Federal Jurisdiction

7/25/2019 Federal Jurisdiction

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/federal-jurisdiction 1/25

Federal Jurisdiction

It follows that a collateral attack may be made here for "acts or orders [of administrative ocers

or agencies] which do not come clearly within the powers granted or which fall beyond the

purview of the statute granting the agency or body its powers [such orders] are not merely

erroneous, but are void." * * * "They [ocers or agencies] are without power to act contrary

to the provisions of the law or the clear legislative intendment, or to exceed the

authority conferred on them by statute." [Emphasis added.] 73 C.J.S. !blic dmi#istrati$e

%odies a#d roced!re & '() pp. 33+3,. #d see) -iebhardt $. asher) /30 Colo. '',) 0(1 .0d//17. 2la$ell $. E45E6 2 8E-24E C. 9 C. 2 E6:E4) 3'' . 0d (,/) (,3 + Colo;

S!preme Co!rt /(<1.

Martin Earl Fisher=s story

About United States Jurisdiction

he term ">#ited States" may be !sed i# a#y o#e of se$eral se#ses.

It may be merely the #ame of a so$erei?# occ!pyi#? the positio# a#alo?o!s to that of otherso$erei?#s i# a family of #atio#s. It may designate territory over which sovereignty of

the United States extends) or it may be the collecti$e #ame of the States which are !#ited

by a#d !#der the Co#stit!tio#.

@oo$e# 9 lliso# Co. $. E$att) 30, >.S. <'0 A/(,'B <' S.Ct. 71) 1) ( -.Ed. /0'0 [bold

emphasis added]

he term ">#ited States") whe# !sed i# its territorial mea#i#?) e#compasses the areas of la#d

de#ed i# rticle I) Sectio# ) Cla!se /7 A/;;/7B a#d ,;3;0) #othi#? more. I# this respect) the

">#ited States" is a separate 6atio# which is forei?# with respect to the States !#ited by a#d!#der the Co#stit!tio#) beca!se the ">#ited States" as s!ch has #e$er applied for admissio#

to the >#io# of States k#ow# as the ">#ited States of merica". ccordi#?ly) stat!tory

"citiDe#s of the >#ited States" who are "s!bect to the !risdictio# thereof" are de#ed i# the

wordi#? of the so called /,th me#dme#t a#d of he Ci$il 4i?hts cts. t best) this so+called

me#dme#t is a "pri$ate ct" rather tha# a p!blic act which desi?#ates a class of people who

are !#iF!e to the territorial !risdictio# of the istrict of Col!mbia) the 2ederal erritories a#d

ossessio#s) a#d the la#d which has bee# ceded by the -e?islat!res of the '1 States to the

forei?# #atio#+state of the ">#ited States" for forts) ma?aDi#es) arse#als) dock+yards a#d

"other #eedf!l b!ildi#?s" Asee /;;/7 a#d ,;3;0B. Collecti$ely) this territorial !risdictio# ca# be

termed "he 2ederal Go#e" to disti#?!ish it !#iF!ely from the #atio# as a whole a#d from the

'1 States of the >#io#. he "#atio#" ca#) therefore) be de#ed as the mathematical !#io# ofthe federal Do#e a#d the '1 States A!si#? the la#?!a?e of set theory.B

he istrict of Col!mbia is tech#ically a corporatio# a#d is o#ly de#ed as a "State" i# its ow#

codes a#d !#der I#ter#atio#al -aw Ae.?.) see I4C 771/AaBA/1BB.

>6IE SES is a Corporatio# + here are wo Co#stit!tio#s

http://freedom-school.com/evidence/martin-fisher-1.html


http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=324&invol=652

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment14/

http://freedom-school.com/tax-matters/eo-topic-i92.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVsMUpPgdT0

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=324&invol=652

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment14/

http://freedom-school.com/tax-matters/eo-topic-i92.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVsMUpPgdT0




C@E4 <0) /7/

/< >#ited States Stat!tes at -ar?e ,/(

24H 2I4S C64ESS SESSI6 III.

C@E4 <0) /7/ C@. -II. ++

# act to pro$ide a o$er#me#t for the istrict of Col!mbia.

%e it e#acted by the Se#ate a#d @o!se of 4eprese#tati$es of the >#ited States i# Co#?ress

assembled) hat all that part of the territory of the >#ited States i#cl!ded withi# the limits ofthe istrict of Col!mbia be) a#d the same is hereby) created i#to a ?o$er#me#t by the #ame

of the istrict of Col!mbia) by which #ame it is hereby co#stit!ted a body corporate for

m!#icipal p!rposes) a#d may co#tract a#d be co#tracted with) s!e a#d be s!ed) plead a#d be

impleaded) ha$e a seal) a#d eKercise all other powers of a m!#icipal corporatio# #ot

i#co#siste#t with the Co#stit!tio# a#d laws of the >#ited States a#d the pro$isio#s of this act.

he la#?!a?e of this act pro$ides that the ?o$er#me#t of the istrict Athe 2ederal

o$er#me#tB is a corporatio#) m!#icipal i# #at!re b!t still a corporatio#. 2!rthermore) istrict

citiDe#s A>#ited States citiDe#s + >. S. citiDe#sB will now be subject to cororation law as

well as law of the 4ep!blic.

Corporate law is pri$ate law e$e# tho!?ht the corporatio# is m!#icipal. e#erally we are led

to belie$e that these corporate laws are laws of the people beca!se they ha$e came from

Co#?ress... they are #ot) they are rivate laws and can only be alied by contract.

he >#ited States is a Corporatio#

!itle " U#S#$# %""&'d(

)*hen jurisdiction is challenged the burden of roof is on the government#)

)+o sanction can be imosed absent roof of jurisdiction#)

),nce challenged- jurisdiction cannot be .assumed.- it must be roved to exist/)Stanard v# ,lesen- 01 S#$t# 0&2

)!he law re3uires 45,,F ,F JU5IS6I$!I,+ to aear on the 5ecord of the

administrative agency and all administrative roceedings#) 7agans v# 8avine- 19"

U#S# "::

S!A+6I+; and JU5IS6I$!I,+

Sta#di#? is a reF!ireme#t ?ro!#ded i# rticle III of the >#ited States Co#stit!tio#)

a#d a defect i# sta#di#? ca##ot be wai$ed by the parties. Chapma# $. ier /

Imports A>S.B I#c.) <3/ 2.3d (3()(', A(th Cir. 01//B. liti?a#t m!st ha$e both

co#stit!tio#al sta#di#? a#d pr!de#tial sta#di#? for a federal co!rt to eKercise

!risdictio# o$er the case. Elk ro$e >#ied Sch. ist. $. 6ewdow) ',0 >.S. /) //

A011,B. Co#stit!tio#al sta#di#? reF!ires the plai#tiL to "show that the co#d!ct of

which he complai#s has ca!sed him to s!Ler a# =i#!ry i# fact= that a fa$orable

http://freedom-school.com/the-united-states-is-a-corporation.html

http://freedom-school.com/the-united-states-is-a-corporation.html



!d?me#t will redress." Id. at /0. I# compariso#) "pr!de#tial sta#di#?

e#compasses the ?e#eral prohibitio# o# a liti?a#t=s raisi#? a#other perso#=s

le?al ri?hts." Id. Acitatio# a#d F!otatio# si?#als omittedBM see also re?o# $. -e?al

Ser$s. Corp.) ''0 2.3d (<') (7/ A(th Cir. 011(B.

"We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty.

When the loyal opposition dies, I think the soul of America dies with it." ++Edward 4.

5!rrow

Someo#e say) " !risdictio#"N

!he $onstitution of the United States of America A/77B

rticle I:; Sectio# 3; Cla!se 0; A2ederal property a#d the erritorial Cla!se ++ 5ai# article;

erritorial Cla!seB

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful ules and

egulations respecting the Territory or other !roperty belonging to the "nited

#tates$ and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to !re%udice any

Claims of the "nited #tates, or of any particular #tate.

Sectio# hree also permits Co#?ress to dispose of a#d le?islate for all territories a#d

properties belo#?i#? to the >#ited States. !rs!a#t to a parallel cla!se i# rticle #e) Sectio#

Ei?ht) s!ch a!thority is "eKcl!si$e".

he created >#ited States ?o$er#me#t ca##ot de#e the ri?hts of its creator) the merica#

people.

hree forms of law were ?ra#ted !#der the Co#stit!tio#) commo# law) eF!ity a#d dmiralty

law.

Each had their ow# !risdictio# a#d p!rpose.

he co!rt a#d r!les of all three !risdictio#s ha$e bee# ble#ded.

See 2ederal !risdictio#

>#ited States of merica) I#c.

>S Code de#es the term ">#ited States"

>#iform Commercial Code A>CCB + rticle (

& (+317. -CI6 2 E%4.AhB -ocatio# of >#ited States.

http://freedom-school.com/lewis-mohr/someone-say-jurisdiction.html

http://freedom-school.com/lewis/mohr/40-usca-3112.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/citizenship/united-states-of-america-inc.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/code-defines-united-states.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/lewis-mohr/someone-say-jurisdiction.html

http://freedom-school.com/lewis/mohr/40-usca-3112.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/citizenship/united-states-of-america-inc.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/code-defines-united-states.pdf



he >#ited States is located i# the istrict of Col!mbia.

CorporatiDatio# a#d ri$atiDatio# of the o$er#me#t

A# i# depth st!dy.B

@E SE 2 ES

"In times of universal deceit, telling the truth will be a revolutionary act." ++eor?e

rwell

Sa?e ad$ice; hi#k abo!t this; <!=he burden of roof is uon the arty ma>ing the

allegations. he party doi#? the complai#i#? [i.e.) the prosec!tor] has the b!rde# of proof or

b!rde# of e$ide#ce. roof a#d e$ide#ce both mea# basically the same thi#?. It is their d!ty to

prese#t this e$ide#ce) #ot yo!r d!ty. 4emember) if they do try to F!estio# yo!) if they do try

to ?et yo! o# the sta#d) the a#swer that sho!ld Oow from yo!r lips to a#y of their F!estio#s?oes like this)

"Mr# 4rosecutor- it aears you are assuming facts that are not in evidence A+6

because you haven.t given me the evidence you haven.t given me enough

>nowledge or information to form a resonsive answer#"

hat=s how o#e may a$oid a#sweri#? them a#d i# a way that they ca#=t p!t yo! i# ail for

co#tempt beca!se with that ki#d of a# a#swer yo! did#=t ref!se to a#swer) yo! were#=t

arro?a#t) yo! were !st strai?htforward. hey did#=t ?i$e yo! e#o!?h i#formatio# or

k#owled?e. Ahey #e$er do + whyN hey do#=t ha$e it + or + they do#=t wa#t yo! to k#ow) NNN

ake yo!r pick.B

"&ee, and I thought I had a right to be fully informed in this matter.

