Federalists & Republicans1789-1816

Chapter 6

•Creating a Government•Washington & Congress•Cabinet•State, Jefferson•Treasury, Hamilton•War, Knox•Attorney Gen., Randolph

•Court•John Jay

•Congress•Bill of Rights (1-10)• Individual rights (1-8)•States Rights (10)

Mount Rushmore, SD

Cabinet

Alexander Hamilton

John Jay

Thomas Jefferson

•Hamilton’s Promise•Tariff•Raise Gov. money• Imports

•Bonds•Borrowing money for the gov.•Saving bonds

•Bank of US•Legal or not?

•Capitol in south• Washington DC

A national debt, if it is not

excessive, will be to us a national

blessing; it will be a powerful

cement of our new union. It will

also create a necessity for

keeping up taxation...which

without being oppressive, will be

a spur to industry...

---Alexander Hamilton

•Hamilton’s Promise•Tariff•Raise Gov. money• Imports

•Bonds•Borrowing money for the gov.•Saving bonds

•Bank of US•Legal or not?

•Capitol in south• Washington DC

A national debt, if it is not

excessive, will be to us a national

blessing; it will be a powerful

cement of our new union. It will

also create a necessity for

keeping up taxation...which

without being oppressive, will be

a spur to industry...

---Alexander Hamilton

Interpreting

1. What does Hamilton believe

would be good for the

country?

2. How would it be good?

3. What will it lead to?

4. What does he warn us about?

•Loose interpretations•List of forbidden, all else

open season

•Strict interpretation•List of only things that were

allowed•Taxing: Legal or Not?•Enumerated powers

• Powers written in Const.

• Implied powers• Powers unwritten in Const.

•Elastic Clause•Whiskey Rebellion

The fairest tax would be a

head tax in which

everyone owed the same

amount. Anything more

complex can pit one

faction against another

and incite rebellion.

---Whiskey Rebellion

•Loose interpretations•List of forbidden, all else

open season

•Strict interpretation•List of only things that were

allowed•Taxing: Legal or Not?•Enumerated powers

• Powers written in Const.

• Implied powers• Powers unwritten in Const.

•Elastic Clause•Whiskey Rebellion

The fairest tax would be a

head tax in which

everyone owed the same

amount. Anything more

complex can pit one

faction against another

and incite rebellion.

---Whiskey Rebellion

Interpreting

1. Who was being taxed?

2. What is a fair tax?

3. List three other times

when people who were

taxed rebelled?

Elastic Clause

Congress has any power,necessary and proper to carry out the Functionsof GovernmentUS Constitution, Article I, Sec. 8, No. 18

To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power.

–Thomas Jefferson 1791

Congress has any power, necessary and proper to carry out the functions of Government.

---US Constitution, Art. 1, sec. 8, no. 18

To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power.

–Thomas Jefferson 1791

Congress has any power, necessary and proper to carry out the functions of Government.

---US Constitution, Art. 1, sec. 8, no. 18

Interpreting the Constitution

1. Define interpretation:

2. There are two ways to interpret the constitution. Identify both:

3. Who were the proponents of each interpretation?

4. Which way do you lean and why?

Review Constitutional Power1. _________ are a form of government

borrowing.2. Amendment 10 states powers not given to the

federal government are reserved for the ________ which would support an ___________ interpretation of the Constitution.

3. The most debated issue between the interpretation of the Constitution in the 1790s was ___________ the national government.

4. How did Washington organize the new government?

5. How was the new government financed?6. What were the two interpretations of the

Constitution called?

I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the Spirit of Party, generally.

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.

The alternate dominion of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge…, is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism.---George Washington, 1769

Document Summary

Analysis:• Historical situation• Intended Audience• Point of View• Purpose• Outside information

•Political Parties or Factions

•Federalists•Hamilton•Manufacturing•Pro-British•Strong National Gov.•New England

•Republicans• Jefferson•Small farmers•Pro-French•Strong States Rights•Southern & Western states

•Washington•Beware of Political Parties•Avoid European entanglements• Stay neutral

•Jay’s Treaty• British

•Pinckney’s Treaty• Spain• Navigate Miss. River

The great rule of conduct for

us, in regard to foreign

nations is in extending our

commercial relations to have

them as little political

connection as possible...’Tis

our true policy to steer clear of

permanent alliances with any

portion of the foreign world.

