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Final Report - Annexes

FAUNA

Feasibility Study for Trans-border Biosphere Reserve Osogovo

Author: Metodija Velevski

May 2015

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1 Annex

For the needs of this report, published references, unpublished reports and author’s data

were used as data source. The available reports were dealing with different faunistic groups,

presented by country. Effort was done to unify the available information and to identify the

species of greatest conservation concern, for which site-conservation approach – in this

sense, possible establishment of biosphere reserve - is considered appropriate.

In total, presence of about 1300 animal species is known for the geographical border of

Osogovo Mountain, with number of taxonomic groups bein insufficiently studied. From this

total, 1030 are invertebrates, and 271 are vertebrates (plus 63 non-breeding bird species).

The fauna of Invertebrates is a mixture of species characteristic for Central Europe,

(sub)Mediterranean region, northern Europe and alpine belt. Only some groups are well

studied, and major gaps exist for many others. 61 molusk species are recorded, 60 of which

snails. Seven of them are Balkan endemics. Spiders are well studied, and 590 species are

known so far. About 60 are Balkan endemics, and some sre endemic to Osogovo Mt. One

species is of Europena importance. About 20 species of dragonflies are recorded, two of

which are Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. One-hundred and five orthopterans are known,

17 of which are of conservation value, and 13 are endemic. Dayly butterflies are presented

with at least 120 specie, eight of wich are important. The Bulgarian part of Osogovo is Prime

Butterfly Area in Europe. Finally, about 280 species of ground beetles are recorded, being

among te highes value for any Balkan Mountain. One of them is on the Global red list (near

threatened). Twenty species are endemic.

From the vertebrate fauna (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals), about 180

species are of some conservation concern (7 threatened on the global IUCN Red List, 7 on

the European IUCN Red List, 36 are listed in the Annex I of the Birds Directive, 17 in the

Annex II of the Habitats Directive, 159 are enlisted on the Appendix II of the Bern

Convention, and 76 on the Appendices I & II of the Bonn Convention. 178 are protected by

the Bulgarian national legislation, while 72 are protected by the Macedonian national

legislation.

Most important regions for conservation of the fauna are the river gorges (Zletovska,

Stalkovachka on Macedonian, Gryenska on Bulgarian side), the steppic-like terrains in the

SW parts on the Macedonian side, and the high-mountain patures on both sides of the

Mountain. Some smaller regions for specific groups/taxa are also identified.

General threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, especially for forest habitats, risks of

change of water regimes of rivers and ponds (catchments, construction activities),

disturbance, overexploitation of forest by-products (berries), and poaching.

Conservation recommendations include changes of forestry practice, tighter control of

construction activities and proclamation of the most important regions as protected.

Challenges are expected while implementing those conservation activities, especially with

the forestry sector and tourism development, but possibilities exist to overcome the

differences on long run.

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2 Assessment of the fauna and its valorization

2.1 Invertebrates – diversity and conservation

The invertebrate fauna of Osogovo Mt. represents a mixture of species characteristic for the

central parts of Europe, species of the Mediterranean region (penetrating through the

valleys of rivers Vardar and Struma) as well as species of the alpine belts and northern

Europe. There is significant number of Balkan and local endemics on Osogovo Mt., as well.

The diversity of invertebrates on Osogovo Mt. will be assessed in this report and further

implemented in the coming period. At the present moment, we focus on the best studied

groups: mollusks, spiders, butterflies, dragonglies, orthopterans and ground beetles.

2.1.1 Mollusks (snails and shells)

The first data on mollusks of Osogovo Mt. were published already in 1856 by Mousson based

on the collection of Alexander Schlafl. Two more researchers published data on mollusks of

Osogovo Mt. in the beginning of 20 century: Jurinic (1906) and Wohlberedt (1911) and they

were later followed by many European and Bulgarian researchers. The latest and most

comprehensive research was conducted by Dedov and Mitev (2012).

In total, there are 61 species of mollusks recorded on Osogovo Mt.: 45 for the Bulgarian and

38 for the Macedonian part (Appendix B1). Only one of them is shell (Bivalvia) and the rest

of 60 species are snails. It is important to note that the Mediterranean and Euro-siberian

species are almost equally represented, by 29 and 31 species, respectively. Most of the

species (16) are characteristic for beech forests on Osogovo Mt. These forests are also

inhabited by a number of Balkan endemic species: Alinda biplicata michaudiana, Bulgarica

serbica, Cattania haberhaueri, Tandonia kusceri, T. serbica, Vitrea ranojevici and V.

bulgarica.

It is interesting that the species Macedonica marginata was found only on Bulgarian part of

Osogovo Mt., while Bulgarica vetusta was found only on Macedonian part of Osogovo Mt.

2.1.2 Spiders (Araneae)

The spiders on Osogovo Mt are represented by enormous number of species. So far, we

know of almost 590 species (Appendix B2), 450 of them for the Macedonian and 336 species

for the Bulgarian part of Osogovo Mt. This is a results of 100 years of research on Osogovo

Mt. The first data were published by Bulgarian arachnologist Drensky in 1913. However, the

study of spiders was completed recently, by the research of Deltchev (2009) and Komnenov

(2009, 2014). At present, Osogovo Mt. is the richest mountain with spiders on the whole of

Balkan Peninsula.

Most of the spiders have European or Palaearctic distribution. Nevertheless, 10% of the

spiders are characteristic for the Mediterranean complex and this is evident in the southern

slopes of the Macedonian part of Osogovo Mt. Balkan endemic species are represented by

similar percentage. Some of the species are endemic of Osogovo Mt. (stenoendemics) and

some of them were described in the last few years: Harpactea mariae, Harpactea bulgarica

and Typhochrestus penevi. This is a signal that more species will be described in near future.

2.1.2.1 Species of conservation importance

So far, there is only one spider species of European importance on Osogovo Mt: Eresus

kollari Rossi, 1846 found near villages of Bogoslov and Stradalovo (Bulgaria). This species is

included in the European red list of plants and animals (ESC). The list of other important

species is given in Appendix B2-a.

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2.1.3 Dragonflies (Odonata)

There are about 20 species of dragonflies on Osogovo Mt. These species inhabit clear

mountainous waters and fewer are to be found in the mountain peats. There are several

important species of dragonflies such as: Calliaeschna microstigma and Cordulegaster heros

- vulnerable species according to the IUCN red list of threatened species.