"

!he following cases substantiate that it is a fact of law that the erson asserting

jurisdiction

must- when challenged- 45,?E that jurisdiction exists@

Mc+utt v# ;#M#- "& S# $t# 02- 2B 8#Ed# 99:"

;riCn v# Mattews- :9B Su# :19- 1D:- F#Dd D0D

asso v# U#4#8#- 1" F#Dd B&

!homson v# ;as>iel- &D S# $t# &0:- 2: 8#Ed# 999

Albrect v# U#S#- D0: U#S# 9

&&1# !erritorial Jurisdiction

f the se$eral cate?ories listed i# / >.S.C. & 7) Sectio# 7A3B is the most si?#ica#t) a#d

pro$ides;

he term "special maritime a#d territorial !risdictio# of the >#ited States)" as !sed i# this title)

i#cl!des; . . .

http://sedm.org/Forms/MemLaw/CorpGovt.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/law/the-state-of-texas.pdf

http://sedm.org/Forms/MemLaw/CorpGovt.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/law/the-state-of-texas.pdf



A3B #y la#ds reser$ed or acF!ired for the !se of the >#ited States) a#d !#der the eKcl!si$e or

co#c!rre#t !risdictio# thereof) or a#y place p!rchased or otherwise acF!ired by the >#ited

States by co#se#t of the le?islat!re of the State i# which the same shall be) for the erectio# of a

fort) ma?aDi#e) arse#al) dockyard) or other #eedf!l b!ildi#?.

s is readily appare#t) this s!bsectio#) a#d partic!larly its seco#d cla!se) bears a striki#?

resembla#ce to the /7th Cla!se of rticle I) Sec. of the Co#stit!tio#. his cla!se pro$ides;

he Co#?ress shall ha$e power. . . To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever ) o$ers!ch istrict A#ot eKceedi#? te# 5iles sF!areB as may) be Cessio# of partic!lar States) a#d the

accepta#ce of Co#?ress) become the Seat of the o$er#me#t of the >#ited States) a#d to

eKercise like !thority over all laces purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the !tate in

which the !ame shall be, for the "rection of #orts, $aga%ines, &rsenals, doc'()ards, and other

needful *uildings.

AEmphasis added.B he co#stit!tio#al phrase "eKcl!si$e le?islatio#" is the eF!i$ale#t of the

stat!tory eKpressio# "eKcl!si$e !risdictio#." !ee +ames v. ravo Contracting Co.) 310 >.S. /3,)

/,/ A/(37B) citing)!urplus Trading Co. v. Coo' ) 0/ >.S. <,7) <'0 A/(31B.

>#til the decisio# i# ravo) it had bee# ?e#erally accepted that whe# the >#ited States acF!iredproperty with the co#se#t of the state for a#y of the e#!merated p!rposes) it acF!ired eKcl!si$e

!risdictio# by operatio# of law) a#d a#y reser$atio# of a!thority by the state) other tha# the

ri?ht to ser$e ci$il a#d crimi#al process) was i#operable. !ee !urplus Trading Co. v. Coo' ) 0/

>.S. at <'0+'<. 8he# ravo held that a state mi?ht reser$e le?islati$e a!thority) e.?.) the ri?ht to

le$y certai# taKes) so lo#? as that did #ot i#terfere with the >#ited StatesP ?o$er#me#tal

f!#ctio#s) it became #ecessary for Co#?ress to ame#d / >.S.C. & 7A3B) by addi#? the words "so

as)" to restore crimi#al !risdictio# o$er those places pre$io!sly belie$ed to be !#der eKcl!si$e

2ederal le?islati$e !risdictio#. !ee @.4. 4ep. 6o. /<03) 7<th Co#?.) 3d Sess. / A/(,1BM S. 4ep. 6o.

/7) 7<th Co#?.) 3d Sess. / A/(,1B.

ravo also settled that the phrase "other #eedf!l b!ildi#?" was #ot to be strictly co#str!ed toi#cl!de o#ly military a#d #a$al str!ct!res) b!t was to be co#str!ed as "embraci#? whate$er

str!ct!res are fo!#d to be #ecessary i# the performa#ce of the f!#ctio# of the 2ederal

o$er#me#t." !ee +ames v. ravo Contracting Co.) 310 >.S. at /,0+,3. It therefore properly

embraces co!rtho!ses) c!stoms ho!ses) post oQces a#d locks a#d dams for #a$i?atio#

p!rposes.

he "str!ct!res" limitatio# does #ot) howe$er) pre$e#t the >#ited States from holdi#? or

acF!iri#? a#d ha$i#? !risdictio# o$er la#d acF!ired for other $alid p!rposes) s!ch as parks a#d

irri?atio# proects si#ce Cla!se /7 is #ot the eKcl!si$e method of obtai#i#? !risdictio#. he

>#ited States may also obtai# !risdictio# by reser$i#? it whe# so$erei?# title is tra#sferred to

the state !po# its e#try i#to the >#io# or by cessio# of !risdictio# after the >#ited States has

otherwise acF!ired the property. !ee Collins v. )osemite ar' Co.) 31, >.S. '/) '0(+31

A/(3BM +ames v. ravo Contracting Co.) 310 >.S. at /,0M!urplus Trading Co. v. Coo' ) 0/ >.S. at

<'1+'0M #ort Leavenworth -.-. Co. v. Lowe) //, >.S. '0') '0<+07) '3) '3( A/'B.

he >#ited States may hold or acF!ire property withi# the borders of a state witho!t acF!iri#?

!risdictio#. It may acF!ire title to la#d #ecessary for the performa#ce of its f!#ctio#s by

p!rchase or emi#e#t domai# witho!t the statePs co#se#t. !ee ohl v. /nited !tates) (/ >.S. 3<7)

37/) 370 A/(7<B. %!t it does #ot thereby acF!ire le?islati$e !risdictio# by $irt!e of its

proprietorship. he acF!isitio# of !risdictio# is depe#de#t o# the co#se#t of or cessio# of



!risdictio# by the state. !ee $ason Co. v. Tax Commission) 310 >.S. (7 A/(37BM +ames v. ravo

Contracting Co.) 310 >.S. at /,/+,0.

State co#se#t to the eKercise of 2ederal !risdictio# may be e$ide#ced by a specic e#actme#t or

by ?e#eral co#stit!tio#al or stat!tory pro$isio#. Cessio# of !risdictio# by the state also reF!ires

accepta#ce by the >#ited States. !ee &dams v. /nited !tates) 3/( >.S. 3/0 A/(,3BM !urplus

Trading Co. v. Coo' ) 0/ >.S. at <'/+'0. 8hether or #ot the >#ited States has !risdictio# is a

2ederal F!estio#. !ee $ason Co. v. Tax Commission) 310 >.S. at /(7.

rior to 2ebr!ary /)/(,1) it was pres!med that the >#ited States accepted !risdictio# whe#e$er

the state oLered it beca!se the do#atio# was deemed a be#et. !ee #ort Leavenworth -.-. Co.

v. Lowe) //, >.S. at '0. his pres!mptio# was re$ersed by e#actme#t of the ct of 2ebr!ary /)

/(,1) codied at ,1 >.S.C. & 0''. his stat!te reF!ires the head or a!thoriDed oQcer of the

a?e#cy acF!iri#? or holdi#? property to le with the state a formal accepta#ce of s!ch

"!risdictio#) eKcl!si$e or partial as he may deem desirable)" a#d f!rther pro$ides that i# the

abse#ce of s!ch li#? "it shall be co#cl!si$ely pres!med that #o s!ch !risdictio# has bee#

acF!ired." !ee &dams v. /nited !tates) 3/( >.S. 3/0 Adistrict co!rt is witho!t !risdictio# to

prosec!te soldiers for rape committed o# a# army base prior to li#? of accepta#ce prescribed

by stat!teB. he reF!ireme#t of ,1 >.S.C. & 0'' ca# also be f!llled by a#y li#? satisfyi#? state

law. /nited !tates v. +ohnson) ((, 2.0d (1) (,+< A0d Cir. /((3B. he e#actme#t of ,1 >.S.C.

& 0'' did #ot retroacti$ely aLect !risdictio# pre$io!sly acF!ired. !ee $ar'ham v. /nited !tates)

0/' 2.0d '< A,th Cir.B) cert. denied) 3, >.S. (3( A/(',BM /nited !tates v. 0eard) 071 2. S!pp.

/() 011 A8.. 5o. /(<7B.

C55E6; I# s!mmary) the >#ited States may eKercise ple#ary crimi#al !risdictio# o$er la#ds

withi# state borders;

. 8here it reser$ed s!ch !risdictio# !po# e#try of the state i#to the !#io#M

%. 8here) prior to 2ebr!ary /) /(,1) it acF!ired property for a p!rpose e#!merated i# the

Co#stit!tio# with the co#se#t of the stateM

C. 8here it acF!ired property whether by p!rchase) ?ift or emi#e#t domai#) a#d thereafter)

b!t prior to 2ebr!ary /) /(,1) recei$ed a cessio# of !risdictio# from the stateM a#d

. 8here it acF!ired the property) a#dRor recei$ed the statePs co#se#t or cessio# of

!risdictio# after 2ebr!ary /) /(,1) a#d has led the reF!isite accepta#ce.

[cited i# >S5 (+01./11]

Challe#?i#? !risdictio# is o#e of the best defe#ses yo! ca# make) beca!se if yo! !se the ri?ht

ar?!me#t it is almost impossible for yo! to loose

If they attempt to tell yo! that yo! ca#Pt F!estio# their !risdictio# yo! ca# easily sh!t them !p

with these co!rt r!li#?s

"#ce !risdictio# is challe#?ed) the co!rt ca##ot proceed whe# it clearly appears that the co!rt

lacks !risdictio#) the co!rt has #o a!thority to reach merits) b!t) rather) sho!ld dismiss the

actio#." 5elo $. >S) '1' 20d /10<.

"he law reF!ires proof of !risdictio# to appear o# the record of the admi#istrati$e a?e#cy a#d

all admi#istrati$e proceedi#?s." @a?a#s $. -a$i#e) ,/' >. S. '33.

https://www.justice.gov/usam/usam-9-20000-maritime-territorial-and-indian-jurisdiction#9-20.100

https://www.justice.gov/usam/usam-9-20000-maritime-territorial-and-indian-jurisdiction#9-20.100



re we o# the recordN I do#Pt say a#ythi#? f!rther !#til we are.

5e) I am a ma#. I am compete#t. I am here !#der d!ress. I do #ot co#se#t to this matter.

If I am here at all) I am here i# special appeara#ce to challe#?e !risdictio# a#d to ha$e this

matter dismissed.

I belie$e this co!rt lacks a !risdictio#. I wa#t to see the s!pposed !risdictio# d!ly placed i#to

e$ide#ce.

8hat) this co!rt ca# mo$e o# facts #ot i# e$ide#ceN

8here is the compete#t fact wit#essN 8here is the dama?ed partyN

8ho bri#?s the claimN 8ho is !#derwriti#? this actio#N

I do #ot !#dersta#d the #at!re a#d ca!se of the acc!satio# with re?ard to the eleme#ts of

perso#al !risdictio#) $e#!e) !#derwriti#? a#d the #at!re of the actio# !#til the prosec!tio#

properly alle?es them. I am therefore !#able to plea to the char?es !#til I ha$e had a#

opport!#ity to raise a mea#i#?f!l defe#se a?ai#st the eleme#ts.

I ca##ot reb!t a# !#stated pres!mptio#.

s a ma#) as a# acc!sed by law I come with the pres!mptio# of i##oce#t a#d I ca# ?o with that.

5e) I am a ma#) #ot a corporatio# or a le?al "perso#" #or am I a s!rety for o#e.

@ey) as keeper of the records for the thi#?) IPm willi#? to plead the defe#da#t ?!ilty !po#

$alidated proof of claim.

8here is the co#tract wherei# I k#owi#?ly a#d willi#?ly) with f!ll disclos!re) co#se#ted or

otherwise a?reed to be treated this wayN

5e) I see a yellow fri#?e aro!#d yo!r Oa? which clearly ad$ertises "admiralty matters settled

here" + so a?ai# I say) where is the co#tractN

8here is the 2orm /1((IN

8ho are yo! people a#d why do yo! deem yo!rsel$es better tha# meN

5ay I remi#d e$eryo#e) EF!ality !#der the -aw is paramo!#t a#d ma#datory by law.

