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Federated Department of History

Rutgers Newark / NJIT

HIST 653

Un-mixing Peoples: Case studies from the 20th Century

Spring 2020

CKB 316

R: 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

Professor Elektra Kostopoulou

Email: ik74@njit.edu kostopoulou@outlook.com Office: Room #323 Cullimore Hall Office Hours: Wednesdays 2:00-5:00 PM

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Brief Course Description

This course offers a comparative analysis of population mobility and genocide in the aftermath of empire. Our exploration of the topic will be informed by the following conceptual questions:

1) History and Law: How did recent conflicts inform the drafting and operation of contemporary international law? 2) Trauma and Historicity: Why do people remember or forget the past differently? 3) Space and Alterity: How does lived space inform subjective understandings of difference? 4) Linearity versus Simultaneity: To what extent do temporal linear developments coexist with past influences and future premises?

To address the above questions, the course will focus on four consecutive case-studies:

1) The collapse of the Ottoman Empire post-WWI (1914-1918); the Armenian Genocide and Greek-Turkish exchange of populations. 2) The partition of India and population transfers between India and Pakistan post-WWII (1940-1944). 3) Population movements between the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia and Turkey in the context of the Cold War (1950s-1990s). 4) Violence, coexistence and population movements on the island of Cyprus (1950s-to the present).

Themes and concepts to be discussed include empire, colonialism, nationalism, ethnic cleansing, minority politics, refugee-hood, migration, and the un-mixing of peoples. We will contextualize these topics by reference to historical developments to conclude with contemporary debates.

Course Goals:

1) Identify and interpret primary and secondary sources. 2) Explore certain key concepts that promote interdisciplinary/ transnational/

comparative thinking. 3) Become familiar with developments in the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast

Europe and the Indian subcontinent within a comparative perspective.

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4) Understand and problematize the paradigm of national homogeneity vis-a-vis national self-determination.

5) Exercise analytical thought, orally and in writing.

Course Requirements

Weekly Forum Responses: Study the required readings and post

questions on Canvas Forum every week, until 24 hours before the class. Weekly discussion leaders will rotate. Each student will lead at least one discussion: leaders post a summary of the reading on Canvas until 24 hours before the class and start the in-class discussion by presenting the reading/addressing a few of the questions posted on Canvas.

Book report (2 pages): Choose a book from the Additional Bibliography titles mentioned every week (see bellow). The report is due on the last week of the semester together with the final paper. In addition, you will have to give a short (5 min long) presentation on the day of the relevant discussion.

Final Paper (20-30 pages): The final papers can touch on any of the weekly topics and should engage with at least one of the concepts discussed in class. Minimum of 10 peer-reviewed publications/ 5 primary sources (double spaced/ Chicago style for review articles). You should prepare and submit an annotated bibliography by February 30th. You should submit your paper via Turnitin by April 30th. You should participate in building the course website and share your sources online under our instructions.

Oral presentations: At the end of the semester you will give an in-class 10 min long presentation on the topic of your final paper.

Regular attendance, punctuality, and active participation | Successful

participation includes in-class reader responses to assigned readings/ online posts.

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Final Grades:

Final paper (30%) Attendance/Participation (30%) Weekly Forums Responses (20%) Book review (10%) Oral Presentation (10%) 90-100%: Excellent Work (A) 85-89%: Very Good (B+) 80-84%: Good (B) 75-79%: Satisfactory Plus (C+) 70-74%: Satisfactory (C) 60-69%: Marginal (D) Bellow 60%: Failure (F)

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Introduction

Reading: http://www.politicalconcepts.org/unmixing-sadia-abbas/

Part A |The Collapse of the Ottoman Empire

Week Two The Armenian Genocide

Required Reading

Ulgen, Fatma.“Reading Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on the Armenian Genocide of 1915.” Patterns of Prejudice 44, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 369–391. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0031322X.2010.510719.

Additional Bibliography

Dadrian, Vahakn N., and Akçam, Taner. Judgment at Istanbul the Armenian Genocide Trials English language ed. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011.

Göçek, Fatma Müge. Denial of Violence : Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789-2009 New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Primary Sources

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Admission of Near East Refugees.. Congressional Hearing, 1922-12-05, 1922. https://search.proquest.com/congressional/view/app-gis/hearing/hrg-1922-imn-0006.

Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, Bryce, James Bryce, and Great Britain. Le traitement des Arméniens dans l’Empire Ottoman (1915-1916): Documents présentés au vicomte Grey of Fallodon, secrétaire d’état aux affaires étrangères par le vicomte Bryce, avec une préface du vicomte Bryce. Impr. moderne, G. Kavanagh & cie,1917. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89100063619.

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Week Three

The Greek Turkish Exchange of Populations Required Reading

Ulgen, Fatma. “Reading Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on the Armenian Genocide of 1915.” Patterns of Prejudice 44, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 369–391. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0031322X.2010.510719.

Additional Bibliography

Psomiades, Harry J. Fridtjof Nansen and the Greek Refugee Crisis 1922-1924: a Study on the Politics of International Humanitarian Intervention and the Greek-Turkish Obligatory Population Exchange Agreement Bloomingdale, IL: The Asia Minor and Pontos Hellenic Research Center, 2011.