2.1.4 Orthopterans (grasshoppers, crickets, bushcrickets, mantids, earwigs

and cockroaches)

The groups of Blattodea, Mantodea, Dermaptera and Orthoptera are comparatively well

studied both in Europe and the Balkans, though the knowledge on their taxonomy and

distribution in Macedonia is far from being adequate. Eastern Macedonia is among the most

poorly explored territories on the Balkan Peninsula. Until now there is no data present in the

literature about the cockroaches, mantids, earwigs, grasshoppers, crickets and bushcrickets

occurring on Osogovo Mountains.

Altogether, 105 taxa have been recognized in the study of Chobanov (2009a, 2009b) based

on field investigations and review of the available collections (Macedonian Museum of

Natural History in Skopje and National Natural History Museum in Sofia) (Appendix B3).

There are 83 taxa recorded in the Macedonian part of Osogovo Mt. The same number of 83

taxa (only Orthoptera) was established for the Bulgarian part of the mountain.

2.1.4.1 Species of conservation value

We found 17 species of conservation value (20%). 13 species (16%) are endemics. These

include: Regional endemics (endemics for a restricted territory, e.g. river valley or a

mountain group) – 3 species, Balkan endemics – 4 species, Balkan subendemics (species with

their origin and main range on the Balkans but also penetrating into neighbouring

territories) – 6 species. The listo of important species is given in Appendix B3-a.

Species of international importance could be regarded Metrioptera domogledi (IUCN) and

Paracaloptenus caloptenoides (Habitats directive). The latter has its centre of distribution on

the Balkans, and although having fragmented distribution, it is comparatively common in

Macedonia and in parts of Bulgaria.

Species of regional importance have bigger conservation value since from one side such taxa

have very restricted or fragmented occurrence in Macedonia and Osogovo Mountain and

from the other side, some species of international importance have wide distribution in the

region. For the reason mentioned 4 species without endemic status or intertational

importance have been included as species of conservation value.

Species of special regional importance:

1. Empusa fasciata – Southern European species, connected with xerophyte stony

habitats and protected in some European countries. It has fragmented

distribution in Macedonia and Bulgaria. On Osogovo Mountain occurs on the

warmest southwestern slopes up to about 600 m a.s.l. in habitats, not

influenced by human activity.

2. Iris oratoria – this colorful mantid is the rarest one in Macedonia and Bulgaria.

Inhabits the warmest natural habitats, commonly steppe-like grasslands and

scrub, up to 600 m a.s.l.

3. Phaneroptera falcata – Rare species in Macedonia. Palaearctic species, common

in Central Europe but quite rare and fragmently distributed on the Balkans.

Found in mesoxerophyte communities of Chamaecytisus absinthoides and

grasses, as well as in surroundings of rural area, at 1150-1300 m. Occurs usually

between 800 and 1500 m.

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4. Andreiniimon nuptialis – Balkan subendemite with limited and fragmented

distribution. It inhabits riparian woodlands and belts in the lowlands and

foothills of the mountains.

5. Poecilimon zwicki – Regional endemite, distirbuted from Struma watershed to

the East Rhodopi. It is rare species that inhabits warmer regions.

6. Platycleis (Montana) macedonica – regional endemic species for the valleys of

the middle/low courses of Vardar, Pchinja and Strouma River (S Serbia,

Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria). Rare xerothermophile, inhabiting dry stony

habitats with sparse grass. Faund at Beli Village, up to 600 m a.s.l.

7. Metrioptera (Metrioptera) domgledi – Balkan subendemic species, included in

the IUCN Red lists as “Vulnerable”. Its only occurrence in Macedonia is Osogovo

Mountain, where it inhabits mountainous and subalpine meadows in

communities of Chamaecytissus sp. and Juniperus communis sibirica between

1600 and 2200 m.

8. Metrioptera (Metrioptera) tsirojanni – Regional endemic, distributed in

Southeasternmost Serbia, Eastern Macedonia, Southwesternmost Bulgaria and

the central parts of Northern Greece. Recently found in Macedonia (Chobanov

2002). Very typical species for the submontane belt of Osogovo, where found in

mesophyte scrubs between 500 and 1100 m (on the northern slopes) or 800 and

1400 m (on the southern slopes).

9. Psorodonotus fieberi fieberi – New subspecies for the fauna of Macedonia.

Balkan endemic species with fragmented distribution over the high mountains of

the middle parts of the Peninsula. On Osogovo the species has quite fragmented

distribution in the region of Carev Vrv and Ruen Peak. Inhabits pseudosubalpine

communities of Chamaecytissus sp. and Juniperus communis sibirica between

around 1800 and 2000 m a.s.l.

10. Saga natoliae – this carnivorous bushcricket is among the largest insects and the

biggest orthopteran in Europe. All over its range it has fragmented and sparse

populations. Southwestern slopes of Osogovo make the northern border of this

species. Only found at Gratche Lake stony area at about 500 m. Its possible

range of occurrence stretches from the lowland up to 600 m a.s.l.

11. Paracaloptenus caloptenoides – the species is included in Annexes II and IV of

the Habitats Directive. Balkan subendemic species with fragmented distribution.

The species’ range has in centre in Macedonia, thus its populations are

frequently quite numerous. On Osogovo it has scanty distribution, at the

moment found only at Jamishko Osoe place in mesophyte mountain meadows

with sparse bushes at 1300 m a.s.l. Its possible occurrence on Osogovo ranges

between (500)1000 and 1500 m.

12. Pseudopodisma fieberi – has fragmented distribution in the mountains of the

north-east part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is rare species in Bulgaria.

13. Mecostethus parapleurus parapleurus – very rare species in Bulgaria. Its

presence on Osogovo Mr. was not confirmed during the recent field research..

14. Stenobothrus rubicundulus – has disjunct distribution in the Balkans, Apennines

and Carpathians. It was recorded only on the peak Ruen.

2.1.5 Daily butterflies (Rhopalocera)

The research on Osogovo Mt. revealed presence of over 120 species of daily butterflies

(Appendix B4). Most of the species (55) belong to the family Satyridae followed by

Lycaenidae with 33 species. Some of the species are considered as important while others

have distribution restricted on the Balkan Peninsula: Pieris balcana, Colias balcanica,

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Espararge climene, Euphidryas aurinia, Limenitis camilla, Coenonympha glycerion,

Coenonympha rhodopensis, Plebeius sephirus, etc. The Bulgarian part of Osogovo Mt. Is

designated as Prime Butterfly area of Europe due to the presence of about 20 important

species. One can expect that Macedonian part will receive such a status, as well.

