Feasibility Study Report for Trapaing Run Irrigation

Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project (RRP CAM 48409-002)

Feasibility Study Report for Trapaing Run Irrigation Subproject

Project Number: 48409-002 May 2018

Cambodia: Climate-friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project

http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/?id=48409-002-3

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank AHH - affected households CAMGAP - Cambodia Good Agricultural Practice CARDI - Cambodia Agricultural Research and Development Institute CAVAC - Cambodia Agriculture Value Chain Program CCSP - climate change strategic plan CSA - climate smart agriculture CSC - community construction sub-committee EIA - environmental impact assessment EIRR - economic internal rate of return EMP - environmental managementplan EWSR - early wet season rice FWUC - farmer water user community HH - household IFC - International Finance Corporation IEE - initial environmental examination IWRM - integrated water resources management MAFF - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MEF - Ministry of Economy and Finance M&I - modernization and improvement MOWRAM - Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology O&M - operation and maintenance PDA - Provincial Department of Agriculture PDWRAM - Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PIC - project implementation consultants PMU - project management unit SOP - standard operation procedures WSR - wet season rice REA - rapid environmental assessment

NOTE

In this report “$” refers to United States dollars.

I. TRAPAING RUN SUBPROJECT SUMMARY

A. Subproject Context and Rationale

1. Trapaing Run reservoir is located in Tani Commune, Angkor Chey District of Kampot province. It was constructed during the Khmer Rouge era and has not been repaired or maintained since. The system has not been functional to provide irrigation to its command area for over 20 years. If repaired, the reservoir can offer supplementary irrigation in the dry period during the rains between late July and early August and later in the rainy season to give the farmers the ability to produce a third cash crop, as well as supply water to the community for domestic use and for livestock

2. The reservoir is silted up and has no depth to store water and in recent years dries out completely in the dry season. The Reservoir catchment is incapable to provide sufficient irrigation water to the 100 ha command area.There is also no drainage or flood control system to address possible flooding in the wet season.

B. Subproject Design

3. The existing structures of the Trapaing Run reservoir consist of a 6 ha reservoir with an earth embankment of 1.4 km in length, 3 outlet structures and three main canals measuring in total length of about 1.5 km. The reservoir is silted and shallow and is not able to capture or store sufficient water for dry season irrigation. All three outlet structures are in poor condition and cannot control flow or capture water of sufficient qualities to be of major use for dry season irrigation. The largest of the 3 structures was designed to have a dual role as head regulator when there is irrigation demand at its downstream canal, and flood evacuator when there a risk of the reservoir dam overflowing. Three main canals connect from the three outlet structures (or head regulators) and run into the system command area. Main canal no.1 and no.3 are very short, about 250 m each, compared with main canal no.2 which connects to the head. Main canal no.2 was designed as both an irrigation and drainage canal, and its current total length is about 1 km. None of the canals are in operation and their alignments are hardly visible in the field.

4. The design concept is to upgrade Trapaing Run irrigation subproject in order that the: (i) system functions efficiently and can provide the flexibility to adapt to farmers cultural practices; and (ii) design incorporates climate resilient modernization and Improvement (M&I), concerned with improving the water catchment and flood prevention. The subproject activities include recommissioning of the reservoir both for irrigation and flood prevention and increasing its storage capacity, upgrading the distribution system and improving the drainage system for flood prevention purposes.

C. Subproject Cost and Financing Plan

5. The total base cost for the subproject is estimated at $805,562, including infrastructure costs and the cost of the farmer water user community (FWUC) establishment. The total cost including contingencies is estimated at $924,014.

ADB will fund 91.4% of subproject costs, with the remaining 8.6% funded by the government. Government’s contribution is entirely made up of waived taxes.

6. The subproject has an economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of 13.1%. The low EIRR results from the relatively high costs for the rehabilitation of this scheme and the small command

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area. The sensitivity tests show that the result is vulnerable to project crop yields being below expectations and, to a lesser extent, to increases in crop production costs. Provided the system supplies water as anticipated, farmers should be able to achieve the envisaged average yield increases.

7. The economic viability of the project depends on the cropping intensity achieved,particularly on the area that can be planted in the relatively profitable vegetable and other crops, after the harvest of the main wet season rice crop. During this season, the average cropped area should be about 60 ha (60% of the command area) to ensure economic viability, but also depending on the actual cropping patterns adopted by farmers. Conversely, the area planted in early wet season rice has very little impact on the outcome so that more frequent years with erratic rainfall during this period resulting in low levels of cultivation, would not affect long term viability of the project.

D. Implementation Arrangements

8. The project management unit (PMU) is ultimately responsible for deciding to proceed with the investment in the location proposed by the PPTA consultants. Concerning reporting, the PMU will receive implementation progress reports for onward submission to ADB to determine that the subproject investment is consistent with provincial development plans and conforms to the Royal Government of Cambodia (government) and ADB procurement and operational guidelines. The PMU will liaise with the General Department of Technical Affairs of the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) and Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM).

9. PDWRAM will have oversight of the subproject investment and will submit annual work plans and budgets/request for funding to implement the scheme, primarily the FWUC organization in conjunction with the project’s capacity building and training consultants.

10. The PMU will (i) approve the detailed engineering designs for subprojects based on recommendations from the technical line agency (MOWRAM) and project implementation consultants (PIC); (ii) monitor and request release of payments (if required) including payments for farmer capacity building and training activities; and(iii) provide guidance to and monitor progress through the relevant provincial departments in the implementation of the subproject in the province.

E. Subproject Impact

11. The financial impacts for the beneficiary households are rehabilitation of the subproject irrigation infrastructure, which at present is barely functional. It will have a significant impact on the potential for crop production in the command area, leading to increases in both yields and cropping intensities. The estimated net incremental income per ha is about $1,030 per year at full development and for an average holding would be $556 per year. Because land preparation for all crops and harvesting for rice are now mechanized, labor inputs are relatively low and within the capacity of households for most activities. The value of labor inputs will also accrue mostly to households rather than to hired labor.

12. The social impacts. Given the degree of out migration of males from the area, it is estimated that the majority of subproject beneficiaries will be women. With expanded opportunities for crop intensification, the subproject may lead to some reduction in out migration levels as agriculture becomes an important source of household income. School drop-out levels may decrease as families are better able to pay for their children’s education. Women’s access

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to extension services and technical information will be improved and women will be empowered through receiving training in agricultural techniques and mechanization. Increased household incomes will lead to a reduction in household debt levels, and a subsequent decrease in the incidence of domestic violence in farming households. During civil works, manual employment opportunities will be created for ID-Poor households and women. Those women who can read and write will have the opportunity to work as record keepers.

13. Agricultural impacts include an increase in rice yields from 2 tons per ha to 2.5 tons per ha which is well below the national average of 2.7 tons per ha. The main wet season rice yields will increase from 2.7 tons per ha to 3.5 tons per ha.

14. The cropping intensity for the command area increases from 135% (100% for the main wet season rice and about 10% for early season rice and 25% for dry season cash crops) to 190%, with cash crop production in the dry season increasing from 25% to 70% of the command area.

Cash crops of watermelon and mung beans attain yields of 7 tons and 0.85 tons per ha from yields of 6 tons and 0.5 tons, respectively.

15. Soil improvement can be achieved through more effective rotation and use of nitrogen fixing cash crops that will extract nutrients from different soil depths.

The establishment of FWUCs can lead to farmers working together not only for managing the irrigation system but also to develop agribusiness or trading initiatives.

The Design and Monitoring Framework is detailed in Annex 1.

F. Critical Risks

16. Most community and government requests for support during field visits have focused on building resilience to drought. This reflects the last two year’s situation in Cambodia;however, it could very well be that flooding can be a problem in future years. The design in Trapaing Run incorporates flood prevention through rehabilitation of the drainage channels.

17. Although very common, FWUCs continue to encounter significant organization and technical challenges across the board. Even repeated support by both local Government and development partner projects does not always result into an effective lasting community organization. The project will attempt to keep FWUC structures simple and smalland build cohesion and problem solving among the group through equitable participation.

II. SUBPROJECTCONTEXT AND RATIONALE

A. Need for Investment

1. Provincial and District Development Policies

18. The Kampot Provincial Government has plans to strengthen the investment environment in an effort to diversify the provincial economic base. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Asia Foundation have nominated Kampot as one of the best provinces for business investment. The provincial government is committed to encouraging investment with a number of activities, which include:

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(i) strong support to agribusiness;

(ii) improvement of the enabling environment.; The provincial government has already established a one stop service to reduce time and costs for the private sector to register and set-up businesses;

(iii) establishment of a provincial investment sub-committee and provincial investment secretariat; and

(iv) encouraging the private sector to organize work experience and is establishing business forums.

19. The province plans to build a new seaport at Kampot Special Economic Zone. The seaport is a $300 million joint venture with Hutchison Port Holdings in Teuk Chhou District and is designed to handle all types of cargo including petroleum products. The proposed investment has been approved by Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC), and the environmental impact study has been completed. When completed the port will compete with the Sihanoukville Autonomous Port, offering an additional export outlet.

20. The Kampot Provincial Government is aware that agricultural production and its marketing is important to the province’s economy with most agricultural products being exported to Viet Nam. Trade between Viet Nam and Cambodia has increased in recent years, reaching $3.3 billion in 2012, up from $2.8 billion 2011 and $1.8 billion in 2010. The two countries have projected the increase in trade volume to be more than $5 billion by 2016. Kampot has a border with Viet Nam, along with Takeo and Tboung Khmum. The two governments have plans to build 13 new border gates over the next seven years connecting the Cambodian Central Highlands and the Mekong Delta region of Viet Nam. The new Kampot ports of entry are planned to be connected by rail links.

2. Location and Natural Features

21. Kampot province consists of lowland plains which are optimal for agricultural production, particularly to the east of the province. The area offers water catchment through a relative abundance of mountains and forests. The southwest of the province has a coastline which is rich in natural resources, fisheries, agricultural farms and salt farms. Table 1 details the geopolitical data.

Table 1: Kampot Geopolitical Information Provincial Capital Kampot

Provincial area 4,873 km2

Landscape 2/3 of the province is covered by mountains and plains

Total Population 626,000 persons

Population Density 128 persons/km2

Population age over 18years 388,871 persons (Men: 186,112, Women: 202,759)

Temperature 24.1 ºC - 31.9 ºC (Average: 27.3 ºC)

Rainfall 1,729.5 mm/year

Administrative Boundary

Number of city: 1 Number of Sangkats: 5

Number of districts: 7 Number of communes: 88, and

Number of villages: 488

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Provincial Border

East: Takeo Province

West: Preah Sihanouk Province North: Kampong Speu Province

South: Coastal border of Kep City and Viet Nam

22. Trapaing Run Reservoir is located in Trapaing Run village, Tani commune and Angkor Chey District and was built during the Pol Pot regime from 1975 to 1978. Trapaing Run Reservoir is about 10 km from the national road no.3 and 17 km from the provincial town of Kampot.There are three villages benefiting from this reservoir of which 185 of the 708 households are expected to benefit from the M&I work as detailed in Table 2:

Table 2: Number of households and beneficiary households No Village name Total HHs Beneficiary HHs

1 Trapaing Run 310 95

2 Trapaing Raing 245 70

3 Ta Pream 153 20

Total 708 185

HH = household

23. The water balance of this small reservoir depends on the hydrology (rainfall and runoff) of the upstream catchment (i) the site is located at the foot of a small range of hills (Mount Sen Han). The reservoir harvests water from the hillside catchment of about 3.2 square kilometers and (ii) the distribution of rainfall in Kampot Province is temporal and local which leads to inadequate availability of rain to satisfy crop water requirements, especially rice even though the annual rainfall is about 400mm higher than the annual evaporation. Figure 1below shows the average monthly rainfall in comparison with the monthly evapotranspiration rates for a calendar year in Kampot Province. The main wet season is between May and October, unfortunately water availability is still a problem during the wet season.

24. Soils: According to Cambodia Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), the soil classification in the command area is identified as Bakan type and consists of30% dark grey loam nearby the canal and 70% grey sandy loam which is commonly found in the Cambodian paddy fields and is good for growing rice. For loam, the top layer is 25 cm in depth while the top layer of sandy loam is 20 cm in depth. These soils are sub-optimal for lowland rice irrigation having little or no clay content. Paddy cultivation during the rainy season is possible because the paddy water level is continually topped up with rainwater. During the dry season paddy cultivation is not possible over the whole area because of losses to deep percolation. Farmers in the scheme are advised to switch to upland rice or grow other crop types during the dry season.

25. According to the information from the irrigation scheme farmers in the command area, there are risks of flooding because the dam is breached and water does not flow down the drainage canals. In general, farmers owning lands in the area are growing paddy once a year.

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Figure 1:Kampot Province, average monthly rainfall and evapotranspiration rates

Source: PPTA Team

3. Social and Cultural Environment

26. The subproject area is comprised of three villages: Trapaing Run, Trapeang Raing and Ta Pream. The total population is 3,191 of which 1,711 are females. There are 708 households of which 111 are female headed households. The socioeconomic conditions of beneficiaries indicate that households are relatively poor and with limited productive resources. Household land parcels are very small, averaging 0.58 ha per household. The total number of farming households is 689 and the total available for farming is 563 ha, indicating significant pressure on available cultivable land. There are 21 ID-Poor 1 households and 59 ID-Poor 2 households in the commune. Of these, there are 10 female headed ID-Poor households. 219 persons have out migrated from the commune, including 30 who have migrated to other countries. Outmigration of adults has led to labor shortages particularly for paddy production. The community is characterized by substantial numbers of older women who are taking care of their grandchildren, and receiving remittances from adult children working in urban areas.

4. Subproject Rationale

27. The Trapaing Run reservoir has had no operation and maintenance (O&M) since its completion. The system comprises of a reservoir, embankment of 1.4 km which is equipped with three outlets and three distribution canals measuring in total a length of 1.5 km. The reservoir is shallow and silted with limited water catchment; it dries up during the dry season particularly during the last two drought years and is incapable to provide sufficient irrigation water to the command area, Trapaing Run reservoir has played a role as one of the key sources of water supply for the community’s domestic use and raising animals.

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50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Rai

nfa

ll/ET

o (

mm

.m)

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Figure: Average Monthly Rainfall/ETo of Kampot Province

Monthly Rainfall Monthly Evaporation

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28. Even farmers, whose land is in the limited command area during the rainfed months, face water shortages which occur during early wet season; between late July and early August or later in the rainy season. This drought sometimes leads to total crop loss or considerable reduction in crop yield. During the dry season, from November to April, the rainfall intensity is relatively low while the evaporation increases. This situation can be rectified with modernization and rehabilitation of the reservoir and its supply system, in order that farmers can grow dry season crops and have the flexibility to irrigate crops, particularly rice during the dry spells in the wet season.

29. The rainfall in the upstream catchment of Trapaing irrigation subproject generates the surface runoff and accumulates and feeds into the Trapaing reservoir. At present, the embankment is broken at certain points and the 3 outlets are not functional, and the reservoir cannot capture sufficient water to supply the existing command area. This leads to a high demand of irrigation from a non existent water supply. Repairing the embankment and equipped structures making them climate resilient will reactivate the reservoir and increase its storage capacity.This will in turn provide more sustainable livelihood options for the community.

B. Subproject Objectives

30. The rehabilitation of the Trapaing Run irrigation system aims at enabling the famers in the Trapaing Run community - to be resilient to the climate change effects through increasing water availability and providing high efficiency irrigation and water management infrastructures and avoiding flooding. Farmers of 185 households from the three villages (Trapaing Run, Trapaing Raing, and Ta Pream) will get direct benefits from the rehabilitation works of the Trapaing Run existing reservoir system. The system will open a command area of 100 hectares up to three crops1 per year. It will provide a secure water supply for supplementary irrigation for wet season rice. In addition to securing water for rice production, farmers will be able produce early wet season rice in some portion of the command area, and will be able to increase their income through dry season cash crop production with improved farming techniques which will be provided over the course of project implementation.

C. Related Development Initiatives

31. Cambodia Agriculture Value Chain Program (CAVAC) is a five-year project (2010 – 2015). In Kampot, CAVAC had been working closely with both PDWRAM and Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (PDAFF) to implement a number of interventions ranging from improvement of irrigation and water management infrastructures, laser land leveling, rice seed demonstration, rice demonstration, agricultural cooperative establishment and capacity building for PDWRAM and PDAFF. CAVAC worked in three target provinces—Kampong, Takeo and Kampot. Out of these interventions, the major investment was modernization and improvement (M&I) of irrigation water management schemes in the province. Nine irrigation systems in three different Kampot districts (Banteay Meas, Kampong Trach and Chum Kiri) were rehabilitated throughout the course of project. The total potential command area is about 5,500 hectares, and it opened up for at least two crops per year. Eight systems connected to a viable water sources (Stung Touk Meas) while only one reservoir system, namely Reservoir 77, was reconstructed in the Chum Kiri district which is situated at the northeast part of the province. Reservoir 77 system is one among three systems equipped with a concrete lined distribution network in which there

1 Crop is wet season rice, growing on 100% of the command area, 2 crops are early wet season which grow only

some part of the command, and cash crops will potentially grow in the whole command area.

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are two main canals and two secondary canals measuring in total length of 2km. The coverage of the irrigation area of this reservoir system is 160 hectares.

D. Subproject Justification

32. Facing these challenging drought issues, upgrading Trapaing Run reservoir system was proposed to the PPTA consultants by Kampot PDWRAM. Once rehabilitated, the system will open a command area of 100 hectares for up to three crops per year. It will secure the water supply for the wet season rice crop, and other cash crops such as watermelon and mung bean to be planted after the harvest of wet season rice.With the proposed irrigation rehabilitation, the farmers will be able to grow two rice crops per year with flexibility in early wet season rice production and supplemental irrigation for wet season rice production, as well as to extend cropping areas using more stable irrigation water in early wet season rice and secure water for other cash crop in dry season. Households will get benefits from the scheme by increasing their income per unit area.

33. The objectives of the Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCSP) for Water Resources and Meteorology are to (i) protect, manage and use water resources in an effective, equitable and sustainable manner, protecting them from the negative impacts of climate change; (ii) maximize sustainable water resource contributions to poverty reduction, enhanced livelihoods and equitable economic growth; (iii) adapt to climate change and mitigate its effects on water resource-based livelihoods; (iv) apply integrated water resources management (IWRM) that allows for holistic planning across sectors, jurisdictions and local government borders for climate change adaptation and mitigation; (v) create stronger community participation, such as FWUCs, in water resource management and development, to address impacts or obtain benefits from climate change induced opportunities; (vi) raise awareness and capacity of institutions, and quality of officials in climate change adaptation and mitigation, to enable sustainable development and management of water resources; and (vii) apply modern sustainable management models adaptive to climate change context and partner with the private sector to develop sustainable financial systems.