Hirschon, Renee. Crossing the Aegean: an Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey, New York: Berghahn Books, 2003.

Primary Sources

“Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations.” The American Journal of International Law 18, no. 2 (April 1, 1924): 84–90.

Special Cable to The New York Times. “Mixed Commission Decides Against Turks.” New York Times (1923-Current File). New York, N.Y.: New York Times Company, September 8, 1924. http://search.proquest.com/docview/103375201/.

Part B | The Partition of India

Week Four Minorities and Majorities in India

Required Reading

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Majid, Abdul. “Indian Secularism and Religious Minorities in India.” South Asian Studies 30, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 107–116. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1752112936/.

Additional Bibliography

Hasan, Zoya. Politics of Inclusion Castes, Minorities, and Affirmative Action. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Thomas, Sonja. Privileged Minorities: Syrian Christianity, Gender, and Minority Rights in Postcolonial India. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2018.

Primary Sources

Brown, W N. “India’s Pakistan Issue.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 91, no. 2 (April 1947): 162–80.

U.S. Congress. House Committee on Foreign Affairs. To Seek Development of the United Nations into a World Federation. Congressional Hearing, Oct. 12, 13, 1949, 1949. https://search.proquest.com/congressional/view/app-gis/hearing/hrg-1949-foa-0014.

Week Five

Fluid Borders and the Case of Pakistan Required Reading

Khan, Muhammad, and Hayat, Farooq. “Pakistan’s Vulnerable Minorities and the Anti-Blasphemy Laws: Is There a Way Out?” Europa Ethnica 72, no. 1/2 (January 1, 2015): 49–54. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1759025046/.

Additional Bibliography

Khan, Nyla Ali. Islam, Women, and Violence in Kashmir: Between India and Pakistan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

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Roy, Haimanti. Partitioned Lives: Migrants, Refugees, Citizens in India and Pakistan, 1947-65. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Primary Sources

“Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations.” The American Journal of International Law 18, no. 2 (April 1, 1924): 84–90.

Henri Cartier-Bresson. INDIA. 1947-1948. INDIA. North India. Kuinkshaha. 1947. Muslim Refugee Train from Delhi to Lahore (Pakistan), 1947.

Part C | The Balkan Cold War

Week Six Turkey, Islam, and Transnationalism

Required Reading

Schad, Thomas. “From Muslims into Turks? Consensual Demographic Engineering Between Interwar Yugoslavia and Turkey.” Journal of Genocide Research 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 427–446. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2016.1228634.

Additional Bibliography

Hoare, Marko Attila. The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Mosselson, Jacqueline. Roots & Routes : Bosnian Adolescent Refugees in New York City. New York: Peter Lang, 2006.

Primary Sources

Mcdowell, Dennis, and National War Coll Washington DC. The Balkan Civil Wars: Can They Be Contained?, February 8, 1993. http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA441097.

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Cohen, Richard. “Greek Fears of a Wider War. (is Bosnian Arms Embargo Is Lifted, War Could Come to Greece and Possibly Turkey in Form of refugees)(Column).” The Washington Post. Newsweek Interactive, June 22, 1995.

Week Seven

The Fall of Yugoslavia Required Reading

Matajc, V.“Narrative Strategies in the Representation of Violence: two contemporary Bosnian novels about the Bosnian War.” Primerjalna Knjizevnost 39, no. 1 (June 2016): 215–238.

Additional Bibliography

Kolind, Torsten. Post-War Identification: Everyday Muslim Counterdiscourse in Bosnia Herzegovina Aarhus. Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 2008.

Shatzmiller, Maya. Islam and Bosnia : Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-Ethnic States. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002.

Primary Sources

Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina : Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, April 4, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

Lee, Margaret Mikyung., Perl, Raphael., and Woehrel, Steven J. Bosnia War Crimes the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and U.S. Policy Washington, D.C: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1998.

Week Eight: Library Visit

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Part D | Cyprus

Week Nine A Divided Island

Required Reading

Nevzat, Altay, and Hatay, Mete. “Politics, Society and the Decline of Islam in Cyprus: From the Ottoman Era to the Twenty-First Century.” Middle Eastern Studies 45, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 911–933. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263200903268686.

Additional Bibliography

Welz, Gisela., Peristianis, N. , and Papadakis, Yiannis. Divided Cyprus Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.

Demetriou, Olga Maya. Refugeehood and the Postconflict Subject: Reconsidering Minor Losses. SUNY Press, 2018.

Primary Sources

Viejo Rose, Dacia, and Viejo Rose, Dacia. Selimiye Mosque, Nicosia. University of Cambridge, 2011.

“Humanitarian Problems on Cyprus Hearing before the Subcommittee to Investigate Problems Connected with Refugees and Escapees of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session....” Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., September 13, 1975.

Part D | Writing Sessions and Oral Presentations

Week Ten Individual Meetings | Reading Day

Week Eleven

Individual Meetings | Reading Day

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Week Twelve Oral Presentations

Week Thirteen

Oral Presentations