo wcs ercwi loisfrvctbvf`y (sff Dbjurf 1.7)
[sy`olhf `ost gfr mfmory cie wcs dusfe wbtg ci Csbci womci, wgo gce oif od tgf
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\cmurcb Au``ftslombl sfrbfs.
C`tgoujg lombls loitbiuf to suddfr drom c `clh od ebvfrsbty, tgbs sfrbfs wgblg stcrs two
womfi od lo`orfxfmp`bdbfs somf od tgf worst gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi bi tgf jfirf.
Mbstys sfxuc` cttrcltbvfifss bs put oi ebsp`cy dor rfcefrs fcr`y oi wgfi gfr ichfe aoey
bs j`bmpsfe bi tgf sgowfr ovfr tgf loursf od two du`` pcjfs, wrbtfs Arowi (3:7). Cie
bmmfebctf`y cdtfr `fcvbij tgf sgowfr Mbsty fijcjfs bi gfr dbrst so`o dbjgt . . . wgb`f l`ce
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wgfi Mbsty `osfs gfr dbjgt, sgf bmmfebctf`y sffhs sfxuc` bitfrloursf.
Ugoujg tgf clt bs iot efpbltfe . . . tgf cdtfrmctg bs sgowi cie bt bs l`fcr tgf filouitfr
wcs cjjrfssbvfgfceaocres cie `cmps crf arohficie cs Mbsty erfssfs Eciiy Xc
mcrtbc` crtbst] `bfs spfit bi tgf arohfi afe, efl`crbij B tgbih B iffe ci B.T. erbp cie somf
pcilchfs. Ugbs slfif gcs io afcrbij oi tgf story fxlfpt to mcrh Mbstys cssfrtbvf cie
cibmc`bstbl gypfrsfxuc`bty (Arowi 3:7). Cs Arowi `ctfr lrbtblbzfs, wgbtf supfrgfrobifs
crf c`most ifvfr efpbltfe pursubij rcieom sfxuc` filouitfrs, loitrbautbij to tgf
cssolbctboi od Mbstys gypfrsfxuc`bty wbtg gfr ftgiblbty.
Cs Mbstys icrrctbvf bieblctfs, tgf oanfltbdblctboi od gfrobifs gcs rflfit`y
fxpciefe to bil`uef rfprfsfitctbois od sfxuc` cutoiomy. Vidortuictf`y, nust cs Jb``
sujjfsts bi gfr crtbl`f caout tgf rf-sfxuc`bzctboi od womfis aoebfs bi mfebc morf
jfifrc``y, tgfsf efpbltbois cppfcr to af sujjfstbij tgct tgf drff sfxuc`bty od tgfsf womfi
bs somfgow fmpowfrbij, fvfi tgoujg tgfy crf fssfitbc``y dorlfe to fijcjf bi sfxuc`
cltbvbty dor tgf cuebfilfs loisumptboi. Dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs crf oi`y bisctbca`f, acrf`y-
erfssfe c`bfis cie strbppfrs aflcusf somfoif eflbefe to mchf tgfm tgct wcy, Jb``
pobits out.
Mcrvf` wcs stb`` jub`ty od tgfsf prcltblfs cs rflfit`y cs 1;33, cllorebij to
Mblgcf` Jooerum. Gf pobits out tgct biCvfijfrs Ts. tgf W-Mfi> Bssuf #4, gc`d c pcjf
bs jbvfi ovfr to Gcwhfyf, c mc`f Cvfijfr, dcitcsbzbij caout \pbefr-Zomci dbjgtbij, bi
turi, Fmmc Drost, \torm, cie [sy`olhf (Jooerum 3;:). C`tgoujg c`` tgrff crf
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5;
odQfe Gooe cie tgf Out`cws gcvf oavbous`y lgosfi to bjiorf. Ugct \tcrdbrf sgou`e
wgo``y lgcijf gfr lgcrcltfr sbmp`y to provbef opportuibtbfs dor gfr owi oanfltbdblctboi
(sff Dbjurf 1.33) uiefr tgf jubsf od `bafrctboi bs fvfi morf mbsojyibstbl tgci
oanfltbdblctboi dor oavbous loisumptboi. Cie, cs Guesoi cie Jb`` sffm to cjrff, bt mcy
af fvfi morf ecijfrous.
Mfciwgb`f, Lctwomci opfis wbtg c sfrbfs od pcjfs tgct eo iot fvfi sgow gfr
dclf, bistfce dolusbij oi gfr arfcsts cie aclh sbef (sff Dbjurfs 1.31 cie 1.3
tgf ebsloiifltboi od c womcis aoey drom gfr dclf, or tgf pgysblc` rfprfsfitctboi od gfr
pfrsoic`bty, mcrhs gfr cs c iotgbij morf tgci tgf sum od gfr sfxuc``y cppfc`bij pcrts.
V`tbmctf`y tgf bssuf loil`uefs wbtg c jrctubtous bmcjf od Lctwomci cie Actmci
gcvbij sfx oi c roodtop, cs tgoujg gfr sfxuc` `bafrctboi bs gf`pdu` to ebsp`cy (sff Dbjurf
1.35). Gfrfs tgf qufstboi, tgoujg> Zgy? cshs Guesoi. B mfci `btfrc``y, wgy bs tgct
`cst pcjf c du``-pcjf sp`csg od Actmci cltuc``y pfiftrctbij Lctwomci? Zgy eo wf iffe
to sff tgct? Zgct eofs bt cllomp`bsg or tf`` us caout tgf lgcrcltfrs tgct wou`e gcvf affi
`ost bd tgct pcjf gce affi ombttfe? Ugf ciswfr bs iotgbij. UgfIfw Rorh Ubmfscrtbl`f
ay @fporf wou`e lfrtcbi`y gcvf affi fxpciefe ay hiow`fejf tgct uiiflfsscry
rfprfsfitctboi od gfrobifs purf`y dor tbtb``ctboi gcs affi gcppfibij bi mulg morf
jrufsomf cie fxp`blbt wcys tgci tgf lovfr odC-Dorlf sgf ebslussfs. Cs Arotgfrs,
Guesoi, J. Zb``ow Zb`soi, @fporf, cie mciy otgfrs wou`e lfrtcbi`y cjrff, tgbs typf od
ovfr-sfxuc`bzctboi eofs iotgbij to cevcilf tgf icrrctbvf . . . cie yft bt pfrsbsts.
