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FDI IN INDIASECTION-F GROUP-1
Contributors
Rakesh Kumar Purohit DM-120 S Bharadwaj DM-128 S K Chakravarthy N DM-129 Abhinav Akash FN-002 Prashant Jain FN-082 Aradhna Dayal IB-019
FDI IN INDIA 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Types of FDI ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
FDI procedure in India----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
FDI limits currently in India --------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Sectoral Analysis -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
FDI culture in India--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
India as a FDI Destination------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
Recommendations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
References --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
1.1 INTRODUCTION
FDI IN INDIA 2011
There is hardly a facet of the Indian psyche that the concept of ‘foreign’ has not permeated. This term,
connoting modernization, international brands and acquisitions by MNCs in popular imagination, has
acquired renewed significance after the reforms initiated by the Indian Government in 1991. Contrary to
the grand narrative ‘opening of flood-gates idea’ of 1991, what took place was a gradual process of
changes in policies on investment in certain sub-sections of the Indian economy.
FDI eludes definition owing to the presence of many authorities: Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OCED), International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD). All these bodies attempt to illustrate the nature of FDI with certain measuring
methodologies.
Generally speaking FDI refers to capital inflows from abroad that invest in the production
capacity of the economy and are “usually preferred over other forms of external finance because they are
non-debt creating, non-volatile and their returns depend on the performance of the projects financed by
the investors. FDI also facilitates international trade and transfer of knowledge, skills and technology.”
Changes in the national political climate have precipitated a marked trend towards greater acceptability of
FDI. The envisioned role of FDI has evolved from that of a tool to solve the crisis under the license raj
system to that of a modernizing force that has been given special agencies and extensive discourse. This
evolution is illustrated by analysis of the Economic policies of the Indian government from 1991 to 2005.
The primary focus of this analysis will be towards the industrial and infrastructural sectors which form
the beginning of the gradual liberalization process that was started in 1991. A complete understanding of
these two sectors will provide interesting statistics and information regarding trends of FDI.
In most narratives on India’s liberalization, 1991 has acquired a revolutionary status as a time of change
in the planning of India’s future.
Data from various individuals and agencies can lead to different conclusions all of which can be
challenged on different grounds. The Ministry of Finance, however, forms my primary source of
information for two main reasons: it has been the agency of and party to economic reform and has
compiled data on the state of reforms for the entire duration of their history.
With the new government focus on FDI was evident in changes in 1996-97 that resulted in an increase in
understanding and resources towards investment. This included the setting up of the Foreign Investment
Promotion Council along with the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) being streamlined and
FDI IN INDIA 2011
made more transparent. The first ever guidelines were announced for consideration of foreign direct
investment proposals by the FIPB, which were not covered under the automatic route.26 The list of
industries eligible for automatic approval of up to 51 per cent foreign equity were expanded and there was
a recognition that foreign direct investment flows provided savings without adding to the country's
external debt. The case of comparison for numbers and example seem to be China and the Asian Tigers
that were enjoying the economic boom.
By now FDI trends are taken more serious and FDI flow had to be maintained for the economy to grow.
The government recognized that greater procedural simplifications were still needed in the area of FDI.
In 1998 when there was a decline in FDI the government had to take greater technical measures in terms
of liberalizing investment norms in bring in FDI were still needed in the area of FDI. In 1998 when there
was a decline in FDI the government had to take greater technical measures in terms of liberalizing
investment norms in bring in FDI.
1.2 TYPES OF FDI
Greenfield Investment
Direct investment in new facilities/ expansion of existing facilities
Objectiveis to create new production capacity and jobs, transfer technology and know-how and
form linkages to the global marketplace
Leads to crowding out of local industry due to production of goods more cheaply (due to
advanced technology and efficient processes) and uses up resources (labor, intermediate goods,
etc).
Profits from production do not feed back into the local economy but to the multinational's home
economy.
Mergers & Acquisitions
Primary type of FDI involving transfer of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms
Assets and operation of firms from different countries are combined to establish a new legal
entity (Cross-border merger)
Control of assets and operations is transferred to foreign company by its local affiliate company
(Cross-border acquisition)
No long term benefits to the local economy, unlike Greenfield investment, as mostly the owners
of the local firm are paid in stock from the acquiring firm
FDI IN INDIA 2011
Horizontal Foreign Direct Investment
Investment in the same industry abroad as a firm operates in at home
Vertical Foreign Direct Investment
o Backward vertical: Industry abroad provides inputs for a firm's domestic production
processes
o Forward vertical: Industry abroad sells the outputs of a firm's domestic production
processes
1.3 FDI PROCEDURE IN INDIA
FDI Procedure in India Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted as under the following forms of
investments:
Through financial collaborations
Through joint ventures and technical collaborations
Through capital markets
Through private placements or preferential allotments Forbidden Territories:
FDI is not permitted in the following industrial sectors:
1. Arms and ammunition
2. Atomic Energy
3. Railway Transport
4. Coal and lignite
5. Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur, gold, diamonds, copper, zinc
FDI Procedure in India Foreign direct investments in India are approved through two routes:
1. Automatic approval by RBI: The Reserve Bank of India accords automatic approval within a
period of two weeks (provided certain parameters are met) to all proposals involving: foreign
equity up to 50% in 3 categories relating to mining activities foreign equity up to 51% in 48
specified industries foreign equity up to 74% in 9 categories The lists are comprehensive and
cover most industries of interest to foreign companies. Investments in high- priority industries or
FDI IN INDIA 2011
for trading companies primarily engaged in exporting are given almost automatic approval by the
RBI.
