Feasibility study for JCM projects through the promotion ... · plan for the mass dissemination of solar pumps in india ... environmental conditions at the survey of company l

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METI Feasibility Study

2015 global warming countermeasure technology dissemination for the

promotion of business

Feasibility study for JCM

projects through the

promotion of mass

dissemination of

high-efficiency solar pump

systems for irrigation in the

field of agriculture

Nidec Corp.

March 16th, 2016

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CONTENT

TABLE OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF UNITS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................... 6

1. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY ..................................................... 7

1.1 Background of this survey .......................................................................................... 7

1.1.1 Basic information of India ................................................................................... 8

1.1.2 Current status of India’s agriculture and irrigation .......................................... 9

1.1.3 Outlook to the greenhouse gas emissions situation in India .......................... 10

1.1.4 Situation of India-Japan bilateral credit system (JCM)................................... 11

1.2 The purpose of this survey ........................................................................................ 11

2. CURRENT STATUS OF SOLAR PUMP FOR IRRIGATION IN INDIA .................... 13

2.1 Subsidy and real number of sanctioned pumps ...................................................... 13

2.2 MNRE subsidy problems .......................................................................................... 15

2.3 Hearing to local farmers ........................................................................................... 15

2.3.1 Farm visit to Wagholi, Pune, Maharashtra ...................................................... 16

2.3.2 Farm visit to Bishangard Village, Jaipur, Rajasthan ...................................... 16

2.3.3 Farm visit to Ariyallur, Tamil Nadu ................................................................. 17

2.3.4 Farm visit to Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu ............................................................... 18

2.3.5 Summary of farm visits ...................................................................................... 18

2.4 Survey of indigenous solar pumps ........................................................................... 19

2.4.1 Results of the simulation of non-indigenous solar pumps ............................... 19

2.4.2 Survey of indigenous solar pumps..................................................................... 28

3. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF SOLAR PUMP PROTOTYPE .................... 30

3.1 Survey of the land used for installation .................................................................. 30

3.2 Survey of the installation procedure ........................................................................ 34

3.3 Testing in NISE ......................................................................................................... 39

3.4 Survey after the installation .................................................................................... 40

3.4.1 Set up ................................................................................................................... 40

3.4.2 Operation............................................................................................................. 40

3.4.3 Data acquisition .................................................................................................. 40

4. PLAN FOR THE MASS DISSEMINATION OF SOLAR PUMPS IN INDIA ............ 44

4.1 Future market forecast ............................................................................................. 44

5. STUDY OF EMISSION REDUCTION METHODOLOGY .......................................... 49

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5.1 Study of JCM methodologies .................................................................................... 49

5.1.1 JCM methodologies under study ....................................................................... 49

5.1.2 Analysis with the JCM methodologies .............................................................. 50

5.2 Study of emissions reduction methodology ............................................................. 51

5.2.1 JCM methodology proposal ................................................................................ 51

5.3 Emission reduction estimates .................................................................................. 53

5.3.1 Parameter settings ............................................................................................. 53

5.3.2 Calculation of the reference emissions ............................................................. 54

5.3.3 Calculation of project emissions ........................................................................ 56

5.3.4 Calculation of emissions reduction with the estimated amount of project

dissemination ............................................................................................................... 57

6. EFFORTS TO STRENGTHEN RELATIONS FOR THE JCM WITH PARTNER

COUNTRY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ........................................................................ 59

6.1 Indian Ministry of Power, Coal, and New Renewable Energy ............................... 59

6.2 Indian Ministry of Agriculture ................................................................................. 60

6.3 Indian Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE) ............................................. 61

7. POLICY RECOMMENDATION TO THE JCM PARTNER COUNTRY ..................... 62

7.1 First recommendation to the MNRE ....................................................................... 62

7.2 Second recommendation to the MNRE .................................................................... 64

8. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 67

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TABLE OF FIGURES

FIG. 1. GRAPH OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) ..................................... 9

FIG. 2. GRAPH OF IRRIGATION CAPACITY .......................................................... 10

FIG. 3. GRAPHS OF CO2 EMISSION ........................................................................ 11

FIG. 4. DISTRIBUTION OF SANCTIONED SOLAR PUMPS ................................ 15

FIG. 5. SCHEMATIC OF A PUMP MEASURING DEVICE .................................... 20

FIG. 6. DIAGRAM OF THE VOLTAGE-CURRENT MEASUREMENT ................. 20

FIG. 7. SETUP OF THE PUMP ................................................................................. 21

FIG. 8. SETUP OF THE MEASURING DEVICE ..................................................... 21

FIG. 9. AMOUNT OF WATER WITH RESPECT TO THE INPUT POWER .......... 22

FIG. 10. EFFICIENCY CURVE OF EACH PUMP ................................................... 22

FIG. 11. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT THE SURVEY OF COMPANY L

(Germany) ............................................................................................................. 23

FIG. 12. SOLAR RADIATION IN A CONDITION OF FIXED HORIZONT ........... 24

FIG. 13. EARLY MAY TEMPERATURES OF NORTHWESTERN INDIA ............ 25

FIG. 14. DIURNAL VARIATION OF THE PANEL TEMPERATURE .................... 25

FIG. 15. TEMPERATURE SETTING AND THE SIMULATED OUTPUT VOLTAGE

OF THE POWER SUPPLY IN PUMP L (Germany) .......................................... 26

FIG. 16. NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS AND INPUT POWER ............................. 26

FIG. 17. TEMPERATURE SETTING AND THE SIMULATED OUTPUT VOLTAGE

OF THE POWER SUPPLY IN PUMP G (Denmark) ......................................... 27

FIG. 18. INPUT POWER AND WATER OUTPUT IN PUMP G (Denmark) ........... 27

FIG. 19. EFFICIENCY OF COMPANY D (India) PUMP ......................................... 29

FIG. 20. MAP OF THE REGION OF IARI PUSA CAMPUS ................................... 31

FIG. 21. THE DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING .......................... 31

FIG. 22. DR. INDRA MANI (AT LEFT SIDE) ........................................................... 31

FIG. 23. NO SUNSHINE INTERFERENCE FROM SURROUNDING BUSHES . 31

FIG. 24. LOCATION OF THE CFMT&TI.................................................................. 32

FIG. 25. THE FIVE WELL LOCATIONS IN THE FARM AREA ............................ 33

FIG. 26. WELL #5 SUITABLE FOR A DEEP WELL PUMP ................................... 33

FIG. 27. SOLAR PUMP SYSYEM OF NIDEC .......................................................... 34

FIG. 28. CARGO ARRIVING TO IARI ....................................................................... 35

FIG. 29. 6" DIAMETER WELL ................................................................................... 35

FIG. 30. SETUP OF WELL’S LINE ........................................................................... 36

FIG. 31. PIPE AND PUMP CONNECTION .............................................................. 36

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FIG. 32. WELL DEPTH MEASUREMENT ............................................................... 36

FIG. 33. WATER LEVEL SENSOR SETTING .......................................................... 36

FIG. 34. PUMP IMMERSION IN THE WELL .......................................................... 36

FIG. 35. PUMP WITH FLOW METER ...................................................................... 36

FIG. 36. MOUNTING BASE AND ANCHOR ............................................................ 36

FIG. 37. ASSEMBLY (FRAME TO BASE) ................................................................. 36

FIG. 38. FRAME MOUNTING ................................................................................... 37

FIG. 39. PV MODULE MOUNTING .......................................................................... 37

FIG. 40. PUMP OPERATION TEST .......................................................................... 37

FIG. 41. PANEL / CONTROLLER INSTALLATION COMPLETED ....................... 37

FIG. 42. CARGO ARRIVAL (STAND/PUMP) ............................................................ 38

FIG. 43. SOLAR PANEL ARRIVAL ............................................................................ 38

FIG. 44. WELL’S TURRET ......................................................................................... 38

FIG. 45. TURRET ........................................................................................................ 38

FIG. 46. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 38

FIG. 47. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 38

FIG. 48. CONTROLLER MOUNTING ...................................................................... 38

FIG. 49. SCREENSHOT OF KIBANA ....................................................................... 41

FIG. 50. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE IOT DATA COLLECTION .......................... 42

FIG. 51. VISUALIZATION OF SENSOR DATA USING KIBANA – SOLAR

IRRADIATION AND DCDC VOLTAGE ............................................................. 42

FIG. 52. DATA OF WATER OUTPUT ........................................................................ 43

FIG. 53. REAL WATER OUTPUT .............................................................................. 43

FIG. 54. STARTUP SCREEN ..................................................................................... 43

FIG. 55. LOGIN SCREEN .......................................................................................... 43

FIG. 56. MENU SCREEN ........................................................................................... 43

FIG. 57. MR. ASHWANI KUMAR .............................................................................. 61

FIG. 58. MR. ASHWANI KUMAR AND THE DIRECTOR OF IARI ....................... 61

FIG. 59. POINT FULFILLING MNRE REQUIREMENTS FOR NUMBER OF

SOLAR PANELS, POWER OUTPUT AND PUMP EFFICIENCY ................... 63

FIG. 60. TRANSITION OF THE ELECTRIC POWER GENERATED BY THE

FIRST DAY OF EACH TRACKING SYSTEM ................................................... 64

FIG. 61. WATER OUTPUT VS INPUT POWER OF THE STANDARD PUMP ..... 65

FIG. 62. PERFORMANCE CURVE DERIVATION OF THE PUMP OF

EFFICIENCY α .................................................................................................... 65

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LIST OF UNITS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The following units and abbreviations are used in this report.

UNITS

NOTATION MEANING REMARK

Hp Horse power Output

W Watt Power

Wp Watt peak Maximum electric power

KW Kilowatt 1,000 Watts

MW Megawatt 1,000Kilowatts

GW Gigawatt 1,000 Megawatts

V Voltage

A Current

ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATION MEANING

JCM Joint Crediting Mechanism

MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute

NISE National Institute of Solar Energy

CFMT&TI Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute

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1. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY

1.1 Background of this survey

Japan established and implemented the JCM to spread and implement greenhouse

gases (GHG) reduction technologies, products, systems, services, infrastructure, in

developing countries leading to achieve the reduction and absorption of GHG emissions,

along with the quantitative evaluation of the contribution of our country, and the

achievement of Japan's reduction target.

