February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune1 ITU Structure and Radio Astronomy Masatoshi Ohishi NAOJ

February 14, 2008 RAFCAP meeting in Pune 1

ITU Structure and

Radio Astronomy

　　　　　　　　　 Masatoshi Ohishi

NAOJ


http://www.itu.int/



Members of the ITU

Member States (190)Administrations Sector Members such as private

companies (more than 650) Regional Groups International Organizations such as

IUCAF


Regional Groups

CEPT – Europe CITEL – North and South America APT – Asia-Pacific region Arab group African group

They prepare common proposals for

WRC agenda items.


Structure of the ITU-R



RA frequency groups

IUCAF : IAU + URSI + COSPAR Europe -- CRAF

Committee for Radio Astronomy Frequencies US -- CORF

Committee on Radio Frequencies AP region -- RAFCAP


Convention & RR

ITU Convention international treaty

Radio Regulations associated with the ITU convention treaty status used for international coordinations


Regions 1, 2 & 3

5-01

75°

60°

40°30°20°

0°

20°30°

40°

60°

75°

60°

40°

30°20°

0°

20°30°

40°

60°

170° 140°160° 100°120° 60°80° 20°40° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

170°

170°

140°160° 100°120° 60°80° 20°40° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 170°

ABC

ABC

The shaded part represents the Tropical Zones as defined in Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21.

REGION 1

REGION 2

REGION 3 REGION 3


Radio Astronomy Service

1.58 radio astronomy service: A service involving the use of radio astronomy.

Historically RAS was restricted to ground-

based one. Now RAS includes space-based observations.


Radio Astronomy in ITU

1.13 radio astronomy: Astronomy based on the reception of radio waves of cosmic origin.

1.5 radio waves or hertzian waves: Electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3 000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide.

Footnote # of Radio Regulation


RAS ≠ radiocommunication1.3 telecommunication: Any transmission, emission

or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems (CS).

1.138 emission: Radiation produced, or the production of radiation, by a radio transmitting station.

1.137 radiation: The outward flow of energy from any source in the form of radio waves.

1.6 radiocommunication: Telecommunication by means of radio waves (CS) (CV).


RAS ≠ radiocommunication

1.7 terrestrial radiocommunication: Any radiocommunication other than space radiocommunication or radio astronomy.

1.8 space radiocommunication: Any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space.


RAS as radiocommunication

4.6 For the purpose of resolving cases of harmful interference, the radio astronomy service shall be treated as a radiocommunication service. However, protection from services in other bands shall be afforded the radio astronomy service only to the extent that such services are afforded protection from each other.



World Radiocommunication Conference

New allocations, new regulations, etc., are discussed and adopted based on national and regional proposals.

Study Groups, Working Parties consider technical aspects of agenda items for WRCs.


Study Cycle (~4 years)WRC;Admins.

CPM;Experts Study Groups

WPs, TGs

Agenda Items

Assign AIs

DraftCPMreport

CPM report

Adopt RadioRegulations

Exchange info


Study Groups

drafting Technical bases for Radiocommunication Conferences

developing Draft Recommendations

compiling Handbooks


Study GroupsSG 1:Spectrum ManagementSG 3:Radio Wave PropagationSG 4:Satellite ServicesSG 5:Terrestrial ServicesSG 6:Broadcasting ServiceSG 7:Science ServicesSC: Special Committee


Working Parties

Study Groups are organized into Working Parties and Task Groups

Deal with specific aspects of Study Group work

Issues related with multiple SGs Joint WPs, Joint TGs


SG 1WP 1A : Spectrum engineering

techniques

WP 1B : Spectrum management methodologies

WP 1C : Spectrum monitoring

(TG 1/9 : Compatibility between different passive and active services)


SG 3

WP 3J Propagation fundamentals

WP 3K Point-to-area propagation

WP 3L Ionospheric propagation

WP 3M Point-to-point and Earth-space propagation


SG 4 WP 4A : Efficient orbit / spectrum

utilization WP 4B : Systems, air interfaces,

performance and availability objectives for FSS, BSS and MSS, including IP-based applications and satellite news gathering

