Female & Male AnatomyFemale & Male Anatomy

Chapters 2 & 3Chapters 2 & 3

Class Home PageClass Home Page• http://dairy.umd.edu/varner/ansc446/notes98.htmlhttp://dairy.umd.edu/varner/ansc446/notes98.html

UterusUterus

• Primary functions of uterus:Primary functions of uterus:– sperm transportsperm transport– luteolysis & control of cyclicityluteolysis & control of cyclicity– environemnt for preattachment embryoenvironemnt for preattachment embryo– maternal contribution to the placentamaternal contribution to the placenta– expulsion of fetusexpulsion of fetus

UterusUterus

• Surface of endometrium in ruminants has Surface of endometrium in ruminants has caruncles (Fig 2-13)caruncles (Fig 2-13)

• Small nonglandular areas that protrude Small nonglandular areas that protrude from surface of the endometriumfrom surface of the endometrium

• Highly vascularized - Maternal side of Highly vascularized - Maternal side of placental attachmentplacental attachment

• Mare & Sow have folds to increase surface Mare & Sow have folds to increase surface areaarea

CervixCervix

• ProvidesProvides– lubrication (estrus & pregnancy)lubrication (estrus & pregnancy)– flushing systemflushing system– barrier during pregancybarrier during pregancy

• Barrier to sperm for cow, ewe & doeBarrier to sperm for cow, ewe & doe• Not barrier for sow & mareNot barrier for sow & mare

Figure 2-14 unavailable on WWWFigure 2-14 unavailable on WWW

CervixCervix• SowSow

– boar’s penis has corkscrew glans that is ‘locked’ boar’s penis has corkscrew glans that is ‘locked’ into cervix. Semen (large volume) is deposited into cervix. Semen (large volume) is deposited into cervix & uterusinto cervix & uterus

• MareMare– has loose folds of mucosa that protrude into has loose folds of mucosa that protrude into

vagina and is also very soft during estrusvagina and is also very soft during estrus– semen ejaculated under high pressure & goes semen ejaculated under high pressure & goes

into uterusinto uterus

CervixCervix

• Mucus becomes viscous during Mucus becomes viscous during pregnancy (influence of progesterone)pregnancy (influence of progesterone)

• ‘‘Cervical seal of pregnancy’Cervical seal of pregnancy’– Disruption general causes abortionDisruption general causes abortion

VaginaVagina

• Serves as a copulatory organServes as a copulatory organ• Expulsion of urine during micturitionExpulsion of urine during micturition• Cervix protrudes into vagina in cow & Cervix protrudes into vagina in cow &

maremare– FornixFornix

• Fig. 2-16Fig. 2-16

Figure 2-16 Not Available on WWWFigure 2-16 Not Available on WWW

VaginaVagina

• Floor of vestibuleFloor of vestibule– Gartner’s ductsGartner’s ducts– Suburethral diverticulumSuburethral diverticulum

• blind pouch in sow & cow that put AI rod intoblind pouch in sow & cow that put AI rod into

External GenitaliaExternal Genitalia

• VulvaVulva– Two labia (major & minor)Two labia (major & minor)

• ClitorisClitoris– homologue of penishomologue of penis– ventral commissure of vestibuleventral commissure of vestibule– erectile tissue with lots of nerve endingserectile tissue with lots of nerve endings– stimulation can increase AI conception ratestimulation can increase AI conception rate

• Perineum - surrounds anus & vulvaPerineum - surrounds anus & vulva

Introductory figures from Chapter 3 Not available on WWWIntroductory figures from Chapter 3 Not available on WWW

Components of Male Sys.Components of Male Sys.

• Spermatic cordSpermatic cord• scrotumscrotum• testistestis• excurrent duct systemexcurrent duct system• accessory sex glandsaccessory sex glands• penis & muscles for protrusion, erection penis & muscles for protrusion, erection

& ejaculation& ejaculation

Spermatic CordSpermatic Cord

• Houses Houses – Ductus deferensDuctus deferens– Cremaster muscleCremaster muscle– Pampiniform plexusPampiniform plexus

• Figure 3-2Figure 3-2

Figures 3-2 and 3-3 not available on WWWFigures 3-2 and 3-3 not available on WWW

Fxns of Spermatic CordsFxns of Spermatic Cords

• Provide vascular, lymphatic and neural Provide vascular, lymphatic and neural connection to the bodyconnection to the body

• Provide a heat exchanger (pampiniform Provide a heat exchanger (pampiniform plexus)plexus)

• House cremaster muscleHouse cremaster muscle

Pampiniform plexusPampiniform plexus

• Countercurrent heat exchangerCountercurrent heat exchanger• Pulse pressure eliminatorPulse pressure eliminator

Figures 3-5, 3-6 and 3-7 not available on WWWFigures 3-5, 3-6 and 3-7 not available on WWW

Pampiniform plexusPampiniform plexus

• Heat exchangeHeat exchange• Testosterone exchangeTestosterone exchange• Eliminates pulse pressure differentialEliminates pulse pressure differential

Cremaster MuscleCremaster Muscle

• Supports testisSupports testis• Aids in temperature controlAids in temperature control• Contraction & relaxation creates Contraction & relaxation creates

“pump” for blood & lymph“pump” for blood & lymph• Pendular testes CM providesPendular testes CM provides

– protection during fear or high planes of protection during fear or high planes of excitementexcitement

Non-pendular testesNon-pendular testes

• No scrotumNo scrotum• Birds, elephants, sloths, armadillos and Birds, elephants, sloths, armadillos and

some marine mammals (whales & some marine mammals (whales & dolphin)dolphin)

• Testes of some animals (rat & rabbit) Testes of some animals (rat & rabbit) move in & out of body cavity through move in & out of body cavity through patent inguinal canal.patent inguinal canal.

ScrotumScrotum

• SkinSkin• Tunica dartosTunica dartos• Scrotal fasciaScrotal fascia• parietal tunica vaginalisparietal tunica vaginalis

Scrotal SkinScrotal Skin

• Temperature Sensor & modulatorTemperature Sensor & modulator• Figure 3-9Figure 3-9

Figure 3-9 not available on WWWFigure 3-9 not available on WWW

Tunica dartosTunica dartos

• Muscle just under skinMuscle just under skin• Contractions or relaxation facilitate Contractions or relaxation facilitate

coolingcooling• Contraction & relaxation help Contraction & relaxation help

“pump”out sperm“pump”out sperm

TestisTestis

• ProduceProduce– SpermatozoaSpermatozoa– Hormones & proteinsHormones & proteins– FluidsFluids

Figure 3-11 Not available on WWWFigure 3-11 Not available on WWW

Testis Consists Of:Testis Consists Of:

• Testicular capsuleTesticular capsule• parenchymaparenchyma• mediastinummediastinum• rete tubulesrete tubules

Testicular CapsuleTesticular Capsule

• ““Suborgan” that “pumps” sperm into Suborgan” that “pumps” sperm into rete testis & epididymusrete testis & epididymus

Testicular ParenchymaTesticular Parenchyma

• Seminiferous tubulesSeminiferous tubules• Interstitial cells of LeydigInterstitial cells of Leydig• CapillariesCapillaries• Lymphatic vesselsLymphatic vessels• Connective TissueConnective Tissue• Figure 3-12Figure 3-12

Figure 3-12 Not available on WWWFigure 3-12 Not available on WWW