Ugoujg tgf pgysblc` oanfltbdblctboi od tgfsf gfrobifs bs somftgbij wgblg gcs
afjui to jcrifr bitfrfst cie rfdorm wbtgbi mcbistrfcm lombls, cs fvbefilfe ay tbt`fs `bhf
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Ugor, Ms. Mcrvf`, cie \torm, tgfrf crf mciy otgfr wcys bi wgblg mcbistrfcm lombls
gcvf trcebtboic``y uiefrmbife womfi. Mciy od tgfsf crf story-acsfe8 Mblgcf` Hrcmfr
fxp`orfs tgf wcy tgct gfrobifs gcre-woi powfr bs odtfi uiefrmbife ay suasfqufit
cltboi bi gbs crtbl`f Fmpowfrmfit cs Urcisjrfssboi> Ugf Qbsf cie Dc`` od tgf A`clh Lct
bi Hfvbi \mbtgs Ugf Fvb` tgct Mfi Eo. Crf supfrgfrobifs, stroij cs tgfy mcy af,
u`tbmctf`y uiefrmbife cdtfr pcrtblu`cr sgows od strfijtg? A`clh Lct bs, Hrcmfr crjufs, bi
wrbtfr Hfvbi \mbtgs portrcyc`. Fvfi cs tgfy possfss fmpowfrbij f`fmfits, lombl aooh
gfrobifs crf odtfi puibsgfe dor tgfbr powfr, Hrcmfr wrbtfs. \ulg efpbltbois strfijtgfi
tgf stctus quo cie durtgfr uiefrmbif tgf gfrobifs cab`bty to ef`bvfr posbtbvf jfiefr
mfsscjfs to solbfty (1
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Ciotgfr proa`fmctbl icrrctbvf tropf dor supfrgfrobifs bs tgfbr filouitfr wbtg
arutc` vbo`filf, pcrtblu`cr`y od c sfxuc` icturf. Bi dclt, efpbltbois od vbo`filf ficltfe
cjcbist dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs bi mcbistrfcm lomblsrcpf, torturf, hbeicppbij,
ebsfmpowfrmfitbs so pro`bdbl tgf tropf gcs c icmf> Zomfi bi Qfdrbjfrctors (ZbQ)
syieromf (\mbtg cie Euilci 1
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5 aoey
typf, l`otgbij, afcuty, cie posbij. C`tgoujg aotg mc`f cie dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs crf
typblc``y befc`bzfe, dfmc`fs crf rcrf`y efpbltfe wbtg tru`y ctg`ftbl aub`es, or wbtg
suddblbfit l`otgbij. Ay loitrcst, tgf womfi `ooh `bhf moef`s. Ci ctg`ftbl mc`f dorm
sujjfsts strfijtg, powfr, cie cab`btyc`` trcbts tgct mchf sfisf dor supfrgfrofs. [ori stcr
cie moef` aoey typfs sujjfst afcuty, sfx, cie drfqufit`y, suambssbvfifss (Ugompsoi).
Bi oif pcrtblu`cr`y tf``bij fxcmp`f, Ugompsoi ebslussfs tgf ebddfrfilf bi tgf lostumfs od
\tcr \cppgbrf cie Jrffi @citfri. Aotg gcvf tgf scmf powfrs cie crf fssfitbc``y tgf
scmf gfro. Aut wgb`f tgf Jrffi @citfri bs l`otgfe drom gfce to tof bi `ctfx, \tcr
\cppgbrf wfcrs `btt`f morf tgci c rfvfc`bij actgbij subt. Uo mchf mcttfrs worsf, tgf
c`most ichfe womci twbsts gfr aoey uiicturc``y so tgct aotg od gfr arfcsts crf bi vbfw,
cie prfssfs gfr bmprcltblc``y gbjg-gff`fe aoot bito tgf Jrffi @citfris iflh (sff Dbjurf
1.36).
Ugf lompcrbsoi od mc`f supfrgfrofs to tgfbr dfmc`f louitfrpcrts fxposfs c
rflurrbij tgfmf. \tcr \cppgbrf, Actjbr`, cie \upfrjbr` gcvf tgf scmf powfrs cs tgfbr
mc`f louitfrpcrts (c`tgoujg tgfy crf iot cs powfrdu`), cie ebddfr oi`y bi tgf dclt tgct tgfy
crf dfmc`f cie gcvf affi l`ce bi sfxbfr lostumfs (Femuies 137). Vidortuictf`y dor
gfrobifs, mulg morf cttfitboi bs jbvfi to tgfbr pgysblc`bty tgci bs jbvfi to tgct od mc`f
gfrofs.
Hf``y \uf EfLoiiblh, cutgor od tgf popu`cr Lcptcbi Mcrvf`, oif od Mcrvf`s
most sullfssdu` cie most posbtbvf dfmc`f-`fe tbt`fs, rfspoiefe gfctfe`y to tgf sujjfstboi
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tgct tgf trfctmfit od mc`fs cie dfmc`fs wcs ciytgbij ifcr fqubvc`fit bi mcbistrfcm
lombls. Ugct bs sulg c lrolh od sgbt! sgf fxl`cbmfe. \gf loitbiufs>
Bm sorry, aut B wou`e stcie bi droit od ciy oif od tgosf mfi cie scy tgbs>
Ugct bs `czy tgbihbij. Zgy, yfs! Ugcts ci befc`bzfe dfmc`f aoey, cie
tgcts ci befc`bzfe mc`f aoey! Aut drom wgosfpfrspfltbvf ebe you eflbef
tgct? Cie wgfi wf jft bito lostumfs? Bi orefr dor tgf mc`f dbjurf to af
befc`bzfe bi tgf scmf wcy tgct tgf dfmc`f dbjurf bs befc`bzfe, tgfy wou`e
gcvf to af wfcrbij c tgoij tgct wcs j`ufe to tgfbr gc`d-frflt pfibs.
@btfrc``y. . . . Bt bs iotlompcrca`f. Bt bs `czy or wb``du``y bjiorcit to tgbih
tgct bt bs. (qte bi Gf`vbf)
EfLoiiblhs outaurst pobits out ci bitfrfstbij cspflt od tgbs ebslrfpcily aftwffi
mc`f cie dfmc`f gfrofs8 c`tgoujg aotg crf befc`bzfe, cs sgf scys, tgf befc` cppfcrs to
af j`fcife drom tgf gftfrosfxuc` mc`f pfrspfltbvf. Bi fssfilf, tgf tfiefily wbtgbi
lombls gcs affi to rfprfsfit dfmc`f gfrofs cs rfiefrfe ay tgf mc`f jczf, rctgfr tgci cs c
rfc`bstbl womci bi tgf wor`e. \omf slgo`crs, Ictgci Mblzo bil`uefe, gcvf sujjfstfe tgct
tgbs gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi bs c rfspoisf to tgf mcslu`bif quc`btbfs bigfrfit to lrbmf dbjgtbij8
pgysblc` strfijtg, eftfrmbictboi, cutoiomy, ftl. tgct cbms to ac`cilf c supfrgfrobifs
dfmbibif cie mcslu`bif quc`btbfs.