5e) I am !#represe#ted) I do#Pt "do ttor#eys" as I ha$e fo!#d them to be i#!rio!s to my

freedom) life) liberty a#d p!rs!it of happi#ess.

5e) I reser$e all ri?hts at all times i# all places a#d I wai$e #o ri?hts at a#y time or i# a#y place. I

do wai$e be#et pri$ile?e.

m I !#der arrest or am I free to ?oN

4ead >S $. -opeD a#d @a?a#s $. -e$i#e both $oid beca!se of lack of !risdictio#. I# -opeD the

circ!it co!rt called it ri?ht) a#d i# @a?a#s it had to ?o to the S!preme co!rt before it was called

ri?ht) i# both cases) $oid. Challe#?e !risdictio# a#d motio# to dismiss) ri?ht oL the bat. If yo!

read the s!preme Co!rt cases yo! will #d that !risdictio# ca# be challe#?ed at a#y time a#d i#

the case of -opeD it was a !ry trial which was declared $oid for wa#t of !risdictio#. If it



[!risdictio#] does#Pt eKist) it ca# #ot !stify co#$ictio# or !d?me#t. ...witho!t which power

A!risdictio#B the state C66 be said to be "so$erei?#." t best) to proceed wo!ld be i#

"eKcess" of !risdictio# which is as well fatal to the StatePsR >S Ps ca!se. %room $. o!?las) 7'

la 0<) '7 So <1 the same bei#? !risdictio#al facts 2- to the ?o$er#me#tPs ca!se A e.?. see

I# re 26%) /'0 2 <,B.

!d?me#t re#dered by a co!rt witho!t perso#al !risdictio# o$er the defe#da#t is $oid. It is a

#!llity. [ !d?me#t show# to be $oid for lack of perso#al ser$ice o# the defe#da#t is a #!llity.]

Sramek $. Sramek) /7 Ta#. pp. 0d '73) '7<+77) ,1 .0d ''3 A/((0B) re$. de#ied 0'0 Ta#. /1(3A/((3B.

" co!rt ca##ot co#fer !risdictio# where #o#e eKisted a#d ca##ot make a $oid proceedi#? $alid.

It is clear a#d well established law that a $oid order ca# be challe#?ed i# a#y co!rt" - 8H6E

5>. -. SSC. $. 5c6>@) 01, >. S. ) 07 S. Ct. 03< A/(17B.

"here is #o discretio# to i?#ore lack of !risdictio#." Joyce $. >.S. ,7, 0 0/'.

"Co!rt m!st pro$e o# the record) all !risdictio# facts related to the !risdictio# asserted." -ata#a

$. @opper) /10 2. 0d /M Chica?o $. 6ew Hork) 37 2 S!pp. /'1.

"he law pro$ides that o#ce State a#d 2ederal J!risdictio# has bee# challe#?ed) it m!st be

pro$e#." 5ai# $. hibo!tot) /11 S. Ct. 0'10 A/(1B.

"J!risdictio# ca# be challe#?ed at a#y time." a#d "J!risdictio#) o#ce challe#?ed) ca##ot be

ass!med a#d m!st be decided." %asso $. >tah ower 9 -i?ht Co.) ,(' 2 0d (1<) (/1.

"efe#se of lack of !risdictio# o$er the s!bect matter may be raised at a#y time) e$e# o#

appeal." @ill op e$elopers $. @oliday i#es Ser$ice Corp.) ,7 So. 0d. 3< A2la 0#d C /('B

"#ce challe#?ed) !risdictio# ca##ot be ass!med) it m!st be pro$ed to eKist." St!ck $. 5edical

EKami#ers) (, Ca 0d 7'/. 0// 0d 3(.

"here is #o discretio# to i?#ore that lack of !risdictio#." Joyce $. >S) ,7, 20d 0/'.

"he b!rde# shifts to the co!rt to pro$e !risdictio#." 4osemo#d $. -ambert) ,<( 20d ,/<.

" !#i$ersal pri#ciple as old as the law is that a proceedi#?s of a co!rt witho!t !risdictio# are a

#!llity a#d its !d?me#t therei# witho!t eLect either o# perso# or property." 6orwood $. 4e#eld)

3, C 30(M EK parte iambo#i#i) ,( . 730.

"J!risdictio# is f!#dame#tal a#d a !d?me#t re#dered by a co!rt that does #ot ha$e !risdictio#

to hear is $oid ab i#itio." I# 4e pplicatio# of 8yatt) 311 . /30M 4e Ca$itt) // 0d ,<.

"h!s) where a !dicial trib!#al has #o !risdictio# of the s!bect matter o# which it ass!mes toact) its proceedi#?s are absol!tely $oid i# the f!llest se#se of the term." illo# $. illo#) /7 07.

" co!rt has #o !risdictio# to determi#e its ow# !risdictio#) for a basic iss!e i# a#y case before

a trib!#al is its power to act) a#d a co!rt m!st ha$e the a!thority to decide that F!estio# i# the

rst i#sta#ce." 4esc!e rmy $. 5!#icipal Co!rt of -os #?eles) /7/ 0d M 33/ >S ',() (/ -. ed.

/<<<) <7 S.Ct. /,1(.

" depart!re by a co!rt from those reco?#iDed a#d established reF!ireme#ts of law) howe$er

close appare#t adhere#ce to mere form i# method of proced!re) which has the eLect of



depri$i#? o#e of a co#stit!tio#al ri?ht) is a# eKcess of !risdictio#." 8!est $. 8!est) /07 0d (3,)

(37.

"8here a co!rt failed to obser$e safe?!ards) it amo!#ts to de#ial of d!e process of law) co!rt is

depri$ed of !ris." 5erritt $. @!#ter) C.. Ta#sas /71 20d 73(.

"the fact that the petitio#er was released o# a promise to appear before a ma?istrate for a#

arrai?#me#t) that fact is circ!msta#ce to be co#sidered i# determi#i#? whether i# rst i#sta#ce

there was a probable ca!se for the arrest." 5o#roe $. apa) C) Ill. /(<3) 00/ 2 S!pp <'.

SE?E+ E8EME+!S ,F JU5IS6I$!I,+

!7IS A5!I$8E A,U! I5S 8A$ ,F JU5IS6I$!I,+ MI;7! E *,5!7 A+A8IGI+;#

I# order for a#y ?o$er#me#t a?e#cy) s!bsidiary or law to be applied to a# i#di$id!al merica#

CitiDe#) it m!st be rst pro$ed or ass!med that the ?o$er#me#t has !risdictio# i# this matter

o$er that partic!lar i#di$id!al for that time. Specically) before a# i#di$id!al ca# be char?ed a#d

co#$icted with a crime) the ?o$er#me#t oQcial or a?e#cy m!st pro$e !risdictio#. his is seldom

accomplished) a#d ma#y i#di$id!als lose a case a#d e$e# ?o to ail whe# #o o#e has pro$ed this

le?ally esse#tial iss!e.

6o where is this more commo# tha# i# I#ter#al 4e$e#!e Ser$ice cases a?ai#st so+called taK

protesters. he I4S almost #e$er attempts to pro$e !risdictio#. I# fact) !risdictio# is almost

#e$er e$e# addressed. If the i#di$id!al is correct i# hisRher claims that heRshe is #ot a taKpayer

as de#ed i# the I#ter#al 4e$e#!e Code) the# the I4S @S 6 J>4ISICI6 8ith #o !risdictio#

comes #o case a#d #o co#$ictio# %!t to wi#) !risdictio# 5>S be challe#?ed by the i#di$id!al)

a#d if challe#?ed s!ccessf!lly) the case is dismissed.

here are se$e# eleme#ts of !srisdictio#) all of which m!st be pro$ed by the prosec!tio# if

challe#?ed. If #ot challe#?ed) it will -8HS be ass!med by the co!rt that compete#t !risdictio#

is pro$ed a#d accepted by all parties.

If a#y eleme#t of the se$e# is #ot pro$ed) the case m!st be dismissed. he #ormal process i# a

case a?ai#st a so+called taK protester is to i?#ore the !risdictio# iss!e alto?ether) or else to

challe#?e !risdictio# while at the same time co#formi#? to proced!res a#d reF!ireme#ts that

ass!me !risdictio#. I# other words) o#e ca##ot alle?e the I4S has #o !risdictio# o$er o#e while

at the same time o#e co#ti#!es to le a 2orm /1,1 each year.

I# the $ery few I4S cases where !risdictio# is challe#?ed) almost always the !d?e will proclaim

!risdictio# from the be#ch. ["It is the opi#io# of this co!rt that the prosec!tio# has !risdictio# i#

this case) a#d eKercises it re?!larly) almost e$ery day. I do#Pt thi#k we #eed to ?o thro!?h all that

today."] his is a total $iolatio# of law a#d accepted co!rt proceed!res. %!t most federal !d?es

wo#Pt let that stop them %!t the o#e alle?i#? !risdictio# m!st pro$e !risdictio# if !risdictio# ischalle#?ed. >s!ally the defe#de#t char?ed with a crime is too i#timidated or i?#ora#t to

s!ccessf!lly challe#?e a !d?e o# this) b!t the !d?e 5>S be challe#?ed if heRshe proclaims that

the prosec!tio# AI4SB has !risdictio# i# this case. If heRshe is #ot s!ccessf!lly challe#?ed) almost

always the i#di$id!al will lose the case.

#e of the easiest a#d most commo# mea#s of alle?i#? !risdictio# o# the part of the

prosec!tio# AI4SB is to refer to the acc!sed as a "taKpayer." If that word is e$er !sed i# refere#ce

to the so+called taK protester)" it 5>S be immediately challe#?ed. ["I obect) yo!r @o#or. he

prosec!tio# has !st labeled me a taKpayer. 8hether or #ot I am a taKpayer is the $ery root iss!e



i# this case) a#d has #ot bee# pro$e# by the prosec!tio#. I respectf!lly reF!est that the word

PtaKpayerP be stricke# from the record a#d that the prosec!tio# be i#str!cted to #ot !se that

word a?ai# !#til it has pro$e# that I am i#deed a taKpayer."] If the defe#de#t does #ot challe#?e

that word) a#d similar tech#iF!es !sed by the I4S) the !d?e will ha$e le?al !sticatio# to

ass!me !risdictio#. f co!rse) if the defe#se has do#e its ob) the iss!e of taKpayer a#d

!risdictio# wo!ld already be established. he time to challe#?e !risdictio# is at the be?i##i#? of

the trial) #ot at the e#d whe# it looks like the i#di$id!al is abo!t to lose. If !risdictio# is to be

s!ccessf!lly challe#?ed) it m!st be at the $ery be?i##i#? of the trial. o allow the trial to co#ti#!e

at all is to admit to !risdictio#.

%elow are the se$e# iss!es of !risdictio# i# a#y a#d e$ery co!rt case. 4emember) if a#y o#e of

these se$e# are #ot pro$e# beyo#d a reaso#able do!bt) the case ca##ot co#ti#!e.

