Study of Pesticides

Used in Agriculture

by X-Ray

SpectrometryFelipe Porto Ribeiro

Delson Braz

Leonardo Rodrigues

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Summary

• Introduction

• Objectives

• Theory

• Pesticides

• Methods

• Results

• Conclusions

• References

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Introduction

Our motivation

•Natural products have been replaced by artificial ones, to

ensure agricultural production to competitive levels .

•As one of the largest producers and exporters of food, Brazil is

today the largest consumer of pesticides in the world.

•Pesticides, however, are still pretty dangerous to human health

and to the environment.

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Objectives

• Determine if the detection of food contamination by

pesticides using x-ray diffraction are viable.

• We used one of the most common techniques in this field in

developing this work:

The X-ray diffraction by the powder method

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Theory

• Interactions of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter

• Photoelectric Effect

• Compton Effect or Incoherent Scattering

• Classic or Coherent Scattering

• The incident energy causes excitation of the atom and the

consequent release of a photon of energy equal to the incident;

• At low angles or regions of low momentum this effect allows to

determine the composition of the material.

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Low

energies

• X-ray Diffraction

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• Bragg's law

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7/17X-ray diffraction by a crystal (CULLITY, 1978)

8

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)('2 θλ sendn =

)()/'(2 θλ sennd=

)(2 θλ dsen=-n is an integer determined

by the order given.

-λ is the wavelength

-d’ is interplanar distance

Pesticides

• We studied five pesticide of the classes of fungicides and

insecticides whose active principles are:

• Imidacloprido – Trademark A;

• Ciromazina – Trademark B;

• Diafentiurom – Trademark C;

• Dimetomorfe – Trademark D;

• Famoxadona – Trademark E;

• Mancozebe – Trademark E.

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Seeds

• We studied organic and

conventional bean

seeds;

• Peels and pulps were

contaminated, dried and

crushed to the state of powder.

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Methods

• Pesticides Preparation

• The pesticides were crushed with mortar and pestle until the

state of powder. Party was housed in the sample holder (three

for each active principle) and part was intended for process

contamination.

• Contamination Process

• Pulp and peel were separated after immersion in water.

• For each trade mark groups were used on both sides to be

contaminated at concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15% of active

principles diluted in distilled water.

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Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction

• To obtain the profiles of diffraction we used Shimadzu XRD

6000 diffractometer belonging to LIN - PEN / COPPE / UFRJ.

• Radiating a sample at an angle and intensities predetermined;

• The data are then collected by XRD 6000© software and used to

construct a graph which correlates the radiation measured by the

detector with the scattering angle (2ϴ).

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Results

• Profiles raised:

• One for each active ingredient;

• Peel and pulp of organic beans;

• Peel and pulp of beans conventional uncontaminated;

• Peel and pulp bean conventional sources (1, 3, 5, 10 and 15%).

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• Control group (organic bean)

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0 20 40 60

0,0

0,8

1,6

In

ten

sid

ad

e n

orm

aliz

ada

2θ (graus)

casca 0% (GrupoI)

casca orgânica

0 20 40 60

0,0

0,8

1,6

In

tensid

ade

no

rmaliz

ada

2θ (graus)

polpa 0% (Grupo I)

polpa orgânica

Diffractogram of the

organic bean peel from

Group I (0%).

Diffractogram of the

organic bean pulp from

Group I (0%).

• Convencional bean

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0 20 40 60

0

2

4

6

In

ten

sid

ad

e n

orm

aliz

ada

2θ (graus)

casca 15% (GVI)

casca 10% (GV)

casca 5% (GIV)

casca 3% (GIII)

casca 1% (GII)

casca 0% (GI)

Diffractogram of the

contaminated and

uncontaminated bean

peel with 1% 3% 5% 10%

and 15% of the pesticide

trademark A.

0 20 40 60

0

2

4

6

Inte

nsid

ad

e n

orm

aliz

ada

2θ (graus)

polpa 15% (GVI)

polpa10% (GV)

polpa 5% (GIV)

polpa 3% (GIII)

polpa1% (GII)

polpa 0% (GI)

Diffractogram of the

contaminated and

uncontaminated bean

pulp with 1% 3% 5% 10%

and 15% of the pesticide

trademark A.

Conclusions

• The beans sold conventionally not present traces of pesticide

contamination.

• In the analysis of pulp and peel was not possible to identify

any contamination by pesticides in any percentage.

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References• RODRIGUES, L. ESTUDO DE AGROTÓXICOS USADOS EM AGRICULTURA

ATRAVÉS DA TÉCNICA DE DIFRAÇÃO DE RAIOS X. Rio de janeiro: UFRJ/COPPE, 2012.

• ANVISA. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, 2011. AGROTÓXICOS E TOXICOLOGIA. Disponível em: HTTP://www.anvisa.gov.br/. Acesso em: 20 ago. 2011.

• ANVISA, 2006, “RESÍDUOS DE AGROTÓXICOS EM ALIMENTOS”. Rev. Saúde Pública, 40(2), 361-363.

• CULLITY, B.D., 1978, ELEMENTS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION. 2. ed Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley.

• DULONG, F. T., JACKSON, J. C., 1997, X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION. U. S. Geological Survey.

• MONTGOMERY, D. C.; RUNGER, G. C. 2003, APPLIED STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY FOR ENGINEERS. 3ª ed. John Wiley & Sons.

• STENERSEN, J., 2004, CHEMICAL PESTICIDES: MODE OF ACTION AND TOXICOLOGY. CRC PRESS.

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