2. The FIPB Route: This involves processing of non-automatic approval cases by FIPB (Foreign
Investment Promotion Board) where the parameters of automatic approval are not met Normal
processing time is 4 to 6 weeks Liberal approach for all sectors and all types of proposals with
few rejections It is non-mandatory for foreign investors to have a local partner, even when the
foreign investor wishes to hold less than the entire equity of the company. The portion of the
equity not proposed to be held by the foreign investor can be offered to the public.
1.4 FDI LIMITS CURRENTLY IN INDIA
Current Indian FDI Limits Sector Specific Foreign Direct Investment in India
Hotel & Tourism: FDI in Hotel & Tourism sector in India - 100% FDI is permissible in the sector on the
automatic route. The term hotels include restaurants, beach resorts, and other tourist complexes providing
accommodation and/or catering and food facilities to tourists. Tourism related industry include travel
agencies, tour operating agencies and tourist transport operating agencies, units providing facilities for
cultural, adventure and wild life experience to tourists, surface, air and water transport facilities to
tourists, leisure, entertainment, amusement, sports, and health units for tourists and Convention/Seminar
units and organizations. For foreign technology agreements, automatic approval is granted if
i. up to 3% of the capital cost of the project is proposed to be paid for technical and
consultancy services including fees for architects, design, supervision, etc.
ii. Up to 3% of net turnover is payable for franchising and marketing/publicity support
fee, and up to 10% of gross operating profit is payable for management fee, including
incentive fee
Private Sector Banking: Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFC) - 49% FDI is allowed from all
sources on the automatic route subject to guidelines issued from RBI from time to time in19 NBFC
activities - Merchant banking, underwriting, portfolio management services, investment advisory
services, financial consultancy, stock broking, asset management, venture capital, custodial services,
factoring, credit reference agencies, credit rating agencies, leasing & finance, housing finance, foreign
exchange brokering, credit card business, money changing business, micro credit and rural credit There
are separate prescribed minimum capitalization norms for fund/non-fund based NBFCs
FDI IN INDIA 2011
Insurance Sector: Up to 26% FDI is allowed on the automatic route subject to obtaining licence from
Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority (IRDA)
Telecommunication Sector: It is limited to 49% in basic, cellular, value added services and global
mobile personal communications by satellite, subject to licensing and security requirements and
adherence by the companies (by both investor & investee companies) to the license conditions, up to 74%
in ISPs with gateways, radio-paging and end-to-end bandwidth, up to 100% is allowed subject to the
condition that such companies would divest 26% of their equity in favor of Indian public in 5 years, if
these companies are listed in other parts of the world
Trading Companies: Up to 51% under automatic route provided it is primarily export activities, and the
undertaking is an export house/trading house/super trading house/star trading house. However, under the
FIPB route, 100% FDI is permitted in case of trading companies for activities like exports, bulk imports
with ex-port/ex-bonded warehouse sales, cash and carry wholesale trading etc.
Power Sector: Up to 100% FDI allowed in respect of projects relating to electricity generation,
transmission and distribution, other than atomic reactor power plants. There is no limit on the project cost
and quantum of foreign direct investment .
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals: Up to 100% under automatic route for manufacture of drugs and
pharmaceutical, provided the activity does not attract compulsory licensing or involve use of recombinant
DNA technology, and specific cell / tissue targeted formulations, otherwise prior Government approval is
required
Pollution Control and Management: Up to 100% under automatic route in both manufacture of
pollution control equipment and consultancy for integration of pollution control systems
Call Centers/BPO in India: Up to 100% is allowed subject to certain conditions
Roads, Highways, Ports and Harbors: Up to 100% under automatic route in projects for construction
and maintenance of roads, highways, vehicular bridges, toll roads, vehicular tunnels, ports and harbors
Retail Sector: The proposal for FDI in Retail sector has loomed into a controversy with the proposal
being put on the backburner.
1.5 SECTORAL ANALYSIS
FDI IN INDIA 2011
When the reforms began in 1991 it was inevitable there would be a discrepancy as various sectors have
different characteristics and procedures. The reforms and polices on FDI have trickled down to various
sectors in different speed and effectiveness. Thus the progress of FDI will be effectively analyzed by
studying two sectors of the Indian economy: Industry and Infrastructure. These sectors are an
agglomeration of sub sectors that when combined from the integral components of the economic growth.
Sectoral analysis of industry:
When initial reforms took place in 1991, Industry was one of the first to benefit from the reforms as it
resulted in changing the overall system. Firstly the new policy of July 1991 sought substantially to
deregulate industry so as to promote the growth of a more efficient and competitive industrial economy.
During this process the procedures for investment in non-priority industries were streamlined. On a
central level the foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was established to negotiate with large
international firms and to expedite the clearances required. The FIPB also considered individual cases
involving foreign equity participation over 51 percent.30 Furthermore for industry an important step
was the removal of the Mandatory Convertibility Clause.31 The government realised that foreign
investment had been traditionally tightly regulated in India and now the government hand was lifting.