---Washington’s Farewell

Address

•Washington•Beware of Political Parties•Avoid European entanglements• Stay neutral

•Jay’s Treaty• British

•Pinckney’s Treaty• Spain• Navigate Miss. River

The great rule of conduct for

us, in regard to foreign

nations is in extending our

commercial relations to have

them as little political

connection as possible...’Tis

our true policy to steer clear of

permanent alliances with any

portion of the foreign world.

---Washington’s Farewell

Address

Analyzing

1. What topic is Washington

addressing?

2. What does he warn us

about?

•Western Expansion in Old Northwest

•Push the Indians out!• Little Turtle•Mad Anthony Wayne•Fallen Timbers, Ohio

Cities

New Orleans

Washington

Boston

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia

Chicago

Denver

Seattle

Portland

Miami

St. Louis

Kansas City

Atlanta

Detroit

•Adams’ Presidency•Quasi-War with France•XYZ Affair•Politics as usual•bribes

Mr. H. again returned to the subject of

money. Said he Gentlemen you do not

speak to the point---it is money---it is

expected that you will offer money---Genl.

Pinckney said we had spoken to that point

very explicitly...No said he, you have not.

What is your answer? Genl. Pinckney

replied it is no, no, not a sixpence.

---John Marshall

•Adams’ Presidency•Quasi-War with France•XYZ Affair•Politics as usual•bribes

Mr. H. again returned to the subject of

money. Said he Gentlemen you do not

speak to the point---it is money---it is

expected that you will offer money---Genl.

Pinckney said we had spoken to that point

very explicitly...No said he, you have not.

What is your answer? Genl. Pinckney

replied it is no, no, not a sixpence.

---John Marshall

Analyzing

1. What country was Marshall visiting?

2. What did Mr. H. want?

3. How did Genl. Pinckney react?

4. What might this lead to?

•Alien and Sedition Acts•Central power supremacy

•Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions•Interposition•Nullification•Threats of secession

•Nullification & States Rights•Declaring Federal laws illegal

When so ever the general

government assumes

undelegated powers, its acts

are unauthoritative, void,

and of no force...Kentucky Resolves...Thomas Jefferson

•Alien and Sedition Acts•Central power supremacy

•Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions•Interposition•Nullification•Threats of secession

•Nullification & States Rights•Declaring Federal laws illegal

When so ever the general

government assumes

undelegated powers, its acts

are unauthoritative, void,

and of no force...Kentucky Resolves...Thomas Jefferson

Interpreting

1. Define undelegated.

2. How much power does Jefferson

believe the government should

have?

3. How does Jefferson interpret the

Constitution?

4. What can be done when

government gets too much power?

Review: President Washington1. In the war between Britain and France, President

Washington issued a proclamation declaring that the United was ___________.

2. __________ treaty allowed U.S. navigation on the Mississippi River by the Spanish.

3. __________ treaty re-opened limited trade with Great Britain.

4. The two political parties (factions) that formed in the 1790s were ___ and ___.

5. Who were the two leaders of the parties?6. What was Washington’s approach to foreign

policy?7. What crisis did John Adams create?8. What was Jefferson’s response?

Thomas Jefferson• Election of 1800• First peaceful transition of

power in history

• Marbury vs. Madison• Judicial Review

doctrine

• Louisiana Purchase

• Lewis-Naturalist• Clark-Military• Sacagawea-guide• Pike-Colorado

• Burr vs. Hamilton• Duel

• Justice Samuel Chase• Impeachment b/c of

politics?