2.1.6 Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

The total number of species for the whole of Osogovo Mt. (both Macedonian and Bulgarian

part) is about 280 species (Appendix B5). In total there are 238 species recorded in

Macedonian part of Osogovo Mt. This is the highest number of ground beetles known for a

mountain in the Republic of Macedonia and one of the highest on the Balkan Peninsula. The

main reason for the diversity of species is the diversity of habitats and abiotic ecological

factors (climate, soils). Osogovo Mt. is characterized by the presence of European species

(northern slopes, high-mountain zone, montane and submontane beech forests) and by

(sub-)Mediterranean species (southern slopes at low altitudes). (Zoogeographical analysis is

not performed due to the lack of elaborated zoogeographical studies of ground beetles).

The presence of species such as Loricera pilicornis, Carabus ullrichi fastuosus, abax carinatus,

Abax ovalis, Amara nigricornis and Elaphrus aureus is clear evidence for the "Central

European" influence on the ground beetles fauna of Osogovo Mt. Surprisingly, the number

of thermophyllous species on Osogovo Mt. is even greater: Acinopus megacephalus,

Microlestes apterus, Microlestes luctuosus, Zuphium olens, Ophonus oblongus,

Gynandromorphus etruscus, Carabus graecus morio, Pachycarus atrocoeruleus etc.

2.1.6.1 Important species of Ground Beetles

The selection of important species was done according to the:

1. International criteria (IUCN Global Red List of Species and CORINE list)

2. Endemic status of the species/subspecies

3. Rareness (all of the rare species were included in single category - rare species)

4. Relicness (only glacial relicts were recorded)

Only one of the species is on the IUCN Global Red List of Species (Carabus intricatus -

LR/nr=low risk/near threatened). There are two species on the CORINE list, as well.

All of the endemic species (20) and glacial relicts (3) are considered as important.

The bulk of the important species belong to the category of rare species. The main criterion

for identifying a species as rare was its distribution areal, especially on the Balkan Peninsula

and equally important the expert judgment (mainly unpublished data). The complete list is

given in the Appendix B5a.

2.2 Vertebrates

The vertebrate fauna (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) is in general well

studied in term of species richness, however distributional and population size data are of

lesser quality, or not existing at all. For the needs of the assessment of the vertebrate fauna,

we used the thematic reports of the project “Osogovo Mountain in the European Green

Belt” (Annonimous 2011, Hubancheva 2009, Milosevski 2008, Naumov & Tsankov 2008,

Naumov et al. 2007, Sterijovski 2009, Stojanov et al. 2009, Stoyanov 2008, Velevski 2009,

Zlatanova 2007, 2011, 2013) and, some additional sources where needed (e.g., (Kostov et al.

2010). After comparing the lists, we evaluated the list basing on the international citeria

(IUCN global Red List, (IUCN 2014), IUCN European Red Lists, where existing (Temple & Terry

2007; Cox & Temple 2009; Temple & Cox 2009; Freyhof & Brooks 2011), inclusion of the

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species in the Annexess of the Habitat and Birds directives (The Council of the European

Union 1992; The European Parliament & The Council of the European Union 2009), the Bern

and Bonn conventions (The Council of the European Union 1979; UNEP/CMS Secretariat

1979), but also on national criteria (Bulgarian Biodiversity Law, Bulgarian Red Data Book

(Golemanski et al. 2011), Macedonian Law on Nature Protection, Macedonian Law on

Hunting). Due to taxonomical changes and unresolved questions, these tasks were not

always straight-forward, which is especially evident for the fish, and thus their valorization

should be taken with reserve, being incomplete on the conservative side.

2.2.1 Fish

In total, 21 species are recorded, mostly in the larger rivers surrounding the Mountains

(Kriva Reka, Zletovska Reka, Bregalnica, Banshtitsa, Lisiyska and Struma, and their

tributaries). As Osogovo Mountain belongs to two different catchment areas (Vardar in

Macedonia and Struma in Bulgaria), some differences in the fish fauna were noted –

presence of Alburnus macedonicus, Chondrostoma vardarense, Squalius vardarensis only in

the rivers in Macedonia, and Barbus strumicae, Cobitis strumicae, Phoxinus strymonicus and

Salmo macedonicus only in the rivers in Bulgaria. The fish fauna in Osogovo region is

generally poorly studied, which is further complicated by a number of unresolved

taxonomical question on the Balkans. Tentatively, nine species are present in the rivers in

Bulgaria, and 14 in the rivers of Macedonia. Overall, their conservation importance is high

due to presence of endemic taxa listed above, and priorities for conservation should be

focused on the Critically Endangered Alburnus macedonicus, Endangered Phoxinus

strymonicus and Vulnerable Chondrostoma vardarense.

The full list of fish species recorded in Osogovo Region with their national and international

valorization criteria is given in Table 1 in the Appendix B6.

2.2.2 Amphibians

In total, 12 species of Amphibians are recorded so far in the Osogovo Region – 11 for

Bulgaria and 10 for Macedonia. The Alpine Newt and the Eastern Crested Newt have been

found only in Bulgaria, while the Green Toad only in Macedonia. It is to be expected that all

three species are present in the two countries as well. There are no globally threatened or

regionally threatened species of Amphibians (IUCN Red Data Lists), however, they are all

listed in the appendices II (five species) or III (seven species) of the Convention for

conservation of wild habitats and species – Bern Convention. Also, two species are listed in

Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive, and six species in Annex IV. Five species are protected

by the Bulgarian legislation, and six by the Macedonian legislation (in total, nine species).

The list of species per country, and their valorization criteria are given in Table 2 in the

Appendix B6.

2.2.3 Reptiles

In total, 24 species of reptiles have been registered on Osogovo Mountains, 17 in the

Bulgarian part, and 21 in the Macedonian Part. This is the first group of the vertebrates

where significant differences among the countries exist, due to the presence of warmer,

xeric parts in the southeast section of the Mountain, in Macedonia, with presence of several

Mediterranean species. One species found in the Bulgarian part, the Meadow Lizard

Darevskia praticola has not been found in the Macedonian fauna yet. One species, the Greek

Tortoise, found only in Macedonia, is considered Vulerable on Global level, while four

species (one whip snake, one lizard, one terrapin and one tortoise – the only one being

common for both countries) are Near Threatened. Sixteen species are included in the

Appendix II of the Bern convention, and the remaining eight are enlisted in the Annex III.