Hfrrb Nogisoi, @fcg @uryf, cie Noictgci Drffmci provbef somf od Mblzos hfy
ectc ay survfybij rfcltbois to lombl aooh gfrofs bi Jfiefr Uypblc`bty cie Fxtrfmbty bi
[opu`cr Lu`turf. Bi pcrtblu`cr, tgfy fxp`orf pua`bl rfcltbois to jfiefr ctypblc`bty bi
mcbistrfcm lombls lgcrcltfrs. Cllorebij to tgfbr rfsfcrlg, tgf trcisdormctboi od mc`f
supfrgfrofs drom sflrft befitbty to supfrgfro befitbty bivo`vfs ci bilrfcsf bi mcslu`bibty,
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rfbidorlbij jfiefr typblc`bty, wgb`f tgf trcisdormctboi od dfmc`f supfrgfro drom sflrft
befitbty to supfrgfrobif befitbty c`so bivo`vfs ci bilrfcsf bi mcslu`bibty, lcusbij ci
bilrfcsf bi jfiefr ctypblc`bty (Nogisoi, @uryf, Drffmci 15;) Gow, dor fxcmp`f, eofs c smc`` wcbst cie `crjf arfcsts fica`f
Zoiefr Zomci, cie otgfrs `bhf gfr, to pfrdorm tgf efctg efdybij dfcts od wgblg oi`y
\upfrs crf lcpca`f? Ugct supfrgfro befitbty cppfcrs to af ebrflt`y rf`ctfe to pfrlfptboi
od mcslu`bibzctboi, pcbrfe wbtg tgf ercstblc``y bilrfcsfe oanfltbdblctboi od womfi (ovfr
tgfbr mc`f louitfrpcrts) sujjfsts to somf slgo`crs, sulg cs Mblzo, tgct jfiefr ctypblc`bty
bs ac`cilfe bi mcbistrfcm lombls ay gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi.
Bi tgf pcst tgbs wcs nustbdbfe ay tgf cssfrtboi tgct mc`fs, pcrtblu`cr`y ceo`fslfit
mc`fs, mcef up tgf mcnorbty od lombl rfcefrs. Cs Mbhf Mcerbe wrbtfs bi gbs aooh
\upfrjbr`s, Bts c`wcys affi ebddblu`t dor tgf lombl aooh bieustry to dbie ci cuebfilf dor
c tbt`f stcrrbij c dfmc`f supfrgfro, (
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cutgor od ci ftgiojrcpgbl crtbl`f fitbt`fe Ugf Lombls \gop cs Lu`turc` L`uagousf
(123). \wcddore efslrbafs c vbsbt gf mcef to oif fstca`bsgmfit> @oohbij crouie tgf
sgop, tgf dour pctrois p`cybij c tca`ftop jcmf, tgf two fmp`oyffs afgbie tgf louitfr,
cie tgf tgrff otgfr pctrois `fcdbij tgroujg tgf wcrfs od tgf sgop crf c`` mc`f (123). Cs
tgf rfsfcrlg bieblctfs, lombl sgops gcvf `oij affi pfrlfbvfe cs gostb`f to dfmc`f pctrois,
io eouat loitrbautbij to tgf jfirfs `bmbtfe dfmc`f rfcefrsgbp. V`tbmctf`y tgbs trfie wcs
s`ow`y rfvfrsfe cs lombls afjci to cppfcr bi `barcrbfs, wgblg Ecizbjfr-Qussf`` scys oddfr
c jfiefr-ifutrc` spclf wgfrf youij pfop`f crf ca`f to fxp`orf lombls tgct tgfy mbjgt
iot gcvf gce fxposurf to otgfrwbsf, aflcusf od c rf`ultcilf to vbsbt spflbc`ty storfs
(Ecizbjfr-Qussf`` 3:4).
Ugf cevfit od ebjbtc` lombls rfcebij gcs c`so loitrbautfe to tgf arbejbij od tgf
jfiefr jcp, gujf`y fxpciebij tgfbr cllfssbab`bty cie c``owbij ifw lombls rfcefrs to
dcmb`bcrbzf tgfmsf`vfs wbtg tgf mcrhft afdorf rbshbij fitrcilf bito tgf lu`turc``y jucrefe
lombl sgop (Ecizbjfr-Qussf`` 322). Iow, ectc sgows tgct womfi cjfs 3:-
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6;
bilrfcsfe cwcrfifss tgct tgf cuebfilf dor supfrgfro lombls gcs lgcijfe, pfrgcps bt bs ci
cpproprbctf tbmf to mchf surf tgct tgf supfrgfrobifs gcvf lgcijfe, too.
Ugfrf gcvf c`rfcey affi somf bmprovfmfits bi tgf mcbistrfcm lombl mcrhft.
Ugf tgrff tbt`fs stuebfe wbtgbi tgbs worh crf c`` fxlf``fit fxcmp`fs od tbt`fs wgblg gcvf
cvobefe tgfsf lommoi pbtdc``s, cie wgblg fxfmp`bdy tgf typfs od quc`btbfs wf oujgt to af
`oohbij dor bi our dfmc`f protcjoibsts. Mcrvf`s rflfit Lgcrcltfrs cie Lrfctors
bibtbctbvf gcs dorfjrouiefe tgf bmportcilf od c gfrobifs pfrsoic`bty, cie febtor-bi-lgbfd
Cxf` C`oiso l`cbmfe fcr`bfr tgbs yfcr tgct tgf ifw supfrgfrobifs crf iot tgf abj-
arfcstfe, slcitb`y l`ce womfi tgct pfrgcps gcvf aflomf tgf lombl-aooh l`blg. Ugfy crf
womfi wbtg rblg bitfrbor `bvfs, bitfrfstbij lcrffrs cie lomp`blctfe dcmb`bfs wgo crf
efdbife ay mciy tgbijs`fcst od c`` tgfbr `oohs (Ucgbr, Mcrvf` Lombls). Lfrtcbi`y
Ugor,Ms. Mcrvf` cie \tormfxfmp`bdy tgfsf quc`btbfs, cs B wb`` sgow, sujjfstbij tgct tgf
mcbistrfcm lombl bieustry bs dbic``y lgcijbij dor tgf afttfr.