WP 4C : All mobile-satellite services and radiodetermination-satellite service

SG5 (WPs)WP 5A: Land mobile service excluding IMT,

amateur and amateur-satellite service

WP 5B: Maritime mobile service including Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), aeronautical mobile service and radiodetermination service

WP 5C: Fixed wireless systems, HF systems in the Fixed and Land Mobile Services

WP 5D: IMT Systems

JTG 5-6: Studies on the use of the band 790-862 MHz by mobile applications and by other services



SG 6 (WPs)WP 6D: Broadcasting delivery, excluding the RF

system and spectrum aspects of the BSSWP 6G: Generation of broadcasting services,

including technologies for content signal creation, production and quality control

WP 6X: Access to broadcasting services, including converged services, multimedia, interactivity and service requirements

JTG 5-6: - Studies on the use of the band 790-862 MHz by mobile applications and by other services


SG 7

WP 7A : Time signals and frequency standard emissions

WP 7B : Space radio systems

WP 7C : Earth-exploration satellite

systems and meteorological elements

WP 7D: Radio Astronomy


Documents

Input Documents from Member States, Sector Members and International Organizations, etc. (White)

Liaison Statements from other WPs, TGs, etc. (White)

Output Documents (Yellow) Administrative Documents (Green/Blue)


WPs, TGs, SGs, etc.Consider inputDocuments

Contributions fromMember States, etc.

Liaison StatementsFrom other Groups

Chairman’s Report

Liaison StatementsTo other Groups

ContributionsTo Parent SGSuch as DNRs

Documents carried onChairman’s report


ITU Web page

http://www.itu.int/ top page http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/

Submitted documents appear on the Web.

You need a TIES account to download

files.


Recommendations

The ITU-R Recommendations provide a body of technical, operational and regulatory / procedural information that has been agreed upon by the participating administrations.


Production of Recs.Question

PDNR

DNR

Agenda Item

New Rec

Study Group

Working PartyTask Group

Administration

Study based oncontributions

APPROVE

ADOPT

VOTE


How to Name Recs

Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2

RA:Radio Astronomy

769: sequential number

-2 : Revision number


ITU-R RecommendationsBO Satellite delivery

BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television

BS Broadcasting service (sound)

BT Broadcasting service (television)

F Fixed service

M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services

P Radiowave propagation

RA Radio astronomy

RS Remote sensing systems

S Fixed-satellite service

SA Space applications and meteorology

SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems

SM Spectrum management

SNG Satellite news gathering

TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions

V Vocabulary and related subjects


RA series Recs

RA.1750 Mutual planning between the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) and the radio astronomy service in the 94 GHz and 130 GHz bands


Current Frequency Allocations

9 kHz – 275 GHz

< 9 kHz : 5.53 Administrations authorizing the use of frequencies

below 9 kHz shall ensure that no harmful interference is caused thereby to the services to which the bands above 9 kHz are allocated.

5.54 Administrations conducting scientific research using frequencies below 9 kHz are urged to advise other administrations that may be concerned in order that such research may be afforded all practicable protection from harmful interference.


footnotes RAS

Primary alloc.

Secondary

direction


Primary & Secondary Servicesa) services the names of which are printed in “capitals” (example: FIXED); these are called “primary” services;

b) services the names of which are printed in “normal characters” (example: Mobile); these are called “secondary” services.

Stations of a secondary service:

a) shall not cause harmful interference to stations of primary services to which frequencies are already assigned or to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date;

b) cannot claim protection from harmful interference from stations of a primary service to which frequencies are already assigned or may be assigned at a later date;

c) can claim protection, however, from harmful interference from stations of the same or other secondary service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date.