Four species are included in the Annex II of the Habitats Directive, and those four, and 13

other, are included in the Annex IV. Bulgarian Biodiversity Law protects eight of the species

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recorded in this country, while the Macedonian Nature Protection Law protects 15 of the

recorded 21 species. Finally, two species are considered Endangered on national level in

Bulgaria.

The list of reptile species recorded on Osogovo Mountains with their valorization criteria is

presented on Table 3 in the Appendix B6.

2.2.4 Birds

In total, 209 bird species have been registered in Osogovo region. Out of them, 146 are

found in the reproductive period (resident breeders or migratory breeders). In continuation,

all analyses are done only of this sub-set. One hundred and thirty-one species are recorded

on the Bulgarian part, while 118 on the Macedonian part. One species (Scarlet Rosefinch

Carpodacus erythrinus) found in Bulgaria has never been registered for the Macedonian

fauna. The disimilarities of the avifaunas between the two countries are obvious, coming

mostly from the climatic factors (more Mediterranean species recorded in Macedonia) and

the forestry practices (more mature pine and beech forests in Bulgaria hold some species

not found in Macedonia). Overall, one globally Endangered species, the Egyptian Vulture, is

breeding in Macedonia (one pair), as well as one-two pair(s) of Eastern Imperial Eagles.

Thirty-six species listed in the Annex I of the Birds Directive are present, as well as 112

enlisted in Appendix II of the Bern Convention (and 27 more on Appendix III). The two

globally threatened species are also included in the Appendix I of the Bonn Convention, and

52 more are listed in Appendix II of the same Convention. On national level, 29 species

registered in Macedonia are protected by the Law on Nature Protection, while 117 of those

found in Bulgaria are protected by the Law on Biodiversity Protection (Macedonian

Legislation is not fully in compliance with the EU legislation, therefore such diference in the

nubers). On national level, nine species are Endangered in Bulgaria and 20 are vulnerable.

The core area of Osogovo in the Macedonian part (the complex Ratkova Skala), and the lover

sections near rver Zletovica, have been identified as Important Bird Areas in Europe

(Velevski et al. 2010).

The list of breeding species and their valorization criteria is given in Table 4 in the Appendix

B6.

2.2.5 Mammals

The teriofauna of Osogovo Region is better studied on the Bulgarian part of the Mountain,

from where 66 species have been recorded, compared to the 41 on the Macedonian part.

The differences do not stop here – as much as four bat species found in Bulgaria: Myotis

alcathoe, Myotis aurascens, Myotis blythii and Myotis brandti have never been recorded in

the fauna of Macedonia, although these data indicate that they are most likely present. Only

two species recorded in the Macedonian part have not been found in the Bulgarian part –

one of them, the Mouflon, is being kept as a game species, and the second one, the

Pipisterele Bat, is likely to be confirmed in Bulgaria. From the conservation aspect, the

Bulgarian teriofauna is also richer, with the presence of the Brow Bear and the Eurasian

Lynx, flagship species for nature conservation. On global level, only the Marbled Polecat

(recorded only in the Bulgarian part) is considered Vulnerable, while four bat species (three

confirmed only in the Bulgarian part) and the Otter are Near Threatened. As much as 26

species are enlisted in the Appendix II of the Bern Convention, and 23 more on the appendix

III. All bats (Chiroptera, 22 species) are enlisted in the Appendix II of the Bonn convention.

From the species recorded in Bulgaria, 27 are protected by the Bulgarian national legislation,

while from the species found in Macedonia, only five are protected or strictly protected

(which further speaks on the missalignement of the Macedonian national legislation with

the EU legislation). From the species recorded in Bulgaria, one, the Eurasian Lynx, is

considered nationally Critically Endangered, three (the Wild Cat, the Brown Bear and the

Pine Marten) are Endangered, and as much as nine species are Vulnerable.

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The list of mammal species recorded on Osogovo Mountain per country and with their

valorization criteria is presented on Table 5 in the Appendix B6.

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3 Definitions of the areas which can be included in the core

areas of future BR, and requirements needed by the

umbrella species, to be considered for the zoning of the BR

3.1 Important habitats for orthopterans

The following habitat types show higher conservation value for orthopterans:

• Mediterranean-like xerophyte steppe-like grass associations on limestone (hilly belt,

400-600 (700) m). The habitat covers restricted area at the Southwestern slopes of

Osogovo Mountains. The habitat keeps unique for the region Mediterranean

communities of orthopterans, some species of which are found only here on

Osogovo Mts (Iris oratoria, Platycleis nigrosignata, P. macedonica, Oedaleus

decorus, Oedipoda miniata, Dociostaurus anatolicus etc.).

• Mediterranean-like xerophyte grass-scrub associations and sparse coppices of

Quercus pubescens and Carpinus orientalis on stony ground (hilly belt, 400-700 m).

This is the second habitat type under serious threat.

• Xerophyte and mesoxerophyte (pseudo-)subalpine meadows (1600-2250 m).

Though this habitat keeps about 20 species, two of which of special importance, it is

important with its relatively small area sensitivity to anthropogenic pressure.

3.2 Important localities for spiders

There are seven localities/sites of conservation importance on the Bulgarian part of Osogovo

Mt. These sites were selected based on the number of species with conservation importance

(endemics, relicts, rare species).

• Hisarluk-Pamuka (620-1350 m). This site has well-preserved forests, meadows and

ecotone habitats. It is important due to the presence of the following species:

Brachythele sp. (langourovi), Nemesia pannonica coheni, Scytodes thoracica,

Segestria senoculata, Dasumia kusceri, Dysdera pectinata, Harpactea hombergi,

Harpactea srednagora, Eresus kollari, Uloborus walckenaerius, Tenuiphantes

floriana, Pocadicnemis pumila, Tapinopa longidens, Walckenaeria cucullata,

Malthonica rilaensis, Eurocoelotes jurinitschi, Eurocoelotes karlinskii, Zodarion

aculeatum, Zodarion ochridense, Xysticus abditus.