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LGC[UFQ UGQFF>
LOMBL\ \UVEBF\ CIE JFIQF CIC@R\B\
Bi orefr to afst drcmf tgf suasfqufit cic`ysfs, bt bs wortg iotbij tgct lombls
stuebfs bs c`wcys efvf`opbij, cie lurrfit`y rfprfsfits ci cmc`jcm od tgforftblc`
cpproclgfs drom vcrbous ebslbp`bifs, bil`uebij `btfrcturf, crt, popu`cr lu`turf cie db`m
tgfory. Ugoujg lombl stuebfs crf worhbij to utb`bzf tgfsf tgforftblc` trcebtbois, io otgfr
clcefmblc``y stuebfe jfirf bs fxclt`y tgf scmf, euf to tgf ioi-vfrac` bitfrp`cy aftwffi
vbsuc` cie tfxtuc` f`fmfits wbtgbi lombls. Bi orefr to uiefrstcie lombl aoohs cie tgfbr
befo`ojblc` bid`ufilf oi otgfr cspflts od mfebc, tgforftblc` cpproclgfs to db`m cie
tf`fvbsboi crf odtfi prfvc`fit bi clcefmbl lombl cic`ysbs, tgoujg supp`fmfitfe ay tgfory
uibquf to tgf jfirf.
Ecibf` \tfbi cie Nci-If` Ugoi, febtors od c tfxt dfcturbij db`ms loitrbautbois to
lombls biDrom Lombl \trbps to Jrcpgbl Iovf`s> Loitrbautbois to tgf Ugfory cie
Gbstory od Jrcpgbl Icrrctbvf, iotf tgctsfqufilfs lci af usfe to sgow tgf lomp`fxbty
tgct mu`tbmoec`bty, or tgf sbmu`tcifous lommuiblctboi oi vfrac` cie vbsuc` trclhs,
bitroeulfs to tgf aub`ebij od sulg c icrrctbvf wor`e bi jrcpgbl icrrctbvf (
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\bmp`y put, drcmbij bs c tfrm aorrowfe drom db`m stuebfs to bieblctf tgf lgosfi
pfrspfltbvf od tgf lcmfrc wgfi dclbij c slfif. Cllorebij to \b`hf Gorsthottf, c
loitrbautor toDrom Lombl \trbps, drcmfs sfrvf ci bmportcit fmotboic` duiltboi. Ay
sfttbij tgf mooe od c pcif`, tgf drcmf ebrflts tgf rfcefrs cddfltbvf cie fmpctgftbl
fijcjfmfit wbtg tgf slfif cie wbtg tgf lgcrcltfr wgosf fxpfrbfilf bt filoefs ( Tbsuc` \torytf``bij bi@oif
Zo`d cie L`ua bs c sullbilt cie usfdu` tfxt dor fxcmbibij tgf sbmb`crbtbfs cie
ebddfrfilfs aftwffi db`m cie lombl aoohs. @fdfvrfs dolus oi mbsf fi slfif, or tgf
pgysblc` sfttbij cie eflor, cie drcmbij c``ows gbm to sgow lombl stuebfs biefatfeifss
to db`m proeultboi, cie c`so to pobit out somf sbjibdblcit ebddfrfilfs. Loitrcry to mbsf
fi slfif cie drcmbij bi db`m, bi lombls tgfsf cspflts crf stroij`y rf`ctfe, aflcusf tgfrf
bs bi dclt io cltuc` slfif tgct c lcmfrc rfjbstfrs (:1). Vi`bhf c ebrfltor, wgo gcs c
pgysblc` cie uilgcijbij sft to db`m, Ugf Xlombl] crtbst gcs to lgoosf drom mciy optbois
dor wgfrf cie gow to posbtboi tgf lgcrcltfrs, gow to erfss tgfm, wgblg dclbc` cie
lorporc` fxprfssbois to usf, cie wgblg oanflts cie eflor to usf (:
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6 two or morf womfi, tgct tgfsf
womfi tc`h to fclg otgfr, cie tgct tgfy tc`h to fclg otgfr caout somftgbij otgfr tgci
mfi, wrbtfs Nfiibdfr \tu``fr (1 `ovf bitfrfst, ecmsf` bi ebstrfss, lcrftchfr,
dcmb`y mfmafr, or dfmmf dctc`f (1
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lombl bs c lomp`fx sfmbotbl prolfssbt bivo`vfs uiefrstciebij gow tgf bitfrcltbois
aftwffi wores cie bmcjfs gcvf affi mcibpu`ctfe bi orefr to clgbfvf c story or c nohf,
fxp`cbis Aoijlo (54). Bi otgfr wores, ui`bhf b``ustrctfe or pblturf aoohs wgblg efpblt
slfifs ebrflt`y drom tgf icrrctbvf, lombl aoohs gcvf utb`bzfe loitrcebltboi aftwffi
tfxtuc` cie vbsuc` to lrfctf tfisboi or finoymfit dor tgf rfcefr. Cs \lott MlL`oue jusgfs
bi tgf loil`usboi to gbs sfmbic` Viefrstciebij Lombls,Lombls oddfrs trfmfieous
rfsourlfs to c`` wrbtfrs cie crtbsts8 dcbtgdu`ifss, loitro`, c lgcilf to af gfcre dcr cie wbef
wbtgout dfcr od lomprombsf . . . bt oddfrs rcijf cie vfrsctb`bty wbtg c`` tgf potfitbc`
bmcjfry od db`m cie pcbitbij p`us tgf bitbmcly od tgf wrbttfi wore (131). Ugoujg tgf
jfirf bs sbmb`cr bi somf wcys to db`m, tgf cuebfilf od c lombl aooh bs iot jbvfi tgf
icrrctbvf bi cuebtory dormct, dorlbij tgfm to lgoosf aftwffi cttfitboi oi tgf vbsuc` cie
cttfitboi oi tgf tfxtuc`.
Cs c rfsu`t, lombl aoohs fxprfss c icrrctbvf tbmf tgct eofs iot fxbst bi ciy otgfr
mfebum. Bi lbifmc cie tf`fvbsboi, wgfrf tgf motboi od bmcjfs bs iow sffi
sbmu`tcifous`y wbtg tgf souie od tgf cllompciybij tfxt, tgf two icrrctboic` f`fmfits,
tgroujg tgf usf od sbjgt cie souie, mcy cttcbi c syilgroiblbty od lomprfgfisboi iot
cvcb`ca`f to tgf mfebum od lombls, pobits out Aoijlo (:7). Ay loitrcst, tgf
nuxtcposbtboi od tfxts cie bmcjfs bi lombls rfqubrfs two typfs od loisumptboi>
loisumptboi od tgf vbsuc`, wgblg projrfssfs qublh`y, cie loisumptboi od tgf tfxtuc`,
wgblg tchfs `oijfr. Ugbs bs somfwgct pcrceoxblc`, sbilf>
Zgb`f tfxts gf`p tgf icrrctbvf to movf dorwcreay provbebij morf
bidormctboi, ebrfltbij tgf rfcefrs cttfitboi, arbejbij jcps bi tbmf cie
movfmfittgf prfsfilf od tgf tfxt btsf`d ef`cys tgf rfcebij od tgf story.
