Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER Agroscope I good food, healthy environment AFBI Pig Seminar - 2015

Federal Department of Economic Affairs,Education and Research EAER

Agroscope

www.agroscope.ch I good food, healthy environment

AFBI Pig Seminar - 2015

Nutritional approach to improve survival rate and performance of low birth weight pigs in early lactation

Giuseppe Bee

2 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015

Giuseppe Bee

BREEDING FOR INCREASED LITTER SIZE – A SUCCESS STORY

Number of piglets born alive per litter in the first (1. Wurf) and follow parity (2ff. Wurf) in Swiss Large White (ES) and Swiss Landrace (SL) sows


Giuseppe Bee

BREEDING FOR INCREASED LITTER SIZE

Greater litter size => improve reproduction efficiency greater profit per piglet Gestation feed cost ↓ Labour costs ↓ Housing & equipment costs ↓

greater litter size =

greater number of weaned piglets


Giuseppe Bee

LITTER SIZE AND BIRTH WEIGHT

litter size

0 5 10 15 20 25

ave

rag

e b

irth

we

igh

t, k

g

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

D 2.5 kg

Average litter birth weight vs. litter size


Giuseppe Bee

LITTER SIZE AND INTRA-LITTER VARIABILITY

Partition of piglets with regard totheir birth weight and litter size

Birth weight, kg

< 0

.6

0.6

- 0

.7

0.7

- 0

.8

0.8

- 0

.9

0.9

- 1

.0

1.0

- 1

.1

1.1

- 1

.2

1.2

- 1

.3

1.3

- 1

.4

1.4

- 1

.5

1.5

- 1

.6

1.6

- 1

.7

1.7

- 1

.8

1.8

- 1

.9

1.9

- 2

.0

2.0

- 2

.1

2.1

- 2

.2

2.2

- 2

.3

> 2

.4

% o

f to

tal b

orn

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

>= 16 piglets


Birth weight, kg

< 0

.6

0.6

- 0

.7

0.7

- 0

.8

0.8

- 0

.9

0.9

- 1

.0

1.0

- 1

.1

1.1

- 1

.2

1.2

- 1

.3

1.3

- 1

.4

1.4

- 1

.5

1.5

- 1

.6

1.6

- 1

.7

1.7

- 1

.8

1.8

- 1

.9

1.9

- 2

.0

2.0

- 2

.1

2.1

- 2

.2

2.2

- 2

.3

> 2

.4

% o

f to

tal b

orn

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

>= 16 piglets


Birth weight, kg

< 0

.6

0.6

- 0

.7

0.7

- 0

.8

0.8

- 0

.9

0.9

- 1

.0

1.0

- 1

.1

1.1

- 1

.2

1.2

- 1

.3

1.3

- 1

.4

1.4

- 1

.5

1.5

- 1

.6

1.6

- 1

.7

1.7

- 1

.8

1.8

- 1

.9

1.9

- 2

.0

2.0

- 2

.1

2.1

- 2

.2

2.2

- 2

.3

> 2

.4

% o

f to

tal b

orn

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

>= 16 piglets14 - 15 piglets


Birth weight, kg

< 0

.6

0.6

- 0

.7

0.7

- 0

.8

0.8

- 0

.9

0.9

- 1

.0

1.0

- 1

.1

1.1

- 1

.2

1.2

- 1

.3

1.3

- 1

.4

1.4

- 1

.5

1.5

- 1

.6

1.6

- 1

.7

1.7

- 1

.8

1.8

- 1

.9

1.9

- 2

.0

2.0

- 2

.1

2.1

- 2

.2

2.2

- 2

.3

> 2

.4

% o

f to

tal b

orn

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

>= 16 piglets14 - 15 piglets


Birth weight, kg

< 0

.6

0.6

- 0

.7

0.7

- 0

.8

0.8

- 0

.9

0.9

- 1

.0

1.0

- 1

.1

1.1

- 1

.2

1.2

- 1

.3

1.3

- 1

.4

1.4

- 1

.5

1.5

- 1

.6

1.6

- 1

.7

1.7

- 1

.8

1.8

- 1

.9

1.9

- 2

.0

2.0

- 2

.1

2.1

- 2

.2

2.2

- 2

.3

> 2

.4

% o

f to

tal b

orn

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

>= 16 piglets14 - 15 piglets<= 11 piglets


Birth weight, kg

< 0

.6

0.6

- 0

.7

0.7

- 0

.8

0.8

- 0

.9

0.9

- 1

.0

1.0

- 1

.1

1.1

- 1

.2

1.2

- 1

.3

1.3

- 1

.4

1.4

- 1

.5

1.5

- 1

.6

1.6

- 1

.7

1.7

- 1

.8

1.8

- 1

.9

1.9

- 2

.0

2.0

- 2

.1

2.1

- 2

.2

2.2

- 2

.3

> 2

.4

% o

f to

tal b

orn

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

>= 16 piglets14 - 15 piglets<= 11 piglets


Giuseppe Bee

IMPACT OF BIRTH WEIGHT ON EARLY SURVIVAL AND LONG TERM PERFORMANCE

Evolution of survival rateby birth weight class

days

1 7 14 28

Su

rvia

l

0%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2.4 kg


days

1 7 14 28

Su

rvia

l

0%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2.0 kg 2.4 kg


days

1 7 14 28

Surv

ial

0%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1.4 kg 2.0 kg 2.4 kg


days

1 7 14 28

Su

rvia

l

0%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1.0 kg 1.4 kg 2.0 kg 2.4 kg