• The valley of Novoselska river from the reservoir to v. Slokoshtitsa and Dve Reki

(south of Novo Selo) (620-960 m) – xerophilic meadows, mesophilic meadows and

riparian tree communities. This site is important due to the presence of the

following species: Dasumia kusceri, Harpactea saeva, Harpactea srednagora, Eresus

kollari, Hyptiotes paradoxus, Episinus truncates, Macrargus rufus.

• The valley of river Eleshnica, between villages of Vaksevo and Rakovo (560-860 m). It

has riparian habitats on limestone and silicates ground as well as forest communities

on limestone. This site is important due to the presence of the following species:

Macrargus rufus, Walckenaeria obtusa, Cybaeus balkanus, Zodarion ochridense and

Xysticus gallicus.

• The valley of river Eleshnica, between Chakanetski Most and village Sazhdenik (940-

1400 m). Similarly to previous site, it has riparian habitats on limestone and silicates

ground as well as well-preserved forest communities. This site is important due to

the presence of the following species: Macrargus rufus, Troglohyphantes sp.,

Walckenaeria obtusa, Histopona laeta, Cybaeus balkanus, Cryphoeca silvicola,

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Eurocoelotes jurinitschi, Eurocoelotes karlinskii, Eurocoelotes kulczynskii, Thanatus

sabulosus and Xysticus gallicus.

• The valley of river Bistritsa, from the gorge above village Gurlyano to mining site

Ruen (1100-1600 m). It holds well preserved forests, meadows, pastures and

ecotone habitats. This site is important due to the presence of the following species:

Harpactea bulgarica, Harpactea saeva, Harpactea srednagora, Cybaeus balkanus,

Titanoeca quadriguttata, Titanoeca tristis, Poecilochroa variana, Xysticus

macedonicus, Zodarion aculeatum, Zodarion ochridense.

• The area between mountain huts Osogovo and Trite Buki and the peak Choveka

(1520-2020 m) – well preserved forests, pastures and ecotones in the subalpine belt.

This site is important due to the presence of the following species: Segestria

senoculata, Hyptiotes paradoxus, Centromerus sylvaticus, Mansuphantess

mansuetus, Macrargus rufus, Araneus sturmi, Parzygiella montana, Pardosa drenskii,

Eurocoelotes kulczynskii, Zodarion ochridense, Xysticus gallicus.

• The area between the Begbunar spring and peak Ruen (1820-2251 m). – pastures in

the subalpine belt. This site is important due to the presence of the following

species: Crustulina guttata, Agyneta cauta, Araeoncus anguineus, Pelecopsis

elongata, Pardosa drenskii, Pardosa bifasciata, Pardosa sp.

There are several localities on the Macedonian part of Osogovo Mt. that were identified as

important for the spiders' diversity:

• Area around village Beli, above Kochani. This site is important due to the presence of

the following species: Brachythele sp., Dysdera granulata, Harpactea mariae,

Harpactea saeva, Harpactea srednagora, Centromerus lakatnikensis etc.

• Foothills of Osogovo Mt. near village Sokolarci. This site is important due to the

presence of the following species: Brachythele sp., Pritha nana, Dysdera halkidikii,

Harpactea saeva, Ero aphana, Mimetus laevigatus, Anatolidion gentile, Dipoena

coracina, Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, Theridion adrianopoli, Theridion italiense,

Diplocephalus graecus, Troglohyphantes inermis, etc.

• The valley of Kamenica river. This site is important due to the presence of the

following species: Atypus piceus, Brachythele sp., Dysdera pectinata, Harpactea

bulgarica, Harpactea saeva, Harpactea srednagora, Abacoproeces saltuum,

Asthenargus bracianus, Centromerus lakatnikensis, Micrargus herbigradus, etc.

• Ruen peak. This site is important due to the presence of the following species:

Enoplognatha latimana, Micrargus herbigradus, Porrhomma convexum, Pardosa

drenskii, Inermocoelotes kulczynskii, Xysticus macedonicus, etc.

3.3 Important localities for ground beetles

Analysis of the important localities/regions on Osogovo Mt. for ground beetles' diversity was

performed. The following areas can be mentioned as the most important for ground beetles'

diversity on the Macedonian part of Osogovo Mt.:

• High altitude zone between 1600 and 2200m (Sultan Tepe-Sokol-Ruen including

Slana Bara, Kalin Kamen crest and area above Toranica mine) with more than 70

species and about 25 important species.

• Zletovska Reka gorge - with more that 70 species and 16 important species of

ground beetles

• Area of v. Jastrebnik - with 60 species and 11 important species

• Area of villages Duračka Reka and Stanci with more than 50 species and more than

12 important species

12

• Kundino wetland and surrounding meadows with 35 species and 14 important

species.

• Low altitude area (Leski-Beli-Rajčani-Pantelej-Sokolarci) with more than 80 species

and more than 30 important species

Seven localities were identified as important on the Bulgarian part of the mountain, which

overlap with the locations for spiders:

• Hisarluk-Pamuka (620-1350m). This site has well-preserved forests, meadows and

ecotone habitats.

• The valley of Novoselska river from the reservoir to s. Slokoshtitsa and Dve Reki

(south of Novo Selo) (620-960m).

• The valley of river Eleshnica, between villags of Vaksevo and Rakovo (560-860m).

• The valley of river Eleshnica, between Chakanetski Most and village Sazhdenik (940-

1400m).

• The valley of river Bistritsa, from the gorge above village Gurlyano to mining site

Ruen (1100-1600m).

• The area between mountain huts Osogovo and Trite Buki and the peak Choveka

(1520-2020m).

• The area between the Begbunar spring and peak Ruen (1820-2251m).

3.4 Important localities for amphibians and reptiles

On the Bulgarian side of the mountain, three regions have been identified as most important

for protection of amphibians and reptiles:

Dve reki – it includes the catchment area of Novoselska and Skokova Rivers above village

Novo Selo (34T 0638689 4670828). This region nas three stagnant waterbodies, and on the

area of about 5 ha 13 species (10 amphibians and 3 reptiles) have been found.

Ponds along the road to peak Ruen – large ponds under the peaks Kyunek and Choveka (34T

0631391 4672671, 34T 0633446 4672045). The ponds are fed by small streams and are with

water troughout the year. Those are the olnby permanent wetlands in the subalpine zone of

the Bulgarian Part of Osogovo Mt. and are important for breeding of the amhibians

(Mesotriton alpestris, Rana temporaria etc).