34. The CCSP for MOWRAM (2013 – 2017) was signed on 26 May 2014.The document lays out a plan and investment budget of $303 million with an implementation and monitoring mechanism aimed towards interventions in hydro meteorology, irrigation works, flood and drought forecasting and protection, sea level rise/ saline intrusion, capacity development of MOWRAM staff, and gender.

35. The Government of Cambodia Rectangular Strategy III (2014 – 2018): Section 82 of the Strategy mandates the expansion of irrigation development and improving effectiveness of the irrigation scheme management.

36. The FWUC Sub-decree went into law on 12 March 2015 providing legal status for FWUCs on infrastructure responsibility and to enable state budget funding for establishing and strengthening FWUCs but also to support O&M, 2016 will be the pilot year. MOWRAM and Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) have established an inter-ministerial coordination committee for O&M investment; MEF is to provide financial support for the initial five years with MOWRAM working with FWUCs to build up their capacity. There are options for FWUCs to subcontract the O&M out to private sector service providers.

37. Climate Change Fit: A traditional rice variety is expected to require 12,000m3 over a 12 -day cycle whereas new and existing short term rice crops with a reduced growth cycle of 95 to 105 days are expected to require an average 8,000m3/ha per cycle. This number is considered for the dry season months, from October to April. However, the amount of irrigation requirement

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may increase or decrease depending on the efficiency of the irrigation system, evapotranspiration and soil permeability.

38. As a result of climate change, farmers growing wet season rice need supplementary irrigation to maintain their rice nursery when there is shortage of rain in early wet season or if any dry spell prolongs longer than a month (dry spell usually happens between late July and early August). Therefore, climate changes can raise farmers need for supplementary water volumes from irrigation during the wet season. This highlights the urgent need to maximize water storage capacity and optimize water use in agriculture

39. Value Chain Fit: Better year round control over water resources for paddies will give more flexibility for farmers to make decisions and adapt to the needs of whatever rice varieties are popular on the market, versus making decisions based on what limited resources are available at the time. Higher yields, larger cropped areas and more frequent crop seasons will help build the volumes of product that are required to attract buyers from further afield including abroad, who are also likely to pay higher prices for the improved quality rice.

III. SUBPROJECT DESIGN

A. Subproject Description

40. The existing structures of the Trapaing Run reservoir consists of a small reservoir of about 6 ha of surface area, an earth embankment of 1.4 km, three outlet structures and three main canals measuring in total length of about 1.5 km. The reservoir is now very shallow and is not able to capture or store sufficient water for the purpose of dry season irrigation. All three of the outlet structures are in poor condition and cannot capture water to store in the reservoir. The largest of the three structures was designed to have dual role as head regulator when there is irrigation demand at its downstream canal, and flood evacuator when there a risk of the reservoir dam overflowing. Three main canals connect from the three outlet structures (or head regulators) and run into the system command area. main canal no.1 and no.3 are very short, about 250 m each, compared with main canal n o.2. Same as the structure it connects it the head, Main Canal No.2 was designed as both irrigation and drainage canal, and its current total length is about 1 km. None of the canals are in operation now and their alignments are hardly visible in the field.

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Figure 2: Current layout of the Trapaing Run Irrigation System

Source: Google Image

41. The detailed designs are in Annex III.

Photos 1 to 6 below show the current situation of the element of the Trapaing Run irrigation subproject.

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Photo 1: Current situation of the Trapaing Run Reservoir.

Photo 2: Situation of existing outlet structures (No.1 and No.3) on the Trapaing Run

Reservoir Embankment.

Photo 3: Current situation of the outlet structures No.2 which acts as irrigation and flood evacuator.

Photo 4: Current situation of the command area of Trapaing Run irrigation subproject, and

existing main canal alignment.

Photo 5: Existing drainage canals.

Photo 6: Breaches on the reservoir embankment.

1. Cropping Pattern

42. For wet season rice production, the farmers grow local varieties such as Phka Rumdom and Srov Krahom varieties. These varieties are photosensitive medium duration from 125 to 140 days. During the early wet season, the farmers grow non photosensitive short duration varieties IR66 or Vietnamese 504, these two varieties have a 90 to 105 day cropping cycle. However, there is limited production of early wet season rice because of the lack of water. In the pre-drought years farmers would sow/plant for 95 to115 day wet season rice varieties in Mayand harvest in

Existing main canal alignment

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July/August. Then plant wet season rice after that crop, with a duration of 135 – 146 days and harvest in December/ January. Subsequently, using residual moisture in the soil, cash crops would be grown, but that has not been possible (with much success) in the last two years. Once the irrigation system has M&I, it will be recommended to use rice varieties of shorter life cycles: (i) early wet season of 95 days and (ii) wet season of 135 days (see Figure 3).

43. At present farmers obtain yields of about 2-2.5 tons/ha and 2.5 - 3 tons/ha for early wet season, with the rice production yield is projected to increase about 40% for wet season and 34% for early wet season.

Figure 3:Existing and proposed cropping patterns

44. Marketing and logistics: Cambodian small farmers sell their surplus paddy at harvest time to pay back debts incurred during the cultivation period and store the rest of their paddy until they need more money. Most of the paddy traders located in Kampot have a relationship with Vietnamese buyers. According to the farmers, it is estimated that 80% of farmers sell paddy, and most of this amount are sold to through paddy collectors rather than directly to mills. The bulk of trading activities takes place at the harvest of the wet season crop when there are surpluses for the farmers to trade.

45. The paddy collector usually uses a small truck to collect the paddy from the farmers in the village but in some cases, they have to hire an independent trucker for shipping the paddy from the village to the place of trading. Transporters are available at the provincial towns, district towns and Phnom Penh City for shipping the milled rice to Sihanoukville port or paddy to Thailand or Viet Nam borders. In Cambodia, most of grain transports are over land. However, road haulage has a higher cost in comparison to Vietnamese and Thai rates where both countries make greater use of their national waterways. Only the Mekong River is navigable in Cambodia.

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Current cropping pattern

Proposed cropping pattern

Rainfed rice of wet season (135days local variety of 200 ha)

Irrigated early wet season rice

(95-115days of 100ha)

Sweet corn

Water melon

Pumpkin

Other crops

Irrigated early wet season rice (95days improved variety of

150ha)

Rainfed rice of wet season (135days improved variety of 200 ha)

incease irrigated area for Sweet corn

incease irrigated area for water melon

incease irrigated area for pumpkin

incease irrigated area for other crops

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46. In Southeast region of Cambodia, the main provinces that normally have easy access to Viet Nam are Takeo, Svay Rieng, Prey Veng, and Kampot and through the Mekong river at Neak Loeung, Prey Veng, utilizing small Vietnamese boats that have a capacity between 50 - 150 tons, the paddy then is shipped directly to An Gian, Long An, Tai Ninh and Kampot provinces and is connected to the Giang Gian provinces of Viet Nam.

2. Engineering Design

47. The design concept is the upgrading of the Trapaing Run irrigation subproject through various design options. Each design option takes in the key criteria (i) the system functions in the right manner and can be adapted to farmers' practices; (ii) the design incorporates climate resilient M&I, this is mainly concerned with improving the water catchment and flood prevention; (iii) that the design offers value for money and is cost effective; (iv) the cost of the investment is checked against its benefits showing a sound economic internal rate of return (EIRR); and (v) that none of the farmers inside and outside the command area will be negatively affected by the investment. The design incorporates:

(i) recommission of the reservoir both for irrigation and flood prevention and increasing its storage capacity;

(ii) upgrading the distribution system; and (iii) improving drainage system.

48. The design concept is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: General Preliminary Design Layout of Trapaing Run irrigation subproject

Source: Google Earth

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3. Irrigation Water Requirement

49. Irrigation water requirement (IWR) will be calculated in response to the requirement of different crops, at different stages of development. The crop water requirement varies with the crop type, the planting date and the weather conditions, meaning that when grown in different seasons, a crop requires different amounts of water. Knowing the amount of water demanded by different crops on the one hand helps farmers to better manage water resources (water in the reservoir) and better plan for the crop selection and scheduling. It also helps the designer to determine the irrigation water requirement for different irrigation blocks, thus determining the hydraulic section of the distribution canal which supplies water to that specific block.

50. Based on the proposed cropping pattern shown in the previous section, early wet season rice (EWSR) is the crop which requires the biggest amount of irrigation water compared with other crop in different season. EWSR will be grown between May and August. During this period of the year, the evaporation is still high even though there is usually some rainfall. Supplemental Irrigation will be indispensable to avoid the risk of crop damage or a drop in yield due to drought. The second crop is the wet season rice (WSR), which starts from August and harvest is in December. From September to November is the time when there is the greatest rainfall, and or flooding. Generally, no irrigation is expected to be needed during this period. However, supplementary irrigation will be required during some years when there is shortage of rainfall at the beginning of the growing stage, or end of the wet season, which is November. The third cropping season is when cash crops are grown after harvesting the wet season rice, from January to March, and these months are the hottest month of the year. There is no, or very less, rainfall. Growing crops in these months are highly dependent on irrigation water, but can make use of residual water if there have been late rains.

51. For the purpose of hydraulic calculation for the irrigation distribution canal, the maximum crop water requirement is used in this feasibility study, meaning the calculation of the crop water requirement of the two rice crops for the two seasons, EWSR and WSR.

52. Table 3 displays the calculation of the crop water requirements for rice of two different varieties growing in two different seasons. The table shows that there is a peak crop water requirement (net requirement) at the land preparation station of the WSR in July, which is 2.57 liter per second per hectares (2.57l/s per ha). The irrigation efficiency at different level of canal networks is also provided in the same table. At each level, 75% efficiency is provided. The irrigation demand is 1.5l/s per ha, 2l/s per ha and 2.57 l/s per ha for field application, secondary canal, and main canal relatively. This peak demand will be brought forward for the calculation of the hydraulic section of the distribution canal networks.

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Table 3: Crop Water Requirement Calculation

Name of Scheme:

Province :

Transplanting /Direct Seeding

Crop 1:

Crop 2:

Crop 3:

Source of Water:Soil type:

I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II

Eto (Penman) mm/day 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.8 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 4.6 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1

Crop 1

15 day periods 15 15 15 15 15 15

Stage V V P P R R

Crop Factor Kc 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.05 0.95 0.95

Etc (=Kc*Eto) mm/day 5.1 5.1 4.3 4.3 3.8 3.8

Crop Requirement mm/period 75.9 75.9 64.6 64.6 57.0 57.0 395

Percolation mm/day 20.0 20.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

Percolation mm/period 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 540

Land Preparation mm/period 100 100

Crop 2 1,035

15 day periods 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Stage V V V V V P P R

Crop Factor Kc 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.05 0.95

Etc (=Kc*Eto) mm/day 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.7

Crop Requirement mm/period 66.0 66.0 62.7 62.7 64.4 61.4 61.4 55.6 500

Percolation mm/day 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

Percolation mm/period 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 720

Land Preparation mm/period 100 100

Rainfall (monthly average) mm/month

Rainfall (period average) mm/period 9.0 9.0 14.0 14.0 40.0 40.0 77.0 77.0 89.0 89.0 109.0 109.0 126.5 126.5 177.0 177.0 136.5 136.5 128.0 128.0 59.5 59.5 18.5 18.5 1,968

Effective Rainfall (80%) mm/month

Effective Rainfall (80%) mm/period 7.2 7.2 11.2 11.2 32.0 32.0 61.6 61.6 71.2 71.2 87.2 87.2 101.2 101.2 141.6 141.6 109.2 109.2 102.4 102.4 47.6 47.6 14.8 14.8 1,574

Total Net Irr. Requirements mm/period 38.4 94.7 94.7 67.4 67.4 45.8 145.8 14.4 14.4 43.5 43.5 52.0 49.0 103.8 98.0 973

Total Net Irr. Requirements mm/day 2.6 6.3 6.3 4.5 4.5 3.1 9.7 1.0 1.0 2.9 2.9 3.5 3.3 6.9 6.5

Net Crop Water Requirement l/sec/ha 0.30 0.73 0.73 0.52 0.52 0.35 1.13 0.11 0.11 0.34 0.34 0.40 0.38 0.80 0.761.13

Field Efficiency 75% 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

Field crop Water Requirements l/sec/ha 0.40 0.97 0.97 0.69 0.69 0.47 1.50 0.15 0.15 0.45 0.45 0.53 0.50 1.07 1.01

Distr. Canal Efficiency 75% 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Tert. Head Water Requirements l/sec/ha 0.53 1.30 1.30 0.92 0.92 0.63 2.00 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.60 0.71 0.67 1.42 1.34

Major canal efficiency 75% 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Intake Water Requirements l/sec/ha 0.70 1.73 1.73 1.23 1.23 0.84 2.67 0.26 0.26 0.80 0.80 0.95 0.90 1.90 1.79

Direct Seeding

29.6

DSDS

204.8 95.2

APR MAY JUN DECFEB

37.0

14.4 22.4 64.0 123.2 142.4 174.4 202.4 283.2 218.4

218.0 253.0 354.0 273.0

TotalsJUL

IRR; Wet Season LD Late Maturing (Aug-Dec: 130 days)

No crop

18.0 28.0

WS

154.0 178.0

SEPT OCT NOV

256.0 119.0

AUGJAN

Traping Run Irrigation Subproject

Kampot

Sandy loam

80.0

IRR; Wet Season SD Early Maturing (May-Jul: 90 days)

MAR

16

4. Recommissioning and increasing the storage capacity of the reservoir

53. In response to the proposal from the community and the design engineer recommendations, the work proposed for upgrading the reservoir includes replacing outlet structures no.1 and no.3 by two head regulators (sluice gates) at this existing location. These two head regulators will discharge water from the reservoir into the distribution canal network for irrigation purposes. The existing outlet structure no.2 will be replaced by an emergency spillway which will act as a head regulator and evacuate flooding from the reservoir. The flood magnitude, and therefore the size of the spillway, will be determined by a hydrologist during the project implementation.

Recommissioning the reservoir requires four key works as described below:

a. Reservoir excavation

54. The reservoir is silted and shallow and has dried up during the dry season for the last few years. From the engineering perspective and as proposed by the community, the reservoir will be deepened. The excavation surface area will be 20m x 1000m, and the excavation depth will be about 1.5m. The increased and additional storage capacity of the reservoir will be 30,000 cubic meters.

b. Fixing breaches on reservoir embankment

55. There are several breaches on the reservoir embankment; these breaches will be backfilled with proper compaction using selected clay rich soils from the borrow pits in the reservoir. The length of each breach is about 5 to15 m. The top embankment level will be determined in the detailed design stage by incorporating the reservoir capacity and land impact in the reservoir as the key criteria. However, according to the site investigation by engineer, no additional level is required for this embankment though some clearing and grubbing, and tree removal works is expected to be incorporated in this embankment upgrading works.

c. Spillway

56. The spillway acts as a regulator for the reservoir water level. After storage requirements have been met, any surplus water will be passed over the spillway and voided into the drainage network. The spillway plays a key role in maintaining the reservoir in good condition, avoiding embankment damage from flooding causing by runoff from its upstream catchment area. As mentioned above, this catchment will be further determined by the hydrologist during the implementation stage. The spillway, as proposed by the engineer at this stage, consists of a concrete labyrinth weir, a drop structure and a stilling basin. A crossing bridge will also be provided over the spillway to provide access to the community. The labyrinth spillway provides an extended length for flood evacuation with a shortened structure width, thus reducing construction costs.

57. The discharge capacity of the spillway shall be such that it is able to pass the 1 in 100 years flood from the upstream catchment. The labyrinth weir discharge capacity can be determined by using the weir formula below:

17

5.12

3

2td HgLCQ =

Where Q = discharge (m3/s)

Cd = dimensionless weir coefficient

L = weir crest length (m)

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

Ht = design head above spillway crest including approach velocity head (m)

58. For a linear weir without side contractions and with normal approach flow, the effective length L is the actual measured length of the weir. The crest coefficient Cd is depending on Ht/P, the wall thickness t, crest configuration and nape aeration. This has been used forFigure 5where Cd can be determined directly from Ht/P. Figure 5 applies for a linear weir with t/P = 1/6 and the crest on the upstream corner at a radius of P/12.

Figure 5: Crest coefficient of the liner weir.

d. Head regulator

59. The head regulators comprise of culvert structures in the embankment dam with a rising spindle gate on the reservoir end to regulate flow and a small stilling basin on the canal end to dissipate energy and help prevent erosion. The gate gear is mounted on structural steel frames supported on the reinforced concrete walls. The gear can be accessed and operated from the embankment crest road therefore there is no need for a special operating platform. Cutoffs and revetments at the upstream and downstream end of the structures provides protection against seepage erosion.

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60. There will be two head regulators according to the proposed system layout. Head regulator no.1 will discharge water to main canal no.1 which covers a command area of about 40 hectares, on the right hand side of the drainage canal. Head regulator no.2 will discharge water into main canal no.3 covering a command area of 60 ha on the right hand side. However, the discharge capacity of these two structures will be determined using the same formula as following:

61. The discharge capacity of the head regulators structure is calculated using the following equation:

( )2/3

2

2/3

123

2HHwgcQ −=

Where Q = discharge in m³/s

c = coefficient

g = accelerate gravity 9.81 m/s²

w = gate width in m

H1 = total head between Full Supply Level (FSL) and Sill level (SL)

H2 = total head between FSL and gate level

62. Opening (raising) the gate allows water to flow from the reservoir into the canal downstream. Depending on the head difference between the upstream and downstream water levels, and for small gate openings, a hydraulic jump may form in which the supercritical flow of the jet emerging under the gates will be converted to the sub-critical flow of the downstream canal.

63. The worst case was assumed for design which is when the canal downstream from the regulator is empty at the time of opening the gates. The conjugate depth of the hydraulic jump is calculated using:

−+= 181

2

1 2

1

1

2 Fry

y

gy

vFr =

Where y1 = gate opening, equal to flow depth of emerging water yet (m)

y2 = flow depth at downstream end of hydraulic jump (m)

Fr = dimensionless Froude Number

v = Velocity (m/s)

19

Table 4: Conjugate depths and Froude Numbers for flows under head regulator gates

Gate Opening y1 (m)

Discharge Q (m3/s)

Velocity v1 (m/s)

Froude Number Fr1 (-)

Conjugate Depth y2 (m)

0 0.00 0 0.00 0.00

0.25 0.70 3.50 2.23 0.67

0.50 1.34 3.34 1.51 0.85

0.75 1.90 3.17 1.17 0.92

1.00 2.39 2.99 0.96 0.94

1.25 2.79 2.79 0.80 0.92

1.50 3.06 2.55 0.66 0.85

Source: Norwest Irrigation Project, Hydraulic Report.