FDI IN INDIA 2011
SECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA:
SHARE OF TOP COUNTRIES ATTRACTING FDI’S:
FDI IN INDIA 2011
FDI IN INDIA 2011
FDI INFLOW ROUTE WISE
SECTORIAL ANALYSIS OF INFRA STRUCTURE SECTOR:
While Industry had taken a stride forward, an examination of Infrastructure reveals a policy and approach
that differs significantly from Industry. From the onset the status of infrastructure sector did not cause any
state of panic, as overall the sector was not seen to be performing too badly, and was seen as the
stabilizing force of the economy. The sector was seen as a bloc and in its components while the
performance of coal and telecommunications sectors fell short of the respective targets; simultaneously
energy, railways, and shipping exceeded their respective targets thus bringing up the overall performance
of the sector to positive growth.
FDI IN INDIA 2011
FDI CHANGES OVER THE YEARS:
By 2002 FDI changes completely for India as it is given new importance in Ministry of Finance’s
Economic Survey in the form of a new subsection in Industry that exclusively dealt with FDI and went to
great lengths to define its role, and provides much more data than in the previous years. There is also
particular mention on how RBI is evaluating some modifications in the way that Indian FDI is measured,
which could lead somewhat higher estimates for India. By now garnering FDI is a prized commodity in a
competitive global arena and is analyzed in context as other countries are also improving policies
and institutions, to further increase their FDI flows. By 2003-2004 the non-comparability of the Indian
FDI statistics was addressed by a committee constituted in May 2002 by Department of Industrial Policy
& Promotion (DIPP), in order to bring the reporting system of FDI data in India into alignment with
international best practices.
For infrastructure from 2002-2003 (re formulation of FDI data) there is mention in sub sectors for FDI
and not for infrastructure as a whole. Telecom has been a major recipient of FDI and during the period of
August 1991 to June 2002, 831 proposals for FDI of Rs. 56,226 crore were approved and the actual flow
of FDI during the above period was Rs. 9528 crore. In terms of approval of FDI, the telecom sector is the
second largest after the energy sector. In 2002, the increase of FDI inflow was of the order of Rs 1077
crore during January to July 2002.
The FDI target for the Telecommunication sector is estimated at US $2.5 billion per annum, by the
Steering Group on FDI, Planning commission. By 2003-2004 literature on Infrastructure talks about
investments needed to bring infrastructure to world standards. However there is no mention of details.
Finally for 2004-2005 there is data for Telecom but in general there is no data on FDI in the infrastructure
sector as a whole.
The analysis of both the sectors and especially Infrastructure raises questions on the haphazard nature of
FDI taking place. While this trend may have been acceptable in the early 1990s, when FDI was in its
infancy the recognition and building of reforms by the successive governments raises the questions on
what part of FDI is the government attention shifted in.
FDI in Services sector:
Guidelines for FDI in Banking at a Glance
In the private banking sector of India, FDI is allowed up to a maximum limit of 74 % of the paid-up
capital of the bank. On the other hand, Foreign Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment in the public
or nationalized banks in India are subjected to a limit of 20 % in totality. This ceiling is also applicable to
FDI IN INDIA 2011
the investments in the State Bank of India and its associate banks. FDI limits in the banking sector of
India were increased with the aim to bring in more FDI inflows in the country along with the
incorporation of advanced technology and management practices. The objective was to make the Indian
banking sector more competitive. The Reserve Bank of India governs the investment matters in the
banking sector.
According to the guidelines for FDI in the banking sector, Indian operations by foreign banks can be
executed by any one of the following three channels
Branches in India
Wholly owned subsidiaries.
Other subsidiaries.
In case of wholly owned subsidiaries (WOS), the guidelines for FDI in the banking sector specified that
the WOS must involve a capital of minimum Rs. 300 crores and should ensure proper corporate
governance.
Need to raise FDI cap in Insurance Sector:
Rural and Social Sectors offer huge potential for improving Insurance penetration for the uninsured
sections of the population and this calls for better risk management, innovations on product design and
distribution, infusing technology and greater investments.
This clearly justifies greater engagement of Foreign partners in bringing in better risk management
practices, innovation in production & distribution, technology, specialized skills and hence there is a
strong need to raise FDI cap in insurance sector from the current 26 % to 49%, said CII in its comments
on the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2008.
Insurance Penetration to rural and social sectors is marked by high risk and hence more dynamic and
efficient risk management systems are crucial while innovation is needed not just in terms of insurance
products but also in ways of distributing them. In addition, use of better technologies right from
issuance to servicing of Insurance services is also crucial for long term growth of Insurance sector in
India.
Insurance industry is witnessing the transformation of insurance agents from mere intermediaries to
financial advisors. Greater foreign investments would help in training and skills upgradation of the
agents. Well trained agents would be better equipped to convince the customers about the benefits of
FDI IN INDIA 2011
insurance besides contributing to simplifying the procedure.
Moreover, there is a shortage of expertise (skills) in the Indian insurance industry (e.g. underwriting,
actuarial, claims management, data standardization etc.) Raising the FDI cap will enable expertise
(skills) and know how transfer that are generally not available under the current regime.