Allocation > 275 GHz

No allocation at present

(only footnote 5.565)

Revision of FN 5.565 – agenda for WRC-2011 (up to 3000 GHz)



5.565 The frequency band 275-1000 GHz may be used by administrations for experimentation with, and development of, various active and passive services. In this band a need has been identified for the following spectral line measurements for passive services:

– radio astronomy service: 275‑323 GHz, 327‑371 GHz, 388‑424 GHz, 426‑442 GHz, 453‑510 GHz, 623‑711 GHz, 795‑909 GHz and 926-945 GHz;

– Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): 275-277 GHz, 294‑306 GHz, 316‑334 GHz, 342‑349 GHz, 363‑365 GHz, 371‑389 GHz, 416‑434 GHz, 442‑444 GHz, 496‑506 GHz, 546‑568 GHz, 624‑629 GHz, 634‑654 GHz, 659‑661 GHz, 684‑692 GHz, 730‑732 GHz, 851‑853 GHz and 951‑956 GHz.

Future research in this largely unexplored spectral region may yield additional spectral lines and continuum bands of interest to the passive services. Administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the allocation Table is established in the above-mentioned frequency band. (WRC‑2000)


RA bands defined in ITU

Frequency usages are regulated in ITU

RA bands rights to be protected


Where are RA bands ?Frequency Bands(MHz) Frequency Bands(GHz)

13.360 - 13.410

25.550 - 25.670

37.5 - 38.25

73 - 74.6

150.05 - 153

322 - 328.6

406.1 - 410

608 - 614

1 400 - 1 427 (HI)

1 610.6 - 1 613.8 (OH)

1 660 - 1 670 (OH)

2 655 - 2 700

4 800 - 5 000 (H2CO)

10.6 - 10.7

14.47 – 14.50 (H2CO)0

15.35 - 15.40

22.21- 22.50 (H2O)

23.6 - 24.0 (NH3)

31.3 - 31.80

42.5 - 43.5 (SiO)

76 - 116

123 - 158.5

164 - 16700

200 - 231.500

241 - 275


Shared RA bands

In many RA bands, other services are

also allocated.

INTERFERENCE !?

It is necessary to coordinate between

RAS and other services.


Adjacent to RA bands

In many cases, there are satellite services

(FSS, MSS, BSS, etc) in downlink !!

RA can not avoid interference

by choosing sites.


Iridium Satellites

Max hold

1 min

IF output

5dB/div

1450-1950

MHz


Observed Interference at CRL


Interference by GSOs

GSOs

21cm obs. at Bonn


Radio Frequency Interference

Radio contaminations by artificial

transmission (Telecomm., Radar, etc.)

Serious Problem for low-frequency

RA observations RFI will occur in higher frequencies


Necessary bandwidth

1.152 necessary bandwidth: For a given class of emission, the width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions.


Unwanted emissions1.144 out-of-band emission: Emission on a frequency or

frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions.

1.145 spurious emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.

1.146 unwanted emissions: Consist of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions.


Appendix to Article 3 (before WRC-03)

For the purpose of setting limits, all emissions, including harmonic emissions, intermodulation products, frequency conversion products and parasitic emissions, which fall at frequencies separated from the centre frequency of the emission by 250%, or more, of the necessary bandwidth of the emission will generally be considered as spurious emissions.


frequency

Necessary bandwidth

OOB emission OOB emission

Δf

2.0 x Δf

Spuriousemission

2.0 x Δf

Spuriousemission


Decision by WRC-03

1.146A out-of-band domain (of an emission): The frequency range, immediately outside the necessary bandwidth but excluding the spurious domain, in which out-of-band emissions generally predominate. Out-of-band emissions, defined based on their source, occur in the out-of-band domain and, to a lesser extent, in the spurious domain. Spurious emissions likewise may occur in the out-of-band domain as well as in the spurious domain. (WRC-03)

1.146B spurious domain (of an emission): The frequency range beyond the out-of-band domain in which spurious emissions generally predominate. (WRC-03)


New definition

AP3-01

FIGURE 1 (WRC-03)

Out-of-band and spurious domains

Unwanted emissions Unwanted emissions

Spurious domainSpurious domain Out-of-banddomain

Out-of-banddomain

Necessarybandwidth

Frequency of the emission

Boundary of the spurious domain

Limits of the necessary bandwidth