By October 1 of 2015, 15 countries (Mongolia, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Maldives,

Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Palau, Cambodia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Chile

and Myanmar) already agreed to build the JCM system, and successively held bipartite

joint committees composed by the governments of the countries in order to begin with

the adoption of the necessary rules of operation and guidelines.

During the 20th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference

of the United Nations held in December last year (COP20), representatives of 12

signatory countries (at that time) gathered together and held the first JCM high-level

round table. In this high-level round table, the promotion of the formation of projects

was confirmed and the progress of the JCM welcomed. The continuation of the

promotion of excellent low carbon technologies from Japan through the JCM, expected

to greatly contribute towards the reduction and absorption of GHG emissions on a

global scale was issued as a joint shared statement. In addition, in November 15 of 2013

by instructions of Prime Minister was established the "global warming diplomatic

strategy attack" for the JCM, where the Government of Japan aims at a double number

of signing countries in the following three years and accelerate the consultations with

related countries, support the formation of projects that would involve the transfer of

low-carbon technologies, and continue the implementation of such system with

developing countries.

The purpose of this study is to recommend a new policy to India associated with the

proposal of a business scheme aiming at the dissemination of low-carbon technologies

and products, show the usefulness of the JCM and the excellent low-carbon technologies

and products, along with a plan for their promotion in India, which could contribute to

the increase of countries signing the bilateral agreement.

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1.1.1 Basic information of India

The Republic of India is the seventh largest country by area and the second most

populous country with over 1.276 billion people distributed in 29 states and 7 union

territories. India has no national language, but the official language of the government

is Hindi, having the largest number of speakers; English is regarded as a

supplementary language for business and administration only.

India shares land borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar (Burma) and

Bangladesh. It is one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world and

considered a newly industrialized country. Its economy is the world's seventh-largest by

nominal GDP, estimated to be 2.182 trillion USD in 2015. Its currency is the Indian

rupee (INR). The exchange rate with other foreign currency is: 68.53 INR = 1 USD; 0.61

INR = 1 JPY; 10.5 INR = 1 CNY (data of February 20, 2016). Figure 1 shows the

national GDP of India1.

The economy of India is strongly driven by its climate, influenced by the Himalayas and

the Thar Desert. The Himalayas prevent cold winds from blowing in, keeping the Indian

subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert attracts

the summer monsoon between June and October, providing the majority of India's

rainfall. The two major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India

are the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Other important rivers include the Yamuna, Kosi,

Godavari, Mahanadi, Kaveri, and Krishna.

Recently in 1991 India's economic policies changed towards liberalization with the goal

of making the economy more market oriented and expanding the role of private and

foreign investment. Specific changes include a reduction in import tariffs, deregulation

of markets, reduction of taxes, and greater foreign investment. The direction of

liberalization has remained the same irrespective of the ruling party, but it has not yet

solved difficult issues such as reducing agricultural subsidies and reforming labor laws.

By year 2011 the 486.6 million India’s labor force was the second largest in the world,

but yet 94% was part of the informal sector.

1 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development_in_India

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FIG. 1. GRAPH OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

1.1.2 Current status of India’s agriculture and irrigation

Significant growth has been registered in the agricultural sector from the beginning of

the Green Revolution in the 1960’s in India, the period when agriculture increased its

yields due to improved agronomic technology, to the 1991 economic liberalization

reforms. Exports growth of over 10.1 % annually through the 1990s was a result of

contract farming and high value agricultural products, with 18.1% of India’s labor force

working in the agricultural sector. Major agricultural products included rice, wheat,

oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes. By year 2003 agriculture accounted

for 22 % of India's GDP and employed 58% of the country's workforce. By now, India is

the world's largest producer of fruits, cashew nuts, coconuts, ginger, turmeric and

banana, the second largest producer of groundnut, wheat and vegetables, the third

largest producer of tobacco and rice, and the fourth largest producer of coarse grains.

For a country with two harvests being reaped per year, Indian products reach the world

via existing trading networks. However, currently even the rainfall water from the

double monsoons seasons (in summer and winter) cannot solve the problem of water

insufficiency.

After Indian farmers adopted modern agricultural practices, grid electricity and diesel

fuel pumps spread across the country, resulting in secondary negative effects: depletion

of ground water resources and increase of GHG. In the Punjab region of India, for

example, groundwater levels have dropped 10 meters since 1979.

The government of India introduced drip and micro irrigation systems earlier in the

year 1992 under centrally sponsored subsidies to attack the problem of depletion of

ground aquifers. The subsidy first offered up to 100% subsidy to small and marginal

farmers for setting up these irrigation facilities. In nowadays the subsidy has been

reduced to 25% to all farmers. Later in 2010 the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

(MNRE) launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) with the

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target of deploying 100 GW of electricity from solar power by 2022, and replacing 19

million grid electricity pumps and 7 million diesel pumps with solar pumps. The two

subsidy plans appear to be unofficially linked with each other in practice. Figure 2

shows the irrigation capacity in India2.

FIG. 2. GRAPH OF IRRIGATION CAPACITY

1.1.3 Outlook to the greenhouse gas emissions situation in India

The Bharat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by the

Government of India first introduced in the year 2000 to regulate the output of air

pollutants from internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles. The

standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control

Board under the Ministry of Environment & Forests and Climate Change. Since April

2012, current Bharat stage IV norms have been enforced across 13 major cities of the

country.

From the time the MNRE implemented the JNNSM, India's air quality has improved

and some regions witnessing 30 to 65% reduction of GHG. But even at these lower levels,

the emissions are higher than those recommended by the World Health Organization.

In 2007 there were nearly 75 GW of aggregate capacity from diesel generator sets with

unit sizes between 100 KW to 1 MW, making India’ CO2 emission among the world’s top

with 1,221.76 million tons. In the year 2012-13, India consumed 15.744 million tons of

petrol and 69.179 million tons of diesel, increasing to 2,070 million tons the CO2

emissions with a large part coming from 4 to 5 million diesel powered pumps, each

consuming about 3.5 kilowatts. India’ CO2 emission is among the world’s top with 2,070

million tons in the year 2013. Figure 3 shows the emissions of CO2 in India and in the

world3.

2 Source: Agriculture Census: 2011 Government of India, Table 2, page 16. Global map of irrigated areas: India FAO-United Nations

and Bonn University, Germany (2013) 3 Sources: EDGARv4.3, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)/PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.

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FIG. 3. GRAPHS OF CO2 EMISSION

1.1.4 Situation of India-Japan bilateral credit system (JCM)

The government of Japan through METI has signed agreement for the implementation

of the JCM scheme with the following countries: Mongolia, Bangladesh, Ethiopia,

Kenya, Maldives, Viet Nam, Laos, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Palau, Cambodia, Mexico,

Saudi Arabia, Chile, Myanmar and Thailand.

1.2 The purpose of this survey

Irrigation water for agriculture in India is largely dependent on the pumping of

groundwater due to the insufficiency from the rivers. The existing inefficient irrigation

pumps push up the ratio of power used by the agriculture sector, resulting in policies for

energy subsidy for the large number of low-income farmers that have become a major

factor of pressure to the country's energy supply and finance.

If it could be possible the mass dissemination of solar power generation and power

supply independent irrigation pumps (called solar pumps), and promote the

replacement of grid connected and diesel fuel pumps, then a big reduction of the load on

the power supply system as well as GHG emissions could happen.

For this purpose, the MNRE started 10 years ago a policy of subsidy for the

dissemination of solar pumps, but although a budget for about ten million units is

prepared every year, from a number around 35 million of irrigation pumps that exist

throughout India, the very limited penetration of solar pumps is of less than two million

units. The mentioned budget for the introduction of solar pump has not been totally

digested, and replacement has not progressed.

Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.3. http://edgar.jrc.ec.europe.eu

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The causes why the dissemination of the solar pump does not proceed in spite of the

subsidy policy are: due to the amount of water output from inefficient pumps is

insufficient, multiple failures due to unstable operation of the solar system and the

pump, and the mentality that the existing products cannot meet the local expectations.

Also, subsidy rules set by the MNRE (for example, the case where the capacity of the

pump motor is 3 HP but the uniform capacity of solar panels of 3KW exceeds the

specification, or the obligation of a type of solar panel mounting frame which is not

efficient at solar tracking, etc.) are some of the problems that officials from the Ministry

of Agriculture are questioned by users.

Therefore, for the large amount of power consumption due to the spread of inefficient

pumps and the problem that it has produced to India, in the use of the JCM in this

study covering the dissemination of high-efficiency solar pumps and promoting the

migration from grid connected pumps to solar pumps, for the purpose of reduction of

GHG emissions in India, the following investigation and examination is conducted.

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2. CURRENT STATUS OF SOLAR PUMP FOR IRRIGATION IN INDIA

When the MNRE implemented the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)

and provided subsidies for the procurement of solar pumps, the growth of businesses

related to manufacturing and sales of solar systems came along with the one for solar

pumps. This chapter describes and explains the program of subsidies under the

JNNSM.

2.1 Subsidy and real number of sanctioned pumps

The JNNSM was launched on the 11th of January, 2010 by the Prime Minister of India.

The mission has set the ambitious target of deploying 100 GW of electricity from solar

power by 2022. It is planned following three phases:

First phase, 2012 and up to March 2013

Second phase from 2013 to 2017

Third phase from 2017 to 2022

The target is split between 60 GW of utility scale projects, like solar parks in different

states, and 40 GW of rooftop, other smaller grid electricity projects and off-grid projects

like solar pump systems.

There are 2 types of solar systems under consideration for the plan:

Grid electricity systems

Off-grid systems

The enabling policy framework is different for grid electricity projects and off-grid solar

projects. solar pump systems fall in the category of solar off-grid projects.

Based on the current energy capacity in India (40GW of grid electricity and 38GW of

off-grid including hydraulic, wind, and other renewable energy), the distribution of the

additional capacity is:

Segment Target Phase 1 Accum Phase 2 Accum Phase 3

Grid connected 1,100 MW 10,000 MW 20,000 MW

Off-grid systems 200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MW

Available information about subsidy distribution for the 1st phase

The Indian Government decided the implementation of this phase by approving a

combination of low interest bearing loans and/or central financial assistance, thru the

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biddings of two batches. In batch 1 the capacity addition was 650 MW of grid connected

solar energy plants, and in batch 2 the remaining capacity was awarded. The capacity

addition for off-grid system came from small solar generation plants, like rooftop plants

with capacity less than 2 MW.