Louisiana Bought from Napoleon

“All six chiefs replied to our speech, each in turn, according to rank: they expressed their joy at the change in government; their hopes that we would recommend them to [our] great father [the president] . . . we then proceeded to distribute our presents . . . We gave a medal of the second grade to one Ottawa chief, and one Missouri chief; a medal of the third grade to two inferior chiefs of each nation . . . .”- Journals of Lewis and Clark

“All six chiefs replied to our speech, each in turn, according to rank: they expressed their joy at the change in government; their hopes that we would recommend them to [our] great father [the president] . . . we then proceeded to distribute our presents . . . We gave a medal of the second grade to one Ottawa chief, and one Missouri chief; a medal of the third grade to two inferior chiefs of each nation . . . .”- Journals of Lewis and Clark

Examining Lewis and Clark were commissioned to explore Louisiana Territory.1. How was this mission different than Anthony Wayne's at Falling Timbers?2. Why did Lewis and Clark hand out medals of different sizes?3. Why was that important?4. Write secret orders to Lewis and Clark that demonstrates the importance

of the above quote in their real mission towards the Western Indians.

• Jefferson’s 2nd term•Avoiding European War•Napoleonic War•Dictatorship or Revolution?

• Impressments•Kidnapping American sailors

•USS Chesapeake•British attack

•Embargo Act•Halt all overseas trading• fails

•Non-Intercourse Act• Trading with non-aggressor• fails

•War Hawks• Congressmen who call for war!

It has paralyzed

industry...Our most fertile

lands are reduced to

sterility. It will drive our

seamen into foreign

employ, and our fishermen

to foreign sandbanks...It

has dried up our revenue.

----Phillip Barton Key

• Jefferson’s 2nd term•Avoiding European War•Napoleonic War•Dictatorship or Revolution?

• Impressments•Kidnapping American sailors

•USS Chesapeake•British attack

•Embargo Act•Halt all overseas trading• fails

•Non-Intercourse Act• Trading with non-aggressor• fails

•War Hawks• Congressmen who call for war!

It has paralyzed

industry...Our most fertile

lands are reduced to

sterility. It will drive our

seamen into foreign

employ, and our fishermen

to foreign sandbanks...It

has dried up our revenue.

----Phillip Barton Key

Interpreting

1. What has happened to America’s

prosperity?

2. What has happened to American

sailors and fishermen?

3. What has happened to American

taxes?

4. What act is described by this

quote?

War of 1812

•Mr. Madison’s War•Tecumseh and Tippecanoe• Indians (British allies) vs.

Americans on Frontier

•Canada’s Invasion, failed•Perry on Lake Erie

• Put-in-bay-US Victory

Southern Campaign•Washington DC•Burned by British

•Baltimore•Ft. McHenry•Star Spangled Banner•Francis Scott Key

We ask to leave in conclusion to state that about three fourths of our townsmen depend on the sea for means of subsistence for themselves and families. By the recent declaration of war more than one half of that proportion is liable to fall into the hands of the enemy with a large proportion of their property, and many of their wives and children may thereby be reduced to extreme poverty. We would be permitted to further to remark that out of this large proportion of sailors belonging to this town, we have but four detained by foreign nations.---Columbian Centinel, July 20, 1812

Document Summary

Analysis:• Historical situation• Intended Audience• Point of View• Purpose• Outside information

USS Constitution

The War Ends

◼ Treaty of Ghent

◼ Nothing is settled

After the War•Hartford Convention•Federalist ready to surrender•Party’s failure

•New Orleans•Andrew Jackson•Pirates help Americans• Jean Lafette

•Cotton bales•Great American Victory

Review: Early Republic1. The impeachment of ____________

established that judges could be removed only for criminal behavior not just for politics.

2. The Treaty of ________ ended the War of 1812.

3. After a British warship fired on an American warship in 1807, President Jefferson asked Congress to pass the _________, halting all trade with Europe.

4. The case of ________ established the court’s Judicial Review power.

5. What issues led to the War of 1812?6. List three results of the War of 1812.