Novoselska River at mahala Orehovica – the lower section of an unnamed left tributary of r.

Novoselska, up to 500 m upstreams (34T 0639306 4674645) is considered important becaus

of the discovery of the lizzard Darevskia praticola, on the southwestern border of its range.

In Macedonia, due to the presence of the mediteranean species in the lower parts of the

mountain, three location of different characted are identified:

The region of vilalges Tursko Rudare and Shtalkovica – being rich in rocky habitat, support

large diversity of reptiles.

The surrounding of village Sokolarci – being mostly dry grassland habitat, is of importance

for reptile species.

The region of villages Gradche and Orizari – again, dominated by dry thickets in region rich

with rocks, provides excellent habitat for a number of reptile species, while the Gradche

reservoir is a breeding centre for amphibians.

In the mid sections of the mountain, the regions Ponikva and Lisja Reka are especiely rich in

aquatic habitats, thus being of importance for amphibians.

On the highest part the high mountain pastures are present and locality of Sultan Tepe will

be pointed as a locality of special interest due to the presence of Z.vivipara, a rare species in

13

the country. The region Slana Bara, due to the presence of wet meadows, is of importance

for amphibians as well.

3.5 Important localities for birds

Birds are one of the groups on Osogovo Mt. that is best studied. In the same time, site-based

protection of birds uses most-standardised criteria for designation of important regions.

On the Bulgarian side of the mountain, the folloing regions have ben identified as the most

important (Stoyanov 2009):

• The gorge of river Bistritsa above village Grlyano, up to the confluence of r. Leva

Reka in r. Bistrica, including the ridges that naturally delimit the valley.

• The peak Ruen and the surrounding territories towards the peak Kamenets, the

territopry of the former mine Ruen in the locality Srebrenoto Kolo, to the peak

Chovecheto, the region towards the peak Shapka, to the peak Groba and the peak

Baltadzhinitsa.

• The reserve “Tsrna Reka”, in its present borders.

• The forests in the regions of the huts Osogovo, Tri Buki and Profilaktorium DAP – the

exact borders are difficult to establish, but they should at lest include 1 km radius

around each of these huts.

• The valley of river Eleshnitsa – starting from the confluence of river Tsrna Reka in

Eleshnitsa, to the surrounding of village Rakovo (Dolno Rakovo), including the ridges

that delineate this catchment.

In Macedonia the most important regions are identified as Important Birds Areas, and

include the surrounding of Zletovksa Reka - v. Lesnovo - Sinkovitsa and Ponikva (IBA

Osogovo), and the foothill of the mountain at vilalges Tripatanci and Sokolarci (IBA Zletovska

Reka).

Complementary region around the peak Ruen (Ruen, Tsarev Vrv, Slana Bara) to encompass

the subalpine habitat identified on the Bulgarian side is also proposed for some protection.

Important forest areas are not yet identified.

3.6 Important localities for mammals

The regions important for conservation of Mammals have been identified for each major

group separately. Some of the mammals are large species (especially among ungulates and

carnivores) that require large areas for sustainable populations.

For conservation of the ungulates, the broadleaved forests are of particular importance.

The gorge of river Bistrica is of particular importance for the carnivores. However, the Brown

Bear, the wolf and the Lynx have need of much wider regions. The upper parts of the

mountain (mostly forested, and to some degree the subalpine zone), excluding the larger

poipulated places on the lower part of the mountain, are the best regions for these flagship

species.

On the Macedonian side, such zones have been identified for the Brown Bear, Wild Cat,

Eurasian Otter, Barbastelle Bat and Savi’s pipistrelle. Those are the regions of Ponikva, Gorno

Kratovo, Golem Rid, the region between villages Nezhilovo, Staro Mushkovo, Kosharica, with

the peak Krmila, peak Lisec-Machja Glava, the valley of r. Kamenica upstreams of Toranica

and the valley of Kriva Reka up of the maala Jachevci to the confluence of stream Gradishki

Dol, and the gorge (valley) og confluence of Kiselichka Reka and Kriva Reka (up to village

Zhidilovo).

14

Bats have special requirements for protection – caves (or artificial underground habitats)

and old forests. The following regions were identified as most important on Osogovo Mt. for

bat diversity and conservation:

1. Golema (Iliyska) cave (N42 04.272 E22 46.616, alt. 1280 m) near village Vetren

(Bulgaria), found in a hilly and carst region covered in pastures and bushes. It has two

enterances, a horizontal and a vertical one, the second one being used by bats,

opening under the peak Choveka. It is one of the very few caves in the region, and is

identified as important underground bat habitat (Ivanova, 2005). It provides refuge for

two of the large bat coloies in the region, and is important place for the migrating

bats.

2. Abandoned mine gallery (N42 08.666 E22 33.164, alt. 1448 m) near village Sazhdenik

(Bulgaria), located in the base of peak Ruen, on the upper tree limit of a beech forest.

It is artifitial tunnel of 3 m width and height, and length of about 15. The floor is

covered with water. High bat diversity was found. There are many mine shafts the

region, some of which have open enterances, being important for bats.

3. Cave Mechata Dupka (= Lisichata Dupka) (34 T 646152 4665613, alt. 740 m) is found in

the region of the village Stradalovo (Bulgaria), has a small vertical enterance on a carst

hillside, A breeding colony of some 200 individuals of Greater Horsshoe Bat has been

found august 1994 (Benda et al., 2003). The research of Hubancheva (2009) confirmed

presence of Rhinolophus euriale and maybe Rhinolophus mehelyii, and Myotis

emarginatus. Therefore, the whole carst massif in the vicinity of village Stradalovo

should be under some kind of protection.

High density of mediteranean species has also been bound in the populated places along r.

Struma.

On Macedonian side the research of bats is not sufficient to identify some more important

regions, but breeding colony of Greater Horseshoes bats was found by B. Grubac (pers.

comm) in V’cki Dol (village Ratkovica, included in the Important Bird Area Osogovo Mt.), and

it is assumed that abandoned mine shafts around the upeer tree line also support important

bat numbers and species, similar to Bulgaria.

Future research is needed using bat detectors, to locate the hunting regions and flight

corridors, which should be included in the protected areas.

15

4 Identification and analyses of treats – effects of other

management and land-use practices

4.1 Threats and conservation problems to invertebrates

Collection of edible species. Some of the invertebrate species on Osogovo Mt. are collected

fo eating, mainly by local population. This concerns some snail species (Helix lucorum, Helix

pomatia) and stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium). This is significant threat.