5. Upgrading the distribution system

64. As proposed in the preliminary design layout in the previous section, two hierarchies (main canals and secondary canals) of irrigation canal networks are proposed to provide water access to the entire potential command area of 100 hectares. Both the main and secondary canals will be U-shape concrete canals. This design option provides several key benefits which comply well with the project criteria:

(i) Less land take: the overall cross section of concrete canals is small, and much smaller than the existing earth canals. A small design section will avoid farmers big land encroachment and losses which happens in many irrigation system in Cambodia, i.e. the big earth canals are constructed. If the land loss is small, as is the case of concrete canals shown in the previous section and by knowing that upgrading of the system will give the good benefits, farmers are potentially willing to contribute the small portion of their affected lands for the construction of the canals.

(ii) Irrigation efficiency: Trapaing Run reservoir is small which leads to very limited storage capacity. The preliminary estimated reservoir capacity is about 500,000 m3. Concrete canals will reduce a significant amount of water loss compared to the earthen canal system. There will nearly be no water lost through infiltration into the water table. In addition, as the sections of canals are small, the evaporation from the canal will also be reduced significantly, and the water will flow faster through the concrete due to its smooth wall surface.

(iii) Climate resilient: Comparing with earth canal, canals with concrete lining are more resistant and resilient with the effect of climate change, especially floods which usually cause severe scour and erosion on the canal itself and its embankment. In addition, concrete is much more resistant to other external damage agents such as cattle that can destroy canal slopes and crops.

6. Main canals

65. Two main canal alignments are proposed for upgrading the distribution networks for Trapaing Run Irrigation Subproject, see Figure 4.

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66. Measuring 1 km each, the two main canals connect to the head regulators at the upstream side, and run straight, in parallel, towards the downstream side of the command area.

Figure 6. Photo captured during site investigation by engineer. This photo shows the current situation of the existing main canal alignment and the available lands (right off way) for the upgrading.

Source : PPTA Team

67. The two main canals will lay on the existing alignment where it exists in the first section (the first part of about 250m) and then continue the rice field boundaries. By taking all key design criteria mentioned in the conceptual design section, the main canal will be lined with reinforced concrete. The hydraulic capacity of the main canal will be determined using Manning formula as following:

n

iARQ

32

=

Where Q = discharge (m3/s)

A = flow area (m2)

R = hydraulic mean radius (m) = A/P

P = wetted perimeter (m)

i = hydraulic gradient

n = Manning’s roughness coefficient

68. Values chosen for Manning’s roughness coefficient are given in Table 5.

Table 5: Typical Values of Manning's n

Surface Manning’s ‘n’

Earth secondary canals 0.023

Earth tertiary and quaternary canals 0.035

Existing main canal alignments, overall width of 3m approx

21

Smooth precast concrete segments 0.014

Concrete (and plastered masonry) 0.015

Cast in-situ concrete 0.016

Masonry 0.019

Gabions 0.025

69. Table 6 below present the preliminary design of the hydraulic section and discharge capacity of the two main canals for the Trapaing Run irrigation subproject.

Table 6: Preliminary design of the hydraulic section and discharge capacity of the main canals

Bed width Depth Side Slope

Bed slope

Velocity Design

Discharge Required Discharge

Discharge

b, [m] d, [m] m i V, [m/s] Q, [m3/s] Q, [m3/s] Check

0.6 0.60 0.00 0.0005 0.55 0.197 0.080 OK

70. Figure 6 shows the typical cross section for the main canal of the Trapaing Run irrigation subproject.

Figure 6: Sample design drawing proposed for main canal of Trapaing Run irrigation subproject.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Leve

l, m

Distance, m

Typical Design Cross Section of Main Canals

22

7. Secondary Canals

71. The secondary canals receive water from the main canal through gated offtakes, and then deliver directly to the fields. Six secondary canals are proposed to offtake from main canal no.2. The length of each secondary canal is about 260m, so the total length for the entire six secondary canals will be about 1.56 km. The same design of the main canals will be applied for the secondary canals. However, the section of the secondary canals will be of smaller dimensions in comparison to the two main canals while each secondary canal covers just a portion of main canal’s command area.

72. The result of the preliminary design of the hydraulic section and discharge capacity of the secondary canals are presented in Table 7 below.

Table 7: Preliminary design of the secondary canal discharge

Bed width

Depth Side

Slope Bed

slope Velocity

Design Discharge

Required Discharge

Discharge


0.45 0.40 0.00 0.0005 0.44 0.079 0.027 OK

23

Figure 7: Typical Design Cross Section of proposed secondary canals

8. Main drain

73. The existing canal no.2 will be rehabilitated for drainage purposes. It connects from the proposed spillway and it will drain the surplus water from the reservoir, pouring onto the spillway. This drainage canal will remain an earth canal. The preliminary design section of this main drain canal is proposed and detailed in Table 9 below. However, this design will need to be reviewed against the hydrological design results of the runoff into the reservoir and flood release from the reservoir through the spillway.

Table 9:Main drain canal proposed hydraulic section

Item Measurement

Bed width b = 2m

Top width B = 7.5m

Side Slope m = 2

Approximate overall width (including small embankment on both side)

W = 10m

74. The drain will be designed using tractive force to ensure the channel remains non-erosive. The overall design width will stay within the existing available land (right of way) within the whole command area of 100m, a number of the drainage structures like drop structures, siphons, overpass, and escape structures will be provided during the detailed design process.

9. Additional minor structures

a. Crossing

75. Some crossing structures are expected to be equipped within the system to provide better community access into and from the command area. These crossings will be a very simple structure. A concrete slab will be placed on top of the concrete canals, and approach backfills will

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Leve

l, m

Distance, m

Typical Cross Section of Secondary Canals

24

be placed on both side of the canals to provide ease of access to local traffic. The exact size of these structures will be determined during the detailed design phase with a series of consultations with the local community.

76. Figure 8 below presents a sample of a crossing structure used with concrete canal which is proposed to be used in Trapaing Run Irrigation subproject.

Figure 8: Sample of crossing structure proposed to be equipped with Trapaing Run irrigation subproject

Source: Chamlong Chrey Irrigation System, Funded by CAVAC 2014

77. An additional cost will be added to the canal’s unit cost (cost per meter) to cover this additional works for the crossing structures.

10. Drainage siphon

78. A drainage siphon will be constructed to avoid water logging in the command area, especially water logging between one to another concrete canal when there is heavy rainfall or to drain the surplus water from the field into the main drain. The location and dimension of these drainage siphons will be determined during the detailed design phases. A close consultation with local community will need to be undertaken to understand the real conditions on the ground.

Figure 9 below shows a sample of a drainage siphon which is proposed to be equipped on the concrete canals of the Trapaing Run irrigation subproject.

25

Figure 9: Sample drainage siphon proposed to be equipped on concrete canals of Trapaing Run irrigation subproject.

Source: Reservoir 77 Irrigation system, Kampot Province, funded by CAVAC 2014. The drainage siphon in this picture is a concrete structure, and it is an ongoing construction. Some works still need to be done like stone masonry to protect erosion at both upstream and downstream of the structure.

79. As with the crossing structures, another additional cost will be added up to the unit rate of the concrete canal at this stage. An exact cost will be determined during the detailed design stage.

11. Associated Investments

80. Associated initiatives will include an activity dedicated to capacity building; this will include training in climate smart agriculture (CSA). There will be a CSA training and capacity building program to help agriculture undergo significant transformation to meet the climate change challenges. CSA includes (i) soil and nutrient management which includes increasing the use of organic fertilizers; (ii) improved water harvesting and retention; (iii) understanding the changing distribution and pest control management; (iv) encouraging resilient ecosystems which includes variety climatic adaptation; and (v) improving efficiencies in post harvest management practices to reduce losses.

81. The capacity building work will also include the establishment of FWUCs and their successful transformation into a sustainable irrigation and water management group. The training for FWUCs will need to understand the challenges and address them and the training will involve the following criteria:

(i) The challenge is to make FWUC sufficiently strong that they are not at all reticent in using their authority, and that they have full member support.

(ii) Ensure full representation and participation by the water user community and potential FWUC membership at design stage and ensure FWUC acceptance of the final design. Where there is no FWUC and new systems are being designed, establish a community construction sub-committee (CSC) as a precursor to the FWUC. The CSC has men and women nominated by the farmer community to act as liaison between engineers and community. They discuss draft designs with engineers and then discuss with members and carry feedback back to the engineers for inclusion. Variations to the final design must be passed by the FWUC.

(iii) Identify all stakeholders and build mechanisms to ensure they participate and are included as members. The service boundaries of the scheme must be properly identified.

Drainage siphon

26

(iv) FWUCs must be established and be comprised of water users from the same basic irrigation unit (block) as this will enhance crop and irrigation service planning as well as O&M. FWUC membership is compulsory for farmers who use land within the hydraulic boundaries, it cannot be made optional under any circumstances.

(v) Provide clear and real government support for the emerging FWUCs, technical and financial, tangible and transparent, accessible and timely.

(vi) Explain FWUC office bearers and functionaries duties and responsibilities clearly and in detail so that all FWUC members understand the work and commitment involved and the reason as to why these functionaries should receive a stipend.

(vii) At the beginning of each season, FWUC committees must provide an explanation of the ISF that is being charged and what the seasonal budget is for. At the end of the season, the FWUC committee should hold a meeting to present a Statement of Expenditure to a general meeting of all members. The FWUC committee must prepare and provide members with a transparent seasonal account of how they have expended any service fees collected or any O&M funds received from the state.

(viii) Villagers will not be for attending FWUC establishment and or design planning meetings as this is part of their cost contribution.

(ix) Active input and direction is needed from PDWRAMs to assist and enhance water management through improving coordination between FWUCs using the same water source.

(x) Flexibility is needed in implementing the Prakas 306 and Circular One PIMD 10 steps for setting up FWUCs – the prescribed steps should be considered as indicative.

(xi) Strong local leadership is needed to get FWUC started, but at the same time, the Commune Council leader must not be assigned the FWUC leadership as this encourages politicization.

(xii) An initial start up fund is required during the first year’s operation.

(xiii) MOWRAM and PDWRAM technical and financial support must be available as needed and on a timely basis.

(xiv) Provide clear and exhaustive explanation and details of the terms of IMT – what are the benefits and costs.

82. If the FWUC becomes successful, the farmers and management can avail of the capacity building work related to the agribusiness training activities or even the formation of a cooperative which would then use the resources of the GDA Department of Cooperative Development relating to the Law on Agricultural Cooperatives, and training in cooperative management (bookkeeping, accounts and business plans etc.) See Annex 4.

B. Location and Site

83. Trapaing Run Reservoir is located in Trapaing Run village, Tani commune and Angkor Chey District. Trapaing Run irrigation system was built during the Pol Pot regime from 1975 to

27

1978; Trapaing Run Reservoir is about 10 km from the national road No.3 and 17 km from the provincial town of Kampot.

1. Socio-economic Conditions

84. Out migration of adults has led to labor shortages in the target area particularly for paddy production. The community is characterized by substantial numbers of older women who are taking care of their grandchildren, and receiving remittances from their adult children working in urban areas. Remittances are frequently inadequate for covering household expenditures, and so grandmothers are also seeking work as day laborers.

85. Women and men differ in their roles and in their economic, educational, and health status. Women are exclusively responsible for managing household budgets and taking responsibility for identifying local sources of credit for the household. Men are generally responsible for heavy physical labor and care of large livestock. Outside the household, local rice collectors / intermediaries and rice mill owners are frequently women. The health status of rural women is likely to be poorer than men’s and their workload is traditionally greater. There is joint access and control to productive resources such as land between husband and wife. The land title or social land concession that the household possesses is in both husband and wife’s names and joint agreement is necessary before land can be sold. There is joint access to and control over capital. For accessing a loan, both signatures are required on the bank loan agreement.

86. The access to information, knowledge and education is still limited for both men and women. Women are less likely to be functionally literate. Invitations to commune level extension training activities are currently made only to the head of household, who is the husband.

87. There is equal access of men and women to markets. Both husband and wife jointly agree when, where and to whom to sell the paddy crop, but it is the wife who contacts the local (usually female) rice collector. There is a low level of knowledge of market information among households and the price for paddy is set by the local rice collector.

2. Identification Process

88. The subproject identification is based on the following selection criteria:

(i) There is political and community commitment to the investment for the subproject

identified;

(ii) With the modernization and rehabilitation of the proposed site, there is sufficient justification that the system will be more climate resilient. The command area of each subproject should be sufficient to demonstrate effective climate change mitigation and viable economic returns;

(iii) The site has low irrigation efficiency and low water productivity, and scope for improvement, with sufficient water resources;

(iv) It is an existing system and is small scale; (v) There is a FWUC in existence or the potential to establish a FWUC is evident

a. An initial internal rate of return (IRR) estimation shows that there is economic viability for supporting the irrigation system.

b. The subproject should involve rehabilitation of both primary canals and distribution canal networks (secondary and tertiary irrigation canals) to ensure that water reaches the farms with minimum water loss.

28

(vi) The subproject should not be covered by other ongoing or proposed development projects financed by ADB or donor partners;

(vii) The subproject should not cause involuntary resettlement and should require as less land acquisition as possible; and

(viii) There is potential for cluster (cooperative) development and beneficiaries to include vulnerable communities, poor and women farmers.

C. Land Acquisition and Resettlement

89. As already reported, the main impact on land will be through the construction of raised concrete canals with a width or around 0.75m. This will require narrow strips of land from households along the proposed alignments. Meetings with the community and land measurement based upon the preliminary design indicates that approximately 0.2 ha will be needed, with a total value of around $500. There are some 69 households along the proposed new canal alignments and after participatory detailed measurement it was confirmed that only 11 HHs would need to contribute land. These affected households (AHH) would donate areas ranging from 5 to 45 M2 (AHH). In all 11 cases the land acquired from each AHH does not exceed 1% of the plot size. During community consultations, it was confirmed that the AHH would donate the small amount needed in view of community demand and the direct benefit received by each AHH.

90. The raised concrete canals will have farm outlets for each of these 11 households, which will guarantee them priority and direct water supply, and remove the need for pumping water to their fields. This improved water distribution will reduce cost of production and result in better yields through a more reliable supply of water. There is no involuntary land acquisition, resettlement, physical or economic displacement, and due to the AHHs willingness to donate limited small areas, the subproject land acquisition is deemed insignificant and the subproject classified as category C for safeguard area 2.

91. Throughout the PPTA a series of meetings took place to discuss the subproject and its implications for the farmers, households, village, commune and district leaders and staff. The main meeting to present the irrigation design took place on 21 June 2016.The morning and afternoon attendance lists are in Annex 6. Furthermore, the households/farmers that would have to donate land were met individually by the national social safeguards specialist and the lists are also shown in Annex 6.

D. Indigenous People

92. The beneficiary community is ethnic Khmer and there are no members of ethnic minority or indigenous groups impacted by the subproject. According to the ADB's SPS (2009), the subproject is rated as Category C for indigenous people and as such no further action is required under Safeguard 3.

E. Environment

1. Environmental Criteria and Standards

93. Screening Criteria and Categorization: At an early stage of the project, ADB screens and categorizes proposed projects based on the significance of potential project impacts and risks. Screening and categorization is undertaken to (i) reflect the significance of potential impacts or risks that a project might present; (ii) identify the level of assessment and institutional resources required for the safeguard measures; and (iii) determine disclosure requirements. A project's category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive output, including

29

direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts in the project's area of influence. The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project; the sensitivity, scale, nature, and magnitude of its potential impacts; and the availability of cost effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts, and are assigned to one of the following four categories:

(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA is required to address significant impacts;

(ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An initial environmental examination (IEE) is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an environmental impact assessment (EIA) are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report;

(iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed; and

(iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all projects will result in insignificant impacts.

94. Standards: Subprojects are obliged to conform to environmental standards of both the ADB and the governments. Based on the ADB's Rapid Environment Assessment Checklist, the project is classified as Category B, requiring the preparation of this IEE report.

95. Concerning the legal framework, the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management, the subproject should be compliant with the law which was enacted by the National Assembly and launched by the Preah Reach Kram/NS-RKM-1296/36 on 24 December 1996. This law has the following objectives:

(i) To protect and promote environment quality and public health through prevention, reduction and control of pollution;

(ii) To assess the environmental impacts of all proposed projects prior to the issuance of a decision by the government;

(iii) To ensure the rational and sustainable conservation, development, management and use of the natural resources of the Kingdom of Cambodia;

(iv) To encourage and provide possibilities for the public to participate in the protection of environment and the management of the natural resources; and

(v) To suppress any acts that cause harm to the environment

96. In addition, there are agricultural standards that have control criteria that relate to site selection and environment safeguards, which include full record keeping and traceability requirements. The two standards that the project will promote are the (i) Sustainable Rice Platform, and (ii) Cambodian Good Agricultural Practice. CSA practices and procedures also have environmental safeguards, primarily the rational use of agricultural inputs and agronomical practices to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:

97. At the national level, there are additional relevant regulation and evaluation standards supported by a range of legal instruments, as follows (See Annex 7 for full details):

(i) Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers; (ii) Law on Water Resources Management;

30

(iii) Water Pollution Control Sub-decree; (iv) Solid Waste Management Sub-decree; (v) Air Pollution Control Sub-decree; (vi) Silt/Sediment Quality (from Japan and PRC standards); (vii) National Integrated Pest Management Program and the; and (viii) Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines.

2. Management Solutions for Environmental Protection

98. Two significant environmental enhancement measures have been identified. The storage of water during the dry season would benefit (i) the local villagers around the reservoir and canals as a source of domestic water supply and irrigation; and (ii) water in a semi natural environment for indigenous wildlife. Through the enhancement of agricultural activities and local incomes, in migrant employment will benefit local communities with job creation and employment opportunities.

99. The enhanced water control and management as a result of the improved irrigation scheme will enable the communities to manage floods and drought. Training on irrigated agriculture practices will improve farmers' knowledge on soils and appropriate responses, field improvement and preparation for irrigation, field water management, and the maintenance of irrigation systems, which strengthens the adaptive capacity of farmers to climatic variability.

100. During the project design, anticipated environmental impacts include:

101. Structure: Three environmental issues are expected to result from the rehabilitation of the reservoir and irrigation structure (i) the need to maintain flows downstream; (ii) the existing irrigation system will be rehabilitated; and (iii) the quality of the design with its climate resilient facets. This design will allow water to be diverted to the main reservoir and main canal during the flood periods and still provide sufficient water for downstream use. The design will still allow domestic animals and the local population to pass through the canal system and upstream and downstream.

102. Trapaing Run subproject site: there are no significant environmental concerns with its location mainly because the project will rehabilitate a distribution and drainage system which is already in existence in Pol Pot Regime from 1975 - 1978.

