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FEEDING TO ENHANCE FEEDING TO ENHANCE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITYLIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY
Prof. Dr. Muhammad AbdullahProf. Dr. Muhammad AbdullahDept. of Livestock ProductionDept. of Livestock Production
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, LahoreUniversity of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, [email protected]; 0300-6648200 ; 0300-6648200
Adequate feeding levels of a Adequate feeding levels of a highly nutritional diet are vital highly nutritional diet are vital for optimal animal performance for optimal animal performance and well-being.and well-being.
Farm-to-farm variations make it Farm-to-farm variations make it difficult to recommend standard feed difficult to recommend standard feed levels:levels:►Animal geneticsAnimal genetics
►Environmental conditionsEnvironmental conditions
►Management practicesManagement practices
Goal of a Successful Goal of a Successful Feeding ProgrammeFeeding Programme
Optimize milk yieldOptimize milk yield
Feed costs represent largest input cost (60-70%)
Feeding high producing cows Feeding high producing cows – – – a continues a continues challengechallenge
Nutrient RequirementsNutrient Requirements
Maintenance/HealthMaintenance/HealthGrowthGrowthMilk ProductionMilk ProductionReproductionReproduction
Vary with the stage of lactation Vary with the stage of lactation and gestation and gestation
AActivityctivity
Priority of Nutrients in the BodyPriority of Nutrients in the Body
Maintenance
Growth
Lactation
Fetal Growth
Breeding
Body Reserve
Selection of Concentrate Selection of Concentrate FeedsFeeds
AvailabilityAvailabilityCostCostNutrient composition Nutrient composition
(Protein, energy, minerals)(Protein, energy, minerals)
General ConsiderationGeneral Consideration
Oil cakes / MealsOil cakes / Meals 20 – 25 %20 – 25 % GrainsGrains 25 – 30 %25 – 30 % By-productsBy-products 40 – 50 % 40 – 50 % MolassesMolasses ~ - 10 %~ - 10 % Salt/DCP/MMSalt/DCP/MM 1 - 2 %1 - 2 %
Feeding Phases Feeding Phases Early lactation—0 to 70 daysEarly lactation—0 to 70 daysPeak DM intake
(Second 10 Weeks Postpartum) Mid- and late lactation—140 to 305 days Mid- and late lactation—140 to 305 days
(declining milk production)(declining milk production)Dry period—60 to 14 days before the next Dry period—60 to 14 days before the next
lactation.lactation.Transition or close-up period—14 days Transition or close-up period—14 days
before to parturition. before to parturition.
Events During Different Phases of Events During Different Phases of LactationLactation
Nutrients demand Nutrients demand for peak milk yield for peak milk yield is highis high
Can not eat to full Can not eat to full capacity during capacity during early phaseearly phase
Uses body reserves Uses body reserves as energy sourceas energy source
Rapidly looses Rapidly looses body weightbody weight
Increasing Peak Milk Yield Increasing Peak Milk Yield Improve Lactation PerformanceImprove Lactation Performance
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Weeks of Lactation
Milk
Yie
ld (
lit/d
ay
)
Phase 1 Early Lactation—0 to 70 Phase 1 Early Lactation—0 to 70 Days PostpartumDays Postpartum
Feed Feed top quality foragetop quality forage.. Make sure the diet contains adequate Make sure the diet contains adequate
amounts of amounts of CP, DIP and UIPCP, DIP and UIP.. Increase Increase grain intakegrain intake at a constant at a constant
rate after calving.rate after calving. Consider adding Consider adding fatfat (0.5 (0.5
to 0.75 kg /cow/day) to diets.to 0.75 kg /cow/day) to diets. Allow Allow constant accessconstant access to feed. to feed. Minimize Minimize stressstress conditions. conditions.
Phase 2 Peak DM intakePhase 2 Peak DM intake(Second 10 Weeks Postpartum)(Second 10 Weeks Postpartum)
Feed forages and grain Feed forages and grain several several timestimes a day. a day.
Feed the highest Feed the highest quality feedsquality feeds available.available.
Continue to minimize Continue to minimize stressstress conditions. conditions.
Phase 3 Mid- to late lactationPhase 3 Mid- to late lactation(140 to 305 days postpartum)(140 to 305 days postpartum)
Easiest to manage Easiest to manage MilkMilk production is production is decliningdeclining The cow is The cow is pregnantpregnant, and , and nutrient nutrient
intakeintake will easily will easily meet or exceedmeet or exceed requirements requirements
GrainGrain feeding should be at a level to feeding should be at a level to meet milk meet milk production requirementsproduction requirements
Lactating cows require less feed to Lactating cows require less feed to replace a pound of body tissue than replace a pound of body tissue than dry cows.dry cows.