While the rural and social sector obligations set by IRDA have been met by the Insurance companies,
the untapped potential of these sectors also calls for changes in regulations to facilitate movement
towards an era of electronic policy issuance and dematerialization. This will reduce the cost of
operations and would facilitate address logistical difficulties through use of electronic distribution
channels via mobile phone and broadband technologies.
While broadly, welcoming the Insurance Laws (amendment) Bill, 2008, CII said that a few
amendments need to be re examined such as the value of penalties proposed in case of failure to comply
with Section 32B, 32C and 32D may be reduced to Rs 2 lakhs as the upper limit and the higher limit on
penalty for contravention of provisions relating to investment of controlled fund or assets may be
brought down to Rs. 5 Crs instead of Rs. 25 crores.
CII has also suggested that non-executive Directors of a Corporate Agent may be permitted to be the
Director/s of Life Insurance Company. This would help regularize many cases where the promoter
companies of the Insurance companies have their own Corporate Agency like banks and finance
companies.
On the insertion of a new definition of ‘health insurance business’ in the proposed bill to include long
term health policies, Personal Accident and Travel Policies etc., CII has pointed out that the term
“Health Insurance” has not been included in the definition of General Insurance and Life Insurance.
Under this circumstance, CII has sought for a clarification in the Bill whether the Insurance companies
registered with IRDA for conducting General and Life Insurance business shall be able to do “Health
Insurance” under their existing license.
FDI in automotive sector :
The automobile sector in the Indian industry is one of the high performing sectors of the Indian
economy. This has contributed largely in making India a prime destination for many international
players in the automobile industry who wish to set up their businesses in India.
After liberalization of Indian Economy in general and automobile industry in particular, considerable
number of Multinational Companies are operating in India either as wholly owned subsidiaries or in
FDI IN INDIA 2011
collaboration with their Indian partners. This automotive sector has taken benefit of liberalization of
Indian economy to a large extent and made available various international brands in India for Indian
consumers. Firms like Hyundai are supplying manufactures cars in the international market using its
manufacturing facility in India in a big way. These firms are using locally available efficient and cost
competitive huge pool of human resource in India.
The automobile industry in India is growing by 18 percent per year. The automobile sector in India was
opened up to foreign investments in the year 1991. 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is allowed in
the automobile industry in India. The production level of the automobile sector has increased from 2
million in 1991 to 9.7 million in 2006 after the participation of global players in the sector.
Advantages of FDI in the Automobile Sector in India
The basic advantages provided by India in the automobile sector include, advanced technology, cost-
effectiveness, and efficient manpower. Besides, India has a well-developed and competent Auto
Ancillary Industry along with automobile testing and R&D centers. The automobile sector in India
ranks third in manufacturing three wheelers and second in manufacturing of two wheelers.
INVESTMENT SCENARIO:
CUMULATIVE FDI INFLOWS IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY:
Cumulative FDI inflows during January 2000-2009 (up to December 2009) are Rs. 472,231.23 crores
(US$ 105.99 billion). Out of this, the amount of FDI inflows in the Automobile Industry during January
2000 to December 2009 is Rs. 20,554.56crores (US$ 4.55 billion) which 4.29% of the total FDI
inflows. During the period from January 2000 to December 2009, cumulative FDI inflows received
from IPB/SIA, acquisition of existing shares & RBI’s automatic routes only include FDI inflows
received
FDI IN INDIA 2011
automobile industry auto ancillaries passenger cars others
FDI IN INDIA 2011
JAPAN USA ITALY MAURTITUS SWEDEN0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
Series1
FDI IN Telecommunication sector :
Telecom is one of the fastest growing industries in India, and everyone, including foreign players and
investors, are eager to be a part of this growth. The last few years have witnessed many activities on the
foreign direct investment front with world's leading telecom operators picking up large stakes in
domestic operators.
The telecom services industry registered a growth of 20.7 percent clocking revenues of 1, 57,542 crore
in 2008-09 compared to 1,30,561crore in the previous year. During the year 2009, government had
raised the FDI limit in telecom sector from 49 percent to 74 percent, which has contributed to the robust
growth of FDI in the sector.
FDI IN INDIA 2011
The greater chunk of foreign investments has flown into states that are doing well industrially and
commercially and which have an investor-friendly business environment.
An attractive trade and investment policy and lucrative incentives for foreign collaborations have made
India one of the world’s most attractive markets for the telecom equipment suppliers and service
providers.
No industrial license required for setting up manufacturing units for telecom equipment.
100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is allowed through automatic route for manufacturing of
telecom equipments.
Payments for royalty, lump sum fee for transfer of technology and payments for use of
trademark/brand name on the automatic route.
Foreign equity of 74% (49 % under automatic route) permitted for telecom services - basic, cellular
mobile, paging, value added services, NLD, ILD, ISPs - and global mobile personal
communications by satellite.
In Basic, Cellular Mobile, Paging and Value Added Service, and Global Mobile Personal
Communications by Satellite, Composite FDI permitted is 74% (49% under automatic route) subject to
grant of license from Department of Telecommunications subject to security and license
conditions. (para 5.38.1 to 5.38.4 of consolidate FDI Policy circular 1/2010 of DIPP)
FDI upto 74% (49% under automatic route) is also permitted for the following: -
· Radio Paging Service
. Internet Service Providers (ISP's)
FDI upto 100% permitted in respect of the following telecom services: -
· Infrastructure Providers providing dark fibre (IP Category I)
· Electronic Mail
· Voice Mail
Subject to the conditions that such companies would divest 26% of their equity in favor of Indian
FDI IN INDIA 2011
public in 5 years, if these companies were listed in other parts of the world.