Adequate measures (licencing of collectors and quotas) have to be established for the snail

species. The stone srayfish is protected by law in both Macedonia and Bulgaria and its

collection has to be banned on Osogovo Mt. In Bulgaria it is protected by the legislation –

the Biological Diversity Act (2002) and the Low of Fisheries and Aquaculture (2001), which

prohibits the species capture, transportation and trade throughout the year.

Collection of endemic and rare species. This threat can not be considered of high risk for

most of the species. However, collection of some rare species can be very threatening:

Parnassius apolo, Carabus ullrichi fastuosus, Carabus scabriusculus bulgarus, Rosalia alpina

(these species are very rare and attractive for collectors.

Habitat degradation and destruction. This is the most important threat to the species of

invertebrates and overall diversity. Degradation of habitats should be considered as

significant threat. This is especially true in the case of wetlands (peatbogs, reedbeds, riparian

habitats). Most of the species living in this habitats are stenotopic and stenohygric.

Changes in hydrology. Changes in hydrology of natural ecosystems and consequently

changes in air and soil humidity present significant impact to invertebrates. Typical example

is the construction of Zletovica hydrosystem and river dam in Knezhevo locality. The

reservoir destroyed riparian habitats (willow belts) and wet meadows along Zletovska Reka

at altitudes between 1000 and 1100 m a.s.l. Water capturing and construction of fountains is

another threat that is already visible on Osogovo Mt.

Aforestation with allochtonous tree species. So far, the significance of this threat on

invertebrates on Osogovo has not been estimated. However, from the gathered information

it can be concluded that plantations (Larch, Scots pine and Black pine plantations) support

lower diversity of invertebrates compared to the well preserved forest ecosystems

(montane and submontane beech forests, Sessile oak forests, White oak forests etc.).

Diversity of these plantations is somewhat comparable to the degraded natural forests.

Climate change impact. There are no data on climate change in Osogovo region. Thus, the

significance of this threat can not be accurately measured. However, it can be foreseen that

the most affected area will be the high-altitude zone as well as wetland habitats. Changes

and temperature and precipitation (and other ecological factors) will alter the population

dynamics and endanger some of the vulnerable species. In this sense, vulnerable species are

those that are stenotopic and with small altitudinal range. After studying the ecology of

these species, some of them can be used as indicators of the climate change impact.

4.2 Threats and conservation problems to amphibians and reptiles

Some human activities are beneficial to certain species of amphibians or reptiles, due to

their versatility and opportunistic nature. Creation of artificial ponds, lakes, springs, cattle

drinking basins, etc., provide additional aquatic habitat used for reproduction by some

amphibian species, but also some reptiles (Emys orbicularis, Natrix natrix). Such reservoirs

are favorable for these groups only if predator fish species are not introduced, that feed on

eggs, larvae, and sometimes adult individuals. Road construction creates corridor for

dispersion of the petrophlilous species of reptiles (Podarcis muralis, Vipera ammodytes),

16

while forest clearing allow for establishment of populations of Lacerta viridis, Lacerta agilis,

Coronella austriaca).

However, the negative effect of some of those activities is much stronger. Of particular

concern is the deforestation, which leads to major changes in the habitats, to which most of

the species cannot adapt, and their population either disappear, or are reduced to minimal

numbers. Clear-cuting of the beech forests leads to loss of the temporal ponds which are of

exceptional importance for reproduction of some amphibians (Lissotriton vulgaris,

Мesotriton alpestris, Triturus karelinii, Bombina variegata etc.). Other negative consequence

of this activity is reduction of the water quantities in the streams, important for the

reproduction of some species as Salamandra salamandra, Rana graeca etc. Replacement of

broadleaved forests with conifers also has unfavorable effect, due to the fact that the latter

have poor water retention capacity, and create dry microclimate. Creation of small

accumulations and small hydro-power plants changes the natural character of the habitats,

and the water regime. It has especially negative impact on the population of Rana graeca,

since it directly fragments its populations after the construction of the reservoir on the river

and diversion of the water. Potential threat to the herpetofauna is the upgrade of the road

network. The negative activities can be expected with changes of the water-collection

channels along the roads (which are now mostly favorable for the reproduction of the

amphibians), drainage of the temporal ponds etc. Related to this, but poorly documented

threat is the increase of the traffic intensity, leading to increase in road kills.

Mass collection of blueberries also changes the habitat for some reptiles (Zootoca vivipara,

Vipera berus etc.).

Natural changes, such as overgrowing of aquatic habitats with rush or other plant species,

has also a negative impact on the reproduction of the amphibians.

4.3 Threats and conservation problems to birds

Although some human activities have positive effect on the population of certain

opportunistic species (creation of forest clearings attracts species characteristic to such

habitats, or creation of mines allows for breeding of Pyrrhocorax graculus) the overall effect

of human activities on Osogovo in regards to the birds is noticeably negative. The threats

that are particularly evident are as the following:

- Logging and opening of forest roads – massive tracts of oak and beech forests

have been clear-cutted, while ‘sanitary’ cutting has been implemented in other

forest tracts. This leads to complete loss of breeding habitat for many species, or

reduction of suitable breeding niches for a variety of other, such as the

flycatchers, woodpeckers, owls, etc. Logging is frequently done in the breeding

season, creating disturbance to the birds that are not directly affected by the

operation.

- Replacement of forest types and afforestation – conifer species are frequently

planted on the place of cut native forests, or on the subalpine pastures. Such

habitats are in general poorer in individuals, although locally might increase the

diversity of species.

- Construction of new roads – either for the needs of development of the road

network, or for construction of other facilities (as small hydro power plants), this

activity contributes to the habitat loss and fragmentation, and increases the

disturbance in the environment. Sometimes such roads are opened in regions

that were previously not accessible, and they make the human access for variety

of other purposes easier.

- Human presence and disturbance – is especially evident in the subalpine zone in

the period of fructification of the blueberries. The dense road network and

almost permanent and dense human presence affects the breeding outcome of

the late clutches, and leads to displacement of the individuals.

17

- Hunt and poaching – although not directly affecting the birds (as primary target

species), it leads to disturbance and introduces lead pellets in the environment,

which pose risk to some scavenging species (Neophron percnopterus, Aquila

heliaca, Aquila chrysaetos, etc.).