Phase 4. Dry periodPhase 4. Dry period(60 to 14 days before parturition)(60 to 14 days before parturition) Observe Observe body conditionbody condition of dry cows of dry cows
and adjust energy feeding as necessary.and adjust energy feeding as necessary. Meet nutrient requirements and Meet nutrient requirements and avoid avoid
excessive feeding.excessive feeding. Change to a transition rationChange to a transition ration starting starting
2 weeks before calving.2 weeks before calving. Avoid excess calciumAvoid excess calcium and phosphorus and phosphorus
intakes.intakes. Limit saltLimit salt to 25-30 g and limit other to 25-30 g and limit other
sodium-based minerals in the dry cow sodium-based minerals in the dry cow ration to reduce udder edema problems. ration to reduce udder edema problems.
Body Condition Scores – Dairy CowsBody Condition Scores – Dairy Cows2 3 4 51
BCS: 3BCS: 2BCS: 1 BCS: 4 BCS: 5
Feeding in Pregnancy Feeding in Pregnancy (Last 2 months)(Last 2 months)
1.1. Rapid growing foetusRapid growing foetus2.2. Develop body reserves for Develop body reserves for
use in subsequent lactationuse in subsequent lactationHow;How;
Give rest if in milk (forced Give rest if in milk (forced drying)drying)
Feed concentrate 2 kg/day Feed concentrate 2 kg/day + good quality fodder, + good quality fodder, restrict strawrestrict straw
Phase 5. Transition periodPhase 5. Transition period(14 days before to parturition)(14 days before to parturition)
Provide Provide 3 to 5 kg of grain3 to 5 kg of grain Increase proteinIncrease protein in the ration to in the ration to
between 14 and 15 percent of the between 14 and 15 percent of the ration DM ration DM
Limit fatLimit fat in the ration to 100 g. High in the ration to 100 g. High fat feeding will depress DM intake fat feeding will depress DM intake
Maintain Maintain 3 to 5 kg hay3 to 5 kg hay in the ration in the ration to stimulate rumination to stimulate rumination
Remove saltRemove salt from the ration if from the ration if edema is a problem edema is a problem
Feeding Total Mixed Feeding Total Mixed RationRation
Each Each bitebite is nutritionally is nutritionally balancebalance..The The roughage-to-concentrateroughage-to-concentrate can can
be varied to regulate nutrient intake.be varied to regulate nutrient intake.TMR TMR regulates rumen pH regulates rumen pH and and
enhance microbial protein enhance microbial protein synthesis.synthesis.
Minimize feed Minimize feed selectionselection.. Increase Increase feed intakefeed intake..Less laborLess labor and feeding operations and feeding operations
are readily mechanized.are readily mechanized.
Daily allowance Daily allowance
Fodder @ 10% of body weight ~ 40-Fodder @ 10% of body weight ~ 40-60 kg60 kg
Ration ~ Half of milk productionRation ~ Half of milk production More ration during summer seasonMore ration during summer season Water should be available all the Water should be available all the
timetime Mineral mixture @ 2% in the rationMineral mixture @ 2% in the ration
Flat Rate Concentrate Flat Rate Concentrate FeedingFeeding
Do not starve profit out Do not starve profit out of a good cowof a good cow
Do not feed profit to a Do not feed profit to a poor cowpoor cow
SuggestionsSuggestions Select & mix different ingredients on Select & mix different ingredients on
protein basis for making concentrate protein basis for making concentrate mixture)mixture)
Always add minerals especially take Always add minerals especially take care of Calcium & Phosphorus ratio in care of Calcium & Phosphorus ratio in the rationsthe rations
Plan your feeding program to raise the Plan your feeding program to raise the peak milk yieldpeak milk yield
Never restrict feed & water soon after Never restrict feed & water soon after parturitionparturition
SuggestionsSuggestions
Avoid large fluctuation in green Avoid large fluctuation in green fodder supply through silage makingfodder supply through silage making
Make best use of local feeds with Make best use of local feeds with relevant supplementation & relevant supplementation & conservationconservation
Improve feeding value of straw Improve feeding value of straw through urea treatment for fodder through urea treatment for fodder scarcity periodscarcity period