The Government has modified method of calculation of Direct and Indirect Foreign Investment in
sector with capsand have also issued guidelines on downstream investment by Indian Companies. (para
4.6 of consolidate FDI Policy circular 1/2010 of DIPP)
FDI in Indian Telecommunications Industry is one of the most crucial parts that have caused such a
hike in the telecom market so far.Inflow of FDI into India’s telecom sector during April 2000 to Feb.
2010 was about Rs 405,460 million. Also, more than 8 per cent of the approved FDI in the country is
related to the telecom sector.
FDI IN COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SECTOR:
Over the past few years the computer software industry has been one of the fastest growing sectors in
Indian economy. FDI Inflows to Computer Software and Hardware Industry in India have been
significant.
100 percent FDI is permitted under automatic route to the E-Commerce activities in India. However, a
pertinent condition is that, 26 percent of their equity will be spent on welfare activities for the Indian
population in five years. Software Technology Parks (STP) have been a major initiative in India to
drive in Foreign Direct Investment in the computer software industry. These Software Technology
Parks provide highly developed infrastructure and facilities that attract foreign investors. Regulatory
measures by the Indian government have also played a positive role in this regard. Measures like
increased freedom of recruiting and laying-off employees, tax benefits and easing of export producers
have contributed to the growth of FDI in this sector.
FDI is permitted under automatic route in the computer hardware industry in India. The huge market for
computer hardware in India, coupled with the availability of skilled workforce in this sector has boosted
the inflow of FDI. High growth prospects, in terms of increased consumption in the India as well as
increasing demand for exports are expected to lead to more Foreign Direct Investments in this sector.
Between April 2000 and September 2010, the computer software and hardware sector received
cumulative foreign direct investment (FDI) of US$ 10,406.16 million, according to the Department of
Industrial Policy and Promotion.
FDI IN INDIA 2011
Investment Scenario
Cumulative FDI inflows during January in the Computer Software & Hardware Sector during January
2000 to December 2009 wasRs. 42,458.62 crores (US$ 9.57 billion) which was 9.03% of the total FDI
inflows.
SUB SECTORS OF FDI INFLOWS IN COMPUTER SOFTWARE &
HARDWARES
(from January 2000 to December 2009)
S.No. Sub Sectors Amount of FDI inflows %age with total FDI
inflows in Computer
Software &
Hardware Sector
Rupees in
crore
US $ in
million
1. Computer Software
Industry
41,346.67 9,325.99 8.80
2. Computer Hardware 463.77 105.69 0.10
3. Others (Software) 648.18 141.60 0.13
Total of the above 42,458.62 9,573.28 9.03
FDI IN INDIA 2011
SHARE OF TOP FIVE RBI’S REGION’S (WITH STATE COVERED)
ATTRACTED FDI INFLOWS FOR COMPUTER SOFTWARE &
HARDWARE
(from January 2000 to December 2009)
Rank RBI’s
Regional
Office
States Covered Amount of FDI inflows %age with FDI
inflows in Computer
Software &
Hardware
Rupees in
crores
US $ in
million
1. Mumbai Maharashtra,
Dadra & Nagar
Haveli, Daman &
Diu
9,334.00 2,118.72 22.13
2. Bangalore Karnataka 5,076.08 1,129.83 11.80
FDI IN INDIA 2011
3. Chennai Tamil Nadu,
Pondicherry
4,416.89 1,004.44 10.49
4. New Delhi Delhi, Part of UP
and Haryana
3,858.26 855.03 8.93
5. Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 1,463.37 339.13 3.54
Total of above 24,148.60 5,447.15 56.89
TOP 5 FDI INFLOWS RECEIVED IN COMPUTER SOFTWARE &
HARDWARE
(through Indian companies, from January 2000 to December 2009)
Sl. No Name Of
Indian
Company
Country Name Of
Foreign
Collaborator
RBI
Regional
Office
Item Of
Manufacture
Amount Of FDI
Inflows
(In
RsCrore)
1 I Fliex
Solutions Ltd
Mauritius Oracle
Global( Mau
ritius) Ltd
Region
Not
Indicated
Software
Development.
4,805.58
2 I Flex
Solutions Ltd
Mauritius Oracle
Global
Mauritius
Ltd
Region
Not
Indicated
It To Finiancial
Service Industry
2,578.88
3 Tata NRI(As Group Of Mumbai Internet 2,148.62
FDI IN INDIA 2011
Consultancy
Services Ltd.
Individual
Investor)
Non
Resident
Services/Informatio
n Technology
4 Infrasoft
Technologies
Ltd
Mauritius Baring India
Pvt Equity
Ltd
Region
Not
Indicated
Software
Development
2,096.25
5 MphasisBfl
Ltd.
Mauritius Th Holdings Region
Not
Indicated
It &Pbo Service
Provider
1,697.35
Road Ahead
The total investments of EMC Corporation, a leading global player of information infrastructure
solutions in India, will touch US$ 2 billion (over US$ 2.01 billion) by 2014.