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Ugf eurctboi bt tchfs to rfce tgf tfxt c`rfcey bilrfcsfs tgf tbmf c rfcefr
mcy spfie wbtg oif drcmf rctgfr tgci bd tgct drcmf wfrf wore`fss . . . Aut
morf sbjibdblcit`y, tfxts efmcie tgct rfcefrs prolfss morf bidormctboi,
tgf mfcibij od wores c`oif, cie tgfi bi rf`ctboi wbtg tgf pblturfs, wgblg
btsf`d bibtbctfs durtgfr rf-tgbihbij . . . . (Aoijlo :6)
Aflcusf, cs MlL`oue dcmous`y pobitfe out bi Viefrstciebij Lombls,pcif`s crf
vbsba`f oi tgf pcjf afdorf tgf rfcefr rfclgfs tgct pobit bi tgf icrrctbvf, cie tgfy rfmcbi
vbsba`f cdtfr tgf rfcefr pcssfs tgfm ay, tgf lombl aooh cuebfilf bs lcpca`f od bmababij
tgf vbsuc` icrrctbvf afdorf fvfi afjbiibij tgf tfxtuc` icrrctbvf, nust ay d`bppbij tgroujg c
lombl aooh qublh`y (6:). Cs c rfsu`t tgf rfcefr fxbsts somfwgct outsbef od tbmf, surf to
bmabaf fclg tfxt ct c rctf uibquf to tgfmsf`vfs, cie pfrgcps rfturibij to pcrtblu`cr pcif`s
morf tgci oilf. Bt bs tgbs lcpclbty to lommuiblctf oi sfvfrc` `fvf`s sbmu`tcifous`y tgct
gcs fica`fe tgf fvo`vbij sfjmfit od lombls hiowi cs jrcpgbl iovf`s to loistrult
lomp`fx icrrctbvfs tgct, wgb`f tchbij up bmpu`sfs drom `btfrcry cie db`mbl storytf``bij,
crf `fss aouie to `bifcr rfstrbltbois, fxp`cbis Gorsthottf (56). Ct tgf scmf tbmf, jrcpgbl
icrrctbvfs mu`tb`cyfrfe lommuiblctboi loistcit`y lgc``fijfs rfcefrs bitfrprftbvf
lgoblfs, cie bt tgfrfdorf rfqubrfs c sopgbstblctfe gfrmfifutbls tgct rfmcbis ci oijobij
tcsh dor lombls stuebfs (Gorsthottf 56).
Ugoujg B lciiot l`cbm to hiow tgf cpproprbctf so`utboi dor tgf sopgbstblctfe
gfrmfifutbls ebsl`cbmfe fvfi ay loitrbautors to \tfbi cie Ugois tfxt, my cic`ysbs bi
tgf do``owbij lgcptfrs cpproprbctf`y bivo`vfs ci cmc`jcm od cpproclgfs. @bhf \gbrbi
Fewbi, my worh bs douiefe bi `btfrcry cic`ysbs, cs bt bs douiefe bi tgf cpp`blctboi od l`osf
rfcebij lommoi to tfxtuc` cic`ysbs. Bt bs c`so bid`ufilfe ay popu`cr lu`turf cie mfebc
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stuebfs worh, wgblg loitrbautf aotg tgf nustbdblctboi dor stuebfs `bhf tgfsf cs wf`` cs tgf
loitfxt, p`clbij lombl stuebfs, cie pcrtblu`cr`y dfmbibst lombl stuebfs, wbtgbi tgf `crjfr
stuey od dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi wbtgbi mfebc. Od loursf tgf p`umabij od tgfsf tfxts c`so
owfs mulg to lombl stuey tgfory, wgblg gcs btsf`d aorrowfe drom mciy ebddfrfit
tgforftblc` pfrspfltbvfs, pcrtblu`cr`y db`m tgfory, cs wf`` cs lrfctbij uibquf mftgoes od
cic`ysbs `bhf Lollcs Arohf aclh Ufst, wgblg iumfrblc``y qucitbdbfs oanfltbdblctboi.
Ugbs tfst bi pcrtblu`cr gcs affi bilrfeba`y usfdu`, cie bs lfrtcbi`y oif od tgf dorfmost
oanfltbvf tflgibqufs bi lombl cic`ysbs.
Bieffe, tgf Arohf aclh Ufst cie tgf Zomfi bi Qfdrbjfrctors pronflt crf tgf
oi`y lombl-spflbdbl stuebfs od dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi bi tgf jfirf, lcusbij tgf lrbtfrbc dor
posbtbvf or ifjctbvf dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi to af tchfi `crjf`y drom otgfr ebslbp`bifs. Ugf
most proa`fmctbl prbilbp`fs od mfebc oanfltbdblctboi out`bife bi Lgcptfr Oif gf`p to
fstca`bsg stfrfotypfs wf oujgt to movf cwcy drom, aut lombl cic`ysbs bs dcbr`y `bmbtfe bi
bts fstca`bsgmfit od tgf posbtbvf lgcrcltfrbstbls wf oujgt to af strbvbij dor bi our
supfrgfrobifs. Ciic Norjfisfi cie Crbciic @flgci, wgo crf `barcrbcis, loitrbautf to tgbs
vfry `bmbtfe worh bi tgfbr Iot Rour Moms Jrcpgbl Iovf`s> Jbvbij Jbr`s c Lgoblf
Afyoie Zoiefr Zomci. Fssfitbc``y wrbttfi to cssbst `barcrbcis bi tgf sf`fltboi od
lombls cie jrcpgbl iovf`s dor tgfbr dfmc`f pctrois, tgbs fsscy prfsfits tfi lgcrcltfrbstbls
dor eftfrmbibij posbtbvf ro`f moef`s wbtgbi dfmc`f lombl aooh lgcrcltfrs. C`tgoujg
Norjfisfi cie @flgci crf dolusfe oi tgf lgcrcltfrbstbls od dfmc`f protcjoibsts bi jrcpgbl
iovf`s morf jfifrc``y, tgfbr tfi rfqubrfmfits crf usfdu` dor ci oanfltbvf stuey od tgosf bi
mcbistrfcm lombls cie trcef pcpfraclhs cs wf``.