103. Local ecological features: The Trapaing Run location is located outside of the protected areas. The surrounding land use is paddy fields, grasslands and shrub. Thus, the potential impact on local ecological features is not envisaged. A number of environmental management measures will be implemented in the pre-construction phase to ensure that appropriate design, plans and documentation to determine environmental performance of construction and operation of subprojects are in place. These include:

(i) Mitigation measures defined in the Trapaing Run environmental management plan (EMP) will be updated and incorporated into the detailed design to minimize adverse environmental impacts. This will be the responsibility of the PMU and the relevant PICs;

(ii) Final designs of embankments, siting of control structures and canal alignments will be completed after considering the provisions of the EMP;

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(iii) Engineering design will consider avoiding impacts on environment and social impacts and consider long term use and sustainability, particularly the impacts of climate change;

(iv) Environmental clauses will need to be included in the construction contract documents, including an EMP and monitoring plan in the Terms of Reference;

(v) Establishment of the Grievance Redress Mechanism during the subproject design which will be updated during project activities to meet the actual situation in real time and will follow ADB and the government guidelines; and

(vi) Effective capacity building on implementation and supervision of the EMP and environmental monitoring plan. The project officers and local MOE officers will be involved in the training. This will be the responsibility of the PMU safeguards officer through the PMU.

104. Impacts and mitigation measures during the construction phase: The EMP will be implemented by a contractor to avoid or minimize negative impacts following the IEE documents. To ensure that construction contractors are able to implement the mitigation measures effectively, the PMUs will put in place the following arrangements: (i) environmental specifications will be included in the bidding documents to contractors; (ii) an appropriate environment section describing standards and responsibilities will be included in the terms of reference for bidders; and (iii) clauses referencing the EMP mitigation provisions and monitoring plans will be written into the construction contracts. Following the award of construction contracts, the successful contractor will prepare a Site Environmental Management and Supervision Manual, including an emergency preparedness and response plan for construction emergencies and site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the PMUs. The contractor will prepare quarterly reports on environmental management to PMUs. The PMU's safeguards officer, along with PDWRAM will be active in site supervision, management and appraisal, particularly during construction, to identify problems and solve them in a timely manner.

105. Protected areas: No protected areas exist in the subproject location. The subproject area has been intensively farmed and irrigated for generations. No significant natural terrestrial or aquatic habitats exist and natural biodiversity comprises of only common wildlife living among humans in agricultural regions, domesticated animals and feral pests and rodents. There is no evidence of protected or endangered species and there will be no significant loss of native flora and fauna as a result of the project.

106. Cultural heritage: During construction, the contractor will ensure that any local cultural sites (including shrines, graves, and other believe) will be kept clear of construction material and protected from other disturbance. Access to these sites will not be impeded, and after construction is finished any disturbed surroundings will be restored to pre-construction standards. If there is any issue, it must be reported to the PMU through the PDWRAM immediately.

107. Construction camps: The construction contractors will establish offices and work camps at the site works which will generate wastewater and solid waste which can cause environmental pollution and unsanitary conditions. Proper disposal of these wastes will be essential. It will be the responsibility of the construction contractors to provide toilets with pump out and disposal facilities and sufficient waste bins at strategic locations to ensure that they are (i) protected from birds and vermin, (ii) emptied regularly (using the nearest landfill or site which is approved by the authority), and (iii) ensure there is no waste overflow. The contractors will clean the camps area after completion of works.

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108. Hazardous and polluting materials: Construction material handling and disposal guidelines and directions that include spill responses will be prepared and implemented as part of the Site Environmental Management and Supervision Manual. The following measures will be taken to prevent pollution of soil and surface water/groundwater: (i) storage facilities for fuels, oil, cement, and chemicals will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and clean up installations; (ii) vehicles and equipment will be properly stored in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; (iii) vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and refueling will be carried out in such a way that spilled materials do not seep into the soil; (iv) oil traps will be provided for service areas and parking areas; and (v) fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 50 m from canals and channels and will be protected by temporary drainage bunds to contain spills.

109. Air pollution: During construction, heavy and light machinery will be used that will generate gases including CO2, NOx, etc. This will be minimized by good equipment checking and maintenance to meet a high standard to ensure efficient fuel burning and quality. Vehicle emissions will comply relevant Cambodian emission standards.

110. Dust: An adverse environmental impact could occur during the construction phase in case of improper construction management but is not likely significant. Water shall be sprayed during construction if the construction zone will be located close 50 m to urban areas such as village, hospital, school and so on to ensure that dust is minimized throughout the construction zone.

111. Soil Erosion: Soil erosion will occur during earthwork and clearing along the bank or existing irrigation system. This will cause deterioration in water quality and impact on some aquatic resources. Hence, good construction practices shall help to mitigate soil erosion and siltation. Additionally, replanting of vegetation (post construction) will also help to mitigate erosion.

112. Noise: Noise can be expected during construction due to construction machinery operation and transport activities. Construction activities will involve haulage vehicles, bulldozers, excavators, concrete-mixing plants, rollers, and other heavy machinery. Noise intensity from these large machines operating is typically in the range of 80-90 decibels at the site (5m from operating machinery). The transport of material, aggregate, concrete and waste material to and from sites will also cause noise impacts along the haulage routes. Activities with intensive noise levels will not only have an impact on the residents, but may also cause injury to construction workers operating the equipment.

113. Environmental impact and mitigation measures during operation: Inadequate O&M: Poor and inadequate O&M of the improved irrigation systems could cause unintended adverse environmental impacts. Establishment and operation of FWUC is part of the project design and support mechanism. The FWUC needs to be established and provided capacity on technical aspects including maintenance, management best practices and conflict resolution. A FWUC is the governing board, normally comprising chairman, deputy chairman, secretary and treasurer. The FWUC will eventually have the responsibility of undertaking or ensuring the key activities - operation and maintenance and collecting irrigation service fee. The project/PMU will support PDWRAM and FWUCs through a technical assistance program to strengthen overall water management capacity.

114. Water pollution and chemical fertilizer use: The benefits resulting from the project's irrigation and drainage facilities will accrue to the beneficiaries through both intensification and expansion of agriculture in the command area. With an increase in agriculture comes a potential increase in the use of agricultural chemicals. The primary objective of the project is to provide supplementary wet season irrigation and dry season irrigation. With the additional irrigation area

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during dry season, there will be increased agrochemical and fertilizer use. This will be addressed with training the farmers in CSA and integrated pest management. Any agrochemicals products used must be registered and meet the government’s quality and use regulation.

115. Worker health and safety of both workers and residents may be threatened by construction activities. Numerous workers will gather within the construction site, with potentially relatively low living conditions such as unclean water, poor food, and increased risk of diseases infection and transmission. Surrounding residents may also be affected by noise and dust. Workers will confront construction safety risks as well. In addition, some workers will include non skilled workers, operators and drivers as well as surveyors and construction supervisors.

116. The measures to protect the community will include (i) planning construction activities (including demolition work) to minimize disturbances to residents, utilities and services. Temporary land occupation will be planned well ahead of construction to minimize its impact. Land will be reinstated to its original condition after construction; and (ii) implementing safety measures around the construction sites to protect the public, including warning signs to alert the public to potential safety hazards, and barriers to prevent public access to construction sites and unsafe areas

117. Measures to ensure occupational health and safety will include (i) contractors shall be required by the PMU to ensure that their workers and other staff engaged in the proposed construction are in a safe environment; (ii) following the award of construction contracts, the contractors will prepare site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the PMU; and (iii) contractors shall ensure that: (a) all reasonable steps are taken to protect any person on the site from health and safety risks; (b) the construction site is a safe workplace; (c) machinery and equipment are safe and in good working order; (d) adequate training and instruction for occupational health and safety is provided; (e) adequate supervision of safe work systems is implemented; (f) means of access to and egress from the site are without risks to an individual's health and safety, (g) protected equipment such as gloves, face mask etc. are provided by contractors to ensure that all workers are in safety.

118. If any unanticipated impacts during construction and operation become apparent during project implementation, the PMU will (i) inform and seek ADB's advice; (ii) assess the significance of such unanticipated impacts; (iii) evaluate the options available to address them; and (iv) prepare or update the EIA including EMP. ADB will assist the PMU mobilize the resources required to mitigate any adverse unanticipated impacts or damage.

IV. TOTAL INVESTMENT, FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS AND FINANCING PLAN

A. Total Investment Cost

119. The engineering cost estimate of the earthworks and concrete and steel structures are estimated using data from other donor or development bank projects in Cambodia, and also based on the current market price of the construction material and labor cost. Annex 5 provides details of the investment cost estimates of the system by structures. The total estimated cost for the subproject is $924,014.

120. ADB and the Green Climate Fund will finance 100% of the subproject costs including taxes and duties.

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1. Estimation Methods

121. The cost estimate for the Trapaing Run irrigation subproject is based on prices obtained from several irrigation and water management projects which were funded by the CAVAC program of the same design concept, the same nature of works and the same construction method, and that project are located in the same province with an additional increase of 5% assumed inflation.2

122. All the estimated cost for the subproject included construction materials, labor, value added tax, and benefit margin for the contractor. It is the unit rate of the all associate work to complete the items.

V. IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATING ARRANGEMENTS

A. Execution and Implementation Agencies

123. The PDWRAM of Takeo province will be the key implementation agency for this pilot subproject. The PDWRAM will be supported by MOWRAM’s General Department of Technical Affairs in PMU who will act as resource and technical support. PDWRAM will work closely with the contractors who will have the responsibility of construction and therefore the completion of the contract.

B. Detailed Design Phase

124. The detailed engineering design shall be started as soon as possible, after the PIC team is recruited. The design team shall consist of different specializations which covers all related sectors that have in depth experience of irrigation, hydrology and hydraulics. A hydrologist is required to provide a detailed study on the hydrological characteristics of the project area, calculate the rainfall and runoff intensity, inflow and outflow of the reservoir (reservoir water balance), calculate the peak flood to be released by the spillway etc. A hydraulic specialist will be recruited to determine the hydraulic characteristic of all associated structures including the opening width of the spillway, opening section of the head regulators, section of canals and drain. All the details will need to be incorporated with irrigation design information in order to get an optimal design option base on engineering point of view.

125. The topographical ground survey was conducted during the subproject study stage. A number of site visits and investigations were conducted by both engineers and social and environmental specialist to gain as much as possible the knowledge related to the local context related to water management, crop production, farming practices, ownership etc.

126. The result of the detailed design, based on the engineering design concept at the study stage, will determine the final cost of each infrastructure, and then the final estimate cost for the subproject to be carried forward to the bidding process.

2 CAVAC: Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain Program, funded by Australian Government through its Department of

Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). The implementation of this program was between 2010 and 2015. Kampot is one of the three CAVAC target provinces (Kampong Thom, Kampot and Takeo).

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1. Bidding process

127. A standard bidding document format of ADB will be used for tendering for the subproject. Engineering documents to be incorporated in the bidding documents include:

a. detailed construction technical drawings; b. detailed bill of quantity; and c. construction technical specifications.

128. The bidding should be done right after the completion of the detailed design to save time. The bidding process including the contract award should be done during the wet season or before the beginning of dry season, as the construction activities should ideally happen in the dry months of the year, which is usual from January to June.

129. The tenders shall be locally invited as the overall project cost is less than a million US dollars. All the construction administration will clearly be mentioned in the tendering documents.

2. Construction Phase

130. It is always ideal to let the construction happens during the dry months of the year. During the wet season, there will be difficulties in both mobilization of the heavy equipment and construction materials as the local access roads in the community, especially the ones that connect to the site, are weak. Continuous rainfall and surface runoff both from the upstream catchment and within the command area will cause a lot of interruption to the construction works on the site. All these difficulties potentially affect the quality of the construction. Therefore, the construction work is strongly recommended to be performed during the dry season, from January to June only.

3. Operational Phase

131. Upon completion of the construction of the subproject, the system will be handed over to FWUC, which will be established in parallel with the construction works.

This FWUC will receive a series of trainings to build up capacity on how to run the system by themselves in a long run. The key training lessons which will be provided to the community, shall cover but not be limited to operation, maintenance, financial management and conflict resolution.

132. Operation: FWUC will play a strong role in providing water on time with a right amount to a group of farmers in one or two irrigation blocks who request for water. Water distribution shall be done on a fair basis among the farmers in the command area. In case there is a shortage of water in the reservoir or a limitation of storage capacity of the reservoir, the FWUC shall inform or advise to all the farmers to select any crops, or limit the size of field to growing the crops which will not require irrigation water more than what is available in the reservoir. Overgrowing can cause crops damage, reduction in yield which leads to losing investment capital.

133. Maintenance: There are three type of maintenance FWUC shall perform in order to keep the infrastructures as well as the whole system function and can provide service to farmers in a long run.

(i) Routine maintenance: It is a day to day activity that both FWUC management members and farmers who benefits the system can do as their routine activities like cleaning the siltation from the canal, removing the vegetation which grow over

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canals, removing the debris from the water gate etc. The routine maintenance usually does not require a cost or budget involvement.

(ii) Seasonal or periodic maintenance: This maintenance work is done either between one cropping season and another season or once every year. This maintenance includes the removal of a bigger size of siltation in both irrigation and drainage canal, clearing vegetation along the canals and on the reservoir embankment, greasing the water gates, and painting steel structures etc. FWUC needs to allocate some funds for this periodic maintenance.

(iii) Emergency maintenance: it is a repair work which need to be done in an emergency condition in order avoid the dysfunction of the system. The damage may be caused by natural disaster like flood, storm or cyclone etc. The damage must be fixed in an emergency situation to avoid a dysfunction of part of the system or the whole system. Some damage can be fixed by the FWUC, but extensive damage requires intervention from PDWRAM or MOWRAM.

134. Financial Management: Financial management for FWUC includes already related activities of FWUC which is irrigation service fee collection from FWUC members (farmers who benefit from the subproject), financial recording, budget planning for operation and maintenance etc. FWUC management member should be well trained on financial management. After that FWUC, with some support from provincial department (PDWRAM and/or PDA) will be able to manage the fee collected from the farmers in an accountable manner.

135. Conflict resolution: More or less there is always conflict on water use in nearly every system in Cambodia, between farmers at the upstream and ones located downstream. The conflicts usually happen when there is water shortage or a high demand for irrigation, when irrigation is not on time or the quantity required is insufficient. Some conflicts happen between farmers and in such cases, FWUC management member will play a role to resolve the conflicts. In some case conflicts that happen between farmers and FWUC, local authorities like commune councils, commune police will need to step in. The training will provide FWUC management the capacity to know what are the potential conflicts which can happen in their community and their authority in managing the conflicts. They will also be trained on how to involve the local community in the conflicts resolution.

C. Subproject Implementation Management

136. The Trapaing Run irrigation system subproject investment is primary to modernize and rehabilitate the water management system, incorporate climate resilient infrastructure and show the benefits through cropping flexibility and improved farm incomes. The management and operation of site will be initially the responsibility of PDWRAM and subsequently, the FWUC which will take over operation. The contractors will work with the provincial agency, the CS5: Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering Design consultant engaged to review and revise if required, the detailed engineering design, bid document preparation and the CS1: project implementation consultants (PIC) supervision of construction.

137. Following handover of the site, PDWRAM and the national FWUC training specialist, under CS2: Technical Services Consulting Firm, will take the lead role in demonstrating the operation and management of the scheme The specialist will develop a FWUC training program to establish and manage the FWUC at that location. PDWRAM will implement the training courses.

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138. The subproject implementation is presented in the project administration manual. The following outlines the responsibilities of the provincial agencies and departments involved in subproject implementation. All activities will be monitored and progress reports submitted to the PMU with technical line agencies having the responsibility to ensure the technical aspects of the subproject are addressed adequately

1. Subproject Organization and Implementation

139. The PMU is ultimately responsible for deciding to proceed with the investment in the location proposed by the PPTA consultants. Concerning reporting, the PMU will receive implementation progress reports and edit for onward submission to ADB to determine that the subproject investment is consistent with provincial development plans. The PMU will (i) approve annual work plans and budgets to implement the drip irrigation demonstration subprojects; (ii) the recruitment of a civil/irrigation engineering company to rehabilitate the irrigation system; (iii) approve detailed engineering designs for subprojects based on recommendations from the technical line agency and PIC, but more importantly the supplier; (iv) monitor and request release of payments; and (v) provide guidance to relevant provincial departments in the implementation of the subprojects in the province

2. Role of the PDWRAM

140. The PDWRAM under management of the PMU will:

(i) assist the consulting engineer by providing necessary information (rainfall data, water basin studies etc.);

(ii) review the detailed engineering designs prepared by the consulting engineer to determine their conformity with MOWRAM standard design;

(iii) review the cost estimates and the bill of quantities to ensure all items are included in the overall subproject cost estimates and that cost norms applied are adequately representative for the completion of works;

(iv) in consultation with MOWRAM, issue technical confirmation that the design is appropriate to the local circumstances of the subproject;

(v) respond to questions issued by the PMU on technical matters in relation to the proposed design;

(vi) assist in the identification and recruitment of suitably qualified contractors to carry out the works program;

(vii) supervise the quality assurance supervision to be performed by the consulting engineer during construction of the subproject;

(viii) prepare fortnightly progress reports on construction progress for submission to MOWRAM and the PMU; and

(ix) assist in the formation of FWUCs and provide necessary training to operate and manage the irrigation system, as well as ensure sufficient funds are available for the operation and maintenance of the system and oversea and major maintenance tasks beyond the capacity of the FWUCs.

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3. Role of PDAFF

141. The following tasks will be completed by PDAFF under the management of the PMU:

(i) assist in the revision of a cropping calendar and cultivation schedule on the basis of the improved water supply and confirm seasonal water requirements based on the existing climate data and hydrological studies;

(ii) in association with training advisers develop a suite of capacity building programs related to onfarm water management, climate smart agriculture and sustainable rice platform as well as skills training in mechanization;

(iii) assist in the identification of beneficiary households under the rehabilitated irrigation system who are interested in aggregating their land plots to be managed as one discrete parcel to be eligible for land leveling and enjoy other benefits from mechanization;

(iv) assist in the extension of land leveling as a tool to improve water use efficiency; and

(v) assist the FWUC to gain access to improved inputs.

4. Role of Contractors

142. A contractor who will be awarded the construction contract by the project owner (MAFF and MOWRAM) must comply with the contract condition and contract administration which will be clearly mentioned in the contract documents. The contractor shall perform the construction activities during the dry season only, from January to June. During this time of the year, when the ground is dry which allows the easy mobilization of heavy equipment into and out of the project site. On the other hand, mobilizing equipment and performing the construction activities during this season does not cause any damage to the farmers crops. There will not be much disruption to the construction caused by heavy rain or flooding from the upstream of the site andthe contractor will be able to assure the quality of the construction works.