Syntel, an IT company, plans to invest around US$ 50 million in its global development centre in
Chennai.
Russian IT security software provider, Kaspersky Lab, will be investing US$ 2 million in its India
operations at Hyderabad during the next financial year.
FDI IN HOUSING AND REAL ESTATE SECTOR:
Real estate can be segmented into organised and unorganised sector where the unorganised sector
commands around 70% of the market share.
The unorganised players are characterised by contractors and small builders who generally have only
regional presence while organised players include private real estate developers and government
affiliated entities. India’s real estate market can be classified into three segments: Residential,
Commercial and Retail. These three segments have witnessed rapid growth in the past few years and
have a tremendous growth potential. The commercial segment is further divided into office space,
FDI IN INDIA 2011
hospitality, and industrial space.
Investment Scenario
The housing and real estate sector in India witnessed foreign direct investment (FDI) of US$ 640
millionin April-September 2010-11, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion
(DIPP). Housing and real estate sector including cineplex, multiplex, integrated townships and
commercial complexes etc, attracted a cumulative foreign direct investment (FDI) worth US$ 8,996.46
million from April 2000 to September 2010.
Foreign investors have so far contributed significant capital to India’s real estate market. Aggregate
FDI inflows into the real estate sector are recorded at approximately 7.42 per cent of the total inflows.
India allows 100 per cent FDI through the automatic route in townships, housing, built-up infrastructure
and construction-development projects, subject to certain conditions.
The relaxed FDI rules implemented by India last year has invited more foreign investors and real estate
sector in India is seemingly the most lucrative ground at present. Private equity players are considering
big investments, banks are giving loans to builders, and financial institutions are floating real estate
funds. Indian property market is immensely promising and most sought after for a wide variety of
reasons.
FDI IN INDIA 2011
The real estate sector is expecting a liberalised foreign direct investment (FDI) norm and easing of rules
for external commercial borrowings, in the present tight project finance situation and rising cost of
loans, from the Union Budget 2011-12. On the other hand, another round of interest subvention and a
higher cap on interest deduction available on housing loans to individual taxpayers will offer relief on
the affordability front.
Benefits of FDI in India Real Estate
to make the real estate sector in India more organized
to increase professionalism in the sector
to introduce advanced technology in the construction business
to create a healthy and competitive market environment for both Indian and foreign investors
Challenges faced
Current FDI regulations for the sector stipulate certain conditions, such as minimum area to be
developed, minimum capitalisation requirements, lock-in and so on, that have been put in place from
the perspective of preventing speculation in the sector. Such conditions, however, pose challenges for
FDI inflows into various projects, where given the nature of projects, it may not be possible to comply
FDI IN INDIA 2011
with such conditions.
The FDI regulations currently in force allow an entity to receive FDI in construction
development only if the minimum built-up area of the project is 50,000 square metres. Such a
condition can prove unrealistic for some developers, especially those in metro (tier-I ) cities
where large parcels of land are difficult to acquire and prices are exorbitant. Further, it is also
unlikely that an affordable housing project would require more than 50,000 square metres of
development.
Foreign funds and investors have begun to show increased interest in these brownfield
projects. Unfortunately, we have not been able to capitalise on this opportunity as investors are
not clear whether FDI is be permitted in brownfield projects . The government can consider
imposing certain restrictions and allow FDI inflows into brownfield projects subject to
specified conditions.
Real estate is a complex sector and for any project to take-off , clearances are needed from
multiple government agencies. Thus, coordination between joint venture partners becomes
extremely essential for successful completion of projects. Many real estate projects have failed
to take-off due to the delay in obtaining statutory clearances and conversion of land usage.
FDI policy for investing in real estate should provide investors exit options. The current FDI
regulations provide for a three-year lock-in for each tranche of foreign investment, and early
exit needs government approval. The process can be simplified by defining specific cases
where a foreign partner can be allowed to exit a project early without necessarily seeking
approval.
The FDI policy for investment in hotels and hospitals is far less stringent than the one for
housing projects. In case of such mixed use projects, where the majority of built-up area goes
towards development of hotel or hospital, there is lack of clarity which provisions of the FDI
policy would apply to the project - those for hotels and hospital or those for housing projects.
The government's concerns about keeping a strict vigil on inflow of funds into the real estate
sector should consider certain relaxations to provide a fillip to FDI in the real estate sector.
Adequate relaxation in current FDI policy could foster significant opportunities for growth and
investment in the sector.
1.6 FDI CULTURE IN INDIA
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Many economists in the country have now realized the advantages of FDI to India. While the
achievements of the Indian government are to be lauded, a willingness to attract FDI has resulted in what
could be termed an “FDI Industry”. While researching the economic reforms on FDI, it was discovered
that there exists a plethora of boards, committees, and agencies that have been constituted to ease the flow
of FDI. A call to one agency about their mandate and scope usually results in the quintessential response
to call someone else. Reports from FICCI and the Planning Commission place investor confidence and
satisfaction at an all time high; citizens too deserve to be clued in on the government bodies are doing.
