FC81 14/15. How to make a living• Culture as skills• How to make a living: 1. Farming: knowledge, technology, organization2. Cloth: knowledge, technology, organization

• How to get rich:1. Landholding2. specialization

• Markets and marketing• 20th century implications

Why is there a place calledElephant Horn Village in Jinhua?

Economic indicators

Date Hholds (000s) Persons (000s)

1011 135

1290 221 1 078

1627 1 890

1820 2 549

2001 4 479

Agricultural technology:

• Spread of rice agriculture

• New varieties of rice

• Tools

• Fertilizer

• Cropping patterns

Cropping schedule

Irrigated Fields Dry Fields

First crop Second crop

Third crop First crop Second crop

Third crop

Beans, barley, rape

Early-ripening rice, late

rice, glutinous

rice

Corn, vegetables

Wheat Wheat bean

Corn, sweet potato, millet, cotton, peanut,

vegetables

• Landholding (1 mu = 7000 sq ft.)

• What does “farming” mean?

Village Yield (jin) Average rent as %

Taili 270 41

Xiaxitou 300 37

Sangci 210 48

Guanglihu 250 38

Litang 400 45

Mashangqiao

340 47

Sanyu 280 43

Citanghou 420 40

Land Ownership and Use in Dongyang, 1932

  House-holds

Indivi-duals

Land Owner-ship (mu)

Land Owner-ship/ capita

Land usage (mu)

Land Usage/ capita

Landlord 1 11 43 3.9 24 2.2

Rich peasant

6 47 58 1.2 79 1.7

Middle peasant

20 110 52 0.4 199 1.8

Poor peasant and laborer

195 834 132 0.2 712 .85

Other 106 345 30 0.1 138 0.4

Total 329 1347  315 0.2 1252 0.9

Specialization

• Production

• Processing (eg ham)

• Technical skill (eg wood carving)

• Commerce (eg medicinal herbs)

• 1578 prefectural gazetteer, section on local products• “There is no other reason why nature produces various things [unique to

one locale] than to help the livelihood of the people and to meet the expenditure of country.”

• Grain: 23 different kinds.• Vegetables: 32 different kinds.• Fruits: 29 different kinds.• Medical Herbs: 146 different kinds.• Bamboos: 17 different kinds.• Woods: 29 different kinds.• Flowers: 54 different kinds.• Grass: 28 different kinds.• Miscellaneous Plants: 4 different kinds.• Domesticated Animals: 12 different kinds.• Birds: 33 different kinds.• Wild Animals: 18 different kinds.• Fishes: 19 different kinds.• Insects: 31 different kinds.• Commercial Products: 23 different kinds.