/. he acc!sed m!st be properly ide#tiedM ide#tied i# s!ch a fashio# there is #o room for

mistake# ide#tity. he i#di$id!al m!st be si#?led o!t from all othersM otherwise) a#yo#e

co!ld be s!bect to arrest a#d trial witho!t be#et of "wro#? party" defe#se. lmost

always the mea#s of ide#ticatio# is a perso#Ps proper #ame) %>) a#y mea#s of

ide#ticatio# is eF!ally $alid if said mea#s diLere#tiates the acc!sed witho!t do!bt. A%y

the way) there is #o co#stit!tio#ally $alid reF!ireme#t that yo! m!st ide#tify yo!rself to

the !d?e or to a#yo#e.B 2or stop a#d ide#tify iss!es A,th me#dme#tB see %row# $. eKas)

,,3 >S ,7 a#d Tole#der $ -awso#) ,</ >S 3'0.

0. he stat!te of oLe#se m!st be ide#tied by its proper or commo# #ame. #!mber is

i#s!Qcie#t. oday) a citiDe# may sta#d i# eopardy of crimi#al sa#ctio#s for alle?ed

$iolatio# of stat!tes) re?!latio#s) or e$e# low+le$el b!rea!cratic orders AeKample; Colorado

6atio#al 5o#!me#t S!peri#te#tde#tPs rders re?ardi#? a# !#leashed do?) or a do?

defecati#? o# a trailB. If a #!mber were to be deemed s!Qcie#t) ?o$er#me#t co!ld bri#?

#ew a#d diLere#t char?es at a#y time by alle?i#? clerical error. A"IPm sorry) yo!r @o#or. I

ass!med that the re?!latio# i#dicated by that #!mber was a le?itimate stat!te. 5y

secretary m!st ha$e made a# error."B 2or a#y act to be triable as a# oLe#se) it m!st bedeclared to be a crime. Char?es m!st #e?ate a#y eKceptio# formi#? part of the stat!tory

de#itio# of a# oLe#se) by aQrmati$e #o#+applicability. I# other words) a#y char?e m!st

aQrmati$ely #e?ate a#y eKceptio# fo!#d i# the law. EKample of eKceptio# from a case

where someo#e was o# trial for Sectio# 7013) 8ilf!ll 2ail!re to 2ileAa 2orm /1,1B; "...

thereof to make a ret!r# Aother tha# a ret!r# reF!ired !#der a!thority of <1/'B...

I#dictme#t or i#formatio# is defecti$e !#less e$ery fact which is a# eleme#t i# a prima

facie case of ?!ilt is stated. he ass!mptio# of a# eleme#t is #ot lawf!l. therwise) the

acc!sed will #ot be thoro!?hly i#formed. 0< >SC <1/0 is a #ecessary eleme#t of the

oLe#se. Si#ce <1/0 is#Pt cited) the i#formatio# is fatally defecti$e. dditio#ally) the

i#formatio# did #ot #e?ate the eKceptio# Aother tha# reF!ired !#der a!thority of sectio#

<1/'B." fter readi#? <1/0 a#d <1/') a#d k#owi#? that the esse#tial sectio# 7013

eleme#ts are; . 4eF!ired to perform. %. 2ailed to perform. C. 2ail!re was willf!l yo! may

wish to ask) "how ofte# is a $alid Sectio# 7013 i#dictme#t or other i#formatio# or

i#dictme#t bro!?htN :ery seldom.

@ow ma#y citiDe#s ha$e bee# co#$icted o# a fatally defecti$e processN erhaps

tho!sa#ds) all with the k#owi#? or willi#? participatio# of a federal !d?e. It is the !d?ePs

ob to ass!re that !stice is accomplished. %!t the !d?e will almost always stop short of

doi#? hisRher ob a#d wait !#til the defe#se takes the importa#t steps. he fact that most

defe#se attor#eys do#Pt k#ow how to ?ht a case a?ai#st the I4S does#Pt seem to matter



to the !d?es.

6or does it seem to matter to the !d?e...

3. he acts of alle?ed oLe#se m!st be described i# #o#+pre!dicial la#?!a?e a#d detail so as

to e#able a perso# of a$era?e i#telli?e#ce to !#dersta#d #at!re of char?e Ato e#able

preparatio# of defe#seBM the act!al act or acts co#stit!ti#? the oLe#se complai#ed of. he

char?e m!st #ot be described by parroti#? the stat!teM #ot by the la#?!a?e of same. he

#ami#? of the acts of the oLe#se describe a specic oLe#se whereas the $erbia?e of astat!te describes o#ly a ?e#eral class of oLe#se. 2acts m!st be stated. Co#cl!sio#s ca##ot

be co#sidered i# the determi#atio# of probable ca!se.

,. he acc!ser m!st be #amed. @e may be a# oQcer or a third party. Some positi$ely

ide#tiable perso# Ah!ma# bei#?B m!st acc!se. Some certai# perso# m!st take

respo#sibility for the maki#? of the acc!satio#) #ot a# a?e#cy or a# i#stit!tio#. his is the

o#ly $alid mea#s by which a citiDe# may be?i# to face his acc!ser. lso) the i#!red party

Acorp!s delictiB m!st make the acc!satio#. @earsay e$ide#ce may #ot be pro$ided. #yo#e

else testifyi#? that he heard that a#other party was i#!red does #ot F!alify as direct

e$ide#ce.

'. he acc!satio# m!st be made !#der pe#alty of per!ry. If per!ry ca##ot reach the

acc!ser) there is #o acc!satio#. therwise) a#yo#e may acc!se a#other falsely witho!t

risk.

<. o comply with the $e eleme#ts abo$e) that is for the acc!satio# to be $alid) the acc!sed

m!st be accorded d!e process. cc!ser m!st ha$e complied with law) proced!re a#d form

i# bri#?i#? the char?e. his i#cl!des co!rt+determi#ed probable ca!se) s!mmo#s a#d

#otice proced!re. If lawf!l process may be abro?ated i# placi#? a citiDe# i# eopardy) the#

a#y mea#s may be !tiliDed to depri$e a ma# of his freedom. ll political disse#t may be

stiOed by !tiliDatio# of defecti$e process.

7. he co!rt m!st be o#e of compete#t !risdictio#. o ha$e $alid process) the trib!#al m!st

be a creat!re of its co#stit!tio#) i# accord with the law of its creatio#) i.e. a# article III

!d?e.

8itho!t the limiti#? factor of a co!rt of compete#t !risdictio#) all citiDe#s wo!ld be i# eopardy

of loss of liberty bei#? imposed at a#y b!rea!cratPs whim. It is co#cei$able that the proced!re

co!ld de$ol$e to o#e i# which the acc!ser) the trier of facts) a#d the eKec!tio#er wo!ld all be o#e

a#d the same.

he rst siK eleme#ts abo$e deal primarily with the iss!e of perso#al !risdictio#. he se$e#th

eleme#t Aalso eleme#t U0B addresses s!bect matter a#d territorial !risdictio#. S!bect matter !risdictio# is co#ferred by acts co#trolled by lawM territorial !risdictio# attaches by $e#!e of the

parties i# relatio# to the co!rt a#d to a#y tra#s+!risdictio#al acts a#dRor acti$ities of the parties

AeKte#ded territorial !risdictio# is co#ferred by co#tro$ersial lo#?+arm stat!tesB.

S>55I6 > the -8 a#d the -IICS

-acki#? a#y of the se$e# eleme#ts or portio#s thereof) A!#less wai$ed) i#te#tio#ally or

!#i#te#tio#allyB all desi?#ed to e#s!re a?ai#st f!rther prosec!tio# Ado!ble eopardyBM to i#form

co!rt of facts alle?ed for determi#atio# of s!Qcie#cy to s!pport co#$ictio#) sho!ld o#e be



obtai#ed. therwise) there is #o lawf!l #otice) a#d char?e m!st be dismissed for fail!re to state

a# oLe#se. 8itho!t lawf!l #otice) there is #o perso#al !risdictio# a#d all proceedi#?s prior to

li#? of a proper trial doc!me#t i# complia#ce with the se$e# eleme#ts is $oid. lawf!l act is

always le?al b!t ma#y le?al acts by ?o$er#me#t are ofte# !#lawf!l. 5ost b!rea!crats lack

eleme#tary k#owled?e a#d i#ce#ti$e to comply with the ma#dates of co#stit!tio#al d!e process.

hey will make mistakes. 6!mbers beyo#d co!#t ha$e bee# co#$icted witho!t be#et of

?o$er#me#tal adhere#ce to these se$e# eleme#ts. oday) i#formatio#s are bei#? led a#d

prosec!ted by "accepted practice" rather tha# d!e process of law.

See Corp!s J!ris Sec!#d!m ACJSB) :ol!me 7) Sectio# ,) ttor#ey 9 clie#t; he attor#eyPs rst d!ty

is to the co!rts a#d the p!blic) #ot to the clie#t) a#d where$er the d!ties to his clie#t co#Oict with

those he owes as a# oQcer of the co!rt i# the admi#istratio# of !stice) the former m!st yield to

the latter. Clie#ts are also called "wards" of the co!rt i# re?ard to their relatio#ship with their

attor#eys. fter yo! ha$e read the fore?oi#?) ask yo!r attor#ey to see a copy of "re?ardi#?

-awyer iscipli#e 9 other r!les" lso Ca#o#s / thro!?h (.

Corp!s J!ris Sec!#d!m ass!mes co!rts will operate i# a lawf!l ma##er. If the acc!sed makes this

ass!mptio#) he may lear#) to his detrime#t) thro!?h eKperie#ce) that certai# F!estio#s of law)

i#cl!di#? the F!estio# of perso#al !risdictio#) may #e$er be raised a#d addressed) especially

whe# the acc!sed is represe#ted by the bar. ASometimes lice#sed co!#sel appears to take o# the

characteristics of a foK ?!ardi#? the he# ho!se.B

J!risdictio#) o#ce challe#?ed) is to be pro$e#) #ot by the co!rt) b!t by the party attempti#? to

assert !risdictio#. he b!rde# of proof of !risdictio# lies with the asserter. he co!rt is o#ly to

r!le o# the s!Qcie#cy of the proof te#dered. Se 5c6!tt $. 5C) 0( >S /7. he ori?i#s of this

doctri#e of law may be fo!#d i# 5aKeldPs -essee $ -e$y) , >S 31.

6E; oday the co!rts are !#co#cer#ed with F!estio#s s!ch as whether or #ot the /<th or /7th

ame#dme#ts were e$er lawf!lly ratied. If the co!rts were to address this type of F!estio#

ho#estly) the ?o$er#me#t) with its h!?e b!rea!cracy a#d patro# special i#terests wo!ld be

placed i# eopardy. his pote#tial threat is #ot allowed #or will it e$er be. It is m!ch easier for the

co!rts to label s!ch pote#tial threats as political F!estio#s) poi#t to the late#ess of the clock a#d

ref!se to hear or r!le. 8hate$er the political !?er#a!t does) it !ses the facade of law to !stify or

reco#cile it. he o#ly way s!ch F!estio#s will ha$e force a#d eLect is if the ?e#eral p!blic

becomes aware a#d co#cer#ed with !stice bei#? based !po# law a#d #ot !st policy based o# a

facade of law.

If yo! do!bt s!ch words) please be ass!red that they are #ot !st words b!t are) i# fact) a#d

artic!latio# of the !#writte#) !#spoke#) prese#t p!blic policy) as e#forced by the co!rts i#

deali#? with challe#?es to ?o$er#me#tal acts a#d a!thority. 2or doc!me#tatio#) see >S $ 8H6E

8JS) ' C4 , i# the >S istrict Co!rt for the 6orther# istrict of Illi#ois) Easter# i$isio# a#d J!d?e Shad!rPs opi#io# o# the /<th me#dme#t. Ho! will see the be?i##i#?s a#d threat of

disbarme#t of a certai# "a??ressi$e" lice#sed attor#ey.

o be tr!ly eLecti$e i# the co!rts i# a#y challe#?e to ?o$er#me#tal power a#d a!thority) the

challe#?er m!st possess a ?ood !#dersta#di#? of politics. his is especially so si#ce ?o$er#me#t

a#d the co!rts are primarily co#cer#ed with a p!blic perceptio# of the bala#ci#? of the scales of

!stice rather tha# the attai#me#t of tr!e !stice !#der the law.