According to the current policy FDI can come into India in two ways. Firstly FDI up to100% is allowed
under the automatic route in all activities/sectors except a small list that require approval of the
Government. FDI in sectors/activities under automatic routedoes not require any prior approval either by
the Government or RBI. The investors are required to notify the Regional office concerned of RBI within
30 days of receipt of inward remittances and file the required documents with that office within 30 days
ofissue of shares to foreign investors.51 All proposals for foreign investment requiring Government
approval are considered by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). The FIPB also grants
composite approvals involving foreign investment/foreign technical collaboration.52 As this clarity is
useful for future investors, it has to be seen ifthese bodies were effective.
1.7 INDIA AS A FDI DESTINATION
A Reality Check India, among the European investors, seen as a good investment despite political
uncertainty, bureaucratic hassles, shortages of power and infrastructural deficiencies A vast potential
for overseas investment attracting the entrance of foreign players into this market slated to become
one of the top three emerging economies In terms of market potential based on purchasing power
parity, India is the fifth largest economy in the world (ranking above France, Italy, UK and Russia)
and has the third largest GDP in the Asian continent. It is also the second largest among emerging
nations India is also one of the few markets in the world which offers high prospects for growth and
earning potential in practically all areas of business
Yet until fairly recently, India failed to get the kind of enthusiastic attention from investors, as
generated by other emerging economies such as China due to reasons such as –
a highly protected, semi-socialist autarkic economy,
Structural and bureaucratic impediments and distrust of foreign business.
FDI IN INDIA 2011
Present climate in India has seen a sea change, smashing barriers and actively seeking foreign
investment, many companies still see it as a difficult market.. Foreign investors should be prepared to
estimate India’s potential with due consideration to the inherent difficulties, contradictions and
challenges in the system
Future Potential Investment opportunity of USD 500 billion expected to emerge in India in the next 5
years in major economic sectors, of which USD 250 billion is expected in the infrastructure sector alone
Indian auto industry with a turnover of USD 12 billion and the auto parts industry with a turnover of USD
3 billion offer excellent scope for FDI Investment commission has identified 93 foreign companies across
various sectors as potential investors. These include Norsk Hydro, Singapore Power, select Japanese and
Korean companies for road development projects, Deutsche Telecom, China Telecom, SK Telecom, BT,
NEC and Toshiba, Alcan, RusAl, Burlington, Petronas, Sumitomo, Hanwa, Degussa, Renault, Scania and
EADS among others In Power sector, peak demand is expected to increase by a staggering 77% to
157,107 MW by 2012. Similarly, the energy requirement is also expected to increase by 274% to 975,222
MU by 2012. The total investment required in over 100,000 MW capacity creation, along with necessary
investments in T&D segments is estimated at USD 200 billion Total estimated investment opportunity in
the retail sector is around USD 5-6 billion in the next five years. Certain segments that promise a high
growth are Food and Grocery (91 per cent), Clothing (55 per cent), Furniture and Fixtures (27 per cent),
Pharmacy (27 per cent), Durables, Footwear & Leather, Watch &Jewellery(18 per cent)
The Indian pharmaceutical market has been forecast to grow to as much as USD 25 billion by 2010 as
per Organization of Pharmaceutical Producers of India (OPPI) estimates. However, Espicom's market
projections forecast more modest but stable annual market growth of around 7.2 per cent, putting the
market at USD 11.6 billion by 2009 Health tourism presents significant investment potential. At the
current pace of growth, medical tourism, currently pegged at USD 350 million, has the potential to grow
into a USD 2 billion industry by 2012 Healthcare sector provides another investment outlet and could rise
from USD 22.2 billion currently (5.2 percent of GDP) to USD 50 billion- 69 billion (6.2-8.5 percent of
GDP) by 2012 . Healthcare spending in the country will double over the next 10 years. Private healthcare
will form a large chunk of this spending, rising from USD 14.8 billion to USD 33.6 billion in 2012. This
figure could rise by an additional USD 8.4 billion if health insurance cover is available to the rich and the
middle class Total investment opportunity in the port sector is estimated at USD 20 billion upto 2012.
The Maritime sector (Ports and Shipping, Inland waterways) requires an investment of USD 22 billion for
future development.
1.8 RECOMMENDATIONS
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For the positive trend of growing FDI investment in India to grow, following recommendations can be
given:
ATTRACT “QUALITY” FDI
One of the biggest myths surrounding FDI today is that it is always good for the economy’s present and
future. But, in reality it is actually “quality FDI” which works positively for the economy. World
Investment Report published by UNCTAD in 2006 describes “quality FDI” as “the kind that would
significantly increase employment, enhance skills and boost the competitiveness of local enterprises.”
Whether FDI succeeds in these objectives depends on the sector, industry and the country’s global
strengths. It also depends on the industry’s dependence on external capital and the level of skill of people
required.
Not all foreign companies have the same objectives when they invest in a country. Firms may differ in
terms of degree of vertical integration, investment in local R&D, local sourcing and export
orientation.The advantages derived from FDI differ across primary, services and manufacturing sectors.
There may be differences across industries within a particular sector also. FDI in primary sector
industries like mining, agribusiness and raw materials offers lesser scope of technical progress in
developing countries. In contrast, industries in manufacturing sector and other technology-intensive
industries
attract high quality FDI. This is because, in developing countries (having a lower technology base), the
probability of domestic firms learning about new technology and new knowledge through collaboration
and reverse engineering is very high. In contrast, in labor-intensive industries (found mainly in
developing countries), technically advanced firms tend to crowd out the lesser performing and financially
weaker domestic firms.