1100 MW capacity grid electricity solar projects

200 MW capacity off-grid solar applications

Number of solar pumps: 17,500 sets

Total fund: 2.995 billion Rupees (5.5 billion yen)

Available information about subsidy distribution for the 2nd phase

The Indian Government extended the implementation of the plan, not just focusing in

grid connected solar energy plants, but also focusing in off-grid small-scale systems,

allocating a larger number of solar pumps in selected states upon approval.

8900 MW capacity grid connected solar projects, with 6,000 MW from state

schemes

800 MW capacity off-grid solar applications

Number of solar pumps: 100,000 sets (20,00 between year 2014 and 2015,

30,000 between 2015 and 2016, and the rest between 2016 and 2017)

Fund for 2014 and 2015: 4 billion Rupees (7.3 billion yen)

Available information about fund distribution for the 3rd phase

10,000 MW capacity grid connected solar projects

1,000 MW capacity off-grid solar applications

Other relevant information about the fund is not available at the moment.

The official number of sanctioned solar pumps under the subsidy of the JNNSM during

the course of the 2nd phase, for the period between the year 2014 and 2015, according to

the state where these were installed is presented in the fig. 4. It accounts for only 38%

(7,518 solar pumps) from the target of 20,000 set by the MNRE.

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FIG. 4. DISTRIBUTION OF SANCTIONED SOLAR PUMPS4

2.2 MNRE subsidy problems

Regarding the scarce segregation of the subsidy, there are a few problems to highlight:

Obtaining approvals from MNRE takes anywhere between 6 months to 1 year.

Application is a painfully slow process to farmers due to the lack of information.

Subsidy is limited to the purchase of solar pumps made by members of an

association endorsed by MNRE.

Farmers might need to adopt drip or micro irrigation system in exchange for

accepting MNRE subsidies to buy solar pumps. This irrigation system belongs to a

different central subsidy scheme.

Farmers who qualify to the subsidy must hurdle bank’s high interest rates of

around 13.75% to finance in a regular period of 5 year the rest of the solar pump.

In this study, the basis for reduction of the initial cost of our prospective considers:

a) introducing high-efficiency pumps expected to be developed in the future that

could allow reducing the number of solar panels, and b) omitting the tracking

mechanism and the related maintenance labor. But the benefit cannot be obtained

due to the requirements of the MNRE about a fixed output from the solar panels

and indispensable tracking mechanism.

2.3 Hearing to local farmers

In order for farmers to increase their income and earn a reasonable livelihood, by

improving the efficiency of conveying and applying water from the source to high-value

crops, they have learnt how to optimize water usage and lower the cost of pumping.

4 Sources: Ministry of New & Renewable energy, SPV Off-Grid Division. http://mnre.gov.in/

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We visited four farms in India in order to conduct a direct hearing with the farmers,

understand the local conditions, confirm current farming practices and verify the

digestion of the MNRE subsidy.

2.3.1 Farm visit to Wagholi, Pune, Maharashtra

The first hearing was conducted on December 23th, 2015. The solar pump system was

manufactured by Span Motors, and installed 9 months ago, at 195 feet in a bore well of

7.5 inches diameter and water level at 100 feet. The farm size is 3 acres. It has a tank

for water storage with floating sensor measuring the water level and automatically

turning the pump ON and OFF. Each solar panel has the following specifications:

SPEC VALUE

Maximum power (MP) 225 Wp

Open circuit voltage 36.2 V

Short circuit current 8.11 A

Voltage at MP 29.6 V

Current at MP 7.61 A

The total power of the system of 8 solar panels is 1.8KW, and the system is installed in

such a way that it will get both AC power from the grid and DC power from the solar

panel. The system has a DC motor of 2 HP.

Some relevant comments provided by the farmer are: 1) the solar pump system was

installed without MNRE subsidy, 2) this system requires less maintenance compared

with a diesel fuel pump, and 3) dust sediments on top of the solar panels need to be

manually cleaned up frequently, at least once every three days, requiring additional

manpower for this task.

2.3.2 Farm visit to Bishangard Village, Jaipur, Rajasthan

The second hearing was conducted on December 30th, 2015. The solar pump was

manufactured by Shakti and installed 3 years ago, at 70 meters in the well of 80 meters

depth. It pumps water to a drip filter system which in turn irrigates the 2 acres farm

land. Each solar panel has the following specifications:

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SPEC VALUE






The total power of the system of 14 solar panels is 3.22KW, and it features an automatic

maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system. This tracking system gets its power

supply from two 10W solar panels and a 12V battery backup system. The tracking

system will change the position angle of the solar panels of the solar pump every 15

minutes. The system has an AC motor of 3 HP.


installed with an MNRE subsidy of 86%, 2) dust sediments on top of the solar panels

need to be manually cleaned up, 3) currently the automatic MPPT system is not

working, but yet the farmer is not much concern about it; in fact he prefers not having it

due to problems with the battery maintenance and security, and 4) technical support is

not immediately available due to the remote location of the farm, 5) crops are lemon and

vegetables.

2.3.3 Farm visit to Ariyallur, Tamil Nadu

The third hearing was conducted on January 15th, 2015. The solar pump was

manufactured by Shakti and installed 1 month ago, at 70 meters in a bore well of 90

meters depth and 8 inches diameter, with a water level of 30 meters. It pumps water

directly to a farm land the size of 5 acres. Each solar panel has the following

specifications:

SPEC VALUE






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The total power of the system of 20 solar panels connected in series is 4.9KW. The

system has AC motor of 5 HP. It features an auto tracking system changing the angle of

the solar panels every 15 minutes.


installed with an MNRE subsidy of 80%, 2) it comes with a lightning arrester and

grounding, 3) crops are eucalyptus and vegetables.

2.3.4 Farm visit to Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

The fourth hearing was conducted on January 15th, 2015. The solar pump was

manufactured by Shakti and installed 1 month ago, at 70 meters in a bore well of 90

meters depth and 6.5 inches diameter. It can pump water to a storage tank and directly

to a farm land the size of 3 acres. Each solar panel has the following specifications:

SPEC VALUE






The total power of the system of 20 solar panels connected in series is 4.9KW. The

system has AC motor of 5 HP. It features an auto tracking system changing the angle of

the solar panels every 15 minutes.


installed with an MNRE subsidy of 80%, 2) it comes with a lightning arrester and

grounding, 3) the crops are sugarcane and vegetables.

2.3.5 Summary of farm visits

The following table presents a brief summary of the information collected from the four

farm visits.

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Visit 1 Visit 2 Visit 3 Visit 4

Location Wagholi, Pune Bishangard,

Rajasthan

Ariyallur,

Tamil Nadu

Thanjavur,

Tamil Nadu

Depth of Bore

well

100 m 80 m 90 m 90 m

Diameter of

Bore well

7.5 inches 6 inches 8 inches 6.5 inches

Manufacturer

of pump

Span motors Shakti Ltd Shakti Ltd Shakti Ltd

Capacity 2 HP 3 HP 5 HP 5 HP

Diameter of

pump

6 inches 5 inches 6 inches 6 inches

Solar panel 225 W, total 8,

4 in series & 2

parallel string

230 W, 14

panels all in

series

245 W, 20

panels all in

series

245 W, 20

panels all in

series

Tracking

system

Fixed (no

tracking)

Automatic

tracking

Automatic

tracking

Automatic

tracking

Subsidy No 86% 80% 80%

2.4 Survey of indigenous solar pumps

As part of examining the possibility of contributing to the prevention of global warming

by deploying high-efficient advanced pumps having Japanese technology in developing

countries, we conducted a survey of performance of pumps having advanced technology

from manufacturers of other countries that our prospective pump will have to compete

against (company names are omitted, and instead a code letters are used): G (Denmark),

F (USA), L (Germany) and R (India).

2.4.1 Results of the simulation of non-indigenous solar pumps

The evaluation results of the pumps manufactured with technology from other countries

in this section follow to the description of the conditions of the experiments.

Experimental apparatus and method for creating pump efficiency curve

Figures 5 and 6 show the diagram of the configuration of the measurement apparatus.

Figures 7 and 8 are pictures of the apparatus and the configuration at the evaluation

20

test. We connected the voltage from a stable power supply to the power conditioner

(driver). From the connected voltage, the power was 2.5 KW, 2 KW, 1.5 KW, 1 KW and

0.5 KW. We connected a pipe to the pump of the same diameter, mounted a valve to

control the pressure, and by adjusting the pressure we simulated the head of the well.

The pressure gauge and flow meter were connected to the conditioner (display unit), the

pump submerged in a water bath, and signals from the pressure gauge and flow meter

were monitored. The water output from the pump was returned over and over again to

the water bath. Voltage and current measurement were taken using an oscilloscope.

Pressure gauge, flow meter and the oscilloscope were connected to a data logger.

Recording of the data was synchronized with respect to the start-up. We registered the

amount of output water for an adjustment of pump head equal to 50m.

FIG. 5. SCHEMATIC OF A PUMP MEASURING DEVICE

FIG. 6. DIAGRAM OF THE VOLTAGE-CURRENT MEASUREMENT

21

FIG. 7. SETUP OF THE PUMP

FIG. 8. SETUP OF THE MEASURING DEVICE

Efficiency curve of each pump

Figure 9 shows the result of the amount of water output with respect to the input power

at the head 50m from company G (Denmark), L (Germany), F (USA) and R (India).

Vertical axis represents the amount of output water per unit of time, and the horizontal

axis represents the input power. All the results show linearity with flow rate

proportional to the input power. From these results, the respective efficiency

performance curves are shown in fig. 10.

Pump from company F (USA) is about 20% lower compared to the other pumps. This is

because while other companies are using the DC brushless motors, F (USA) adopted AC

motors. In the low nominal output of company G (Denmark), the starting power against

company L (Germany) is low. In addition, there is high-efficiency in the pump of G

(Denmark) when the input power is low. Finally, the efficiency of the pumps from the

22

companies L (Germany) and R (India) are comparable.