143. Before mobilizing the construction equipment to the site, and after receiving a contract from project owners, contractor shall officially inform project owners and the sub national project management member like provincial departments, and especially the local community like commune and villages in which the project site is located. The local authority will be able, to some extent, provide security to the contractor staff and personnel who will be working on site.

144. Under the supervision of the engineers of the PIC and engineer of the PDWRAM, the contractor shall provide the construction service and construction materials to complete the construction works of the whole system of the Trapaing Run subproject. The construction quality will be regularly checked by the engineers. Technical construction specification which is part of the contract documents will be used to ensure the construction quality. The contractor shall make available earth and concrete testing equipment and technicians which will be required by the engineer on site for any testing works. When the construction activities are completed, meaning that all proposed infrastructures in the subject are completely constructed, engineers and the contracts engineer will conduct a joint final inspection on the subproject construction. The contractor will need to correct all the construction works until approved by engineer.

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5. Role of Project Implementation Consultants

145. The project implementation consultants (PIC) will support the preparation of the detailed engineering design as required. A specialist irrigation/rural infrastructure engineer will be part of the PIC and there will be an assessment that adequate provision has been made to accommodate the potential impact from climate change relating to extreme weather events. The PIC will also review bid documentation to ensure that they conform to the requirements of ADB and the government.

146. The PIC will ensure that quality assurance is maintained during construction supervision and will wherever possible, work with the contractor to develop management and operation training materials. Approval for payments under the construction contract must be ratified by the PIC before being authorized for payment through the PMU.

147. The PIC will work with the contractors and PDWRAM to ensure efficient implementation given the limited resources and experience of the PMU staff related to large irrigation infrastructure projects. The PIC, in coordination with the PMU, will ensure inter agency coordination particularly with MOWRAM.

6. Role of Detailed engineering design and supervision consultants

148. The detailed design work will be the first priority for the design engineers of the PIC. This detailed design work should be started right after the mobilization of the Consultant Team. For Trapaing Run irrigation subproject, the ground topographical survey is already done during the feasibility phase. The PIC engineers will have irrigation, hydraulic and hydrology expertise and conduct a number of site investigations to gain the background knowledge about the system from the site and community before they can start the design works.

149. The engineer shall perform the calculation of the local rainfall intensity, determine the relationship between rainfall and runoff, estimate storage capacity of the reservoir, determine the peak flood coming into and to be released from the reservoir, and estimate the water balance of the reservoir according the inflow and outflow.

150. The engineer shall perform the calculation of the flood evacuation capacity of the spillway to respond to the peak flood. He/she will also perform the hydraulic calculation for other hydraulic structures with the subproject such as head regulator, irrigation canals, drain, and check gates, etc.

151. S/he shall review the design concept in this feasibility study and the preliminary design of the subproject. With a series of consultations with the community, the PIC team leader will make the final decision on the design, or confirm the design proposed at the study stage. After collection of all other necessary information from the community, perform the calculation by starting the topographical survey data which was done in the project study stage. Detailed construction drawing will then be produced. Other technical documents will include the bill of quantity and technical specification. These technical documents will be integrated as part of the bidding documents.

152. As mentioned in the previous section, the bidding process shall be processed during the rainy season, and the construction works should be planned during the dry season. The supervision of the construction works will also be the key responsibility of the PIC. However, the PDWRAM engineers should be part of the supervision team to make sure that the construction

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quality is up to standard. The subproject will be under their management after completion and handover.

7. Role of Subproject Beneficiaries

153. Farmers who benefits from the subproject will have to work within a FWUC in order to enable the infrastructures to remain for a long time so it can provide long term service of water supply.

154. The first role of the farmers whose lands are in the command area is to elect their representatives to form a FWUC. FWUC will then play a role to provide irrigation services to farmers. The second role of farmers will be required to pay the irrigation service fee to support the operation and maintenance of the system. Apart from paying the fee, farmers should also contribute some labor for the maintenance works, especially routine maintenance. The FWUC members (farmers who benefit from the subproject) are obliged to obey the internal regulations of the FWUC.

D. Subproject Implementation Schedule

155. The implementation schedule for the subproject is dependent upon the time needed for project approval through ADB and the government, as well as the length of time it takes to set up implementation structures and operational accounts. While significant advance action has been proposed and the design consultants have submitted relatively detailed plans and bill of quantities providing considerable start up support, the subproject can commence in the third quarter of 2019? with the design review, providing project implementation commences in mid-2018.

156. If there is uncertainty or slippage in project implementation, the subproject implementation schedule is noted in months rather than dates. Implementation schedules may need to be further modified once the implementation structures have been established and operating accounts for payment opened.

157. As previously mentioned weather will have an impact on the construction and groundbreaking start date.

E. Procurement

158. Based on the procurement plan in the project administration manual (PAM), the procurement packages required to implement this subproject will be (i) consulting services for reviewing the design consultant’s feasibility work, the submission of the detailed design proposed and bill of quantities elaborated, then revisions to the work and estimated costs and to prepare bid documents and supervision of infrastructure construction; and (ii) the civil works construction contracts. Procurement associated with this subproject will be overseen by MOWRAM and overseen by the PMU and will be assisted by the PIC. A third procurement contract for the associated activities to maximize the benefit from the subproject investment will not be specific for this subproject but for all subprojects identified within the activities such as laser leveling and external capacity building.

159. All procurement of goods and works to be financed by ADB loan and ADB-administered loan and grant, will be in accordance with ADB’s procurement guidelines (2015 as amended from time to time). National competitive bidding (NCB) procedures will be followed for contracts valued at less than $3 million but more than $100,000 for civil works and less than $1.0 million but more than $100,000 for goods. For NCB procedures, the provisions of the government’s standard

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operating procedures (SOP) will be followed. In case of inconsistency between ADB procedures and the SOP, ADB procedures will apply. The proceeds of the loans will be disbursed in line with ADB's Loan Disbursement Handbook, 2017. Prior and post review thresholds are included in the procurement plan for the overall program as part of the PAM and in report and recommendation of the President.

VI. SUBPROJECT OUTCOME AND IMPACT

A. Subproject Outcome and Impact

1. Performance Indicators

160. Average landholdings for households in the subproject area are about 1.5 ha, about equally divided between rice land and upland areas for other crops. Within the command area, holdings vary in size but with 185 households reported holding land in the area this gives an average of 0.54 ha per household (apart from any land they may also have outside the command area). Rehabilitation of the subproject irrigation infrastructure, which at present is barely functional, will have a significant impact on the potential for crop production in the command area, leading to increases in both yields and cropping intensities. The estimated net incremental income per ha is about $1,030 per year at full development and for an average holding would be $556 per year. Because land preparation for all crops and harvesting for rice are now mechanized, labor inputs are relatively low and within the capacity of households for most activities.The value of labor inputs will also accrue mostly to households rather than to hired labor

161. The social impacts are (i) given the degree of out migration of males from the area, it is estimated that the majority of subproject beneficiaries will be women; (ii) with expanded opportunities for crop intensification, the subproject may lead to some reduction in out migration levels as agriculture becomes an important source of household income; (iii) school drop out levels may decrease as families are better able to pay for their children’s education; (iv) women’s access to extension services and technical information will be improved and women will be empowered through receiving training in agricultural techniques and mechanization; (v) increased household incomes will lead to a reduction in household debt levels, and a subsequent decrease in the incidence of domestic violence in farming households. During civil works, manual employment opportunities will be created for ID-Poor households and women. Those women who can read and write will have the opportunity to work as record keepers.

162. Agricultural impacts include an increase in rice yields from 2 tons per ha to 2.5 tons per ha which is well below the national average of 2.7 tons per ha. The main wet season rice will increase from 2.7 tons per ha to 3.5 tons per ha.

163. The cropping intensity for the command area increases from 135% (100% for the main wet season rice and about 10% for early season rice and 25% for dry season cash crops) to 190% with cash crop production in the dry season increasing from 25% to 70% of the command area.

164. Cash crops of watermelon and mung beans attain yields of 7 tons and 0.85 tons per ha from yields of 6 tons and 0.5 tons, respectively.

165. Soil improvement can be achieved through more effective rotation and the use of nitrogen fixing cash crops that will extract nutrients from different soil depths.

166. The establishment of FWUCs can lead to farmers working together not only for managing the irrigation system but also to develop agribusiness or trading initiatives.

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2. Evaluation Arrangements

167. Within 6 months of implementation a baseline study is required to verify the finding of the PPTA consultants and to determine technical (agronomic) climate change and socioeconomic indicators within a representative sample of the irrigation scheme. This will include those social profiles of the household with different economic/poverty status.

168. The annual progress reports presented by the social development and gender consultants will assess the beneficiaries, relating to irrigation water use and attending the training programs to determine the knowledge assimilation to the new system and FWUC development technology and impact from the investment. Subsequently, annual surveys will be undertaken to measure the overall impact in the beneficiaries.

169. The subproject completion report should report the impacts achieved from the investment and post project impact studies at a later stage can test the sustainability of these impacts.

3. Reporting Arrangements

170. Four different kinds of monitoring will be carried out: (i) implementation progress monitoring of the subproject; (ii) safeguards monitoring; (iii) climate change monitoring; seasonal climate patterns in relation to mango production; and (iv) benefit monitoring and evaluation. Implementation progress monitoring will be one of the main tasks of the PMU monitoring and evaluation officer with assistance from the safeguards consultants and the PDWRAM.

171. Safeguard monitoring will ensure that the environmental management plan (EMP) is implemented and achieves its expected outcomes during subproject preparation, implementation and operation. including compliance with the gender action plan (Annex 8).

B. Economic and Financial Evaluation

172. The economic and financial analysis for the subproject is in Annex 9. The analysis is based on the increases in crop production anticipated once the rehabilitation of the system has been completed. The subproject is estimated to have an EIRR of 13.1%. This result would be vulnerable to crop yields after rehabilitation falling below expectation. It would also be vulnerable to increases of 25% to 30% in capital or crop production costs.

173. The viability of the subproject depends on the cropping intensity achieved and particularly on the area that can be planted in vegetable and other higher value crops after the harvest of the main wet season rice crop. During this season, the average cropped area should average about 50% of the command area, over time to ensure economic viability. However, the area and yield of the early wet season rice crop has little impact on the subproject result and variations will have no impact on long term viability.

174. Average landholdings for all households in the subproject villages are about 1.5 ha, about equally divided between rice land and upland areas for other crops. Within the command area of 100 ha. There are 185 households reported with land, which is an average of 0.54 ha per household – i.e. on average about one third of households total landholdings.

175. Rehabilitation of the subproject irrigation infrastructure will have a significant impact on the potential for crop production in the command area, leading to increases in both yields and cropping intensities. The estimated net incremental income per ha is $1,030 per year at full development

43

and for an average holding would be $556 per year. The value of labor inputs, which are low because of the high level of mechanization, will also accrue to households.

176. The poverty impact ratio for the subproject is estimated to be 20.0%.

C. Social Impact Assessment

177. Given the levels of outmigration of males from the area, it is estimated that the majority of subproject beneficiaries will be women.The main expected social impacts are (see Annex 8):

(i) Community access to increased area of irrigated and cultivable land;

(ii) increased average farming household income from $400 in 2010 to $700 in 2020. Increased household incomes will lead to a reduction in household debt levels, and a subsequent decrease in the incidence of domestic violence in farming households;

(iii) With expanded opportunities for year round cropping, the subproject may lead to some reduction in migration levels;

(iv) School dropout levels may decrease as families are better able to pay for their children's education;

(v) Women's access to extension services and technical information will be improved;

(vi) Inclusive social development impacts will include the empowerment of women through training in improved agricultural techniques and mechanization;

(vii) There will be increased awareness of security of tenure as a result of land rights awareness training; and

(viii) During irrigation scheme civil works, manual employment opportunities will be created for ID-Poor households and women. Those women who can read and write will have the opportunity to work as record keepers.

D. Environmental Impact Assessment

178. The IEE was prepared following the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) (2009), the 2003 ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, the ADB Environmental Guidelines for Selected Irrigation and Drainage Development Projects and relevant environmental policies and guidelines of the government. The project is classified under ADB guidelines/rules as a Category B project. Such projects are judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, most of which is occurring during construction phase, but to a lesser degree and/or significance than those for category A project. Initially a rapid environmental assessment is required to determine if there are significant environmental impact. If yes, the subproject is category B, an initial environment examination is required, if category C, an environment impact assessment is regarded as the final environment assessment report.

179. The issues related to project location encompass modernization and rehabilitation of an existing but a substantially damaged reservoir and irrigation system. The major issue during construction concern compliance with the EMP regarding civil and hydraulic engineering using heavy plant and machinery, ensuring site cleanliness, careful treatment of spoil from dredging the reservoir (which will be used to repair the dam) any trenches and laying of concrete canals with

44

the protection of existing water quality and vegetation. For post construction, the main concern is the maintenance of the subproject which require a systematic approach to maintenance and management and the efficient and safe use of inputs with the site having more intensive cropping (up to 3 crops per year). The level of fertilizer and pesticide residues would increase within more intensive cropping regimes. However,the project will promote CSA practices with a more rationale and efficient use of inputs. The impacts will be mitigated further through improving local capacity building and training on proper use of fertilizer and pesticides and this will be carried out using private sector trainers, through service provision contracts and PDA staff.

180. Irrigation water demand will increase with increased cropping cycles. Adaptation to predicted future increases in irrigation water demand in the subproject will be important and will be included in the TOR as a responsibility of the international climate change and environmental specialist to complete for the specific subproject location.

181. Rapid environmental assessment (REA). The initial REA for the project identified a medium climate risk, however the AWARE classification is that of high risk. This PPTA has therefore completed a climate change assessment. In addition, there is a need to undertake a climate risk and vulnerability assessment for this subproject including construction and operational (post construction) periods. This work has again been included in the TOR for the international climate change and environmental specialist to complete during implementation, and to be site specific.

182. The environmental impacts will be measured to mitigate through good design of infrastructure. Mitigation of construction phase impacts relies heavily on responsibility of works contractors, to follow specification clauses specifically designed to minimize noise nuisance, road accident, pollution of air and water and soil erosion, illegal solid waste disposal and waste water discharge, conflict between upstream and downstream water users, workers safety and sanitation. This mitigation will in turn rely on enforcement by the PMU environmental and social management officer and by construction supervision consultants. Post construction mitigation will benefit from capacity building and training under the project to use fertilizers and pesticides efficiently and responsibly, and capacity building to not only farmers but to PDAFF staff.

183. The IEE includes an EMP which will be implemented by the contractor to avoid or minimize negative environmental effects. To ensure that the contracting company are able to implement the mitigation measures effectively, the PMU will put in place the following arrangements: (i) environmental specifications will be included in the bidding documents to contractors; (ii) an appropriate environment section describing standards and responsibilities will be included in the terms of reference for bidders; and (iii) clauses referencing the EMP mitigation provisions and monitoring plans will be written into the construction contracts. Following the award of contracts, the successful contractor will prepare a site environmental management and supervision manual, including an emergency preparedness and response plan for construction emergencies and site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the PMU. The contractor will prepare quarterly report on environmental management to the PMU. The PMU's safeguard officer will be active in site supervision, management and appraisal, particularly during construction, to identify problems and solve them timely.

VII. CRITICAL RISKS

184. Most community and government requests for support during field visits have focused on building resilience to droughtThis reflects the last two year’s situation in Cambodia;however, it could very well be that flooding can be a problem in future years. The design in Trapaing Run incorporates flood prevention through rehabilitation the drainage channels.

45

185. Although very common, FWUCs continue to encounter significant organization and technical challenges across the board. Even repeated support by both local government and development partner projects does not always result into an effective lasting community organization. The project will attempt to keep FWUC structures simple and small, build cohesion and problem solving among the group, and invite the private sector to be a partner where the opportunity presents itself.

186. Small numbers of contractors’ construction workers will be present during irrigation scheme modernization and this could increase the local population’s exposure to communicable diseases. However, the risk is rated as low.

46 Annex 1

DESIGN AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK

Subproject Results Chain

Performance with Targets and Baselines

Data Sources and Reporting

Risks

Impact: Agricultural competitiveness improved.

Average hh earnings rise by 75% by 2020 (base 2010) Rice yields increase to 3.5/ha (base – 2.7 tons/ha) Crop intensity increases to 190% for 3 crops (base – 135%) Watermelon & mung bean yields increase to 7 tons and 0.85 tons respectively (base 6 tons and 0.5 tons)

National household survey MAFF Agriculture Census and production & marketing statistics Project generated reports and impact studies

Government commitment to subproject management not supported Sustainability through commercialization not fully implemented

Outcome: Productive and resource efficient agribusiness value chains developed in project areas

FWUC formed and is operational and fully inclusive (base – no group exists) 50%of all those trained are women (base - 20%) women’s access to extension and technical information improved

Project generated reports and impact studies, including M&E and project completion reports PDWRAM progress reports Safeguards feedback &Business registration

Government support to FWUC formation (financial and personnel provision) not sufficient

Output 1: Critical agribusiness value chain infrastructure Improved and made climate resilient

Efficient use of inputs using CSA production practices Command area fully 70% utilized during the dry season (base – 25%)

Cost of production studies PDWRAM progress reports Project performance management systems report Project generated reports and impact studies

Catastrophic climatic conditions overcome resilient infrastructure and water resources

Output 2: Climate smart agriculture and agribusiness promoted for key value chains

CSA training methodology developed and used to demonstrate its benefits in rice and cash crop production. More efficient use of agricultural inputs and natural resources

Project performance management systems report Project generated reports and impact studies

Participating provincial institutions not fully committed to the subproject to take on the capacity building role.

Annex 1 47

PDWRAM staff have the capacity to support FWUCs in the O&M of the irrigation system

PDA reports

Activities and Milestones Output 1: The rehabilitation of Trapaing Run reservoir and Irrigation system The rehabilitation of the system to create a command area of 100 ha and flood prevention Output 2: Associated initiatives and activities to enhance the subproject investment PDWRAM have the capacity to support the O&M of the system and work with the FWUC to achieve sustainability. The FWUC is operational independent Farmers are trained in CSA and basic accounting book and record keeping

Inputs Infrastructure improvement through deepening the reservoir, rebuilding the dam and renovating the irrigation water supply and control system and improving flooding counter measures Capacity building in FWUC formation and operation, the O&M of irrigation systems, CSA, basic accounting. and agribusiness

48 Annex 2

SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY

The Kampot Provincial Government has plans to strengthen the investment environment in effort to diversify the provincial economic basis. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Asia Foundation have nominated Kampot as one of the best provinces for business investment. The provincial government is committed to encouraging investment through (i) to strongly support agribusiness; (ii) improve the enabling environment and has established a one stop service to reduce time and costs for the private sector; (iii) a provincial investment sub-committee and provincial investment secretariat has been established; and (iv) the province is encouraging the private sector to organize work experience and establishing business forums.