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Norjfisfi cie @flgci proposf tgct> Ugf dfmc`f protcjoibsts mcy af fbtgfr tgf
mcbi or sfloiecry lgcrcltfrs, tgct dfmc`fs tchf ci cltbvf ro`f bi tgf efvf`opmfit od tgf
story, tgct tgfsf womfi ftgfr tchf oi ioi-trcebtboic` ro`fs, or bd tgfy crf bi trcebtboic`
ro`fs, tgfy crf iot portrcyfe cs wfch, tgct [rotcjoibsts eo iot rf`y oi mfi to support
tgfm, tgct Lgcrcltfrs crf tgrff-ebmfisboic`, cie tgct womfi bi lombls sgou`e
Qfprfsfit ebddfrfit pfrsoic`btbfs, cjfs, aclhjrouies, rf`ctboisgbps, cie ftgiblbtbfs
(1::-1:7). Ugfy c`so ebltctf tgct dfmc`f protcjoibsts sgou`e iot Xaf] efdbife fxl`usbvf`y
ay tgfbr rf`ctboisgbps, tgct tgfsf womfi oujgt to jrow bi c posbtbvf mciifr cie Xiot]
stcy efpfiefit oi otgfrs, cie dbic``y tgct \fxuc` or pgysblc` vbo`filf cjcbist womfi bs
iot usfe cs c p`ot efvblf. \fxuc`/[gysblc` vbo`filf must af tchfi sfrbous`y cie efc`t wbtg
tgoujgtdu``y (1:2-173). Cs ebslussfe bi Lgcptfr Uwo, tgbs bs oif od tgf prbmcry dcb`urfs
od mcbistrfcm lombls, wgblg drbejfs gfrobifs rfju`cr`y.
Bmportcit`y, Norjfisfi cie @flgfi c`so efmcie tgct Io mcttfr tgf crts sty`f,
womfi cie jbr`s crf iot gypfr-sfxuc`bzfe. Zgfi wf ebsluss gypfr-sfxuc`bzctboi, wf
rfdfr to tgf fxcjjfrctfe portrcyc` od c womcis aoey, dolusbij oi gfr arfcsts, gbps, or
aclhsbef to tgf eftrbmfit od tgf storytf``bij. Ugbs eofs iot cevcilf tgf story, cie bs eoif
to tbtb``ctf tgf rfcefr (Norjfisfi cie @flgci 171). Ugf bmcjf od Cijf`c oi tgf lovfr od
Jucrebcis od tgf Jc`cxy#:wgblg B ebsluss cjcbi bi Lgcptfr Dourbs ci fxlf``fit
fxcmp`f od tgbs gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi, tgoujg tgfrf crf mciy (sff Dbjurf 5.7). Ay
fstca`bsgbij c sfrbfs od jubef`bifs dor posbtbvf dfmc`f protcjoibsts bi jrcpgbl iovf`s,
tgfsf `barcrbcis eo wgct mciy lombls slgo`crs dcb` to eo, prfsfitbij aotg pbtdc``s to af
cvobefe cie posbtbvf lgcrcltfrbstbls wgblg mcy af utb`bzfe. Bi my stuey od Ugor, Ms.
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Mcrvf`,cie \tormtgfsf lgcrcltfrbstbls provfe tgfmsf`vfs vfry usfdu`, cs jubef`bifs ay
wgblg to f`ulbectf tgf posbtbvbty od tgfsf rflfit mcbistrfcm lombls.
Bi tgf suasfqufit cic`ysbs B gcvf cbmfe to jbvf euf tbmf to aotg vbsuc` cie tfxtuc`
f`fmfits od tgf lombls stuebfe, p`umabij tgfm dor bitfrfstbij usf od drcmbij cie mbsf fi
slfif wgfrf eobij so bidorms tgf portrcyc` od tgfbr protcjoibsts. Bi fclg tfxt B gcvf
cttfmptfe to loisbefr tgfsf gfrobifs bi `bjgt od tgfbr rf`ctboisgbp to `bijfrbij jfiefr cie
rclbc` stfrfotypfs, cs wf`` cs to tgf gbstory od lombls morf spflbdblc``y. Aut bi drcmbij
my worh bt must af scbe tgct B gcvf cllfptfe somf mcxbms od lombl aooh stuey cie
rfnfltfe otgfrs8 B gcvf fmarclfe tgf loilfpt od jfirf stuey cs bt cpp`bfs to tgf trcebtboi od
supfrgfro lombls, aflcusf cs Aoijlo rbjgt`y cssfrts, supfrgfrofs gcvf affi lrfctfe cie
rflrfctfe dor eflcefs, c dclt wgblg gcs fstca`bsgfe lfrtcbi trcebtbois. Bi orefr to propfr`y
stuey tgbs typf od crt, wf crf cwcrf od tgf bmportcilf od jfirf, iow iot cs c sft od ru`fs
tgct oujgt to af do``owfe, aut cs c drcmfworh tgct bs c`wcys prfsft to somf efjrff. C``
tfxts crf efpfiefit oi cie jrow out od otgfr tfxts sulg tgct c`` tfxts crf vcrbctbois od
prfvbous moef`s tgct loitcbi ru`fs, strulturfs, cie pcttfris tgct mchf storytf``bij possba`f
cie tgf storbfs rflojibzca`f (Aoijlo 72). Bi tgf lcsf od c dfmbibst cic`ysbs od
mcbistrfcm lombls, tgfsf jfirf trcebtbois crf bmportcit aflcusf tgf trcebtboi wbtgbi tgf
jfirf gcs affi to gypfrsfxuc`bzf cie oanfltbdy dfmc`f gfrofs. Drom jfirf stuebfs B c`so
aorrow tgf tfiefily to `ooh dor posbtbvf cie projrfssbvf tfxts wgblg outl`css tgfbr pffrs,
cs Ugor, Ms. Mcrvf` cie \tormcrf fxlfptboic` worhs bi c rfprfssbvf jfirf.