FIG. 9. AMOUNT OF WATER WITH RESPECT TO THE INPUT POWER

FIG. 10. EFFICIENCY CURVE OF EACH PUMP

Survey of pump operation in the simulated environment

It is required to control the fluctuation of solar radiation and air temperature in

accordance with the real environmental changes. This control is also a great influence

on the amount of water output. Therefore, in order to investigate the actual (controlled)

behavior of the pump when connected to the solar panel, we examined it using a

simulated power to reproduce the solar panel’s behavior. Two different environmental

conditions were registered from the simulated power (software program change) and

the survey schedule. Details of the used conditions and the experiment results are

shown next.

Simulation of the solar panel

We simulated the characteristics of the solar panels using a power device. It was

23

studied under the conditions of an array connected all in series providing 2,400 Wp.

Environmental conditions in the investigation of the pump from company L (Germany)

The environmental conditions used in the investigation of the pump from L (Germany)

are shown in fig. 11. Panel temperature and solar radiation were set as the

environmental conditions. Purple line represents temperature, and the yellow one is the

solar radiation. The horizontal axis is the time.

FIG. 11. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT THE SURVEY OF COMPANY L

(Germany)

Environmental conditions in the investigation of the pump from company G (Denmark)

Sunlight conditions used in the investigation of company G (Denmark) were

transformations in order to meet the requirements defined by the MNRE of 7.15

KWh/day. The result of the transformation is shown in fig. 12. In brief, the

transformation used data taken on May 1st over with the solar panel of the institute

within the joint research in a fixed horizontal plane over the place of Jalgaon,

Maharashtra, India as a base, assumes the direct solar radiation on the solar panel,

calculates the cosine of the angle between the fixed horizontal plane and the straight

normal line joining the midpoints of the sun and the panel, and to obtain the solar

radiation from the azimuth and elevation, the maximum value of the solar radiation

was fixed in such a way that it turns 7.15 KWh/day along the axis of time by

extrapolation.

24

FIG. 12. SOLAR RADIATION IN A CONDITION OF FIXED HORIZONT

Temperature conditions in the investigation of the pump from company G (Denmark)

Temperature conditions used in the investigation of the pump from company G

(Denmark) were based on the temperature data on May 1st over a northwestern city

similar to New Delhi, India. The formula5 for the calculation of temperature of the solar

panels assumed the wind was blowing at average speed of 1m/sec. The reference value

(NOCT) was a measure from July 27 of 2015 over Koriyama: under a condition of 1000

W/m2 of solar radiation and 34℃ of temperature, the result of the panel temperature

was 68℃. Temperatures shown in fig. 15 were calculated on the basis of the diurnal

variation of temperature of one day in early May. Figure 13 shows the results of diurnal

variations in panel temperature calculated for the previous conditions.

T_cell: Panel temperature [℃]

T_air: Environment temperature [℃]

NOCT: Panel temperature at 800w/m2 irradiation and 25℃ [℃]

S: Solar irradiation [W/m2]

5 Source: http://www.solareducation.org/solarcdrom/modules/nominal-operating-cell-temperature

25

FIG. 13. EARLY MAY TEMPERATURES OF NORTHWESTERN INDIA6

FIG. 14. DIURNAL VARIATION OF THE PANEL TEMPERATURE

SURVEY RESULTS FOR EACH PUMP

COMPANY L (Germany)

The variation of the output voltage from the simulated power and the conditions of solar

radiation and temperature used this pump investigation are shown in fig. 15. In the left

graph the panel temperature is shown with the purple line on the left, and the yellow

line represents the solar radiation. The horizontal axis is the time. Graph in the right

figure represents the output voltage from the simulated power. The horizontal axis

represents time and the vertical axis represents the voltage. The voltage decreases

when the temperature rises, and increases when the temperature decreases. Maximum

power point tracking (MPPT) is the voltage value when power has the maximum value.

The solar power generated from MPPT is a control device for the solar panel to

automatically determine the value of a voltage that when multiplied by the current

maximizes the power output (optimum operating point).

6Source：http://metnet.imd.gov.in/mausamdocs/16618_F.pdf

26

FIG. 15. TEMPERATURE SETTING AND THE SIMULATED OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF

THE POWER SUPPLY IN PUMP L (Germany)

The variation of the motor speed and the input power for the previous conditions are

shown in fig. 16. The horizontal axis represents time and the vertical axis represents

the rotational speed and input power. The red line represents the rotational speed and

the green line the input power. Rotation speed is considered to be proportional to the

control and varies similarly in response to changes in input power.

FIG. 16. NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS AND INPUT POWER

COMPANY G (Denmark)

It was impossible in the case of the pump from the company G (Denmark) to measure

the rotating speed in the pump, so instead we measured the amount of water that is

proportional to the rotational speed in the pump. The variation of the output voltage,

the simulated power from solar radiation, and temperature used for the investigation of

this pump are shown in fig. 17. The panel temperature is the purple line and the yellow

line represents the solar radiation in the graph shown on the left side. The horizontal

27

axis is the time. Graph in the right figure represents the output voltage from the

simulated power. The horizontal axis represents time and the vertical axis represents

the voltage. The voltage decreases when the temperature rises, and increases when the

temperature decreases. Voltage from MPPT control was implemented.

FIG. 17. TEMPERATURE SETTING AND THE SIMULATED OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF

THE POWER SUPPLY IN PUMP G (Denmark)

The amount of output water required by the MNRE from the power input of the

previous conditions during the authentication is shown in fig. 18. The horizontal axis

represents time; one vertical axis represents the rotational speed and the other input

power. The blue line represents water, and the red line the input power. Rotation speed

is considered to be proportional to the control and varies similarly in response to

changes in input power. However, due to the solar power generated could exceed 1 KW,

the control was limited to 1 KW.

FIG. 18. INPUT POWER AND WATER OUTPUT IN PUMP G (Denmark)

28

SUMMARY

We investigated the pumps from companies of other countries: G (Denmark), L

(Germany), F (USA), and R (India), for the purpose of creating their performance curve

and operation in a pseudo-environment. The results showed the efficiency of L

(Germany) and R (India) were comparable. The efficiency of F (USA) using an AC motor

was 20 percent lower, and output of the low rated G (Denmark) was 5% higher. It was

confirmed that G (Denmark) and L (Germany) implement MPPT control. In addition, G

(Denmark) showed an input of more than 1KW, even when there is a limit to the input.

2.4.2 Survey of indigenous solar pumps

Company D (India)

The company L&T Technology Services from India provided support for the survey of

indigenous pumps. Personal from L&T visited the company D (India) for the purpose of

witnessing the efficiency evaluation of a three phase BLDC submersible pump in the

testing area of company D (India). The specifications of the pump are shown next.

Details Values

Model 4MFE10

Motor Type BLDC

No. of Stages 12

No. of Phases Three

KW 2.2

Voltage (V) 160

Current(A) 16.8

Category B

Taken from the official certificate report issue from company D (India) on February 2 of

2016, the fig. 19 presents the efficiency of the selected pump, showing its highest value

at nearly 45%.

29

FIG. 19. EFFICIENCY OF COMPANY D (India) PUMP

30

3. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF SOLAR PUMP PROTOTYPE

On November 5, 2015 we accepted the recommendation from the Ministry of Agriculture

of India for installing this project in the following two sites:

① Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), in Pusa, New Delhi.

② Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute (CFMT&TI), in Budni,

Madhya Pradesh.

The field survey started immediately on the next day.

3.1 Survey of the land used for installation

① November 2015 at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI).

The IARI or more popularly known as Pusa Institute, opened in 1905 at Pusa (Bihar)

with the generous grant from American Mr. Henry Phipps. The institute was then

known as Agricultural Research Institute (ARI). The institute was moved to Delhi on

July 29th 1936. After the country’s independence, the name of the institute was

changed to Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI).

Located in the limits of the city of New Delhi, India, 30 minutes northeast from Indira

Gandhi International Airport and about 1 hour from NIDEC’s office in Gurgaon, the

Division of Agricultural Engineering (fig. 20, 21 and 23) of IARI, the place selected for

the demonstration of the project. It extends for about 3km × 3km in a quiet place that

does not appear yet in the city, but yet mobile communication devices like smart phone

used in the vicinity are within the range of the existing 3G / 2G connection. Dr. Indra

Mani, shown in the pictures (fig. 22), is the current Director of IARI.

Site 1: IARI. With solar module and pump.

Already with fixed solar panels and installed Lorentz 2HP BLDC pump, but later

replaced with NIDEC system by request of the IRIA.

The depth of the well is about 80 meters (262 feet).

Mainly growing fruit trees and vegetables.

31

FIG. 20. MAP OF THE REGION OF IARI PUSA

CAMPUS

FIG. 21. THE DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

FIG. 22. DR. INDRA MANI (AT LEFT SIDE)

FIG. 23. NO SUNSHINE INTERFERENCE FROM SURROUNDING BUSHES

※Scene prior to the third-party system exchange (fixed type of solar panels and 2HP BLDC pump)

32

② November 2015 at the CFMT&TI

The government established in 1955 the "Agricultural Machinery Use Training Center"

in Budni (Madhya Pradesh). It was founded for the purpose of training the future

farmers in proper usage of agricultural machinery and maintenance. Later, it changed

its name to "Tractor Training and Test Station", and in 1983 it was positioned to the

functions of the current "Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute."

Located in Budni, 2 hours drive south from Bhopal airport, in the state of Madhya

Pradesh, it has 2G mobile connection. No houses in the surrounding area, the location is

one day trip visiting from around Delhi (fig. 24).

FIG. 24. LOCATION OF THE CFMT&TI

Mr. C.R. LOHI (Director) mentioned there are 5 locations with wells in the farm area

available for the demonstration. Figure 25 shows the 5 places available for our survey.

From the 5 wells, there are just 2 places where deep drilling is suitable for pump

installation. Well #2 is 15 meters (50ft), and well #5 shown in fig. 26 is 91 meters (300ft)

allowing a 50 meters (150ft) lift for the demonstration of the pump.