days

1 7 14 28

Su

rvia

l

0%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0.6 kg 1.0 kg 1.4 kg 2.0 kg 2.4 kg

Difference of BW at weaning and at beginning of the fattening period

Birth weight

1.0 kg 1.4 kg 2.0 kg

Diff

eren

ce o

f BW

, kg

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10At weaningBeginning of the fattening period

Difference of BW at weaning and at beginning of the fattening period Difference of age at 105 kg BW

Birth weight

1.0 kg 1.4 kg 2.0 kg

Age

at1

05 k

g B

W, d

-20

-10

0

10

20

Diff

eren

ce o

f BW

, kg

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 (Age at 105 kg BW) (At weaning) (Beginning of the fattening period)

(Quiniou et al., 2002)

(Quiniou et al., 2002)


Giuseppe Bee

BIRTH WEIGHT AND QUALITY TRAITS

Inconsistent results: Carcass fat deposition ↑ / ≈ Water holding capacity ↓ / ≈ Meat tenderness ↓ / ≈

When is birth weight low?What is the cause of low birth weight?

Naturally occurring differences in prenatal growth Result of intra-uterine crowding (IUGR > 15 piglets born)


Giuseppe Bee

DETERMINANT FACTORS FOR LITTER SIZE

Ovulation rate Increases with increasing parity

Pre- and postimplantation embryonic/foetal losses

Ovulation rate in relation to the number of viable embryos recovered from the uterus of commercial am-line sows at d 30 of gestation in the second, third, and fourth parity and greater (Foxcroft et al., 2006).

(Foxcroft et al., 2006)


Giuseppe Bee

DETERMINANT FACTORS FOR LITTER SIZE

Placental development

Correlation between average placental weight and a) number of viable embryos at d 30 of gestation (r = −0.61; P = 0.0003); and b) number of viable fetuses at d 90 of gestation (r = −0.67; P < 0.0001). (Town et al., 2004)


Giuseppe Bee

IMPACT ON MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT

d 35 d 55 d 90

primary myofiber

secondary myofiber

Fixed totalof myofiber number

birth


Giuseppe Bee

IMPAIRED MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT AND POSTNATAL GROWTH EFFICIENCY

r = 0.42 r = 0.42

ADG vs. TFN G/F vs. TFN

(Dwyer et al., 1993)


Giuseppe Bee

DEALING WITH LARGE LITTERS

Practical solutions Cross fosteringFoster sowArtificial rearing with milk replacer Rescue decks In farrowing pens

Rescue decks

https://www.google.ch/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=zJ0LVpPAC8GX8QeQx6uABQ&gws_rd=ssl#q=milchersatz+%2BSaugferkeln+%2Bsauen


Giuseppe Bee

POSSIBLE ADVANTAGES OF A MILK REPLACERNutrient composition (g/kg dry matter) and amino acid to lysine ratio of mature sow milk collected at d 21 of lactation1 and amino acid to lysine ratio of the whole body of piglets with a body weight (BW) of 1.55 and 8.50 kgIngredients ------------------ Sow milk ---------------------- ---------- Whole body2 -----------Dry matter, g/kg 194.0 Fat 390.5 Protein 323.1 ------------- amino acid:lys ratio ------------

Sow milk 1.55 kg BW 8.50 kg BWLys 25.69 1.00 1.00 1.00 Met 3.89 0.15 0.20 0.30 Cys 1.87 0.07 0.18 0.22 Thr 13.09 0.51 0.58 0.64 Val 17.16 0.67 0.68 0.76 Ile 13.58 0.53 0.45 0.60 Leu 29.36 1.14 0.98 1.18 Phe 12.87 0.50 0.58 0.61 Tyr 6.85 0.27 0.38 0.52 His 9.73 0.38 0.39 0.42 Arg 15.25 0.59 0.65 0.96 Gly 11.01 0.43 1.52 1.21

Average of 175 milk samples (unpublished data); Data obtained from Mahan and Shields (1998)


Giuseppe Bee

EFFECT OF ARGININE

(Kim et al., 2004)

(Kim et al., 2004)