#ce it is realiDed that the co!rt is primarily co#cer#ed with politics) it the# becomes #ecessary

for a#y challe#?er to become procie#t i# the political are#a. %y politics) we speak) #ot of the

electoral process) b!t of the politics of associatio#.

Teepi#? this i# mi#d) a#d tr!ly !#dersta#di#? the co#cept) a ma# acc!sed of breaki#? a "r!le"

for which he may s!Ler pe#alties of impriso#me#t) #e a#d costs witho!t be#et of trial or

Co#stit!tio#al safe?!ards) may $ery will co#sider bri#?i#? a crimi#al char?e a?ai#st himself

directly i# co!rt a#d thereby bl!#t his ad$ersariesP attack. o the !#i#itiated) this may so!#d like

mad#ess) b!t to the political scholar desti#ed to appear before a "master" to a#swer to alle?edr!le $iolatio# of the !#a!thoriDed practice of law) the self+acc!satory ro!te to the co!rts may be

the o#ly hope of $ictoryM both le?al a#d political.

J>4ISICI6 by @oward 2reema#

so!rce; 6@ J,J

he Co#stit!tio# of the !#ited States me#tio#s three areas of !risdictio# i# which the co!rts may

operate;

$ommon 8aw

Commo# -aw is based o# odVs -aw. #ytime someo#e is char?ed !#der the Commo# -aw) there

m!st be a Wdama?ed partyX. Ho! are free !#der the Commo# -aw to do a#ythi#? yo! please) as

lo#? as yo! do #ot i#fri#?e o# the life) liberty or property of someo#e else. Ho! ha$e a ri?ht to

make a WfoolX of yo!rself pro$ided yo! do #ot i#fri#?e o# the life) liberty or property of someo#e

else. he Commo# -aw does #ot allow for a#y ?o$er#me#t actio# which pre$e#ts a ma# from

maki#? a fool of himself. 2or i#sta#ce) whe# yo! cross o$er state li#es i# most states) yo! will

see a si?# which says) W%>CT-E H>4 SE %E-S Y IVS @E -8.X his ca##ot be Commo# -aw)

beca!se who wo!ld yo! i#!re if yo! did #ot b!ckle !pN 6obody. his wo!ld be compelled

performa#ce. %!t Commo# -aw ca##ot compel performa#ce. #y $iolatio# of Commo# -aw is a

C4I5I6- C) a#d is p!#ishable.

E3uity 8aw

EF!ity -aw is law which Wcompels performa#ceX. It compels yo! to perform to the eKact letter of

a#y co#tract that yo! are !#der. So) if yo! ha$e compelled performa#ce) there m!st be a

co#tract somewhere) a#d yo! are bei#? compelled to perform !#der the obli?atio# of the

co#tract. 6ow this ca# o#ly be a ci$il actio#Z#ot crimi#al. I# EF!ity J!risdictio#) yo! ca##ot be

tried crimi#ally) b!t yo! ca# be compelled to perform to the letter of the co#tract. If yo! the#

ref!se to perform as directed by the co!rt) yo! ca# be char?ed with co#tempt of co!rt) this is a

crimi#al actio#. re o!r seat belts !#der EF!ity lawsN 6o. hey are #ot) beca!se yo! ca##ot be

pe#aliDed or p!#ished for #ot keepi#? to the letter of the co#tract. [his has of co!rse cha#?ed

si#ce the p!blishi#? of the article) so read o#.ZEd.]

his is Wci$ilX !risdictio# of Compelled erforma#ce which also has a Crimi#al e#alties for #ot

adheri#? to the letter of the co#tract) b!t this o#ly applies to I#ter#atio#al Co#tracts. 6ow we

ca# see what !risdictio# the seat belt laws Aa#d all traQc laws) b!ildi#? codes) ordi#a#ces) taK

codes) etc.B are !#der. 8he#e$er there is a pe#alty for fail!re to perform As!ch as willf!l fail!re

to leB that is dmiraltyR5aritime -aw a#d there m!st be a $alid i#ter#atio#al co#tract i# force.

@owe$er) the co!rts do#Vt wa#t to admit that they are operati#? !#der dmiraltyR5aritime

[hereafter #oted by R5] J!risdictio#) so they took the i#ter#atio#al law or -aw 5ercha#t a#d

adopted it i#to o!r codes. his is what the SC decided i# the Erie 4ailroad case Y that the

http://www.nhjail4judges.org/

http://freedom-school.com/law/contempt.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/truth/ErieVsTomkins.htm

http://www.nhjail4judges.org/

http://freedom-school.com/law/contempt.pdf

http://freedom-school.com/truth/ErieVsTomkins.htm



decisio#s will be based o# commercial law or b!si#ess law a#d that it will ha$e crimi#al pe#alties

associated with it. Si#ce they were i#str!cted #ot to call it R5 J!risdictio#) they call it Stat!tory

J!risdictio#.

/ >.S. Code & 7 + Special maritime a#d territorial !risdictio# of the >#ited States de#ed

C!rre#t thro!?h !b. -. //,+3. ASee !blic -aws for the c!rre#t Co#?ress.B

he term Wspecial maritime a#d territorial !risdictio# of the >#ited StatesX) as !sed i# this title)

i#cl!des;

'9( he hi?h seas) a#y other waters withi# the admiralty a#d maritime !risdictio# of the >#ited

States a#d o!t of the !risdictio# of a#y partic!lar State) a#d a#y $essel belo#?i#? i# whole or i#

part to the >#ited States or a#y citiDe# thereof) or to a#y corporatio# created by or !#der the

laws of the >#ited States) or of a#y State) erritory) istrict) or possessio# thereof) whe# s!ch

$essel is withi# the admiralty a#d maritime !risdictio# of the >#ited States a#d o!t of the

!risdictio# of a#y partic!lar State.

'D( #y $essel re?istered) lice#sed) or e#rolled !#der the laws of the >#ited States) a#d bei#? o#

a $oya?e !po# the waters of a#y of the reat -akes) or a#y of the waters co##ecti#? them) or

!po# the Sai#t -awre#ce 4i$er where the same co#stit!tes the I#ter#atio#al %o!#dary -i#e.

':( #y la#ds reser$ed or acF!ired for the !se of the >#ited States) a#d !#der the eKcl!si$e or

co#c!rre#t !risdictio# thereof) or a#y place p!rchased or otherwise acF!ired by the >#ited

States by co#se#t of the le?islat!re of the State i# which the same shall be) for the erectio# of a

fort) ma?aDi#e) arse#al) dockyard) or other #eedf!l b!ildi#?.

'1( #y isla#d) rock) or key co#tai#i#? deposits of ?!a#o) which may) at the discretio# of the

reside#t) be co#sidered as appertai#i#? to the >#ited States.

'"( #y aircraft belo#?i#? i# whole or i# part to the >#ited States) or a#y citiDe# thereof) or to

a#y corporatio# created by or !#der the laws of the >#ited States) or a#y State) erritory) district)or possessio# thereof) while s!ch aircraft is i# Oi?ht o$er the hi?h seas) or o$er a#y other waters

withi# the admiralty a#d maritime !risdictio# of the >#ited States a#d o!t of the !risdictio# of

a#y partic!lar State.

'&( #y $ehicle !sed or desi?#ed for Oi?ht or #a$i?atio# i# space a#d o# the re?istry of the

>#ited States p!rs!a#t to the reaty o# ri#ciples o$er#i#? the cti$ities of States i# the

EKploratio# a#d >se of !ter Space) I#cl!di#? the 5oo# a#d ther Celestial %odies a#d the

Co#$e#tio# o# 4e?istratio# of bects -a!#ched i#to !ter Space) while that $ehicle is i# Oi?ht)

which is from the mome#t whe# all eKter#al doors are closed o# Earth followi#? embarkatio#

!#til the mome#t whe# o#e s!ch door is ope#ed o# Earth for disembarkatio# or i# the case of a

forced la#di#?) !#til the compete#t a!thorities take o$er the respo#sibility for the $ehicle a#d for

perso#s a#d property aboard.

'0( #y place o!tside the !risdictio# of a#y #atio# with respect to a# oLe#se by or a?ai#st a

#atio#al of the >#ited States.

'2( o the eKte#t permitted by i#ter#atio#al law) a#y forei?# $essel d!ri#? a $oya?e ha$i#? a

sched!led depart!re from or arri$al i# the >#ited States with respect to a# oLe#se committed by

or a?ai#st a #atio#al of the >#ited States.

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-114publ38/html/PLAW-114publ38.htm

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.php?n=PublicLaws





'(8ith respect to oLe#ses committed by or a?ai#st a #atio#al of the >#ited States as that term

is !sed i# sectio# /1/ of the Immi?ratio# a#d 6atio#ality ctZ

'A( the premises of >#ited States diplomatic) co#s!lar) military or other >#ited States

o$er#me#t missio#s or e#tities i# forei?# States) i#cl!di#? the b!ildi#?s) parts of b!ildi#?s) a#d

la#d app!rte#a#t or a#cillary thereto or !sed for p!rposes of those missio#s or e#tities)

irrespecti$e of ow#ershipM a#d

'( reside#ces i# forei?# States a#d the la#d app!rte#a#t or a#cillary thereto) irrespecti$e ofow#ership) !sed for p!rposes of those missio#s or e#tities or !sed by >#ited States perso##el

assi?#ed to those missio#s or e#tities.

6othi#? i# this para?raph shall be deemed to s!persede a#y treaty or i#ter#atio#al a?reeme#t

with which this para?raph co#Oicts. his para?raph does #ot apply with respect to a# oLe#se

committed by a perso# described i# sectio# 30</AaB of this title.

AJ!#e 0') /(,) ch. <,') <0 Stat. <'M J!ly /0) /('0) ch. <(') << Stat. '(M !b. -. (7Y(<)

& <) ec. 0/) /(/) (' Stat. /0/1M !b. -. (Y,73) title II) & /0/1) ct. /0) /(,) ( Stat.

0/<,M !b. -. /13Y300) title II) & /01110) Sept. /3) /((,) /1 Stat. 010/M !b. -. /17Y'<) title

:III) & 1,) ct. 0<) 011/) //' Stat. 377.B

Amendment HI?

Sectio# /.

ll perso#s bor# or #at!raliDed i# the >#ited States) a#d s!bect to the !risdictio# thereof) are

citiDe#s of the >#ited States a#d of the state wherei# they reside. 6o state shall make or e#force

a#y law which shall abrid?e the pri$ile?es or imm!#ities of citiDe#s of the >#ited StatesM #or shall

a#y state depri$e a#y perso# of life) liberty) or property) witho!t d!e process of lawM #or de#y to

a#y perso# withi# its !risdictio# the eF!al protectio# of the laws.

Sectio# 0.