The province plans to build the new seaport with a Kampot Special Economic Zone; The seaport is a $300 million joint venture with a Hutchison Port Holdings in Teuk Chhou District and is designed to handle all types of cargo including petroleum products. The proposed investment has been given approval by Council for the Development of Cambodia and the environmental impact study has been completed. When completed, the port will compete with the Sihanoukville Autonomous Port, which will offer an additional export outlet.

Trade between Viet Nam and Cambodia has increased in recent years, reaching $3.3 billion in 2012, up from $2.8 billion 2011 and $1.8 billion in 2010. The two countries have projected the increase in trade volume to be more than $5 billion by 2016. Kampot has a border with Viet Nam, along with Takeo and Tboung Khmum. The two governments have plans to build 13 new border gates over the next 7 years connecting the Cambodian Central Highlands and the Mekong Delta region of Viet Nam. The new Kampot ports of entry are planned to be connected by rail links.

Kampot province consists of lowland plains which are optimal for agricultural production, particularly to the east of the province. The area offers water catchment through is relative abundance of mountains and forests. The southwest of the province has a coastline which is rich in natural resources, fisheries, agricultural farms and salt farms. Table A2.1 details the geopolitical data.

Table A2.1: Kampot Geopolitical Information

Provincial Capital Kampot

Provincial area 4,873 km2

Landscape 2/3 of the province is covered by mountains and plains

Total Population 626,000 persons

Population Density 128 persons/km2

Population age over 18years 388,871 persons (Men: 186,112, Women: 202,759)

Temperature 24.1 ºC - 31.9 ºC (Average: 27.3 ºC)

Rainfall 1,729.5 mm/year

Administrative Boundary

Number of city: 1 Number of Sangkats: 5

Number of districts: 7 Number of communes: 88, and

Number of villages: 488

Annex 2 49

Provincial Border

East: Takeo Province

West: Preah Sihanouk Province North: Kampong Speu

Province

South: Coastal border of Kep City and Viet Nam

187. Trapaing Run Reservoir is located in Trapaing Run village, Tani commune and Angkor Chey district. Trapaing Run irrigation system was built during the Pol Pot regime from 1975 to 1978. Trapaing Run Reservoir is about 10 km from the national road No.3 and 17 km from the provincial town of Kampot. There are 3 villages benefiting from this reservoir with 185 of 708 householders expected to benefit from the M&I work as detailed in Table II.2:

TableA2.2: Number of households and beneficiary households

No Village name Total HHs Beneficiary HHs

1 Trapaing Run 310 95

2 Trapaing Raing 245 70

3 Ta Pream 153 20

Total 708 185

HH = household

Annex 3 50

ENGINEERING DESIGN

Figure A3.1: Design Calculation Sheet for Proposed Main Canals For both alignment

Hydraulic Design of Main Canals

Q = 1/n x A x R^(2/3) x So^(1/2)

Parameter

Manning Coefficient n = 0.014 Lined-Concrete canal and canal s tructures Dis t Canal SectionDist Water Level

Canal s ide s lope m = 0 Concrete -0.45 0 -0.3 0.60

Canal bed s lope So = 0.0005 -0.45 0.75 0.3 0.60

Maximum Al lable Veloci ty Val = 0.75 Clayish loam 0.6 - 0.9 -0.3 0.75

Free board f = 0.15 m -0.3 0.15

0.3 0.15

Irrigation Requirement 2.67 l/s .ha (At the MC level , efficiency factor i s included) 0.3 0.75

Command area 30 ha 0.45 0.75

Required Discharge Qre = 0.08 m3/s Hydraul ic best section 0.45 0

Proposed canal bed with b = 0.6 m Depth Smal l (d<0.75m) -0.45 0

Left Embk width wL = 0.15 m Soi l Texture Clay

Right Embk width wR = 0.15 m b/d = 1

U Canal

DepthWater

Area

Wetted

Perimeter

Hydraul ic

RadiusVeloci ty Capaci ty

d, [m] A, [m2] P, [m] R, [m] V, [m] Q, [m3]

0.10 0.06 0.80 0.08 0.28 0.017

0.20 0.12 1.00 0.12 0.39 0.047

0.30 0.18 1.20 0.15 0.45 0.081

0.40 0.24 1.40 0.17 0.49 0.118

0.50 0.30 1.60 0.19 0.52 0.157

0.60 0.36 1.80 0.20 0.55 0.197

0.70 0.42 2.00 0.21 0.56 0.237

0.80 0.48 2.20 0.22 0.58 0.278

0.90 0.54 2.40 0.23 0.59 0.319

1.00 0.60 2.60 0.23 0.60 0.361

1.10 0.66 2.80 0.24 0.61 0.402

1.20 0.72 3.00 0.24 0.62 0.444

1.30 0.78 3.20 0.24 0.62 0.486

1.40 0.84 3.40 0.25 0.63 0.528

1.50 0.90 3.60 0.25 0.63 0.570

1.60 0.96 3.80 0.25 0.64 0.613

Summary design section

Bed width Depth Side Slope Bed s lope Veloci ty Des ign DischargeRequired DischargeDischarge


0.6 0.60 0.00 0.0005 0.55 0.197 0.080 OK

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

Wat

er

de

pth

, d [

m]

Discharge, Q [m3/s]

Canal routing curve for a proposed "b"

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Leve

l, m

Distance, m

Typical Cross SectionFar too low Use

0.21

51 Annex 3

Figure A3.2: Design Calculation Sheet for Proposed Main Canals For Both Alignments

Hydraulic Design of Secondary Canals

Q = 1/n x A x R^(2/3) x So^(1/2)

Parameter

Manning Coefficient n = 0.014 Lined-Concrete canal and canal s tructures Dis t Canal SectionDist Water Level

Canal s ide s lope m = 0 Concrete -0.375 0 -0.225 0.40

Canal bed s lope So = 0.0005 -0.375 0.55 0.225 0.40

Maximum Al lable Veloci ty Val = 0.75 Clayish loam 0.6 - 0.9 -0.225 0.55

Free board f = 0.15 m -0.225 0.15

0.225 0.15

Irrigation Requirement 2.67 l/s .ha (At the MC level , efficiency factor i s included) 0.225 0.55

Command area 10 ha 0.375 0.55

Required Discharge Qre = 0.03 m3/s Hydraul ic best section 0.375 0

Proposed canal bed with b = 0.6 m Depth Smal l (d<0.75m) -0.375 0

Left Embk width wL = 0.15 m Soi l Texture Clay

Right Embk width wR = 0.15 m b/d = 1

U Canal

DepthWater

Area

Wetted

Perimeter

Hydraul ic

RadiusVeloci ty Capaci ty

d, [m] A, [m2] P, [m] R, [m] V, [m] Q, [m3]

0.10 0.06 0.80 0.08 0.28 0.017

0.20 0.12 1.00 0.12 0.39 0.047

0.30 0.18 1.20 0.15 0.45 0.081

0.40 0.24 1.40 0.17 0.49 0.118

0.50 0.30 1.60 0.19 0.52 0.157

0.60 0.36 1.80 0.20 0.55 0.197

0.70 0.42 2.00 0.21 0.56 0.237

0.80 0.48 2.20 0.22 0.58 0.278

0.90 0.54 2.40 0.23 0.59 0.319

1.00 0.60 2.60 0.23 0.60 0.361

1.10 0.66 2.80 0.24 0.61 0.402

1.20 0.72 3.00 0.24 0.62 0.444

1.30 0.78 3.20 0.24 0.62 0.486

1.40 0.84 3.40 0.25 0.63 0.528

1.50 0.90 3.60 0.25 0.63 0.570

1.60 0.96 3.80 0.25 0.64 0.613

Summary design section

Bed width Depth Side Slope Bed s lope Veloci ty Des ign DischargeRequired DischargeDischarge


0.45 0.40 0.00 0.0005 0.44 0.079 0.027 OK

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

Wat

er

de

pth

, d [

m]

Discharge, Q [m3/s]

Canal routing curve for a proposed "b"

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Leve

l, m

Distance, m

Typical Cross SectionFar too low. Use 0.21

52 Annex 4

ASSOCIATED INITIATIVES

1. Associated initiatives will include activity dedicated to capacity building this will include the training in climate smart agriculture (CSA). There will be a CSA training and capacity building program to help agriculture undergo significant transformation to meet the climate change challenges. CSA includes (i) soil and nutrient management which includes increasing the use of organic fertilizers; (ii) improved water harvesting and retention; (iii) understanding the changing distribution and pest control management; (iv) encouraging resilient ecosystems which includes variety climatic adaptation; and (v) improving efficiencies in post harvest management practices to reduce losses.

2. The capacity building work will also include the establishment of FWUCs and their successful transformation into a sustainable irrigation and water management group. The training for FWUCs will need to understand the challenges and address them and the training will involve the following criteria:

(i) The challenge is to make FWUC sufficiently strong that they are not at all reticent in using their authority, and that they have full member support.

(ii) Ensure full representation and participation by the water user community and potential FWUC membership at design stage and ensure FWUC acceptance of the final design. Where there is no FWUC and new systems are being designed, establish a community Construction Sub-Committee (CSC) as a precursor to the FWUC. The CSC has men and women nominated by the farmer community to act as liaison between engineers and community. They discuss draft designs with engineers and then discuss with members and carry feedback back to the engineers for inclusion. Variations to the final design must be passed by the FWUC.

(iii) Identify all stakeholders and then build mechanisms to ensure they participate and are included as members. The service boundaries of the scheme must be properly identified.

(iv) FWUCs must be established and be comprised of water users from the same basic irrigation unit (block) as this will enhance crop and irrigation service planning as well as O&M. FWUC membership is compulsory for farmers who use land within the hydraulic boundaries – it cannot be made optional under any circumstances.

(v) Provide clear and real government support for the emerging FWUCs – technical and financial, tangible and transparent, accessible and timely.

(vi) Explain FWUC office bearers and functionaries duties and responsibilities clearly and in detail so that all FWUC members understand the work and commitment involved and the reason as to why these functionaries should receive a stipend.

(vii) At the beginning of each season, FWUC committees must provide an explanation of the ISF that is being charged and what the seasonal budget is for. At the end of the season, the FWUC committee should hold a meeting to present a Statement of Expenditure to a general meeting of all members. The FWUC committee must prepare and provide members with a transparent seasonal account of how they have expended any service fees collected or any O&M funds received from the State.

Annex 4 53

(viii) Villagers will not be paid for attending FWUC establishment and or design planning meetings as this is part of their cost contribution.

(ix) Active input and direction is needed from PDWRAMs to assist and enhance water management through improving coordination between FWUCs using the same water source.

(x) Flexibility is needed in implementing the Prakas 306 and Circular One PIMD 10 steps for setting up FWUCs – the prescribed steps should be considered as indicative.

(xi) Strong local leadership is needed to get FWUC started, but at the same time, the commune council leader must not be assigned the FWUC leadership as this encourages politicization.

(xii) An initial start up fund is required during the first year’s operation

(xiii) MOWRAM and PDWRAM technical and financial support must be available as needed and on a timely basis

(xiv) Provide clear and exhaustive explanation and details of the terms of IMT – what are the benefits and costs.

3. If the FWUC becomes successful, the farmers and management can avail of the capacity building work related to the agribusiness training activities or even the formation of a cooperative which would then use the resources of the GDA Department of Cooperative Development relating to the Law on Agricultural Cooperatives, and training in cooperative management (bookkeeping, accounts and business plans etc.)

54 Annex 5

INVESTMENT COST ESTIMATES

Table A5.1: Estimated Cost for the Trapaing Run Subproject

No. Structures/Items Units Quantity Unit Rate

($) Amount

($)* Remarks

1 Excavation for deepening the reservoir

Cubic Meter

46,218.00 2.50 115,545

2 Backfill with compaction to fix the breaches on Reservoir Embankment

Cubic Meter

1,540.67 3.00 4,622

3 Construction of a spillway on the reservoir embankment

Unit 100,139.00 1.00 100,139

4 Construction of head regulators on the reservoir embankment

Unit 3.00 35,947 107,842

5 Construction of Concrete Main canal

Meter 3,081 80.00 246,495

6 Construction of concrete secondary canals

Meter 2,400 70.00 168,233

7 Excavation for forming main drain canal

Meter 1,541 40.00 61,623

8 Infrastructure design Lot 28,081

Sub total 832,580

Contingency (10%) 81,724

TOTAL SUBPROJECT ESTIMATE COST 914,304

Note: Numbers may not sum due to rounding. *Excluding cost of FWUC establishment of $9,710.

Annex 6 55

RESETTLEMENT PLAN

The following checklists were to be used in the identification and selection of SPs for implementation. The objective of the checklists is to ensure that only Category C SPs are selected according to project selection criteria. Involuntary Resettlement Impact Categorization Checklist

Involuntary Resettlement Effects Yes No

Not Known

Remarks

1. Will the activity require permanent or temporary land acquisition?

X Small strips approx. of 0.75m required temporarily to construct raised concrete canals

2. Is the site and land needed for acquisition known?

X Preliminary design completed

3. Is the ownership status and current usage of land to be acquired known?

X Titled land to HHs

4. Is the area of land required from each affected HH known?

X Land pegged and measured. There are 69 affected HHs. Eleven of 69 households will donate between 3 to 45 M2 of land, ranging from 0.1 to 2% of of plot size and averaging about 0.95%.

5. Will land be acquired involuntarily? X

6. Will land be acquired voluntarily? X Due to insignificant impacts the SP will be Cat C – however a LARP has been prepared to manage the voluntary donations and ensure bona fides.

7. Will easement be utilized within an existing Right of Way (ROW)?

X

8. 1 Was any facility constructed recently on new land in anticipation of obtaining further assistance for the facility from this ADB project?

X

9. Was built, was the land acquired legally under RGoC? (unknown = No)

X

10. Are there any outstanding complaints about the land used or acquired for the existing facilities?

X

11. Will the activity require permanent or temporary relocation or displacement of any people (titled or non-titled)?

X

12. Are there any non-titled people (squatters) who live at the site or within the COI / Right of Way / public land?

X

13. Will there be any loss of housing or accommodation or other residential structures?

X

14. Will there be any loss of residential land? X

15. Will there be any loss of vegetable gardens or agricultural plots?

X Small strips in order to construct raised concrete canal. In all 69 cases this does not exceed 0.5% of the plot size. Strips are approx. 0.75m wide.

16. Will there be any losses of crops, fruit trees or private structures?

X

56 Annex 6

Involuntary Resettlement Effects Yes No

Not Known

Remarks

17. Will there be loss of income sources and means of livelihoods due to land acquisition?

X

18. Will any small or informal businesses have to be moved or closed temporarily or permanently?

X

19. Will there be temporary or permanent loss of employment as a result of the closure of any businesses resulting from the renovation?

X

Involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas

20. Will people lose access to natural resources, communal facilities and services?

X

21. If land use is changed, will it have an adverse impact on social and economic activities?

X

22. Will access to land and resources owned communally or by the state be restricted?

X

Information on Displaced Persons:

23. Any estimate of the likely number of persons that will be displaced by the Project? [ ] No [ X ] Yes If yes, approximately how many? _________None_____________

24. Are any of them poor, female-heads of households, or vulnerable to poverty risks? [X ] No [ ] Yes

25. Are any displaced persons from indigenous or ethnic minority groups? [X ] No [ ] Yes

Annex 6 57

Voluntary Contribution checklist

Voluntary Resettlement Effects Yes No Remarks

1. Was the subproject site is selected in full consultation with landowners and any nontitled affected people

X Meetings held, participatory field inspections conducted.

2. Do Voluntary donations severely affect the living standards of affected people and the amount of agricultural or other productive land to be acquired from each AH does not exceed 5% of the total productive landholdings of the household;

X Land to be donated does not exceed 0.5% of plot size in all cases.

3. Voluntary donations are linked directly to benefits for the AH;

X Benefits include better and more reliable water supply, priority water distribution to all 69 AHHs, no need to incur pumping costs, higher yields.

4. All voluntary donations will be confirmed through written record and verified by an independent third party such as the external monitoring organization;

X Donation forms signed by AHHs and witnessed.

5. Is there is an adequate grievance process X Confidential “Grievance Hotline” to PPTA team provided. No grievances presented. Formal grievance procedure also provided.

6. No AH will be displaced from housing and/or severely affected;

X No displacement

7. No AH is vulnerable. X No vulnerable HH

8.

58 Annex 6

Project Data

Country/Project No./Project Title

: PPTA 8897 – CAM/LAO/MYA: Climate-friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project

Department/ Division : Southeast Asia Department/ Environment, Natural Resources and Agriculture Division(SERD)

Processing Stage : Final

Modality :

[ ] Project Loan [ ] Program Loan [ ] Financial Intermediary [ ] General Corporate Finance [ X ] Sector Loan [ ] MFF [ ] Emergency Assistance [ ] Grant [ ] Other financing modalities:

C. Involuntary Resettlement Category

[ ] New [ ] Recategorization ― Previous Category [ X ]

Category A Category B Category C Category FI

D. Comments

Project Team Comments: The approach to the limited land acquisition is voluntary contribution. Total land needed in 0.2ha, commercial resale value of about $500. Land is being donated by 69 HHs and no loss exceeds 0.5% of the single affected plot size. All HHs demand the subproject ad are willing to donate as they receive and immediate benefit from improved water distribution and these 69 HHs will receive water before other HHs, and not have to incur pumping costs, due to the raised concrete tertiary canal having farm outlets directly onto each HHs plot. The benefit is more reliable water supply, higher crop yields, savings on pumping costs.

SDES Comments:

E. Approval

Proposed by:

Reviewed by:

Project Team Leader, {Department/Division} Social Safeguard Specialist, SDES Date: Date:

Endorsed by:

Social Development Specialist, {Department/Division} Director, SDES Date: Date:

Endorsed by:

Approved by:

Highly Complex and

Sensitive Project

Director, {Division} Chief Compliance Officer

Date: Date:

X

Annex 6 59

Attendance lists for Trapaing Run Beneficiary Participation main meeting on 21 June 2016: Morning Attendance

60 Annex 6

Afternoon Attendance

Annex 6 61

Potential affected household lists and concurrence

62Annex 7

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INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Please see separate document

64 Annex 8

SOCIAL AND GENDER IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND GENDER ACTION PLAN

A. Summary of main findings

1. Out migration of adults has led to labor shortages in the target area particularly for paddy production. The community is characterized by substantial numbers of older women who are taking care of their grandchildren, and receiving remittances from their adult children working in urban areas. Remittances are frequently inadequate for covering household expenditure, and so grandmothers are also seeking work as day laborers. B. Gender Analysis

2. Women and men differ in their roles and in their economic, educational, and health status. Women are exclusively responsible for managing household budgets and taking responsibility for identifying local sources of credit for the household. Men are generally responsible for heavy physical labor and care of large livestock. Outside the household, local rice collectors / intermediaries and rice mill owners are frequently women. The health status of rural women is likely to be poorer than men’s and their workload is traditionally greater. There is joint access and control to productive resources such as land between husband and wife. The land title or social land concession that the household possesses is in both husband and wife’s names and joint agreement is necessary before land can be sold. There is joint access to and control over capital. For accessing a loan, both signatures are required on the bank loan agreement. 3. The access to information, knowledge and education is still limited for both men and women. Women are less likely to be functionally literate. Invitations to communelevel extension training

Trapaing Run Gender meet

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activities are currently made only to the head of household, who is the husband. 4. There is equal access of men and women to markets. Both husband and wife jointly agree when, where and to whom to sell the paddy crop, but it is the wife who contacts the local (usually female) rice collector. There is a low level of knowledge of market information amongst households and the price for paddy is set by the local rice collector. 5. A gender action plan has been elaborated for the subproject and detailed below.