ATTRACT TECHNOLOGY AND LOCALIZE PRODUCTION
The benefits from FDI are maximized when it finds its way into technology-intensive sectors and when
the production is localized in the host country. Localized production causes knowledge and technology
spillover to domestic companies through a high level of vertical integration, local sourcing and local
collaboration. Unless transfer of technology and knowledge happens, there is very little FDI can do for
the growth of the economy. Foreign pharmaceutical firms in India in the period 1940-1960 invested little
in their local manufacturing base and were used to process imported bulk drugs into formulations to sell
locally. This activity did not transfer any knowledge to the local industries; neither did they train people
FDI IN INDIA 2011
with any advanced skills. Such FDI is wasteful, as it provides only employment to local people, but does
not train them in new technologies.
THE “SPILLOVER” ILLUSION
Spillover means the adoption, by domestic companies, of the knowledge, new technologies and best
practices followed by the foreign companies. Spillover may happen in the following ways:
Learning the best management practices and technology from their foreign partners
Employees moving from one company to other
Local suppliers and service providers being told by the company to follow their standards
Assistance provided to customers by the company
This spillover is the single biggest reason countries go out of their way to attract FDI. But, the degree of
spillover depends highly on the ability of local firms to respond successfully to new entrants, new
technology, and new competition. It also depends on the human capital and degree of dependence on
foreign capital.
There are a few prerequisites which must be satisfied when it comes to take the advantage of spillovers.
Firstly, to compete against foreign entrants, local firms need skilled labor capable of improving the
production efficiency, adopting new technologies and increasing the quality of their products. FDI
affects skill-dependent industries in a positive way and the intensity increases with the level of skill-
dependency.
Secondly, knowledge spillovers work only when foreign companies are willing to bring new technologies
and skills to the host country. It is extremely good for India as long as companies like Intel set up their
R&D bases locally. In fact, it can be mandated by the government to include technology and knowledge
transfer clauses when allowing foreign companies the access to India‟s vast markets and manpower.
FOCUS ON EXPORT-ORIENTED FDI
According to market-orientation, an FDI project either be domestic market-seeking or export-oriented.
Domestic market-seeking FDI primarily intends to serve the local market. On the other hand,
exportoriented FDI aims to focus on its global markets.
Export-oriented FDI is of higher quality FDI than domestic market-seeking FDI. This is because export
oriented companies tend to form micro-level linkages with domestic firms in the form of sourcing and
partnerships. Their objective is to exploit the low cost infrastructure and cheap skill available locally for
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export purposes. In addition to knowledge spillovers to local suppliers, export-oriented foreign firms
also cause information spillovers to purely domestic firms to enter into export market. Also, by
providing new competitive assets through export-oriented FDI, the supply capacities of export oriented
firms are increased. The crowding out effect of local firms is also low in case of export-oriented firms.
TARGET SPECIFIC SECTORS
Investment promotion agencies (IPAs) of different countries focus on attracting FDI in only specific
sectors and industries which fit well with their country‟s economic characteristics and their strengths.
Country Target sector for attracting FDI
The table above shows the sectors targeted by some countries for attracting FDI. These are the sectors in
which these countries possess global strengths. India also needs to focus majorly on a few sectors to
attract FDI e.g. manufacturing, services, communications etc.
INCREASE EASE OF DOING BUSINESS
India performs dismally when it comes to starting up a business in India. Doing Business Report,
2010.Published by World Bank gives India a rank of 169 which is way below comparative economies like
China (151), Brazil (126) and Russia (106). India fares badly in number of procedures required, time and
cost of starting a business in India .
FDI IN INDIA 2011
India has secured good ranks in parameters of “Getting Credit” and “Protecting Investors”, but in other
parameters, a lot needs to be done. The government needs to emphasize on policy reforms to improve
India’s rank in different parameters to make India the investment destination of the world. Doing
Business 2010
1.9 CONCLUSION
As evidenced by analysis and data the concept and material significance of FDI has evolved from the
shadows of shallow understanding to a proud show of force. The government while serious in its efforts
to induce growth in the economy and country started with foreign investment in a haphazard manner.
While it is accepted that the government was under compulsion to liberalize cautiously, the understanding
of foreign investment was lacking. A sectoral analysis reveals that while FDI shows a gradual increase
and has become a staple for success for India, the progress is hollow (Annexure 1 and 2). The
Telecommunications and power sector are the reasons for the success of Infrastructure. This is a
throwback to 1991 when Infrastructure reforms were not attempted as the sector was performing in the
positive. FDI has become a game of numbers where the justification for growth and progress is the money
that flows in and not the specific problems plaguing the individual sub sectors.
1.10 REFERENCES
www.dipp.nic.in
Doing Business Report 2010, World Bank
FDI IN INDIA 2011
www.livemint.com, last accessed on 25tDecember, 2009
Data derived from Indiastat.com,
ris.org.in,adb.org.in and google.com
http://www.rbi.org.in
http://smetimes.tradeindia.com/smetimes/news/industry/2011/Jan/17/strong-need-to-raise-fdi-
cap-in-insurance-sector-cii624638.html
http://business.mapsofindia.com/fdi-india/guidelines/banking.html