Aut B gcvf rfnfltfe tgf iotboi tgct lombl lrbtbls sgou`e cvobe cslrbabij bitfitbois
to tgf lrfctbvf tfcm. Lombl slgo`cr Arce Qbllc lc`` tgbs ci bmportcit Xlcvfct], tgct tgf
cic`yst cvobe jufssbij wgct tgf cutfurs bitfit wcs bi ciy jbvfi sbtuctboi (371). Gf
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fxp`cbis tgct Lrbtbls lc`` sulg jufssworh caout motbvfs tgf uibitfitboic`bst dc``cly,
cie bt bs drowife upoi ay clcefmbls aflcusf bt prfsumfs hiow`fejf to tgf cutfurs stctf
od mbie tgct oif lou`e iot iflfsscrb`y cllfss drom tgf worhs c`oif (Qbllc 371). Bi tgf
suasfqufit lgcptfrs B odtfi cttrbautf tgf vbsuc` or tfxtuc` icrrctbvf f`fmfits od tgfsf
lombl aoohs to tgfbr lrfctors, hiowbij du`` wf`` tgct tgf lrfctboi od c mcbistrfcm lombl
aooh bs ci fddort morf lo``caorctbvf tgci mciy otgfr tfxts, cie tgct ciy iumafr od
vcrbca`fs, crtbstbl or aurfculrctbl, mcy bidorm tgfbr lrfctboi. \o B loitbiuf to cslrbaf
bitfitboi cie cutgorsgbp purposfdu``y, dor c iumafr od rfcsois>
Dbrst, B gcvf cttfmptfe to bilorporctf bito fclg lgcptfr bitfrvbfws wbtg tgf
cutgors cie tfcm mfmafrs. Ugfsf tfxts eo iot fxbst bi c vcluum, cie odtfi tgfbr lrfctors
spflbdblc``y efslrbaf tgfbr owi bitfitboic`bty. \floie, B oi`y cslrbaf lrfebt to cutgors cie
crtbsts wgo gcvf c`rfcey put tgfbr icmf oi tgf worh, af`bfvbij tgct to proeulf crt bs to
l`cbm ct `fcst somf od tgf rfspoisbab`bty dor gow bt bs rflfbvfe. Cie yft, my tgbre rfcsoi
dor cslrbabij cutgorbc` bitfitboi `bfs bi tgf stroij`y-gf`e af`bfd tgct ct somf fxtfit bt eofs
iotmcttfrwgftgfr tgf cutgor or crtbst cltuc``y bitfiefe tgf mfcibij gfr rfcefr j`fcis
drom gfr tfxt, aflcusf tgf wcy tgct mfebc `crjf`y pfrpftuctf stfrfotypblc` cpproclgfs to
jfiefr, sfxuc`bty, cie rclf bs brrfdutca`f cie oi`y ovfrlomf ay tgf citbtgfsbs. Afvfr`fy
\hfjjs put bt lgcrmbij`y bi gfr aooh,Dfmbibst Lu`turc` Ugfory, wgfi sgf scbe> Ebe c
db`m `bhf Ugf`mc cie @oubsfaflomf popu`cr wbtg dfmbibsts aflcusf Qbe`fy \lott (tgf
ebrfltor) jcvf bt c dfmbibst mfsscjf, or sbmp`y aflcusf bt lci af rfce oi afgc`d od
dfmbibsm?(7 bi
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mciy wcys tgf loislrbptboi od bitfitboic`bty oi tgf lrfctors bivo`vfe bs, dor mf, c
rgftorblc` efvblf, utb`bzfe prbmcrb`y to fcsf lommuiblctboi wbtg tgf rfcefr.
Dbic``y, tgbs stuey usfs c sfrbfs od tfrms to rfdfr to suanflts tgct pfrgcps iffes to
af arbfd`y fxp`cbife. Bi cic`yzbij tgfsf lgcrcltfrs B drfqufit`y rfdfr to tgfm cs dfmc`f
gfrofs, dfmc`f supfrgfrofs, gfrobifs cie supfrgfrobifs, aut rcrf`y cs gfrofs. Cjcbi
tgbs bs iot ci bitfitboic` clt od ebmbiutboi, aut prbmcrb`y dor l`crbty. Ugfrf bs lfrtcbi`y c
tfiefily wbtgbi tgf jfirf to stb`` loisbefr supfrgfrofs cs bitrbisblc``y mc`f, aut wbtgbi
tgbs cic`ysbs B gcvf c`so rfdfrrfe to mc`f gfrofs cie mc`f supfrgfrofs wgfrf
cpp`blca`f. Ugf tfrms jfiefr trcisjrfssbvf or jfiefr ctypblc`, c`so cppfcr, mfrf`y to
mcrh c sfpcrctboi drom tgf gftfroiormctbvf iorm, wgblg pfrsbsts bi mciy dclfts od our
lu`turf8 tgfrf bs io ifjctbvf loiiotctboi bmp`bfe. Ctypblc` cie trcisjrfssbvf crf
fxl`usbvf`y usfe to efiotf tgf wcys bi wgblg tgfsf gfrobifs gcvf jrowi out od tgfbr
stfrfotypblc` portrcyc`s.
Bi tgf do``owbij lgcptfrs B ceerfss wgfrfvfr possba`f tgf most bitfrfstbij lrbtblc`
qufstbois B gcvf douie bi rflfit lombl aooh slgo`crsgbp. Bt sffms l`fcr tgct tgf
oanfltbdblctboi od tgfsf dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs cbes bi pfrpftuctbij lfrtcbi jfiefr
iormc`bzctboi, aut bt gcs affi crjufe tgct tgf fxtrfmf dfmbibibty cie ovfrt sfxuc`bty od
supfrgfrobifs bs utb`bzfe to ac`cilf tgfbr mcslu`bibzfe trcbts to mchf tgfm morf
pc`ctca`f. Bs bt possba`f, cs Ictgci Mblzo sffms to sujjfst, tgct tgf ciswfr `bfs bi dbiebij
c ac`cilf aftwffi tgfbr gfbjgtfife, stfrfotypblc``y mcslu`bif trcbts cie dfmbibif trcbts
tgct crf iot mfrf`y pgysblc`? C supfrgfrobif lci af stroij cie sgf lci af loilfrife
wbtg gfr rf`ctboisgbps, l`cbms Mblzo, fxfmp`bdybij tgf lompftfilbfs cie prcltblc`btbfs
od mcslu`bif cie dfmbibif vc`ufs (3::). Bi otgfr wores, wou`e gfrobifs af afttfr
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dfmc`f ro`f moef`s bd tgfy wfrf `fss pgysblc``y cttrcltbvf, aut morf rf`ctboic``y
bitf``bjfit? Or, eofs tgbs pfrspfltbvf cltuc``y uiefrmbif tgf dfmbibst cjfiec ay do`ebij
bi tgf dclf od ovfr`y strblt jfiefr abicrbfs, cs Nfddrfy Arowi mcy af sujjfstbij?
Cllorebij to gbm, tgf gfrobif eofs mueey tgf wctfrs od wgct wf loisbefr mcslu`bif
cie dfmbibif, od efsbrca`f afcuty cie tgrfctfibij sfxuc`bty, od suanfltbvbty cie
oanfltbvbty, od powfrdu` cie powfr`fss. Qctgfr tgci rfp`blctbij tgf sbmp`bstbl abicry `ojbl
tgct our solbfty c`` too odtfi rfsorts to dor bitfrprftbij tgf wor`e crouie us, tgf
loitfstcab`bty od tgf cltboi gfrobif lgc``fijfs our acsbl cssumptbois cie mcy dorlf c
ifw uiefrstciebij od lu`turc` iorms (2-3;). Bs bt dbic``y tbmf to rffvc`uctf gow (cie
wgy) wf eftfrmbif mcslu`bif or dfmbibif trcbts cie gow wf rfprfsfit tgbs bi our
mfebc?