1. Introduction

6. From mixed gender discussions, women’s focus group discussions, group interviews with commune council members, commune council women and children focal point, assistant to village chief and telephone interviews with key informants, an assessment of social conditions in the subproject target area was elaborated. 7. The commune chief explained that the land contained by the Trapaing Run irrigation scheme formally belongs to the state, and farmers who are cultivating land inside the scheme have user rights and permission from the commune to irrigate their land. Because of a land shortage in the commune, there is no available land for exchange, should land be lost during canal modernization and construction. 8. The commune is made up of seven villages in all (although the irrigation scheme will affect only three villages) and the total land area of the commune is 1,646 ha of rice land; 94 ha for other cropping, and 278 ha for homestead land. The total number of households in Tani commune is 2,153 and the total population is 9,558 of which 5,081 are women. Approximately 90% of the total commune population is involved in agriculture. 961 local people have outmigrated including 480 women. 65 people have migrated out of Cambodia of which 21 are women. Most of the out migration is of young people whose children are left behind to be looked after by grandparents. If the husband migrates and leaves his family behind, he nevertheless retains decision-making responsibility for the household and is contacted by mobile phone by his wife.

2. Poverty and Household Debt

9. In Tani commune it is estimated that approximately 30% of households do not have sufficient stocks of rice in the household for the whole year. Households borrow money informally from moneylenders at a 20% interest rate per month in order to survive the lean months and to buy fertilizer and for hiring tractors for the next cropping season. If the rice harvest is poor they are unable to pay back the loan and with interest payments the debt grows. 10. One of the coping mechanisms when rice is in short supply, is for women cut bamboo shoots from mountainous areas in order to sell them in the market. Also firewood is cut and collected for selling and some are kept for cooking. Firewood is collected by both men and women. Vegetables are also grown for home consumption. 11. In many instances adult children migrate to urban areas in order to send their remittances from construction jobs or garment factory wages as a mechanism for paying back informal loans from moneylenders. Additionally, in some poor households, children drop out of school because they want to help their parents with paying off household debts by working themselves. 12. Out of a total of 310 households in Trapaing Run village, approximately 70 households have

66 Annex 8

reportedly lost their land because of household debt. Farmers borrow money from microcredit institutions or local businessmen in order to purchase agricultural inputs and cover their rice production costs, and they are expected to pay back the borrowed money after paddy harvesting. In order to release the loan, the bank or microcredit institution requires farmer’s land or house title as collateral. In recent years, long droughts and extremely hot weather due to climate change has frequently destroyed farmers’ crops and has made it impossible to repay loans at the due date. In an effort to repay the bank loan or micro- loan on time, farmers borrow additional money from local businessmen at an interest rate of 10%. The motorbike or television or other household goods are given as security. Alternatively, farmers access money from savings groups where members are able to borrow between $75 – 125. The savings group does not require farmers to give land or house titles as security. All that is required is the guarantee of the other members that the loan will be repaid. In this way household, debt increases and some farmers have to sell their land or house as a distress sale in order to raise cash to pay off their debts. As a last resort, the decision is made to migrate to seek work and earn wages. 13. Frequently, the husband’s remittances are insufficient to meet the wife and children’s needs back home. In these cases, women take out another bank loan and pay back the loan through the sale of forest products and firewood.

3. Domestic Violence and Gambling

14. There are incidences of domestic violence in the community, both verbal and physical. It was explained by the participants of the women’s focus group that the main causes of violence were the husband’s drunkenness, arguments between husband and wife about household debts and gambling. Another negative phenomenon that was mentioned by local women was the fact that there is a significant incidence of gambling among women in the villages, initiated because of lack of opportunities and depression.

4. Vulnerability and Inclusion

16. The commune has established a commune committee tasked with assisting poorer households. They try to raise funds for poor families which are suffering medical emergencies. 17. Because of the inadequate public health center, it is used only for minor cases of illness. Most people try to make use of private clinics if they are ill, but this frequently means that they must borrow money to do so.

5. Local access to schools and education is considered adequate.

18. There are no ethnic minorities in this commune and there is only one Muslim family in the community.

6. Climate change, biodigester use

19. The community members said they had heard about the impact of climate change, and that in their opinion the climate in their locality is now hotter than before, with less rainfall, stronger sun and higher temperatures. 20. When asked, only two focus group members said they had biodigester units. For the most

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part, community members said they believed biodigesters were not a priority need, because there was a reliable supply of electricity from the national grid. 21. The main access to and control over productive resources in the community is as follows:

(i) There is joint access to and control over productive resources such as land, as the land title they possess is in both their names and joint agreement is necessary before land can be sold off;

(ii) There is joint access to and control over capital, i.e. money. For accessing a loan, the bank requires both husband and wife to borrow jointly with both signatures on the loan agreement;

(iii) The access to information, knowledge and education is still limited for both men and women. However, the reported incidence of illiteracy is very low with only 2% of the community still illiterate because adult literacy classes are available. However, in reality the majority of women are not functionally literate. PDA extension officers visit the commune but do not make house calls to farmers. Women in the commune attend commune level training organized by PDA and have received some training in pig production, although the training has not specifically addressed women’s priorities and concerns. In addition, women are only allowed to participate in training when the husband as head of household is absent and he has given his permission;

(iv) PDA officers organize such training events at commune level approximately four times per year. Women have recommended that they would like to receive practical information on rice variety selection and how to transplant seedlings – and they also would like to visit rice field demonstrations. They request the use of visual teaching aids to enhance understanding; and

(v) There is equal access to markets. Both husband and wife jointly agree when, where and to whom to sell the paddy crop, but it is the women who contacts by telephone the local rice collector – who is also female. The is a low level of knowledge of market information and the price for paddy is set by the local rice collector. It was recommended that the future sub-project should disseminate market information to the local farmers.

7. Work profiles in agriculture and organization of paddy production

22. For the production of paddy, women are involved in land preparation by clearing grass and weeds, broadcasting rice for seed beds, broadcasting fertilizer, transplanting seedlings, hand harvesting paddy, threshing, winnowing, collecting and storing paddy and also selling paddy to collectors for the market.

23. For the selling of paddy, both men and women decide and agree jointly on which price to accept. For paddy transportation, this is mostly done by men and some families hire labor for hauling and transporting paddy.

24. Only one village in the commune is currently able to cultivate three crops of rice in one year because they have access to a yearround water supply. In the other villages, there is only one rice cropping season per year because of insufficient water.

25. There is no water users’ association or agricultural cooperative in the commune. When farmers require water for their cultivations, they seek permission from the village chief. The amount of available water is limited and water distribution is determined by the village chief.

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8. Female rice collectors / intermediaries, and female rice millers

26. The majority of rice collectors / intermediaries in the locality of Tani commune are women. They purchase paddy from local farmers on behalf of their clients the wholesalers – both Cambodian and Vietnamese, who set the purchase price. The collector is usually a local woman who lives in the commune and has learnt the trade from a family member. Her husband usually assists his wife by hauling and transporting purchased sacks of paddy from the farm. During interviews with rice collectors, they explained that in order for their businesses to grow, they need access to more paddy. For this reason, they view the proposed irrigation modernization subproject as a positive development that will increase the volume of paddy production. The rice collectors who were interviewed explained that they do not lend money to farmers, but will provide interest free advances to those farmers they trust. 27. The local female rice miller provides households with interest free loans of $75 – 125 for 4 – 5 days before harvesting paddy. Households pay back the loan in kind. Each season, the rice miller explained she needed $10,000 in order to purchase paddy from farmers. However, she frequently does not have sufficient liquid cash for her business and therefore borrows approximately $5,000 from the local microcredit institution. The rice miller buys paddy from commune farmers and collectors and sells milled rice in the commune and to a client in Viet Nam.

9. Agricultural labor / construction work / employment in construction work / using machinery

28. In Tani commune there is equal pay for harvesting work and the wage rate is KR20,000 per day for both men, women and children (12-15 years old). Most heavy work is done by men and lighter work is done by women. Women do not work on local construction sites because culturally it is not considered women’s work. While women do not currently drive tractors – mainly because land cultivation tasks are undertaken by third parties, they have expressed their interest in wanting to learn how to drive harvesters and use agricultural machinery but they have never had the opportunity to be trained.

10. Property rights, inheritance, divorce

29. The community said there was a need for raising awareness about land property rights so that local people were better aware of their rights in order to defend themselves. The commune currently issues users’ rights to allow cultivation of land and access to water. 30. Inheritance of family owned property is usually divided equally between sons and daughters who inherit equally. However, the house and homestead land is usually inherited by the youngest daughter, in the expectation that she will take responsibility for looking after the elderly parents. This cultural practice may sometimes cause family conflict. 31. In the case of divorce, the husband and wife usually negotiate and agree on the way property will be divided. In some cases, the husband leaves the property entirely to the wife, but in all cases, an agreement must be reached first.

11. Discussion and feedback about the proposed subproject

32. The community members said they were generally in favor of the irrigation scheme modernization so that they could have the opportunity to produce more paddy, although they

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initially expressed fear that canal construction would negatively impact on a significant number of farmers who had land next to the canal. This caused some alarm and objections from affected farmers, but it was subsequently explained that the canal construction would not encroach on farmers’ land to any significant degree. 33. The members of the women’s focus group said that while the irrigation improvements would most likely lead to increases in their workloads, for them, they said the most important thing was the opportunity to generate additional revenue. 34. The women and children focal point particularly recommended that effective awareness raising be carried out in the community to enable them to understand clearly what the sub-project was going to entail. 35. Other recommendations concerned the dissemination of agricultural information. It was suggested that messages should be transmitted via TV and radio. The request for more female members of PDA extension staff was also made to facilitate information dissemination to female farmers.

Subproject Gender Action Plan (GAP) Trapaing RunIrrigitation Subproject Project Outputs Actions and Targets

Output 1: Critical agribusiness value chain infrastructure improved and made climate resilient.

• All women leaders and women members of Agricultural Cooperatives / FWUCs are to participate in all consultations and planning meetings for the rehabilitation and modernization of climate resilient irrigation and water management systems;

• At least 50% of elected FWUC are women;

• Consultation meetings to gather women farmers’ issues and needs should be conducted in separate meetings;

• Project provides technical and legal assistance to male and female farmers for obtaining security of tenure / land titles to rice land;

• At least 50% of all trainee farmers for water management techniques are women;

• Training activities in water management, O&M and rice cultivation comprise visual aids, and training materials contain illustrations to facilitate understanding;

• Local Commune Gender Focal Point is involved in project implementing, capacity building and monitoring of women’s participation in demonstrations and training; and

• At least 50% of traineesat Provincial Agricultural Development Centers and Provincial Agricultural Engineering Workshops are women, for the creation of resource and training centers for service provision, agribusinesses and farmer value chain linkages.

Output 2: Climate smart agriculture and agribusiness promoted for key value chains

• Women to represent at least 50% of all farmers trained in Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) of which 50% are SRP compliant with direct linkages to millers/exporters;

• Local Commune Gender Focal Point is involved in monitoring capacity building activities, needs and concerns of women farmers, FWUC female leaders and female members;

• All women in target areas have access to information on improving climate resilience and resource efficiency;

• Women are members of management boards of FWUCs effectively operating and managing local irrigation schemes;

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• Women are trained to operate a range of agricultural machinery and represent 50% of increased labor pool over the baseline;

• Commune Women and Children Focal Points are invited to participate in all trainings provided by the project to develop their capacity and for ensuring they are capable of monitoring the performance of women farmers;

• Women are 50% of trainees at all training workshops organized for government staff and farmers’ groups on project management, agronomic resource efficiency, climate resilience in value chains and agribusiness; and

• Gender equality and equity training in Climate-friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector is provided to Commune Councils, Village Chiefs, Assistants to Village Chiefs, FWUCs, both male and female farmers and Women and Children Focal Points as project beneficiaries.

C. Design Features of Subproject Gender Action Plan

36. Orientation and training on construction work, such as irrigation canal measurements and work specifications, should be provided to women to ensure the quality of construction work.

Women who can read and write are encouraged to be hired as record keepers during infrastructure construction.

Orientation on gender equality should be provided to constructors.

37. Gender equity and labor arrangements should be included in the contract of construction companies, i.e. unskilled labor positions to be available for local women during construction and there should be equal pay for equal work.

Ensure that gender issues and analysis inform all the subproject foundation studies such as socioeconomic baseline survey, value chain assessment and market studies.

38. Training materials will be produced on safe migration and life skills including gender issues in migration, gender dimensions of risk, vulnerability and protection – and will be prepared in consultation with commune women and children focal point, community women and other interested stakeholders to ensure gender and ethnic minority sensitivity and easy understanding.

39. All rice production training materials will be prepared in prior consultation with commune women and children focal point, community women and other interested stakeholders, to ensure that they will be easily understood, and that they are sensitive to gender and ethnicity.

All rice production training and demonstration activities will be conducted at times convenient for women farmers and child care provisions will be available to ensure the full participation of women farmers

40. Any business development / accountancy / financial management training which is related to rice production will be conducted in a convenient location for local women farmers.

Rural men will also receive awareness raising in gender issues so that they understand the importance of women’s participation in project activities, and to avoid household conflict.

D. Implementation arrangements of Subproject 1 Gender Action Plan

46. Overall responsibility for the implementation of the subproject gender action plan will rest with the project implementing agency. An international social development and gender specialist

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and national social and gender specialist will provide technical assistance to the implementing agency. Regular gender sensitization training will be provided to all agency staff. All subproject progress reports will report progress against the subproject gender action plan. The gender specialists will be responsible for reporting and monitoring the progress of the subproject gender action plan to ensure it is on track.

72 Annex 9

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

A. Background

1. Trapaing Run Reservoir and irrigation system is located in Tani commune of Angkor Chey district of Kampot province and is about 10km from national road no.3 and about 17 km from the provincial town of Kampot. The reservoir and its command area are shared among three villages with 185 of 708 households expected to benefit directly from the rehabilitation of the system. The system was constructed during the Khmer Rouge regime between 1975 and 1978 and since then has had very little maintenance.

2. The provincial government supports the economic development of the province and has taken measures to improve the enabling environment to encourage business investment. It strongly supports the development of agribusiness in the province which will supported by the development of a new port in Teuk Chhou district and the good conditions for agriculture, with generally good soils and sufficient water, in the lowland plains of Kampot.

3. The rehabilitation of the Trapaing Run irrigation system fits within provincial development objectives and aims to improve the resilience of famers in the Trapaing Run community to climate change effects through increasing water availability and providing efficient irrigation and water management infrastructures.

B. Present Situation in the Project Area

1. Present Status of the Infrastructure and Irrigation

4. The subproject area is comprised of three villages: Trapaing Run, Trapeang Raing and Ta Pream with a total population of 3,191 of which 1,711 are female. There are 708 households of which 111 are headed by women. Most households are relatively poor with limited productive resources. Landholdings average about 1.5 ha, equally divided between rice land and upland where other crops may be grown. There are 80 classified poor households in the commune, some of which are in the subproject villages. Out-migration for work is common with the result that labor for on-farm work is scarce, especially during peak crop production periods.

5. The existing infrastructure consists of an embankment of 1.4 km which is equipped with three outlets and three distribution canals measuring in total a length of 1.5 km. The reservoir is shallow and silted with limited water catchment and it dries up during the dry season, especially in drought years. All three outlet structures are in poor condition and are unable to hold water in the reservoir. The largest of the three structures was designed for a dual role as head regulator when there is irrigation demand at its downstream canal, and spillway when there a risk of the reservoir overflowing. Three main canals run from the outlet structures into the command area. Main canals no.1 and no.3 are very short, about 250 m each, but main canal no.2, from the head regulator is about 1 km in length and is both irrigation and drainage canal. The command area of the system is about 100 ha.

6. There has been little or no O&M over the years and the system hardly functions. The embankment is damaged at certain points and as the three outlets are not properly functional the reservoir cannot hold sufficient water to supply the command area. Repairing the embankment and its structures will reactivate the Trapaing Run reservoir and increase its storage capacity. The reservoir also has a secondary role as one source of water supply for the community’s domestic use and its livestock.

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7. Given the present limited functionality of the system, crop production is basically rainfed with, at best, limited supplementary water available from the system. Crops in the command area face water shortages which can occur during the early wet season, between late July and early August or later in the rainy season. These water shortages sometimes lead to considerable reductions in crop yield or sometimes to total crop loss. At the end of the wet season residual moisture in the soils can be low, depending on the season and during the dry season; from November to April the rainfall is low while the evaporation increases. This restricts both the area that can be cropped and the yields of those crops. Modernization and rehabilitation of the reservoir and its supply system will provide for supplementary irrigation for rice, particularly during the dry spells in the wet season, and water to supplement residual soil moisture which will allow farmers to grow significantly more dry season crops.

2. Present Crop Production and Cropping Patterns

8. There are three cropping seasons during which farmers with land in the command area may grow crops. An early wet season non photosensitive rice crop planted in May can be grown, but at present this is only on a very small area due to the variability of rain during this season. The main wet season crop of photosensitive varieties is planted in August or September, with harvesting in December or January. This crop is grown in the whole command area but it is a mostly rainfed crop. The system as it exists at present can only provide very limited water, which must be pumped, if available, from canals and drains into fields. This crop may be followed by a vegetable crop or maize based on residual moisture in the fields but the area of these dry season crops is also very limited.

9. It is estimated that the present cropping intensity is around 135% - 100% for the main wet season rice and about 10% for early season rice and perhaps 25% for dry season crops. This will vary from year to year depending on the strength of the monsoon, with greater areas of both early and dry season crops in relatively wet years.

10. Without implementation of the project, it is assumed that the impacts of climate change will lead to a gradual reduction in output over time. This could be the result of reduced yields due to increased climate variability and increased occurrence of extreme events or it could be due to reduced area cultivated, for the same reasons, or a combination of both. In the analysis, an annual decline of 1% is assumed for the without project scenario starting from the third project

year.