33

FIG. 25. THE FIVE WELL LOCATIONS IN THE FARM AREA

FIG. 26. WELL #5 SUITABLE FOR A DEEP WELL PUMP

34

SUMMARY

Two places in IARI and CFMT&TI were selected for the installation of solar pump

systems for the period of the feasibility study.

IARI has good location and is the main demonstration site because it is easy to go to

the site from Delhi.

One more pump system will be installed in IARI. It is still an ongoing operation of

well drilling and installation of the pump.

Budni was recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture. Despite its bad access,

different weather conditions, and different mobile communication, it is useful for

the investigation.

3.2 Survey of the installation procedure

The pump system installed this time was the type without a charging function, only

with the ability to pump water with the energy of sunlight, and equipped with various

sensors and 2G/3G mobile communication function for monitoring the operation status.

The solar panel frame allowed a 2-axis manual tracking three times per day (morning,

noon and afternoon), and to operate setting the surface of the solar panel in the

direction of the sun. System in the fig. 27 follows the electrical product safety

regulations in India, EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) regulations, designed and

manufactured to pass the radio wave regulations. Compatibility survey of regulation

was carried out separately and in parallel to this study. Since it was confirmed to pass

the regulations, it is possible to continue the operation after the end of period of study.

FIG. 27. SOLAR PUMP SYSYEM OF NIDEC

35

Installation of the system at IARI (Site #1 at Pusa) - January 27 of 2016

Cargo arrived in the morning at 9:30 hrs. and later on pump installation into the well

began (fig. 28 to 31). Measurement of the surface of the water depth in the well was

done by dropping into the well the iron pipe using ropes, and until perceiving a change

in the sound is when we knew the pipe reached the surface of the water. Slack of rope

was drop until reaching the bottom, then the rope was removed and the length

measured with a ruler (fig. 32). Results are summarized in the next table.

SITE

Well

Depth

(ave.)

Head

of Pump

(ave.)

Water

Lebel

(var.)

Ground

Height

(ave.)

Dynamic

Head

(var.)

Pusa Site #1 69.31m 60m 46.55m 0.5m 47m

Operation of installation was conducted by 5 professionals during a half-day of work

(seen in the fig. 30 wearing yellow working vests from company Empire Tubewell). First,

a solar C-pipe (each piece of 3 meters) was connected to the pump, and slowly put it

inside the well (fig. 30 and 31). A wire rope was fixed to the pump to lower it, and the

water level sensor installed in place (fig. 32 and 33). In order to connect the 3 meters

cable from the motor to the controllers at ground level, waterproof rubber tape and

insulating tape for the connection to the extension cable were used without problems.

Parallel solar panels stand and solar panel installation was then conducted (fig. 36 to

41). Sequentially assembly in accordance with the installation manual was carried out

by 10 persons in a half-day working day.

FIG. 28. CARGO ARRIVING TO IARI

FIG. 29. 6" DIAMETER WELL

36

FIG. 30. SETUP OF WELL’S LINE

FIG. 31. PIPE AND PUMP CONNECTION

FIG. 32. WELL DEPTH MEASUREMENT

FIG. 33. WATER LEVEL SENSOR SETTING

FIG. 34. PUMP IMMERSION IN THE WELL

FIG. 35. PUMP WITH FLOW METER

FIG. 36. MOUNTING BASE AND ANCHOR

FIG. 37. ASSEMBLY (FRAME TO BASE)

37

FIG. 38. FRAME MOUNTING

FIG. 39. PV MODULE MOUNTING

FIG. 40. PUMP OPERATION TEST

FIG. 41. PANEL / CONTROLLER

INSTALLATION COMPLETED

Installation of the system at CFMT&TI (Well #5 at Budni) - February 1 of 2016

The cargo arrival was the previous week; using the farm tractor and a forklift it was

carried to the site in turn and installation of the pump in the well began. Well depth and

water depth measurement was carried out in the same manner as in the case of IARI.

This time the pump was connected to a steel pipe (each piece of 3 meters), and slowly

put inside the well. Wire rope and water level sensor were set in place. Results are

summarized in the next table.

Installation of the pump was carried out by 5 persons working half-day. Stand and solar

panel installation was completed in about 2 hours. Controller installation and electrical

work, with three added assistants under business travel, working half-day for a total of

about 10 people (fig.42 to 48).

SITE

Well

Depth

(ave.)

Head

of Pump

(ave.)

Water

Lebel

(var.)

Ground

Height

(ave.)

Dynamic

Head

(var.)

CMFT&TI 55m 51m 6.5m 0.5m 7m

38

FIG. 42. CARGO ARRIVAL (STAND/PUMP)

FIG. 43. SOLAR PANEL ARRIVAL

FIG. 44. WELL’S TURRET

FIG. 45. TURRET

FIG. 46. CONCLUSION

FIG. 47. CONCLUSION

FIG. 48. CONTROLLER MOUNTING

39

Survey results after the installation task show the stand, the solar panel and the

controller represent a major issue in the installation of the pump. Improvement in the

base specification is a required challenge.

Need a hook for the wire rope attached to the pump

In the know-how of local professional there is no problem related to the extension of

the pump harness

Thin flow-meter cable, improve reliability requirements

Initial configuration is necessary in the flow-meter, require to select unnecessary

goods

Low-cost study is needed for the structure of the base of the mounting stand

Installation of 360-degree rotation stand is impossible

The pump cable, flow-meter cable and cable of the solar panel are connected to

the controller which is attached to the frame pillar, preventing the winding

around the pillar.

Crash prevention between the controller and mounting base

A guide for controller mounting position in the stand pillar is required

Simplification of the work for the wiring to the controller

Mechanism to prevent morning dew falling from solar panels to the controller

Winding the excess of cable from the installation to the structure

Study of data transmitting is needed to match with poor India mobile radio wave

environment

3.3 Testing in NISE

NISE (National Institute of Solar Energy) is part of the MNRE and engages into the

demonstration and standardization of solar energy, research and study, education,

training and technical tests. As an intermediate presence that connects the employers'

organizations to government agencies, public authorities and industry, it is also an

organization that has been promoting the commercialization, development and

dissemination of solar energy in India. It is located in the suburbs of Gurgaon city, about

25km southwest from the capital New Delhi.

In NISE it is determined the subsidy criteria for the solar pump; each unit by the

system manufacturer scheduled for commercialization is tested to determine if it has

reached the subsidy beneficiaries criteria.

With respect to our prospective solar pump system, testing at our facility was confirmed

after bringing the installed unit for the study described previously and finishing the

40

arrangements to perform the test; it was revealed the test cannot start during the

period of the present study project. In the application for taking the test, all tests are

conducted from April at the earliest. The test will be completed with company’s funds,

and we expect the coming result harness a policy to help the future of our business.

3.4 Survey after the installation

3.4.1 Set up

Pump installation process in the two places is shown in the next table:

3.4.2 Operation

A system operation manual was given to officials of IARI and CMFT&TI and the

method of operation was taught. Two persons from L&T TS also received instructions

and participated in the operations, site engineers for primary emergency response and

operating status follow-up. Sensor data by the mobile communication has been

established now and can be monitored via the Internet.

3.4.3 Data acquisition

The solar pump used in the demonstration experiment is equipped with the following

sensing devices:

Pyrheliometer (to measure the solar irradiation)

Thermocouple (to measure the temperature of the solar panels)

Flowmeter (to measure the water output)

Water depth sensor (to measure the dynamic head)

Others (sensors to measure voltage, current, rotational speed in the converter and

pump)

41

The sensors provide different environment data. The data is collected in real-time in

India with the sensor hub of the solar pump, stored via 2G/3G high-speed internet in a

cloud server located in Singapore, and monitored on-line in Japan using Windows®

Explorer® browser running a plug-in application called KIBANA®.

Data available for monitoring is described in the next table:

SENSOR ID DATA

THERMOCOUPLE Solar irradiation. Solar panel temperature.

DCDC Voltage and current from the converter.

LEVEL Dynamic head.

PUMP Rotational speed. Current. Power.

FLOW Water output from the pump.

Figure 49 shows a screenshot from a computer’s monitor at the headquarters of NIDEC

in Kyoto Japan at the time of monitoring the operational status of the pumps installed

in India for the demonstration for the dates between February 7 to 13 of 2016.

Different data around the solar pump system, temperature, pump operating status, the

amount of output water and accumulated power generation can be collected via IoT, and

obtain statistical information from it.

FIG. 49. SCREENSHOT OF KIBANA

42

The fig. 50 shows a block diagram of the IoT data collection.

FIG. 50. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE IOT DATA COLLECTION

The fig. 51 shows irradiation level and voltage output from the DCDC converter, for the

period between February 7 to 13 of 2016.

FIG. 51. VISUALIZATION OF SENSOR DATA USING KIBANA – SOLAR

IRRADIATION AND DCDC VOLTAGE

43

The fig. 52 shows a diagram of water output from the solar pump in Pusa site #1, for

data from February 7 to 12 of 2016. The fig. 53 shows the actual measurement value of

water output for the solar pump.

FIG. 52. DATA OF WATER OUTPUT

FIG. 53. REAL WATER OUTPUT

KONOHA application for Smartphone with ANDROID® system

The solar pumps features a control box allowing a connection with the solar pump via

WIFI using a Smartphone with ANDROID® operating system and launching an

application called KONOHA, created in NIDEC specifically for the project. In addition

to KIBANA system, KONOHA application allows monitoring of solar irradiance data

solar power data, pump data, water level data and water output data. It allows driving

and stopping the solar pump. Furthermore, it features several system alarms for the

safety of the solar pump. The next 3 figures show some screenshots of the application.

FIG. 54. STARTUP SCREEN

FIG. 55. LOGIN SCREEN

FIG. 56. MENU SCREEN

44

4. PLAN FOR THE MASS DISSEMINATION OF SOLAR PUMPS IN INDIA

4.1 Future market forecast

1) The current and the potential situation

Currently, the government of India wants to replace 26 million sets of installed

irrigation pumps for agriculture which are connected to the grid (according to numbers

from the MNRE, 2015), and 7 million sets of diesel fuel pumps. The Indian government

has paid a lot of subsidies to farmers as expense assistance for running their pumps,

and although there is a time limit of a few hours of electricity per day, farmers are using

their pumps virtually free of charge. A reform to the government finances is under

pressure by the central government and power companies for reducing this subsidy. By

doing so, this activity could be an energy reform to reduce the use of fossil fuel, and

enforce the reduction of CO2 emissions.