4eprese#tati$es shall be apportio#ed amo#? the se$eral states accordi#? to their respecti$e

#!mbers) co!#ti#? the whole #!mber of perso#s i# each state) eKcl!di#? I#dia#s #ot taKed. %!t

whe# the ri?ht to $ote at a#y electio# for the choice of electors for reside#t a#d :ice reside#t

of the >#ited States) 4eprese#tati$es i# Co#?ress) the eKec!ti$e a#d !dicial oQcers of a state)

or the members of the le?islat!re thereof) is de#ied to a#y of the male i#habita#ts of s!ch

state) bei#? twe#ty+o#e years of a?e) a#d citiDe#s of the >#ited States) or i# a#y way abrid?ed)

eKcept for participatio# i# rebellio#) or other crime) the basis of represe#tatio# therei# shall be

red!ced i# the proportio# which the #!mber of s!ch male citiDe#s shall bear to the whole #!mber

of male citiDe#s twe#ty+o#e years of a?e i# s!ch state.

Sectio# 3.

6o perso# shall be a Se#ator or 4eprese#tati$e i# Co#?ress) or elector of reside#t a#d :ice

reside#t) or hold a#y oQce) ci$il or military) !#der the >#ited States) or !#der a#y state) who)

ha$i#? pre$io!sly take# a# oath) as a member of Co#?ress) or as a# oQcer of the >#ited States)

or as a member of a#y state le?islat!re) or as a# eKec!ti$e or !dicial oQcer of a#y state) to

s!pport the Co#stit!tio# of the >#ited States) shall ha$e e#?a?ed i# i#s!rrectio# or rebellio#

a?ai#st the same) or ?i$e# aid or comfort to the e#emies thereof. %!t Co#?ress may by a $ote of

two+thirds of each @o!se) remo$e s!ch disability.

https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/lii:usc:t:18:s:3261:a

http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=62&page=685


http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/L?d097:./list/bd/d097pl.lst:96(Public_Laws)











https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxix

https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxxvi

https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/lii:usc:t:18:s:3261:a














https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxix

https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxxvi



Sectio# ,.

he $alidity of the p!blic debt of the >#ited States) a!thoriDed by law) i#cl!di#? debts i#c!rred

for payme#t of pe#sio#s a#d bo!#ties for ser$ices i# s!ppressi#? i#s!rrectio# or rebellio#) shall

#ot be F!estio#ed. %!t #either the >#ited States #or a#y state shall ass!me or pay a#y debt or

obli?atio# i#c!rred i# aid of i#s!rrectio# or rebellio# a?ai#st the >#ited States) or a#y claim for

the loss or ema#cipatio# of a#y sla$eM b!t all s!ch debts) obli?atio#s a#d claims shall be held

ille?al a#d $oid.

Sectio# '.

he Co#?ress shall ha$e power to e#force) by appropriate le?islatio#) the pro$isio#s of this

article.

erritorial !risdictio#

Territorial 1urisdiction is the co!rtPs power to bi#d the parties to the actio#. his law determi#es

the scope of federal a#d state co!rt power. State co!rt territorial !risdictio# is determi#ed by the

!e rocess Cla!se of the Co#stit!tio#Ps 2o!rtee#th me#dme#t a#d the federal co!rt territorial

!risdictio# is determi#ed by the !e rocess Cla!se of the Co#stit!tio#Ps 2ifth me#dme#t.

2!rthermore) 4!le , of the 2ederal 4!les of Ci$il roced!re Aa#d its ame#dme#tsB claries how

the F!estio# of territorial !risdictio# sho!ld be a#swered i# 2ederal Co!rt. Case law decisio#s

rele$a#t to F!estio#s of territorial !risdictio# i#cl!de &hrens $. Clar', 33' >.S.

/) ""2C $. &rabian &merican 2il Co., ,(( >.S. 0,,) 0, A/((/B) a#d -asul v. *ush, ',0 >.S.

,<< A011,B.

Articial 4erson

# e#tity established by law a#d ?i$e# at least some le?al ri?hts a#d d!ties of a h!ma# bei#?.

Corporatio#s are the most commo# types of articial perso#s.

+atural erson

e#itio#

li$i#? h!ma# bei#?. -e?al systems ca# attach ri?hts a#d d!ties to #at!ral perso#s witho!t

their eKpress co#se#t.

legal erson

8egal erson refers to a #o#+h!ma# e#tity that is treated as a perso# for limited le?al

p!rposes++corporatio#s) for eKample. -e?al perso#s ca# s!e a#d be s!ed) ow# property) a#d

e#ter i#to co#tracts. I# most co!#tries) le?al perso#s ca##ot $ote) marry) or hold p!blic oQce.

5ost co!#tries also eKcl!se le?al perso#s from holdi#? #at!ral or co#stit!tio#al ri?hts) s!ch as

the freedom of speech.

9" U#S# $ode % 0 K4ersonL or KersonsL dened

he word Wperso#X) or Wperso#sX) where$er !sed i# sectio#s / to 7 of this title shall be deemed to

i#cl!de corporatio#s a#d associatio#s eKisti#? !#der or a!thoriDed by the laws of either the

>#ited States) the laws of a#y of the erritories) the laws of a#y State) or the laws of a#y forei?#

co!#try.

http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiv.html

http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html#amendmentv

http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/ACRule4.htm

http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?335+188



http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-334.ZO.html#FN7SRC


http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/corporation

https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1


http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiv.html

http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html#amendmentv

http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/ACRule4.htm






http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/corporation





AJ!ly 0) /(1) ch. <,7) & ) 0< Stat. 0/1.B

9 U#S# $ode % 2 K4ersonL- Khuman beingL- KchildL- and KindividualL as including

bornalive infant

C!rre#t thro!?h !b. -. //,+3. ASee !blic -aws for the c!rre#t Co#?ress.B

'a( I# determi#i#? the mea#i#? of a#y ct of Co#?ress) or of a#y r!li#?) re?!latio#) or

i#terpretatio# of the $ario!s admi#istrati$e b!rea!s a#d a?e#cies of the >#ited States) the words

Wperso#X) Wh!ma# bei#?X) WchildX) a#d Wi#di$id!alX) shall i#cl!de e$ery i#fa#t member of the

species homo sapie#s who is bor# ali$e at a#y sta?e of de$elopme#t.

'b( s !sed i# this sectio#) the term Wbor# ali$eX) with respect to a member of the species homo

sapie#s) mea#s the complete eKp!lsio# or eKtractio# from his or her mother of that member) at

a#y sta?e of de$elopme#t) who after s!ch eKp!lsio# or eKtractio# breathes or has a beati#?

heart) p!lsatio# of the !mbilical cord) or de#ite mo$eme#t of $ol!#tary m!scles) re?ardless of

whether the !mbilical cord has bee# c!t) a#d re?ardless of whether the eKp!lsio# or eKtractio#

occ!rs as a res!lt of #at!ral or i#d!ced labor) cesarea# sectio#) or i#d!ced abortio#.

'c( 6othi#? i# this sectio# shall be co#str!ed to aQrm) de#y) eKpa#d) or co#tract a#y le?al stat!s

or le?al ri?ht applicable to a#y member of the species homo sapie#s at a#y poi#t prior to bei#?

Wbor# ali$eX as de#ed i# this sectio#.

Added !b. -. /17Y017) & 0AaB) !?. ') 0110) //< Stat. (0<.B

!he US $ode denes the term )United States)

his is #ot le?al ad$ice a#d is pro$ided as i#formatio# o#ly+ #ot mea#t to be complete.

+CIE+ ' >SC Sec. '(// +ECIE+ I-E ' 4 III S!bpart C@E4 '( S>%C@E4 II +@E+

Sec. '(//. !arters a#d facilitiesM employees i# the >#ited States +S>E+ AaB 2or the p!rpose

of this sectio# + A,B P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d the

territories a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States i#cl!di#? the Commo#wealth of !erto 4icoM

+CIE+ ' >SC Sec. '(0/ +ECIE+ I-E ' 4 III S!bpart C@E4 '( S>%C@E4 III +@E+

Sec. '(0/. e#itio#s +S>E+ 2or the p!rpose of this s!bchapter + >#ited StatesP) whe# !sed

i# a ?eo?raphical se#se) mea#s the se$eral States a#d the istrict of Col!mbiaM A'B Pco#ti#e#tal

>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States a#d the istrict of Col!mbia) b!t does #ot i#cl!de laska

or @awaiiM

+CIE+ ' >SC Sec. '70/ +ECIE+ I-E ' 4 III S!bpart C@E4 '7 S>%C@E4 II +@E+

Sec. '70/. e#itio#s +S>E+ 2or the p!rpose of this s!bchapter + A3B Pco#ti#e#tal >#ited

StatesP mea#s the se$eral States a#d the istrict of Col!mbia) b!t does #ot i#cl!de laska or

@awaiiM

+CIE+ ' >SC Sec. '71/ +ECIE+ I-E ' 4 III S!bpart C@E4 '7 S>%C@E4 I +@E+

Sec. '71/. e#itio#s A#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States a#d the istrict of

Col!mbia) b!t does #ot i#cl!de laska or @awaii.

+ECIE+ I-E ' 4 III S!bpart 2 C@E4 7/ S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. 7/13. e#itio#sM

applicatio# A/B P>#ited StatesP mea#s the '1 States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the













Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) !am) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) the r!st erritory of the acic Isla#ds)

a#d a#y territory or possessio# of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. 7' +E A7B he term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the States) the istrict of Col!mbia)

a#d the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico. CIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 3 +@E+ Sec. 7'. e#itio#s

+S>E+ 8he# !sed i# this chapter) eKcept where the co#teKt reF!ires otherwise + AdB the term

P>#ited StatesP mea#s the States Ai#cl!di#? !erto 4icoB a#d the territories a#d possessio#s of

the >#ited States Ai#cl!di#? the istrict of Col!mbiaBM AeB the term PStateP mea#s a#y o#e of the

States Ai#cl!di#? !erto 4icoB or territories or possessio#s of the >#ited States

>S Code e#es the term ">#ited States" / R /1

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. /'1aa +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 7% +@E+ Sec. /'1aa. e#itio#s AeB

P>#ited StatesP mea#s a#y of the States) erritories) or istricts Ai#cl!di#? possessio#s a#d the

istrict of Col!mbiaB of the >#ited States.

+ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 3' S>%C@E4 II art +@E+ Sec. /31/. e#itio#s A'B he term

P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States a#d erritories a#d the istrict of Col!mbia a#d !erto

4ico. ASC Sec. /3'( +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 3' S>%C@E4 II art % s!bpart $ii +@E+

Sec. /3'(. dmi#istratio# cB P>#ited StatesP a#d PStateP de#ed 6otwithsta#di#? sectio# /31/ of

this title) for p!rposes of this s!bpart) the terms P>#ited StatesP a#d PStateP mea#s A26E /B

the '1 States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. /'</ +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 37 S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. /'</.

e#itio# of terms +S>E+ AaB 8he# !sed i# this chapter + A/B he term P>#ited StatesP mea#s

the se$eral States) istrict of Col!mbia) a#d !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. /(30 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 '1 S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. /(30. 4!ral

i#d!strialiDatio# assista#ce A%B he term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States) the istrict of

Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) !am) merica# Samoa) a#d the

other territories a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. 0//< +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 '3 +@E+ Sec. 0//<. e#itio#s +S>E+

s !sed i# this chapter; AeB he term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the '1 States of the >#ited States of

merica.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. 0,1/ +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 '7 S>%C@E4 II art +@E+ Sec. 0,1/.

e#itio#s a#d r!les of co#str!ctio# AbB he terms P>#ited StatesP a#d Pthis co!#tryP mea#s the

>#ited States of merica) its territories a#d possessio#s) a#d the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. 0710 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 <1 +@E+ Sec. 0710. e#itio#s AhB heterm P>#ited StatesP mea#s the forty+ei?ht co#ti?!o!s States of the >#ited States of merica a#d

the istrict of Col!mbia.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. 010 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 </ +@E+ Sec. 010. e#itio# AdB P>#ited

StatesP mea#s a#y of the States) territories) or districts of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. 0(10 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 <0 +@E+ Sec. 0(10. e#itio#s A/B the

term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States a#d the istrict of Col!mbia.