3. Demand for Outputs

11. A high proportion of the rice produced in the command area is for home consumption by

the households producing it. Any surpluses can easily be sold to rice collectors who sell either to

central Cambodian markets or to Vietnamese buyers. Surplus rice from Kampot is often exported, informally, to Viet Nam.

12. Dry season vegetable crops are sold in local markets or to collectors supplying to markets further afield. The current levels of production, as well as the increased production expected after rehabilitation of the system are extremely small compared with overall regional markets and will easily be absorbed by local and national demand without impact on prices.

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C. With Project Situation

1. Subproject Interventions

13. The subproject will replace the existing outlet structures nos. 1 and 3 and will replace outlet no. 2 with a spillway for the release of surplus water. Breaches in the embankment will be backfilled using material from borrow pits in the reservoir, but the final crest level of the embankment will only be determined during detailed design. The reservoir will be deepened by about 1.5 m over an area about 20 m wide along the embankment, but the extent of deepening and the final storage capacity of the reservoir will only be known once detailed design has been completed.

14. Two new main canals of about 1,000 meters each will be constructed from outlets no. 1 and 3 and the existing canal from outlet no. 2 will be converted for drainage. The distribution system will be developed with the construction of new secondary canals totaling an estimate 1,560 meters. The main and secondary canals will be of reinforced concrete. These will take less space than the existing canals, will reduce water losses (especially in view of the limited storage capacity of the reservoir) and will be more efficient than the original system.

15. Training will also be provided to help farmers in the command area to set up and run a farmers’ water user community (FWUC) which will assume responsibility for the operation and maintenance of the scheme once rehabilitation is complete.

2. With Project Crop Production

16. With rehabilitation of the irrigation system, supplementary irrigation for the main wet season rice crop will be available to ensure the crop does not suffer from water shortages during dry periods. This will increase average yields and give farmers the confidence to invest more in this crop. The early wet season rice crop is also expected to benefit. The area and average yield of this crop will increase, but the total area that could be safely planted will still be quite limited. The more reliable supply of water during the main wet season will result in higher levels of residual moisture after harvest to support dry season vegetable and other crops and some supplementary irrigation will also normally be available from the reservoir. This crop season will benefit significantly from the rehabilitation of the system. Dry season crops typical of the area include mung bean, wate melon, cucumber, pumpkin and various other minor vegetable crops.

17. With the project, cropping intensity is expected to increase to around 195%, with the early rice crop increasing to about 25% of the command area and dry season crops increasing to about 70%. The latter is justified by the expected significant increase in the level of residual moisture available for crops after the main rice harvest. Increases in crop areas and yields are assumed to occur during the two years following completion of the subproject works.

3. Incremental Production and Other Benefits

18. Crop benefits have been estimated with crop budgets for early wet and main wet season rice and mung bean and watermelon to represent the various crops grown during the dry season. The crop budgets are shown at the end of this appendix. The crop budgets are based on information provided by farmers in the subproject area on present crop inputs and outputs.

19. For early wet season rice, the present average yield is around 2.0 tons/ha, which is expected to increase to about 2.5 tons/ha, still well below the national average yields of 2.8 – 3.0

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tons/ha. Main season rice currently gives yields of around 2.7 tons/ha and given better water supply, input levels and some adjustment in varieties planted is expected to increase to around 3.5 tons/ha. For dry season crops, farmers in the area currently achieve yields of about 0.5 tons/ha for mung bean, which is well below the national average yield of 1.115 tons and 6 tons/ha for watermelon. With better moisture available for the crop and some supplementary, together with improved inputs, yield is assumed to increase to around 850 kg/ha with the project. With the improved growing conditions, water melon yields are expected to reach an average of 7.5 tons.3 Yield increases are expected to occur over 2 years following completion of the system rehabilitation. Total and incremental production for each of these crops is shown in Table A9.1.

Table A9.1: Crop Incremental Production

Crop

Without Project With Project Increment

(tons) Yield

(ton/ha) Area (ha)

Product (tons)

Yield (ton/ha)

Area (ha)

Product (tons)

Early rice 2.0 10 20 2.5 25 62.5 42.5

Main season rice 2.7 100 270 3.5 100 351 81

Mung bean 0.5 10 5 0.85 25 21.3 16.3

Water melon 6.0 15 90 7.5 45 338 248

Note: (i) Present/without project data from farmer informants. (ii) Mung bean and water melon are representatives for all dry season crops.

20. Rehabilitation of the reservoir may also improve the accessibility to water for at least some of the village livestock and could also result in an increase in fish production. These potential benefits have not been investigated in detail and have not been quantified.

21. The formation of a farmer water user community to manage, maintain and operate the irrigation system may have secondary benefits beyond its primary purpose - in terms of farmers working together and cooperating on marketing, for example. These and other secondary benefits are not included in the analysis.

4. Beneficiaries

22. The beneficiaries of the subproject will be all those households with land in the system command area, which is 185 households with an estimated 832 family members. Indirect beneficiaries will include other households who have improved availability of water from the reservoir for livestock or for domestic use. Rice traders may also benefit from increased surpluses produced in the command area. Input supplies may also benefit from increased demand.

D. Economic Assessment

1. Key Assumptions

23. The assumptions used for the economic analysis include the following:

(i) The project life is 20 years, including construction; the salvage value at the end of the project life is zero.

(ii) Implementation of the subproject will be over two years with benefit flows expected to start from the year following the completion of construction.

3 For watermelon no data is available on average yields in the region or across the country as a whole.

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(iii) Costs and benefits are expressed in constant third quarter 2016 in dollars and are valued using the domestic price numéraire.

(iv) Taxes and duties, interest and price contingencies are excluded from the economic cost; and physical contingencies are included.

(v) For tradable goods and services, economic costs and benefits are derived by adjusting their values by the shadow exchange rate factor of 1.1 and removing taxes.4

(vi) A shadow wage rate factor of 0.9 has been used for unskilled labor.5 (vii) The opportunity cost of capital adopted in the analysis is 12%, which represents

the opportunity cost of capital in Cambodia.

2. Prices

24. The financial prices used for the analysis are 3rd quarter 2016 prices. For crop outputs they are the current farm gate prices reported by Trapaing Run villagers. The adjustments applied for economic prices are those noted above. The prices used in the analysis are given in table below.

3. Economic Costs

25. The total base cost of the subproject in financial prices is $522,200 for the infrastructure rehabilitation plus $6,500 for the establishment and associated training costs for the FWUC. Economic costs have been derived by removing taxes, estimating the foreign cost components of the infrastructure line items and adjusting these with the SERF and by adjusting the estimated unskilled labor costs by the SWRF.

Table A9.1 - Subproject Financial and Economic Costs ($)

Item Base Cost Economic Cost

Deepening of reservoir 75,000 68,554

Repairing embankment 3,000 2,742

Spillway construction 65,000 58,676

Head regulators 70,000 63,189

Main & secondary canals 269,200 244,366

Excavation of main drain 40,000 36,562

Total infrastructure 522,200 474,089

FWUC establishment 6,500 6,500

Training costs 50,306 47,917

Project management 29,760 27,220

Total subproject 608,766 555,726

Source: Consultants’ estimates Note: Contingencies not included.

a. Economic Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis

26. The subproject has an EIRR of 13.1%. The low EIRR results from the relatively high costs for the rehabilitation of this scheme and the small command area. The sensitivity tests show that

4The data required to estimate the SERF (and SCF) has not been available. A SERF of 1.1 has therefore been used,

with variations in this value tested in the sensitivity analysis to check the impact on the results of the assessment. 5Variations in the SWRF are tested in the sensitivity analysis.

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the result is vulnerable to project crop yields being below expectations and, to a lesser extent, to increases in crop production costs. Provided the system supplies water as anticipated, farmers should be able to achieve the average yield increases envisaged.

27. The economic viability of the project depends on the cropping intensity achieved and particularly on the area that can be planted in the relatively profitable vegetable and other crops after the harvest of the main wet season rice crop. During this season, the average cropped area should be about 60 ha (60% of the command area) to ensure economic viability, but also depending on the actual cropping patterns adopted by farmers. Conversely, the area planted in early wet season rice has very little impact on the outcome so that more frequent years with erratic rainfall during this period resulting in low levels of cultivation would not affect long term viability of the project.

Table A9.2: Economic Result & Sensitivity Analysis

28. The base case includes the assumption that, due to the impact of climate change, the area planted in the future without project scenario will gradually decline due to the greater variability in rainfall. Future without project cropping area is assumed to decline by 1% per year. If this assumption is not made – i.e. the area planted without the project remains constant – then the EIRR would be 15.6%.

29. The SERF and SWRF have little impact on the result. If the SERF were 1.05 (SCF = 0.95) or 1.18 (SCF = 0.85) then the EIRR would be 15.8% and 16.3%, respectively, and if the SWRF were 0.8 or 1.0, the EIRR would be 17.2% and 15.0% respectively. The scarcity of labor is frequently mentioned by farmers in the subproject area and is evidenced by the use of machinery wherever possible for on farm tasks. The value of 0.9 for the SWRF used in the analysis may therefore not reflect the true value of this factor.

E. Financial impacts for beneficiary households

30. Average landholdings for households in the subproject area are about 1.5 ha, about equally divided between rice land and upland areas for other crops. Within the command area holdings vary in size, but with 185 households reported holding land in the area this gives an average of 0.54 ha per household (apart from any land they may also have outside the command area).

31. Rehabilitation of the subproject irrigation infrastructure, which at present is barely functional, will have a significant impact on the potential for crop production in the command area,

78 Annex 9

leading to increases in both yields and cropping intensities. The estimated net incremental income per ha is about $1,030 per year at full development and for an average holding would be $556 per year. Because land preparation for all crops and harvesting for rice are now mechanized labor inputs are relatively low and within the capacity of households for most activities, the value of labor inputs will also accrue mostly to households rather than to hired labor.

F. Distribution and poverty analysis

32. The distribution analysis for the subproject is shown in the table below. The difference between economic and financial values of crop benefits accrue entirely to beneficiary farm households. The difference between the economic and financial values of subproject costs accrue to labor since this difference represents the effect of the shadow wage rate factor. The rural poverty rate is taken as 20%, which is the rate for 2012 and is the most recent data available from the government. Since beneficiary households are assumed to be poor in the same proportion as the rural population as a whole, the poverty impact ratio for the subproject is also 20%.

Table A9.3: Distribution and Poverty Analysis

Item Net Present Values ($) Farm

House- holds

Labor Govt/

Economy Total

Financial

(A) Economic

(B) Difference

(B)-(A)

Project Benefits Crop production3 557,024 547,892 -9,131 3,689 5,443 9,131 Total Project Benefits 557,024 547,892 -9,131 Project Investment Costs Rehabilitation of irrigation system 441,272 400,617 -40,655 23,909 16,746 40,655 FWUC training 4,904 4,904 0 Training & project management 65,113 61,053 -4,061 4,061 O&M costs4 14,448 13,004 -1,445 1,445 Total Costs 525,738 479,577 -46,161

Net Benefits 31,285 68,315 37,030 1,445 27,598 26,250 55,292 Benefits (losses)

Proportion of the poor 20.0% 20.0% 10.0% Benefits to the poor 289 5,520 2,625 8,434 Poverty Impact Ratio 15.3%

Notes: (i) The proportion to the poor is the rural poverty rate for 2012, the most recent estimate available from the Ministry

of Planning (ii) Proportion of Government/economy share of net benefits assumed at 10% (Handbook for Integrating Poverty

Impact Assessment in the Economic Analysis of Projects, ADB, 2001) (iii) Total labour inputs are low due to the high level of mechanisation. The benefit to labour may accrue principally to

farm households since the amount of hired labour is likely to be small (iv) O&M carried out by FWUC members; therefore benefit accrues to farm households

Annex 9 79

Table A9.4: Prices Used USD

Unit Financial Economic

Outputs

Rice Ton 225 251 Mungbean Ton 1000 1000 Watermelon Ton 320 320 Inputs

Rice seed Kg 0.275 0.25 Mungbean seed Kg 1.50 1.36

Watermelon seed Kg 30.00 27.27

Herbicides / pesticides Ha 30 30.30 Power Tiller Ha

Tractor hire - miscellaneous use day / job 40 36.36 Tractor Hire / field preparation Ha 37.50 34.09 Harvester (water in field or lodging)

Ha 112.50 102.26

Harvester (dry field) Ha 87.50 79.54 Nitrogen (urea) Kg 0.45 0.32 Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) Kg 0.30 0.48 Potassium chloride Kg 0.54 0.36 Manure Ton 5.00 5.00 Labor Day 5.00 4.50

80 Annex 9

Table A9.5: Crop Budget for Early Wet Season Rice (1 ha)

Trapaing Run Irrigation System ($, Financial Prices)

Crop Budget for Early Wet Season Rice (1ha) construction period

Unit Unit Cost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ff

Outputs

Yield (ton) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.50 2.50 Rice price per ton (now) 275 550.00 550.00 550.00 618.75 687.50 687.50 687.50 Inputs

Land preparation ha 37.50 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Seed kg 0.275 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Urea 46-0-0 kg 0.45 80 80 80 96 112 112 112 DAP 18-46-0 kg 0.30 65 65 65 73 81 81 81 Manure ton 5.00 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Herbicides/Pesticides ha 30.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Water cost ha 25 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Machine Harvesting cost ha 87.50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Labor day 5.00 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Total costs 451.75 451.75 451.75 436.3875 446.025 446.025 446.025 Net revenue 98.25 98.25 98.25 182.36 241.48 241.48 241.48 incremental Benefit 0 0.00 0.00 84.11 143.23 143.23 143.23 Notes: (i) In the project scenario, water costs are incorporated into overall O&M costs, which will amount to about $25 per ha per year.

Annex 9 81

Table A9.6: Crop Budget for Wet Season Rice (1 ha)

Trapaing Run Irrigation System ($, Financial Prices)

Crop Budget for Wet Season Rice (1ha) construction period

Unit Unit Cost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ff

Outputs

Yield (ton) 2.70 2.70 2.70 3.11 3.51 3.51 3.51 Rice price per ton (now) ton 275 742.50 742.50 742.50 853.88 965.25 965.25 965.25 Inputs

Land preparation ploughing 37.50 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Seed kg 0.275 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Urea 46-0-0 kg 0.45 100 100 100 115 130 130 130 DAP 18-46-0 kg 0.30 75 75 75 90 105 105 105 Manure ton 5.00 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Herbicide / Pesticides ha 30.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Water cost ha 25 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Machine Harvesting cost ha 112.50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Labor day 5.00 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Total costs 488.75 488.75 488.75 475 486.25 486.25 486.25 Net revenue 253.75 253.75 253.75 378.88 479.00 479.00 479.00 incremental Benefit 0.00 0.00 0.00 125.13 225.25 225.25 225.25

Notes: (i) In the project scenario, water costs are incorporated into overall O&M costs, which will amount to about $25 per ha per year.

82 Annex 9

Table A9.7: Crop Budget for Mung Bean (1 ha)

Trapaing Run Irrigation System ($, Financial Prices) Crop Budget for Dry Season Mung bean (1ha) Unit Unit Cost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ff

Outputs Yield (ton) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.68 0.85 0.85 0.85 Mungbean price per ton ton 1000 500 500 500 675 850 850 850 Inputs Land preparation ploughing 37.50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Seed kg 1.50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Urea 46-0-0 kg 0.45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DAP 18-46-0 kg 0.3 50 50 50 75 100 100 100 Manure ton 5.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Herbicide / Pesticides ha 30.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Water cost ha 25 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Labor day 5.00 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 Total costs

182.5 182.5 182.5 165 197.5 197.5 197.5 Net revenue 317.50 317.50 317.50 510.00 652.50 652.50 652.50 incremental Benefit 0.00 0.00 0.00 192.50 335.00 335.00 335.00

Note: In the project scenario, water costs are incorporated into overall O&M costs, which will amount to about $25 per ha per year.

Annex 9 83

Table A9.8: Crop Budget for Watermelon (1 ha)

Trapaing Run Irrigation System ($, Financial Prices) Crop Budget for Dry Season Water Melon (1ha) Unit Unit Cost 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ff

Outputs Yield ton 6 6 6 6.5 7.0 7.50 7.5 Water melon price per ton 320 1920 1920 1920 2080 2240 2400 2400 Inputs Land preparation ploughing 37.50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Seed kg 30.00 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Urea 46-0-0 kg 0.45 90 90 90 97 103 110 110 DAP 18-46-0 kg 0.30 90 90 90 97 103 110 110 Manure ton 5.00 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 Herbicide / Pesticides ha 30.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Water cost ha 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Labor day 5.00 25 25 20 30 30 30 30 Tractor for transport (post-harvest) day 40.00 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 Total costs 480.00 480.00 455.00 510.00 565.00 610.00 610.00 Net revenue 1,440.00 1,440.00 1,465.00 1,570.00 1,675.00 1,790.00 1,790.00 Incremental Benefit 0.00 0.00 25.00 130.00 235.00 350.00 350.00

Note: In the project scenario, water costs are incorporated into overall O&M costs, which will amount to about $25 per ha per year.

84 Annex 9

Table A9.9: Economic Assessment

Trapaing Run Irrigation System ($, economic prices)

Economic assessment

Command area: 100 ha Area (ha) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-20 1)

Crop production

Without project

Early wet season rice 10 797 797 797 789 781 773 765 Main wet season rice 100 22,166 22,166 22,166 21,945 21,725 21,508 21,293 Dry season – mungbean 10 3,220 3,220 3,220 3,188 3,156 3,125 3,094 Dry season - watermelon 15 22,016 22,016 22,016 21,796 21,578 21,362 21,148 Total net income 48,199 48,199 48,199 47,717 47,240 46,768 46,300 With project:

Early wet season rice 25 797 797 2,774 5,309 5,309 5,309 5,309 Main wet season rice 100 22,166 22,166 33,644 42,622 42,622 42,622 42,622 Dry season – mungbean 25 3,220 3,220 8,925 16,261 16,261 16,261 16,261 Dry season - watermelon 45 22,016 22,353 48,747 77,995 83,320 83,320 83,320 Total net income 48,199 48,537 94,090 142,187 147,511 147,511 147,511 Incremental net income 0 338 45,891 94,470 100,271 100,744 101,211 Project Costs

Investment costs 237,044 237,044 FWUC costs 0 3,250 3,250 Project management costs (per $1000) 56.64 13,425 13,425 Training costs (per scheme, over 3 years)) 47,917 15,972 15,972 15,972 O&M costs 22.5 0 0 2,250 2,250 2,250 2,250 Net incremental revenue -266,442 -269,355 24,418 92,220 98,021 98,494 98,961

IRR 14.1%

NPV 68,315

Source: Consultants’ estimates Note: With small declines in without project net income in following years as area cultivated is assumed to decline at 1% per year.