Even when electrification of rural areas is progressing, technical delay of infrastructure

development, aging of existing one, poor efficiency of the power supply due to theft, and

unstable power supply need to be normalized, so significant investment is still required.

Furthermore, regardless the number of irrigation pumps that exist, the percentage of

agricultural land for irrigation has remained in 36.4% since year 2011.

Situation of Irrigation by Province7

State

Total crop area

(2011) (million

hectares)

Groundwater

irrigation equipped

crop area (2011)

(million hectares)

Canal irrigation

equipped crop area

(2011) (million

hectares)

Total crop area

actually irrigated

(2011) (million

hectares)

Andhra Pradesh 14.3 2.5 2.7 4.9

Arunachal Pradesh 0.4 0.07 0.05

Assam 3.0 0.13 0.1 0.22

Bihar 6.4 2.2 1.3 3.5

Chhattisgarh 5.1 0.17 0.74 0.85

Goa 0.1 0.1 0.1

Gujarat 9.9 3.1 0.5 3.2

Haryana 3.6 1.99 1.32 3.26

Himachal Pradesh 1.0 0.02 0.09 0.11

7 Global map of irrigated areas: India FAO-United Nations and Bonn University, Germany (2013)

45

Jammu & Kashmir 0.9 0.02 0.38 0.37

Jharkhand 3.2 0.11 0.13 0.24

Karnataka 12.2 1.43 1.33 2.38

Kerala 1.5 0.18 0.21 0.39

Madhya Pradesh 15.8 2.74 1.70 4.19

Maharashtra 19.8 3.12 1.03 3.36

Manipur 0.2 0.05 0.05

Meghalaya 0.3 0.06 0.06

Mizoram 0.1 0.01 0.01

Nagaland 1.1 0.1 0.07

Odisha 4.9 0.17 1.07 1.24

Punjab 4.0 3.06 0.94 3.96

Rajasthan 21.1 3.98 1.52 5.12

Sikkim 0.1 0.01 0.01

Tamil Nadu 6.5 1.61 1.43 2.66

Tripura 0.3 0.02 0.05 0.07

Uttar Pradesh 17.6 10.64 4.21 14.49

Uttarakhand 0.8 0.22 0.14 0.35

West Bengal 5.5 2.02 1.19 2.92

ALL INDIA 159.6 39.43 22.48 58.13

Although irrigation is supposed to be carried out from groundwater excavation and

canal development, upon hearings with the Government of India we understood there

are not many rivers in India so they must rely on groundwater. The information

showing the gravity of the well drilling problems seems to be fairly accurate.

Potential of New Irrigation in India

Unit: million of hectares (MH)

Agricultural land of India 159.6

Agricultural land already

with well water irrigation 39.43 Irrigation rate: 24.7%

Agricultural land already

with irrigation by canal 22.48 Irrigation rate: 14.1%

Total of farmland already

with irrigation 58.13

Basic calculation: 61.91）

Irrigation rate: 36.4%

46

Agricultural land without

irrigation 101.47 Not irrigation rate: 63.5%

From the above information, the market of solar pump system is already installed, but

assuming a novel parallel posture, it can also be considered to have an inexhaustible

potential. As one example, from material about state-by-state irrigation rates, let us

explain the information from Punjab province, scene of the beginning of the mentioned

"Green Revolution", where in 2011 achieved 99% irrigation rate. In this state, the

results of double cropping are lower groundwater levels, land subsidence problems, and

usage of large doses of chemical fertilizer, leading to productivity stagnation and other

different issues and problems. But still, exports continue to be carried out as production

of rice and wheat is one of the granaries of India.

India's agricultural land area is about 160 million hectares, from where Punjab

province has an area of 4 million hectares. According to the MNRE8, the rice production

of all India in fiscal 2008 was about 89 million tons, and in that small area of Punjab it

was 11 million tons which accounted for 12% of the entire India, having the top yield per

unit area in all India with 4,010 kilograms (national average is 2,125 kilograms). All

India wheat production accounts for about 80 million tons, and Punjab produced about

15 million tons, a share of about 19%. India tops the production of rise with respect to

the yield per unit of land for about 4,462 kilograms (national average is 2,907

kilograms), and although there seem to be different factors that contribute greatly to

the improvement of agricultural productivity, irrigation is considered to be a great part

of it.

2) Market Forecast

India's agricultural land area is about 180 million hectares, a proud second largest

production place for rice and wheat in the world, with 50% of the total population

engaged to it, although the percentage of the GDP of the Indian economy was about

16%.

The average size of farms in India is very small, accounting for 80% of artisanal farms

(with less than one hectare) and small farms (with 1 to 2 hectares) in India; medium

and large size farms of 4 hectares or more of agricultural land account for only 9%. In

the previously mentioned state of Punjab, the data shows medium and large size farms

accounts for 63%.

8 http://www.maff.go.jp/j/kokusai/kokusei/kaigai_nogyo/k_syokuryo/h21/pdf/h21_asia3.pdf

47

The case of the state of Haryana where irrigation rate has reached 95% is special

because it is known many wealthy farmers live there, and the majority of small size

farmers in general have no investment capacity of their own. Medium and large size

farms, having already higher year revenues, own their agricultural machinery,

including the irrigation pump, so we believe the demand for replacement can be

stimulated by promoting the benefits to these farmers.

Progressive aging of equipment and decline of productivity are appealing points needed

to be revealed to farmers; stable electricity supply and reduction of energy costs could

ensure the stability of future revenue; it is possible to achieve the change by

encouraging an aggressive investment and considering it the first step in a market

launch.

Based on the above graph9, 58 million households live with the average annual income

and each one represents a farmer with a cultivated land; assuming 9% are farmers with

medium or large size farm, about 5 million households are expected to become our

target. Reliable information shows the installation of one well for every 5.5 hectares. In

that perspective, from the fact that 5 million households are medium and large size

farms, purchase of multiple units is envisioned. The number of artisanal and small size

farms having their own well and pump is small, thus their income from the cultivated

land is used to rent from medium and large size farms a well and/or pump to obtain the

necessary water, o sometimes simply buy the water.

9 Issue from April 5, 2010 Mizuho report: Purchasing power and consumption realities in rural India (Japanese edition only)

48

It is considered there is the case where small farmers jointly buy one standalone AC

pump and manage the well, but the price of a solar pump is still high to artisanal

farmers and is not in the price range that can be purchased jointly.

Wells with hand digging and low wells exist from ancient times, but in nowadays it is

reported several cases of states under drought conditions and an increased demand for

deep well due to the excessive pumping of too much water; however, the ownership of

the place where the well exists it is certainly considered to be in a decreasing direction.

In addition, lower groundwater level has become a serious problem in India in recent

years, thus the Indian government has begun to limit the terms of well drilling. While it

is essential the promotion for irrigation in non-irrigated areas, in places where water is

absolutely insufficient, it is unknown how much drilling is taking place when making a

new well.

Solar pumps and others alike new energy technologies could be assumed to be the

default; in addition, IoT enabling the control and detection of the amount of water usage

and pumping would be considered to become mandatory.

49

5. STUDY OF EMISSION REDUCTION METHODOLOGY

The scheme called MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) involves measuring

of the state initiatives to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), reporting on an

international scale, and verifying the degree of reductions. This scheme checks the

accuracy of activities aimed at reducing GHG emissions. The process of “measurement”

uses Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) methodologies recommended by the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to estimate GHG

emissions.

5.1 Study of JCM methodologies

Business feasibility studies for Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) projects many times

refer to CDM methodologies when proposing a new JCM methodology. Just a few CDM

methodologies cover pump systems although these do not fully apply to our project due

to different specifications. Nevertheless it was decided to refer some of these in our

study.

5.1.1 JCM methodologies under study

CDM methodologies are categorized according to the size of the project under study. The

methodologies referenced in our project are the following ones.

For small-scale projects:

METH No. TITLE

AMS-I.A. Electricity generation by the user

AMS-I.D. Grid connected renewable electricity generation

AMS-I.F. Renewable electricity generation for captive use and mini-grid

AMS-I.J Solar water heating systems (SWH)

AMS-I.K Solar cookers for households

AMS-I.L. Electrification of rural communities using renewable energy

AMS-II.C. Demand-side energy efficiency activities for specific technologies

AMS-II.P. Energy efficient pump-set for agriculture use

50

For large-scale projects:

METH No. TITLE

AM0019 Renewable energy projects replacing part of the electricity

production of one single fossil fuel fired power plant that stands

alone or supplies to a grid

AM0020 Baseline methodology for water pumping efficiency improvements

The CDM methodologies more suitable to our solar pump system project are the ones for

small scale projects. In few words, a methodology calculates the GHG emissions from

the consumptions of the associated non-renewable energy technology (like fossil

fuel-based) with an “emission factor” suitable in the approach for the development of the

JCM methodology.

There is the Emission Factor Database (EFDB)10, a continuously revised web-based

information exchange forum for retrieving emission factors and other parameters

relevant for the estimation of emissions and reductions of GHG at national level. It is

divided in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default factors and

country specific emission factors, for example from the Indian Network for Climate

Change Assessment (INCCA). The database can be queried over the internet via the

home pages of the IPCC. Some default and country specific CO2 emission factors are:

Northern grid of India = 0.94 t/MWh

Southern grid of India = 0.91 t/MWh

Default value for a grid = 0.8 t/MWh

For the majority of countries, many more available factors for calculating GHG

emissions from electricity consumption are the composite electricity/heat emission

factors published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), which are also the basis for

most of the grid electricity factors. Some specific CO2 emission factors for India are:

For electricity generated in India = 1.33 t/MWh

For electricity consumed in India = 1.8 t/MWh

5.1.2 Analysis with the JCM methodologies

Business feasibility studies of JCM projects of energy efficiency between Japan and

another country look into existing CDM methodologies to estimate the GHG emission

and expected reduction. Currently, Japan and the host countries in the Join Committees

10 http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php

51

approved several methodologies to accommodate a wide range of JCM projects, and our

study could accommodate some of these for our project.