>S Code e#es the term ">#ited States" 0 R /1



+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. 3,10 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 <' +@E+ Sec. 3,10. e#itio#s AmB he

term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States a#d the istrict of Col!mbia) i#cl!di#? a#y

territory or possessio#.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. ,310 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 7, +@E+ Sec. ,310. e#itio#s AB he

term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the fty States of the >#ited States of merica) the territories a#d

possessio#s of the >#ited States of merica) a#d the istrict of Col!mbia.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. ,,10 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 7' +@E+ Sec. ,,10. e#itio#s A#ited StatesP mea#s the fty States of the >#ited States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the

Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) !am) merica# Samoa) the :ir?i# Isla#ds of the >#ited States)

the Commo#wealth of the 6orther# 5aria#a Isla#ds) a#d a#y other territory or possessio# of the

>#ited States.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. ,'3/ +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 7< S>%C@E4 II +@E+ Sec. ,'3/.

e#itio#s A/0B the term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States a#d the territories a#d

possessio#s of the >#ited States) eKcept that for p!rposes of sectio#s ,'30) ,'3,AaB) a#d ,'37

of this title) a#d para?raph A7B of this sectio#) s!ch term mea#s the forty+ei?ht co#ti?!o!s States

i# the co#ti#e#tal >#ited States.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. '<10 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 7 S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. '<10.

e#itio#s A#ited States he term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des each of the States) the istrict of

Col!mbia) !erto 4ico) a#d the territories a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. <110 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 ( +@E+ Sec. <110. e#itio#s A0'B State

he term PStateP mea#s a#y of the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia a#d the

Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico. A0#ited States he term P>#ited StatesP mea#s collecti$ely the

se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. </10 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 (1 +@E+ Sec. </10. e#itio#s A/'B State

a#d >#ited States he terms PStateP a#d P>#ited StatesP i#cl!de the '1 States of the >#itedStates) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ 7 >SC Sec. <010 +ECIE+ I-E 7 C@E4 (/ +@E+ Sec. <010. e#itio#s +S>E+

s !sed i# this chapter; A/'B State a#d >#ited States he term + AB PStateP mea#s each of the '1

States of the >#ited States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d the Commo#wealth of !erto 4icoM a#d

A%B P>#ited StatesP mea#s the '1 States of the >#ited States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d the

Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ >SC Sec. //1/ +ECIE+ I-E C@E4 /0 S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. //1/.

e#itio#s A3B he term P>#ited StatesP) eKcept as otherwise specically herei# pro$ided) whe#

!sed i# a


?eo?raphical se#se) mea#s the co#ti#e#tal >#ited States) laska) @awaii) !erto 4ico) !am)

a#d the :ir?i# Isla#ds of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ /1 >SC Sec. /1/ +ECIE+ I-E /1 S!btitle 4 I C@E4 / +@E+ Sec. /1/.

e#itio#s +S>E+ AaB I# e#eral. + he followi#? de#itio#s apply i# this title; A/B he term

P>#ited StatesP) i# a ?eo?raphic se#se) mea#s the States a#d the istrict of Col!mbia.



+CIE+ /1 >SC Sec. //3 +ECIE+ I-E /1 S!btitle 4 I C@E4 0 +@E+ Sec. //3.

Secretary of efe#se A3B I# this s!bsectio#) the term P>#ited StatesP) whe# !sed i# a ?eo?raphic

se#se) i#cl!des the territories a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ /1 >SC Sec. /0, +ECIE+ I-E /1 S!btitle 4 I C@E4 3 +@E+ Sec. /0,.

etectio# a#d mo#itori#? of aerial a#d maritime tra#sit of ille?al dr!?s; epartme#t of efe#se

to be lead a?e#cy AcB >#ited States e#ed. + I# this sectio#) the term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the

la#d area of the se$eral States a#d a#y territory) commo#wealth) or possessio# of the >#ited

States.

+CIE+ /0 >SC Sec. 00/ +ECIE+ I-E /0 C@E4 3 S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. 00/.

e#itio#s Pthe co#ti#e#tal >#ited StatesP mea#s the States of the >#ited States a#d the istrict

of Col!mbia.

+CIE+ /0 >SC Sec. ,11/ +ECIE+ I-E /0 C@E4 ,/ +@E+ Sec. ,11/. e#itio#s

+S>E+ 2orp!rposes of this chapter + A0/B State he term PStateP mea#s a#y State) the istrict

of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) or the :ir?i# Isla#ds. A03B >#ited States he term

P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto

4ico) a#d the :ir?i# Isla#ds.

+CIE+ /' >SC Sec. <( +ECIE+ I-E /' C@E4 0 S>%C@E4 I: +@E+ Sec. <(. e#itio#s

+S>E+ s !sed i# this s!bchapter + AkB he term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States) the

istrict of Col!mbia) a#d the erritories a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ /' >SC Sec. 331 +ECIE+ I-E /' C@E4 ( +@E+ Sec. 331. e#itio#s A,B he

term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of

!erto 4ico) a#d a#y territory or i#s!lar possessio# of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ /' >SC Sec. //7/ +ECIE+ I-E /' C@E4 0, +@E+ Sec. //7/. e#itio#s

+S>E+ s !sed i# this chapter AbB he term PStateP i#cl!des the istrict of Col!mbia) !erto

4ico) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) a#d !am. AcB he term Ppossessio# of the >#ited StatesP mea#s a#ypossessio# of the >#ited States which is #ot #amed i# s!bsectio# AbB of this sectio#.

>S Code e#es the term ">#ited States" , R /1

+CIE+ /' >SC Sec. 0/1< +ECIE+ I-E /' C@E4 , +@E+ Sec. 0/1<. e#itio#s A7B he

term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d the Commo#wealth of

!erto 4ico.

+CIE+ /' >SC Sec. 331/ +ECIE+ I-E /' C@E4 <1 +@E+ Sec. 331/. e#itio#s

+S>E+ 2or p!rposes of this chapter + A33B >#ited States he term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the

se$eral States a#d i#cl!des the !ter Co#ti#e#tal Shelf. A3,B State he term PStateP mea#s each

of the se$eral States a#d the istrict of Col!mbia. A3'B !ter Co#ti#e#tal Shelf he term P!ter

Co#ti#e#tal ShelfP has the same mea#i#? as s!ch term has !#der sectio# /33/AaB of title ,3.

+CIE+ /' >SC Sec. ,110 +ECIE+ I-E /' C@E4 << S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. ,110.

e#itio#s +S>E+ AaB 2or p!rposes of this s!bchapter + A'B the term PStateP mea#s a#y of the

se$eral States of the >#ited States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico)

the :ir?i# Isla#ds) merica# Samoa) !am) the Commo#wealth of the 6orther# 5aria#a Isla#ds)

a#d the r!st erritory of the acic Isla#dsM A#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States

of the >#ited States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the :ir?i#



Isla#ds) merica# Samoa) !am) the Commo#wealth of the 6orther# 5aria#a Isla#ds) a#d the

r!st erritory of the acic Isla#dsM a#d

+CIE+ /' >SC Sec. ,703a +ECIE+ I-E /' C@E4 73 S>%C@E4 III +@E+Sec. ,703a.

>#ited States Commercial Ce#ters A0B the term PStateP mea#s a#y of the se$eral States) the

istrict of Col!mbia) or a#y commo#wealth) territory) or possessio# of the >#ited StatesM a#d A3B

the term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d a#y

commo#wealth) territory) or possessio# of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ /< >SC Sec. ,<1l+3 +ECIE+ I-E /< C@E4 / S>%C@E4 -I art + @E+ Sec.

,<1l+3. e#itio#s +S>E+ s !sed i# this part) the term P>#ited StatesP shall i#cl!de the

istrict of Col!mbia a#d the terms P>#ited StatesP a#d PStatesP may) to the eKte#t practicable)

i#cl!de the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) !am) merica# Samoa) the r!st

erritory of the acic Isla#ds) a#d the Commo#wealth of the 6orther# 5aria#a Isla#ds.

+CIE+ /< >SC Sec. ('/ +ECIE+ I-E /< C@E4 /< +@E+ Sec. ('/. e#itio#s AeB P>#ited

StatesP shall i#cl!de all areas !#der the so$erei?#ty of the >#ited States) the r!st erritory of the

acic Isla#ds) a#d the Ca#al Go#e

+CIE+ /' >SC Sec. ,1( +ECIE+ I-E /' C@E4 7, +@E+ Sec. ,1(. e#itio#s+S>E+ 2or p!rposes of this chapter + A3B the term P>#ited StatesP mea#s each of the se$eral

States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) !am) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) the

Commo#wealth of the 6orther#

>S Code e#es the term ">#ited States" ' R /1

5aria#a Isla#ds) merica# Samoa) a#d a#y other territory or possessio# of the >#ited StatesM a#d

+CIE+ /< >SC Sec. 0,10 +ECIE+ I-E /< C@E4 ,, +@E+ Sec. 0,10. e#itio#s A/'B he

term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States of the >#io#) the istrict of Col!mbia) the

Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) merica# Samoa) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) !am) a#d the r!st erritory

of the acic Isla#ds) i#cl!di#? the o$er#me#t of the 6orther# 5aria#a Isla#ds.

+CIE+ /( >SC Sec. 01(' +ECIE+ I-E /( C@E4 // +@E+ Sec. 01('. e#itio#s

+S>E+ 2or the p!rposes of this chapter + A/B he term PSecretaryP mea#s the Secretary of the

reas!ry. A0B he term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d

the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ /( >SC Sec. 0<1/ +ECIE+ I-E /( C@E4 /, +@E+ Sec. 0<1/. e#itio#s A/1B he

term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d a#y territory or

area the forei?# relatio#s for which the >#ited States is respo#sible.

+CIE+ 01 >SC Sec. /17e +ECIE+ I-E 01 C@E4 < +@E+ Sec. /17e. e#itio#s A<BP>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the se$eral States) territories) a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States)

!erto 4ico) a#d the istrict of Col!mbiaM

+CIE+ 00 >SC Sec. /3<1 +ECIE+ I-E 00 C@E4 /' S>%C@E4 I: +@E+ Sec. /3<1.

e#itio#s +S>E+ AaB 2or the p!rposes of s!bchapters I to I: of this chapter + A/B he term

Pperso#P i#cl!des part#erships) corporatio#s) a#d associatio#s. A0B he term P>#ited StatesP) whe#

!sed i# a ?eo?raphical se#se) mea#s the States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the erritories of laska

a#d @awaii) a#d !erto 4ico.



+CIE+ 00 >SC Sec. /3(' +ECIE+ I-E 00 C@E4 /' S>%C@E4 :I +@E+ Sec. /3('.

e#itio#s +S>E+ AaB s !sed i# sectio#s /3(3 a#d /3(, of this title + A/B he term P>#ited

StatesP) whe# !sed i# a ?eo?raphical se#se) b!t #ot the term Pco#ti#e#tal >#ited StatesP) i#cl!des

all erritories a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States) other tha# the hilippi#es.