Giuseppe Bee

L-CARNITINE A GENERATOR OF METABOLIC ENERGY

What is known Increased litter birth weight Improved post weaning performance Stimulation of myofiber formation Increased protein accretion resulting in leaner carcasses

Use of L-carnitine for nusery pigs Improved energy balance Myogenic proliferation Increase in myofiber number


Giuseppe Bee

STUDIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF ECO-FCE

Establish appropriate feeding strategies in the early postnatal (lactation) period to improve postnatal growth efficiency

Task 1: to compare the effect of daily L-carnitine or L-arginine administration on viability and muscle development of new born piglets

Task 2: to determine the best inclusion level of the BEST supplement during lactation on viability and muscle development of low birth weight pigs

Task 3: to evaluate the long lasting effect of the dietary intervention during the lactation period on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality


Giuseppe Bee

FEED AND TREATMENTS

Dietary treatments: Control (Ctrl): Carnitine (CAR): 400 mg/d × piglet-1 (based on Lösel et al. 2011)

Arginine (ARG): 1.08 g/kg BW (based on Yao et al. 2008)

Whey powder 58.0%

Milk powder 28.0%

Ca-casein powder 6.2%

Lactose 3.6%

Glucose 0.7%

Dicalcium phosphohydrat 1.0%

DL-Methionine 0.1%

L-Lysin-HCI 0.1%

Mineral-vitamin premix 2.0%

Nutrients per kg DM

Crude protein, g 20.1

Crude fat, g 7.9

Lysine, g 1.76

Arginine, g 0.61

DE, MJ 15.1


Giuseppe Bee

EARLY WEANED PIGLETS

Originated from multiparous sows with a litter size ≥ 15 Birth weight ≤ 1.2 kgPiglets (n = 30) weaned at 7 d of agePairs of piglets reared for 21 d in boxes (see images)Feeding

6-times per d every 3 h from 07:00 am Feed residual daily determined


Giuseppe Bee

DETERMINED TRAITS

Growth performance

Morphometric measurements

Muscle characteristics

Average daily gainFeed intakeFeed efficiency

Carcass weightCarcass compositionWeight of

• Organs• Brain• Muscle (semitendinosus)

Myofiber size and numberMetabolic characteristics (LDH, CS, HAD activity)Expression of genes involved in muscle development

• IGF-I, myogenin, myoD1

Nutrient digestibilty


Giuseppe Bee

BODY WEIGHT DEVELOPMENT

BtW d 7 d 14 d 21 d 28

Body

wei

ght,

kg

0

1

2

3

4

5

6 Ctrl CAR ARG

*

+12%


Giuseppe Bee

AVERAGE DAILY WEIGHT GAIN

d 7 - 14 d 14 - 21 d 21 - 28 d 7 - 28

Aver

age

daily

wei

ght g

ain,

g/d

0

50

100

150

200

250Ctrl CAR ARG

*


Giuseppe Bee

FEED INTAKE

d 7 - 14 d 14 - 21 d 21 - 28 d 7 - 28

Aver

age

daily

feed

inta

ke, g

/d

0

100

200

300

400

500Ctrl CAR ARG

*


Giuseppe Bee

OXIDATIVE AND GLYCOLYTIC CAPACITY OF THE MUSCLE

TreatmentC CAR ARG SEM P-value

Dark portion of the STLDH / HAD 3.6 9.1 6.3 1.1 0.01LDH / CS 228.8 553.0 462.1 61.3 < 0.01

Light portion of the STLDH / HAD 7.3 11.6 14.6 1.6 0.02LDH / CS 321.3 529.4 904.2 81.6 < 0.01


Giuseppe Bee

FOLLOW UP EXPERIMENT

Same experimental design but with ad libitum feed intake

Body weight development

BtW d 7 d 28

Bod

y w

eig

ht,

kg

0

2

4

6

8Average daily weight gain

Day 7 - 28

g/d

0

150

200

250

TNF

Num

ber

of f

iber

s of

CS

A

0.0

2.0e+5

4.0e+5

6.0e+5

8.0e+5

1.0e+6

1.2e+6 LDH:CS

STMr STMw

Enzym

atic a

ctvity ratio

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Average daily feed intake

d 7 - 28

g powder/d

0

150

200

250

300


Giuseppe Bee

CONCLUSIONS

Increase in litter size increased number of underprivileged low birth weight piglets lower chance of survival

Low birth weight inefficient growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality

Artificial rearing with milk replacer reduce the mortality of low birth weight pigs


Giuseppe Bee

CONCLUSIONS

ad libitum access to a milk replacer low birth weight pigs from hyperprolific sows reach acceptable weaning

weights

L-arginine or L-carnitine supplementation enhance muscle maturation only numerical effects on growth performance


Giuseppe Bee

Thank you for your attention

Agroscope good food, healthy environment

Documents

Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER Agroscope I good food, healthy environment AFBI Pig Seminar - 2015