There is one JCM feasibility study similar to this pump system project:

IMPLEMENTING DESCRIPTION

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. and

EBARA Corp.

Energy Saving for Irrigation Facility by Introducing

High-efficiency Pumps

This study, called ESIF in the rest of our document, covers the introduction of

high-efficiency fossil-fueled pumps in Vietnam. Although our project targets solar

pumps in India, the methodology for the estimation of CO2 emissions fits well in our

project.

5.2 Study of emissions reduction methodology

Because our project intends introducing high-efficiency solar pumps to reduce GHG

emissions in India, pumps running with fossil fuel or grid electricity in farms of India

are the subject of the study. Based on the JCM methodology used in the ESIF study and

the CDM methodologies AMS-I.A., AMS-I.D., AMS-I.F., AMS-I.J., AMS-I.K., AMS-I.L.,

AMS-II.C., AMS-II.P., AM0019 and AM0020, we examined the key points considered

necessary in order to later propose a methodology to use in our study.

5.2.1 JCM methodology proposal

Reference Scenario

The reference scenario is defined as: “If the project is not implemented, the newest

pump running with diesel fuel or grid electricity produced locally will be applied.” The

market data shows the share for diesel fuel or grid electricity pumps presents many

players, like Grundfos, Lorentz, Franklin, Shakti, CRI, Aquasub, KBL (Kirloskar

Brothers Limited), Varuna, Texmo, among others.

Our project activity of introducing solar pump systems follows an on-site survey of

operational conditions of pumps in India to confirm and adjust our study.

The following table of terms and definitions aiming to ease understanding is necessary

previous the description of our proposal.

52

TERMS DEFINITIONS

Solar pump Pump powered with photovoltaic cells

Solar capacity The measure of power from a photovoltaic cell

in units of Watt-peak (Wp)

Brushless direct current

(BLDC) motor

An electric motor with an electronic controller

replacing the brush/commutator

Dynamic head The height a fluid is to be pumped

Horsepower (HP) Another unit to measure power, like Watt

Pump efficiency A decimal number describing the relation

between pump capacity (water output),

dynamic head and input power

The proposed JCM methodology is summarized next.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility criteria related to the project of solar pump system

No. CRITERIA

1 The project is a lineup of solar pumps for different dynamic heads and different

pump capacities, each one equipped with an array of solar panels of power

capacity no larger than 3,000Wp, a starter and other electrical accessories, and

optional sensing devices allowing remote monitoring via internet

2 One solar pump comprises the assembly of one pump and one BLDC motor of

specific HP capacity. The pump of the project has efficiency in the range of 60%

(10%).

3 The solar pump does not consume diesel fuel nor is connected to the grid at any

moment during the JCM project period. This will be confirmed at the time of the

validation and verification

Monitoring

One solar pump of the project could be equipped with the optional devices described in

section 3. Data from the devices in the solar pumps of the project should be

monitored/recorded from Japan during the JCM project period via internet. The

following is the minimum information necessary to report:

53

SENSOR ID DATA

THERMOCOUPLE Solar irradiation. Solar panel temperature.

DCDC Voltage and current from the converter.

LEVEL Dynamic head.

PUMP Rotational speed. Current. Power.

FLOW Water output from the pump.

In addition, the following information is also required:

Number of pump sets replaced and newly installed under the project activity,

identified by the type of pump set and the date of installation.

Data to unambiguously identify the recipient of the pump sets installed under

the project activity.

If available, performance curves or efficiency rate of the old pump in the case of

replacement.

We assume the operating hours of a solar pump of the project shall be according with

the available time of daily solar irradiation, which is around 8 hours every day. We also

assume 365 possible operating days per year.

GHG emission source and GHG type

Source of GHG emissions of the project is CO2 generated from the consumption of fossil

fuel based electricity in the reference scenario and the project.

5.3 Emission reduction estimates

GHG emissions are calculated as the difference between the ones generated from the

reference scenario and the ones from the project, in terms of tonnes of CO2 (tCO2) or

millions of tonnes (MtCO2) per year.

5.3.1 Parameter settings

Emission factor and efficiency of the pump are the most important parameters in the

calculation. Listed below are the value used in this study.

54

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION VALUE SOURCE

EEpj Efficiency of project pump

(solar pump)

70% Estimation based on

NIDEC design spec

EEgrid Efficiency of grid

electricity pump

50% Initial estimation before

the survey

EEdiesel Efficiency of diesel fuel

pump

35% Initial estimation before

the survey

EFgrid Emission factor of grid electricity,

combined margin in India, calculated

from build margin (0.7389) and simple

operating margins (0.9935)

0.8986

tCO2/MWh

Inst. for Global Environmental

Strategies (IGES)11

EFdiesel Emission factor of diesel

fuel

0.8

tCO2/MWh

CDM methodology AMS I.D

ver17

EFsolar Emission factor of the

lifecycle of a solar power

system

0.000048

tCO2/KWh

2006 IPCC Guidelines for

National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories12

ECpj,p Energy consumption of

project pump in the

period p [MWh/p]

6.79MWh/p Estimation based on

NIDEC design spec

5.3.2 Calculation of the reference emissions

These emissions are calculated from multiplying the energy consumption of the project

technology by an efficiency ratio of the project technology and the non-renewable

associated technology, times the emission factor of the non-renewable associated

technology. Since our project considers two categories of non-renewable technologies

(grid electricity and diesel fuel pumps), the total emission is the sum of emission

generated with these two categories.

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION

REp The reference emission in the period p [tCO2/p]

11 Internet link: http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/view.php?docid=2136 12 "IPCC Working Group III – Mitigation of Climate Change, Annex III: Technology - specific cost and performance parameters,"

table A.III.2, page 1335. IPCC 2014.

Internet link: http://report.mitigation2014.org/report/ipcc_wg3_ar5_annex-iii.pdf

55

n1 Number of grid electricity pumps replaced by the project [-]

n2 Number of diesel fuel pumps replaced by the project [-]

ECpj,p Energy consumption of project solar pump in the period p

[MWh/p]

EEpj Efficiency of the project solar pump [-]

EEgrid Efficiency of reference grid electricity pump [-]

EEdiesel Efficiency of reference diesel fuel pump [-]

EFgrid Emission factor of reference grid electricity pump [tCO2/MWh]

EFdiesel Emission factor of reference diesel fuel pump [tCO2/MWh]

This reference scenario covers the emissions from an energy mixture in the grid (coal,

natural gas, diesel, nuclear, hydropower, wind, solar, biomass), and energy supplied by

diesel fuel.

The initial estimation in this study regarding market penetration, for the number of

expected solar pumps to be sold in India, the numbers for the following five periods are

shown in the following table.

PERIOD AGRICULTURE PUMP13

MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION

NUMBER OF

SOLAR PUMP

1 1,438,000 14,000

2 1,461,000 29,000

3 1,484,000 45,000

4 1,507,000 75,000

5 1,531,000 122,000

SUM - 286,000

From the approximately 19 million of grid electricity pumps (73%) and 7 million diesel

fuel pumps (27%) out of the 26 million pumps that officially existed in India in 201414,

we assume the project will replace in the same proportion grid electricity and diesel fuel

pumps, by the total number of solar pumps to be sold by the project shown in the

previous table. For the ease of explanation, the formula to estimate the CO2 emissions

of the reference scenario just for the first period is shown next.

13 Market research of agriculture pump-set industry of India. Figure 12, agriculture pump market –size and growth, by volume

(2009-2013), page 24. By Shakti Sustainable Energy Fundation. June 12, 2012. 14 Feasibility analysis for solar agricultural water pumps in India. KPMG Advisory Services Private Limited report. January 2014.

56

The estimation of CO2 emissions of the reference scenario for the next five periods are

the next.

PERIOD EMISSIONS OF THE REFERENCE

SCENARIO (tCO2/p)

1 143,000

2 297,000

3 461,000

4 768,000

5 1,249,000

5.3.3 Calculation of project emissions

These emissions are calculated from multiplying the emission factor of the lifecycle of a

solar power system and the power produced by the system for the project in the period

p.

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION

PEp Project emission during the period p [tCO2/p]

EFsolar Emission factor of the lifecycle of a solar power system [tCO2/KWh]

n1 Number of grid electricity pumps replaced by the project [-]

n2 Number of diesel fuel pumps replaced by the project [-]

ECpj,p Power produced and consumed by the system for the project in

the period p [KWh/p]

Due to the emission factor is very low for most renewable energy project activities, like

solar projects, sometimes for practical reasons these emissions are considered zero.

57

Nevertheless, we are calculating these emissions in order to obtain more conservatively

net emission reduction. We estimated the CO2 emissions of the project for the same

forecasted number of solar pump sets to be sold in India in the next five periods. The

calculation just for the first period is shown next.

The estimations of CO2 emissions of the project for the next five periods are the next.

PERIOD EMISSIONS OF THE

PROJECT (tCO2/p)

1 5,000

2 9,000

3 15,000

4 24,000

5 40,000

5.3.4 Calculation of emissions reduction with the estimated amount of

project dissemination

The reduction of emissions (ERp) by the project measured in tons of CO2 (tCO2) in a

period p is estimated with the difference between the CO2 emissions of the reference

scenario and the emissions of the solar pump project.

The CO2 emission reduction of the project for the first period is shown next.

The estimated emission reduction in the next five periods is presented in the next table.

58

PERIOD EMISSIONS REDUCTION OF

THE PROJECT (tCO2/p)

1 138,000

2 288,000

3 446,000

4 744,000

5 1,209,000

SUM 2,825,000

The total CO2 emission reduction for the 5 periods of this project is estimated to be

2,825,000 tCO2.

59

6. EFFORTS TO STRENGTHEN RELATIONS FOR THE JCM WITH PARTNER

COUNTRY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

6.1 Indian Ministry of Power, Coal, and New Renewable Energy

Date and time: January 13 of 2016, 11:15 – 13:00hrs

Place: Imperial Hotel (Tokyo)

Attendee (Indian side): Ministry of power, coal and new renewable energy

Ambassador of India to Japan

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

General Director for East Asia

General Director of MNRE

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

Director of International Cooperation

Tokyo Embassy of India Chief Minister

Ministry of Coal and Adviser

Counselor of Tokyo Indian Embassy

Director of Ministry of Power

Director of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)

Chairman and President of India Renewable Energy

Development Authority (IREDA)

Secretary of Minister Mr. Goyal

Attendee (NIDEC side): Mr. Tanabe

Mr. Nakao (NIND)

Mr. Uetake (NBA)

Mr. Hiramoto (NBD)

Note: About 30 additional people attended, representing the Embassy of India and Indian businesses.