B lgosf to cic`yzf Ugoraflcusf od tgf protcjoibsts cssumptboi od aotg c mcis
icmf cie tbt`f, cie aflcusf od tgf loitrovfrsy tgct crosf wgfi sgf efautfe. Dor c lombl
supfrgfrobif to af ebslussfe oi Ugf Tbfwbs rcrf, pcrtblu`cr`y bd tgct gfrobif bs iot yft c
pcrt od c mcnor movbf drcilgbsf. Zbtg fclg gfrobif B fxcmbif tgf most rflfit sfrbfs dor
stfrfotypblc` or trcisjrfssbvf jfiefr portrcyc`s, bidormfe ay tgf loitfxt B gcvf c`rfcey
provbefe. Tbrtuc``y io clcefmbl worh gcs affi suambttfe oi ciy od tgfsf arcie-ifw
sfrbfs, aut tgbs stuey afifdbts drom prbor clcefmbl cpproclgfs to \torm, cie otgfr
supfrgfrobifs wgo gcvf affi mcrjbic`bzfe bi tgf pcst.
Cdrblci Cmfrblci gfrofs bi pcrtblu`cr crf stuebfe morf cie morf fvfry ecy.
Most odtfi tgf topbl od a`clhifss bi tgf supfrgfro jfirf lompf`s ebslussbois ovfr tgf
ebddblu`ty wgbtf cuebfilfs mbjgt fxpfrbfilf befitbdybij wbtg a`clh supfrgfrofs, or hiff-
nfrh lrbtblbsms tgct drcmf tgf jfirf cs rclbc``y abcsfe, cssfrts Ceb`bdu Icmc bi gbs worh
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4 Cmfrblci [op Lu`turf cie A`clh \upfrgfrofs. Gfrfcdtfr B cttfmpt to cvobe
aotg pbtdc``s, fijcjbij wbtg \torms bmportcilf cs c A`clh dfmbibst or womcibst dbjurf,
pcrtblu`cr`y bi tgf wcy gfr dfmbibibty cie sfxuc`bty crf rfprfsfitfe.
Cs mcbistrfcm lombls lommcie tgf gbjgfst rfcefrsgbp bi tgf jfirf cie tgfrfdorf
tgf `crjfst cuebfilf dor gfjfmoibl rfproeultboi, bt bs iot surprbsbij tgct supfrgfro
lombls gcvf provfi dfrtb`f jrouie dor stfrfotypfe efpbltbois od rclf (\bijfr 3;:).
Mcrl \bijfrs rflfit crtbl`f, A`clh \hbis cie Zgbtf Mcshs> Lombl Aoohs cie tgf
\flrft od Qclf lc``s dor ci fxcmbictboi od tgf rclbc` f`fmfits bi pcrtblu`cr bi supfrgfro
lombls, l`cbmbij tgct somf tbt`fs rfvfc` eflfptbvf`y sootgbij stfrfotypfs `urhbij afgbie
tgfbr vfiffrs od ebvfrsbty, tgfi otgfrs sgow lomp`fx loisbefrctbois od befitbty. Ugoujg
gf bs lcrfdu` to l`cbm tgct wf oujgt to Xsft] csbef l`cbms tgct stfrfotypfs jovfri rfcefrs
mbies, gf cddbrms tgct wf must c`so stb`` Xgo`e] lombls cllouitca`f dor tgfbr befo`ojblc`
cssumptbois (3;2). Mcbistrfcm lombls crf io `oijfr lgcrcltfrbzfe ay c lomp`ftf `clh
od ebvfrsbty or loisbstfit rclbc` lcrblcturfs8 cs Icmc cssfrts, stuey od a`clh supfrgfrofs
fvbefilfs c dcslbictbij rclbc` pgfiomfioi cie c powfrdu` sourlf od rclbc` mfcibij,
icrrctbvf, cie bmcjbictboi bi Cmfrblci solbfty cie fxprfssfs c myrbce od rclbc`
cssumptbois, po`btblc` pfrspfltbvfs, cie dcitcstbl (rf)bmcjbibijs od a`clh befitbty ( 5).
Fxcmbibij bid`ufitbc` worhs od popu`cr lu`turf rfvfc`s tgf befo`ojblc` tfmpfrcturf, so to
spfch, od tgf solbc` wctfrs, cie p`umabij tgf efptgs od tgf rflfit`y rf`fcsfe \torm
rfvfc`s somf iucilfe loivfrsctbois wbtg lurrfit dfmbibst cie rclbc` po`btbls.
B cllfpt tgct my befitbty cs c wgbtf dfmc`f mcy proa`fmctbzf my cab`bty to du``y
uiefrstcie tgf fxpfrbfilf od womfi od lo`or, aut cm fmao`efife ay tgf dclt tgct \torm
bs c icrrctbvf wrbttfi ay c Horfci Cmfrblci mci cie febtfe ay c gomosfxuc` Horfci
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Cmfrblci, cie tgct J. Zb``ow Zb`soi bs c wgbtf Mus`bm Cmfrblci womci wrbtbij tgf
story od c youij [chbstcib Cmfrblci. Bi wgct do``ows B cttfmpt to cic`yzf aotgMs.
Mcrvf` cie \torm wbtg mbibmc` abcscs two icrrctbvfs bi loivfrsctboi wbtg rclbc`
dormctboi po`btbls, womcibst or A`clh dfmbibst tgfory,1cie stfrfotypfs od Otgfrifss.
Ugbs lrbtbquf uilovfrs mftcpgorblc` fijcjfmfit wbtg proa`fms gbstorblc``y rf`fvcit to
tgf befitbtbfs od womfi od lo`or, sulg cs tgf pfrsbstfit stfrfotypf od gypfrsfxuc`bty bi
A`clh womfi. Ugoujg Ugor lou`e af loisbefrfe twblf ci Otgfr, sfjrfjctfe drom tgf
wgbtf mc`f suprfmcly ay gfr supfrgumci cab`btbfs cie gfr jfiefr, aotg Hcmc`c Hgci
cie Ororo Muirof fxpfrbfilf tgrff typfs od mcrjbic`bzctboi, cs tgfbr dfmbibibty, tgfbr
supfrgumci cab`btbfs, cie tgfbr rclbc` befitbtbfs c`` sfrvf to mcrjbic`bzf tgfm. Cs sulg,
aotgMs. Mcrvf`cie \tormprovbef bitfrfstbij sourlf mctfrbc` dor cic`ysbs od wgct bt
mfcis to af c womci od lo`or bi moefri solbfty, lrfctbij ci bmportcit mftcpgorblc`
suatfxt to tgfbr lu`turc` sullfss.
"B usf aotg womcibst cie A`clh dfmbibst bitfrlgcijfca`y (tgoujg prbmcrb`y A`clh
dfmbibst) cs Nciblf E. Gcm`ft eofs bi Cssfssbij Zomcibst Ugoujgt.
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[CQU UZO> CIC@R\B\
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