+CIE+ 00 >SC Sec. /<0/ +ECIE+ I-E 00 C@E4 0/ S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. /<0/.

e#itio#s +S>E+ 2or the p!rposes of this s!bchapter + AaB he term Pperso#P shall i#cl!de a#

i#di$id!al) part#ership) corporatio#) or the o$er#me#t of the >#ited States. AbB he term P>#ited

StatesP whe# !sed i# a ?eo?raphical se#se shall i#cl!de the >#ited States) its erritories a#di#s!lar possessio#s) a#d the Ca#al Go#e.

+CIE+ 00 >SC Sec. 07/0 +ECIE+ I-E 00 C@E4 3 +@E+ Sec. 07/0. !thority to co#trol

certai# terrorism+related ser$ices A3B >#ited States s !sed i# this sectio#) the term P>#ited

StatesP i#cl!des a#y State) the istrict

>S Code e#es the term ">#ited States" < R /1

of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the Commo#wealth of the 6orther# 5aria#a

Isla#ds) a#d a#y territory or possessio# of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 00 >SC Sec. '11/ +ECIE+ I-E 00 C@E4 <1 +@E+ Sec. '11/. e#itio#s A(B the

term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the States of the >#ited States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the

Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) a#d a#y territory or possessio# of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 00 >SC Sec. <11' +ECIE+ I-E 00 C@E4 <( +@E+ Sec. <11'. Sa#ctio#s A%B the

term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the territories a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States a#d the

c!stoms waters of the >#ited States Aas de#ed i# sectio# /,1/ of title /(M

+CIE+ 0< >SC Sec. /< +ECIE+ I-E 0< S!btitle C@E4 / S!bchapter % 4 :I +@E+

Sec. /<. ccelerated cost reco$ery system 2or p!rposes of this s!bpara?raph) the term P>#ited

StatesP i#cl!des the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico a#d the possessio#s of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 0< >SC Sec. 0/7 +ECIE+ I-E 0< S!btitle C@E4 / S!bchapter % 4 :II +@E+

Sec. 0/7. 5o$i#? eKpe#ses A,B >#ited States de#ed 2or p!rposes of this s!bsectio# a#d

s!bsectio# AiB) the term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the possessio#s of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 0< >SC Sec. (07 +ECIE+ I-E 0< S!btitle C@E4 / S!bchapter 6 4 III S!bpart C

+@E+ Sec. (07. ther de#itio#s a#d special r!les A3B >#ited States de#ed he term P>#ited

StatesP i#cl!des the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ 0< >SC Sec. ((3 +ECIE+ I-E 0< S!btitle C@E4 / S!bchapter 6 4 I: S!bpart

+@E+ Sec. ((3. e#itio#s A?B >#ited States de#ed 2or p!rposes of this part) the term P>#ited

StatesP i#cl!des the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico a#d the possessio#s of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 0< >SC Sec. 3/0/ +ECIE+ I-E 0< S!btitle C C@E4 0/ S!bchapter C + @E+ Sec.

3/0/. e#itio#s A0B >#ited States he term P>#ited StatesP whe# !sed i# a ?eo?raphical se#se

i#cl!des the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) !am) a#d merica# Samoa. #

i#di$id!al who is a citiDe# of the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico Ab!t #ot otherwise a citiDe# of the

>#ited StatesB shall be co#sidered) for p!rposes of this sectio#) as a citiDe# of the >#ited States.



+CIE+ 0< >SC Sec. 331< +ECIE+ I-E 0< S!btitle C C@E4 03 +@E+ Sec. 331<. e#itio#s

A0B >#ited States he term P>#ited StatesP whe# !sed i# a ?eo?raphical se#se i#cl!des the

States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) a#d the :ir?i# Isla#ds.

+CIE+ 0< >SC Sec. ,</0 +ECIE+ I-E 0< S!btitle C@E4 3 S!bchapter + @E+ Sec.

,</0. e#itio#s a#d special r!les +S>E+ AaB e#itio#s 2or p!rposes of this s!bchapter A,B

>#ited States AB I# ?e#eral he term P>#ited StatesP mea#s the '1 States) the istrict of


Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) a#y possessio# of the >#ited States) the

Commo#wealth of the 6orther# 5aria#a Isla#ds) a#d the r!st erritory of the acic Isla#ds.

+CIE+ 0< >SC Sec. 771/ +ECIE+ I-E 0< S!btitle 2 C@E4 7( +@E+ Sec. 771/. e#itio#s

A(B >#ited States he term P>#ited StatesP whe# !sed i# a ?eo?raphical se#se i#cl!des o#ly the

States a#d the istrict of Col!mbia. A/1B State he term PStateP shall be co#str!ed to i#cl!de the

istrict of Col!mbia) where s!ch co#str!ctio# is #ecessary to carry o!t pro$isio#s of this title.

+CIE+ 07 >SC Sec. 0// +ECIE+ I-E 07 C@E4 S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. 0//.

5iscella#eo!s pro$isio#s +S>E+ AaB e#itio#s s !sed i# this s!bchapter + A/B he term

P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States a#d erritories a#d the istrict of Col!mbiaM the term

PStateP i#cl!des a erritory a#d the istrict of Col!mbiaM a#d the term PerritoryP mea#s laska)

@awaii) a#d !erto 4ico. A0B he term Pi#terstate or forei?# commerceP mea#s commerce

betwee# a#y State a#d a#y place o!tside thereof) or commerce withi# a#y erritory or the

istrict of Col!mbia) or betwee# poi#ts withi# the same State b!t thro!?h a#y place o!tside

thereof.

+CIE+ 0 >SC Sec. 3110 +ECIE+ I-E 0 4 :I C@E4 /7< S>%C@E4 +@E+ Sec.

3110. e#itio#s A/'B P>#ited StatesP mea#s + AB a 2ederal corporatio#M A%B a# a?e#cy)

departme#t) commissio#) board) or other e#tity of the >#ited StatesM or ACB a# i#str!me#tality of

the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 31 >SC Sec. 3'/ +ECIE+ I-E 31 C@E4 7 +@E+ Sec. 3'/. e#itio#s +S>E+ s

!sed i# this chapter P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des laska. PcF!ired la#dsP or Pla#ds acF!ired by the

>#ited StatesP i#cl!de all la#ds heretofore or hereafter acF!ired by the >#ited States to which the

Pmi#eral leasi#? lawsP ha$e #ot bee# eKte#ded) i#cl!di#? s!ch la#ds acF!ired !#der the

pro$isio#s of the ct of 5arch /) /(// A3< Stat. (</) /< >.S.C.) sec. ''0B.

+CIE+ 31 >SC Sec. /,13 +ECIE+ I-E 31 C@E4 0< +@E+ Sec. /,13. e#itio#s A/3B

P>#ited StatesP mea#s the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto

4ico) merica# Samoa) the >#ited States :ir?i# Isla#ds) !am) a#d a#y other Commo#wealth)

territory) or possessio# of the >#ited StatesM a#d

+CIE+ 3/ >SC Sec. '3/0+ECIE+I-E 3/ S>%I-E I: C@E4 '3 S>%C@E4 II +@E+ Sec.

'3/0. e#itio#s a#d applicatio# +S>E+ AaB I# this s!bchapter A'B P>#ited StatesP mea#s the

States of the >#ited States) the istrict of Col!mbia) a#d) whe# the Secretary prescribes by

re?!latio#) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) !am) the 6orther# 5aria#a

Isla#ds) merica# Samoa) the r!st erritory of the acic Isla#ds) a territory or possessio# of the

>#ited States) or a military or diplomatic establishme#t.

+CIE+ 33 >SC Sec. /'/ +ECIE+ I-E 33 C@E4 3 S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. /'/. @i?h seas

a#d i#la#d waters demarcatio# li#es AcB P>#ited StatesP de#ed 2or the p!rposes of this sectio#)



the term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the se$eral States of the >#ited States) the istrict of Col!mbia)

the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico)

>S Code e#es the term ">#ited States" R /1

!am) merica# Samoa) the >#ited States :ir?i# Isla#ds) the Commo#wealth of the 6orther#

5aria#a Isla#ds) the r!st erritory of the acic Isla#ds) a#d a#y other Commo#wealth) territory)

or possessio# of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ 33 >SC Sec. /,10 +ECIE+ I-E 33 C@E4 07 +@E+ Sec. /,10. e#itio#s AdB

P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto

4ico) the Ca#al Go#e) the territories a#d possessio#s of the >#ited States) a#d the r!st erritory

of the acic Isla#ds.

+CIE+ 3< >SC Sec. ,<17 +ECIE+ I-E 3< C@E4 7 +@E+ Sec. ,<17. ri#cipal oQceM

territorial scope of acti$itiesM a?e#t for ser$ice of process +S>E+ AaB he corporatio# i#itially

shall ha$e its pri#cipal oQce i# the istrict of Col!mbia a#d later at s!ch place as may be

determi#ed by the board of tr!stees. he corporatio# shall ha$e the ri?ht to co#d!ct its acti$ities

i# the >#ited States a#d elsewhere b!t shall establish a tropical bota#ical ?arde# or ?arde#s o#ly

i# the >#ited States. 2or p!rposes of this s!bsectio#) the term P>#ited StatesP i#cl!des a#ycommo#wealth) territory) or possessio# of the >#ited States.

+CIE+ ,/ >SC Sec. 3'7 +ECIE+ I-E ,/ C@E4 < +@E+ Sec. 3'7. e#itio#s dB he term

^>#ited States^ whe# !sed i# a ?eo?raphical se#se shall i#cl!de a#y State of the >#ited States)

the istrict of Col!mbia) !erto 4ico) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) !ter Co#ti#e#tal Shelf la#ds as de#ed

i# the !ter Co#ti#e#tal Shelf -a#ds ct) merica# Samoa) !am) 8ake Isla#d) E#iwetok toll)

Twaalei# toll) Joh#sto# Isla#d) a#d Ca#to# Isla#d) b!t shall #ot i#cl!de a#y other territory !#der

the !risdictio# of the >#ited States or a#y >#ited States base or possessio# withi# a forei?#

co!#try.

+CIE+ ,0 >SC Sec. ,/1 +ECIE+ I-E ,0 C@E4 7 S>%C@E4 II +@E+ Sec. ,/1.e#itio#s relati#? to employme#t AhB State he term ^State^ i#cl!des the istrict of Col!mbia)

the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) !am) a#d merica# Samoa. AiB >#ited

States he term ^>#ited States^ whe# !sed i# a ?eo?raphical se#se mea#s the States) the

istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the :ir?i# Isla#ds) !am) a#d merica#

Samoa.

+CIE+ ,0 >SC Sec. 30/< +ECIE+ I-E ,0 C@E4 3 S>%C@E4 :II +@E+ Sec. 30/<.

e#itio#s +S>E+ s !sed i# this chapter) the terms ^State^) ^States^) a#d ^>#ited States^

i#cl!de the se$eral States) the istrict of Col!mbia) the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico) the :ir?i#

Isla#ds) !am) a#d merica# Samoa.

+CIE+ ,0 >SC Sec. 3,// +ECIE+ I-E ,0 C@E4 ,0 S>%C@E4 II +@E+ Sec. 3,//.

e#itio#s A?B ^State^ i#cl!des the istrict of Col!mbia a#d the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

AhB ^>#ited States^ i#cl!des the Commo#wealth of !erto 4ico.

+CIE+ ,0 >SC Sec. (<1/ +ECIE+ I-E ,0 C@E4 /13 S>%C@E4 I +@E+ Sec. (<1/.

e#itio#s A07B he terms ^>#ited States^ a#d ^State^ i#cl!de the se$eral States of the >#ited

States) the

>S Code e#es the term ">#ited States" ( R /1

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