A round table was held during the visit to Japan of Mr. Piyushi Goyal, from the Indian

Ministry of power, coal, new and renewable energy. We had the opportunity to explain

the JCM project feasibility study conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research

Institute (IARI), for the plan of mass dissemination of solar pump systems. The

Minister in this occasion asked directly about the greatly expected high-efficiency pump

for irrigation and the solar pump system, and the achieved success of the project; he

promised the partnering not only to reduce GHG emissions but to promote

environmental improvement and energy conservation.

60

6.2 Indian Ministry of Agriculture

Date and time: February 4 of 2016, 11:00 – 12:00hrs

Place: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)

Attendee (Indian side): Mr. Ashwani Kumar (Ministry of Agriculture)

Attendee (NIDEC side): Mr. Takano (NIND)

Mr. Yamaji Vice President (NIND)

Mr. Uetake (NBA)

During the period of this feasibility studies, the Assistant Secretary of the Government

of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Mr. Ashwani Kumar, visited the experiment site, and

it was explained to him how various types of data (pump operating conditions around

the solar pump system, amount of water, power generation amount, weather, etc.) are

collected via IoT, stored, and the availability to use it as a base for statistical

information (fig. 57 and 58). In particular: 1) operating status of the installed solar

pump, its systematic understanding, actual use of groundwater in the area, grasp of the

amount of required groundwater, the bases for leading an efficient use of water, and the

assistance to water management in order to reduce the waste of hydraulic resources; 2)

the enforcement of water administration, over distribution, teaching to farmers,

contribution to the improvement of agricultural productivity, and the path to the reform

of agricultural policies (about administration of subsidies, etc); 3) installation of the

solar pump equals improvement of productivity, leading to the establishment of a

scheme of revenue up for the farmers, existing connection to the grid and dependence on

diesel pump of farmers (direction for the elimination of subsidies and power generation),

possibility of the introduction of solar pumps, and as a result, reduction in the ratio of

power generation from the grid diesel, reduction of the use of fossil fuel (energy

conservation), possibility on the reduction of CO2 emissions by understanding the JCM

from both parties based on the explanation.

61

FIG. 57. MR. ASHWANI KUMAR

FIG. 58. MR. ASHWANI KUMAR AND THE

DIRECTOR OF IARI

6.3 Indian Ministry of New Renewable Energy (MNRE)

Date and time: February 25 of 2016, 14:00 – 15:00hrs

Place: offices at the MNRE

Attendee (Indian side): Dr. G. Prasad, Scientist “E” / Director

Mr. Tarun Singh, Scientist “C”

Attendee (NIDEC side): Mr. Yamaji Vice President (NIND)

Mr. Maeda (NIND)

Mr. Washizuka Satoshi (NBD)

Comment from Dr. G. Prasad:

Indian Minister of Finance Mr. Arun Jaitori in his Budget speech two years ago (on July

2014) extensively announced the expansion of the solar pump. The introduction of the

solar pump started in 1992, and the intention of actively introducing the solar pump

continues from the Prime Minister's Office, as well as an increase in the subsidy frame.

Insist to the "Make in India". Current DC pumps are manufactured in China by

German makers and imported to India with overshadowed performance and bad

after-sale service.

–There are many domestic makers of AC motors and manufacturing has become

domestic base, but just a few of DC motors.

Comment from NIDEC:

We will present the superiority of our system, and show you that by adopting the

high-efficiency of our pump is possible to reduce the number of solar panel required by

the MNRE.

62

7. POLICY RECOMMENDATION TO THE JCM PARTNER COUNTRY

7.1 First recommendation to the MNRE

The following table is an excerpt taken from the MNRE 2015-2016 regulations. As noted

in chapter 2, the output of the solar panels matching the output of the pumps has been

determined in the current requirements of the MNRE. However, fixing the capacity of

the solar panel changes the efficiency of the pump based on the necessary sunlight,

leading to an increase in the system price and an obstacle to mass dissemination.

By removing the fixed capacity value of the solar panels, the adoption of high efficiency

Japanese pumps by promoting a reduction in the number of panels and the reduction in

the price of the system.

Solar panel capacity, motor horsepower, lifts and water output, are fixed as a model

value in the current requirements of the MNRE; in order to increase the energy

efficiency of the unit under subsidy and encourage the effective use and dissemination

of subsidies, we would like to recommend the removal of the limit in the output of the

solar panel from the requirements, or if for the government of India this measure from

the solar panels is required, then at least relate it with its width.

REGULATION FROM THE MNRE15

15 MNRE. Technical Specifications of Solar Deep Well (Submersible) Pumping Systems (2015-2016).

63

POLICY CHANGE PROPOSAL TO THE MNRE

Model I Model II Model III Model IV Model V Model VI Model VII Model VIII

PV array

930 ～

1200 Wp

1550 ～

1800 Wp

2400 ～

3000 Wp

2400 ～

3000 Wp

2170 ～

3000 Wp

3720 ～

4800 Wp

3720 ～

4800 Wp

3410 ～

4800 Wp

Motor Cap. 1 HP 2 HP 3 HP 3 HP 3 HP 5 HP 5 HP 5 HP

Shut off

dynamic head

45 M 45 M 45 M 75 M 100 M 70 M 100M 150M

Water output

42,000L /

30m

63,000L /

30m

105,000L /

30m

63,000 L

/ 50m

42,000L /

70m

100,800L

/ 50m

67,200L /

70m

45,600L /

100m

Introducing Cost Reduction by Reduction on the Number of Solar Panels

We have engaged in the study and development of high-efficiency pumps targeting the

efficiency of 68%, and this study was conducted for the introduction of such

high-efficiency pump. Currently our company is promoting the commercialization of 3

HP pump for total head of 50 meters. In the requirement of the MNRE for 3 HP pumps

and total head of 50 meters, the output of the solar panel is determined to be 3000 Wp.

The fig. 59 shows the relationship between the pump efficiency and solar panel capacity

to achieve the amount of 63 KLitres of water output per day. The horizontal axis shows

pump efficiency, the left vertical axis represents the solar panel capacity and the right

one the number of PV panels. From the relationship, in the case of introducing our

pump, since the efficiency is 68%, solar panel capacity can be reduced from the

conventional 3000 Wp with 10 panels to 2400 Wp with only 8 panels.

FIG. 59. POINT FULFILLING MNRE REQUIREMENTS FOR NUMBER OF SOLAR

PANELS, POWER OUTPUT AND PUMP EFFICIENCY

64

7.2 Second recommendation to the MNRE

As noted in chapter 2 about our system prospect, labor maintenance of the frame for the

tracking mechanism has become a problem. In addition, tracking frame costs nearly 10

times more than a fixed frame. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of further

efficiency of the pump thought the omission of the tracking mechanism.

Under the solar radiation conditions defined in chapter 2 and an array of solar panels

for a capacity of 3000 Wp, for each tracking conditions, it was calculated the required

pump efficiency α to achieve the amount of water output of 63KL determined by the

MNRE. Figure 60 presents the calculation results of the total amount of power

generated in one day by each tracking conditions. The horizontal axis represents time

and the vertical axis is the generated power, indicating the total amount of power

generation per day.

FIG. 60. TRANSITION OF THE ELECTRIC POWER GENERATED BY THE FIRST

DAY OF EACH TRACKING SYSTEM

The previous results were obtained by simulating the pump efficiency meeting the

amount of water output. The relationship in the fig. 61 between the input power to the

pump and the water output was approximated with the later equation.

65

FIG. 61. WATER OUTPUT VS INPUT POWER OF THE STANDARD PUMP

Wo: water output [Klitres per hour]

pwr: input power to the pump [KW]

On the other hand, assuming the amount of water is proportional to the input power, for

the same input power and respective amount of water, from the proportional efficiency

of 49% in the pump from company L (Germany), the amount of water in the pump with

efficiency α was obtained with the relation in fig. 62 and following equation.

FIG. 62. PERFORMANCE CURVE DERIVATION OF THE PUMP OF EFFICIENCY α

66

We determined the efficiency with using the amount of power generation in fig. 60 for

getting an amount of 63,000 litres of water output in one day. The results are shown in

the next table.

Pump efficiency achieving the requirement of each tracking system

Automatic

tracking

Fixed Manual (3-stage

tracking)

Pumping efficiency to meet

the MNRE requirements 49% 71% 53%

In order to meet the required amount of water output with the pump, 49% efficiency is

necessary in the case of automatic tracking to the sun, 53% in the case of manual

tracking, and 71% in the case of no tracking mechanism (fixed). In other words, by the

condition of efficiency at 71% or more in the fixed frame with no tracking mechanism, it

would lead to a low-cost dissemination when thinking about the life cycle of the solar

pump. Thus, we want to express to the MNRE that it is possible to omit the tracking

mechanism when the pump’s efficiency is 71% and above. This would lead to the

dissemination of high-efficiency pumps.

67

8. CONCLUSION

Based on the results of this survey, we confirmed that one effective solution to the

challenges in the agricultural sector faced by India is the introduction of high-efficiency

pumps. From the previously mentioned recommendations, the promotion of solar pumps

in India can be expected with an effective use of subsidies.

India’s target of CO2 emissions by year 2030 is set with a reduction rate of 33 to 35%

per registered GDP in 2005, and one of the major triggers to achieve it is with the use of

energy efficient CO2 emission reduction products.

With the progress of the dialogue between Japan and India for the construction of the

JCM offering financial support and Japanese technology, the full-scale implementation

of this project through the assistance of supporting programs could possibly represent a

great appeal even for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Parties

(UNFCCC), in the efforts towards achieving the NDC (Nationally Determined

Contribution).

Documents

Feasibility study for JCM projects through the promotion ... · plan for the mass dissemination of solar pumps in india ... environmental conditions at the survey of company l