- Electrification – development of the human settlements and tourism and

industrial capacities leads to improvement in the electricity network, which is

presently with unsafe design for the perching birds.

- Poison use – the practice exists in the region, but the extend is unknown –

formerly several cases of poisoning of vultures have been documented. It can be

potentially critical to the Imperial Eagles and Egyptian Vulture pairs, but can also

affect Golden Eagles, Long-legged buzzards, and the growing population of the

Griffon Vultures in the region (Kresna Gorge in Bulgaria).

- Surface quaries and stone-mines – cause direct loss of habitat, and disturbance

(especially due to mining) of the wider areas of those locations. When done near

gorges (eg., Ratkova Skala, v. Ratkovica, Macedonia), can cause significant

disturbance of the breeding priority bird species.

4.4 Threats and conservation problems to mammals

Poaching and overhunting are major threats to the carnivores and ungulates at Osogovo Mt.

The Roe deer Capreolus capreolus and Hare Lepus europeus population on the mountain

have declined due to this activity, while Brown Bear cannot establish resident population on

the Macedonian side both as a result of poaching, but also disturbance in the habitat. Water

pollution, especially on the rivers where mine wastewaters are released, is a major threat to

the Otter (affecting its population). As in the other groups, habitat alteration is a significant

threat.

As an ecologically distinct group, the bats are faced with more specific threats, among them

the most significant being the direct persecution, and habitat alteration/destruction (of the

breeding sites, flight corridors and foraging areas). Afforestation with conifers (Scots and

Black Pine) had the largest negative effect on the natural habitats (broadleaved oak and

beech forests). It probably affected the number of hiding places and reduced the quality of

the food base.

Potential threats to bats include development of wind farms, as Osogovo is suitable for this

type of renewable energy use. Wind turbines are known to cause mass mortalities to

migrating bats, and also affect certain species of birds (especially large soaring raptors).

18

5 Assessment of potentials and challenges for fulfilment of

the biosphere reserve criteria, identification of potential

conflict situation

The diversity of fauna of Osogovo Mt. is doubtlessly rich, and such richness ie almost

evenlyu distributed among all studied taxa. From almost all groups, significant portions of

the national species’ list are found on Osogovo. The challenge, is however, that the national

and internationall importance of the invertebrate fauna is not well represented in the

international agreements and EU Directives, thus presently leaving their conservation to the

national authorities of the both countries. Absence of detailed red data books, red list and

updated list of protected and strictly protected species challenges this task. On contrary, the

vertebrates are well presented in the international agreements and EU directives; yet the

populations of the priority and umbrella species on Osogovo are in most cases small, thus

relativizing it importance for conservation of the representatives of this taxonomical group,

and equaling Osogovo with other mountains in the region.

Compared to the diversity of other formally or informally recognized regions on the Balkans

(e.g, Ohrid-Prespa biosphere reserve, Shar Planina-Korab massif range, Tikvesh-Mariovo-

Kozhuf-Nidze-Pinovo-Tsena regions, Pirin and Rila Mountains etc), the values of Osogovo are

further relativized, not forgetting the uniqness (presence of local endemites) in this region.

The case of Osogovo as Biosphere reserve miught be further “weakened” by absence of

quantification of threats and their assessment on this uniqe part of the fauna. A clear vision

mus be developed how the potential “biosphere reserve” will contribute to their

conservation (their immediate threats are mostly limited). Top-down approach will certainly

benefit priority vertebrates, creating preconditions for their active management and

hopefuly increase in the populations, thus increasing the relative importance of Osogovo in

respect to the neighbouring mountains/regions. In the meantime, work on official

international recognision of the priority invertebrate species must continue.

Challenges of implementing management that will benefit priority faiunal species are going

to be many, havin in mind the local plans for economical developments of the region, and

the long-lasting scemes of resource use. More particularly, present forest management

practices will be hard to change, but it is noteworthy to mention that such changes might be

distributed troughout space (by working in small regions of the mountain) and time (by slow

phasing-out of the most detrimental practices and reducing their scope). The best preserved

habitats (usually small forest patches) should be immediately exluded from the management

plans, while clearcuts shoud be phased out first from the beech forest belt. Largest and old

trees (with cracs) should not be removed. Tese (and similar) adjustments might take course

during the forthcoming 30 years, but should not be postponed, as this will only lead to

(postpone) sudden loss of economical income for the forest enterprise companies. Step-by-

step phaseing out will provide pleny of time to the forest management companies to adapt

and incorporate into management activities of the potential reserve/protected areas, and

find additional ways of financing, thus making economic lossess easier to overcome.

The development of tourism, including construction of new roads, accommodation facilities

and atractions (ski-centres, etc) will be the second sector with which conflicts are expected.

Only carefull planning and proper execution of Strategic Impact Assessments and

Environmental Impact Assessment migh prevent major erors in the spatial planning.

Ajustments will be needed in those plans to secure survival of the presently most important

(and usually rare in numbers) priority speces. Different strategies might be needed for

implementation of the development plans (in terms of time and place – dense settlements

that will cause significant, but localised distrurbance in some regions, vs. dispersed

constructions, which will have smaller, but widespread effects). Such planning should

consider life-stage cycles of the priority species, both during construction and operation

phases.

Resource use (both ore and mineral extraction and water extraction/use) are the third major

sector where conflicths might appear. Surface mining causes hardly reversible damage to

the natural habitats and might be direct reason for disappearance od some priority species,

19

therefore such activities must be carefully planned. Underground mining is less damaging to

the environment (waste waters can however have immediate detrimental effect!) and

causes less visual pollution, but such activities are ususllly long-lasting. As the case of

Osogovo proves (especially ewith some bats and birds), as these activities are reducing in

intensity with (locally) depletion of the resources, shafts can be easilyu converted into

management units in service of nature conservation. Finally, river and stream catchments

for the needs of power productions are having long-lasting (and in many cases irreversible)

effect on the aquatic communities, and as such can not be in the zones of active

management and strict protection. Gradual improvement of the intakes migh be feasible in

some cases, but the results of such management activities are difficult to predict. The

adjoining infrastructure (road network, electricity network) for all these activities should also

be carefully considered, and where possible, avoided (e.g., use of one road to reach several

extraction sites, underground construction of the electricity lines, etc.).

20

6 Recommendations for management and action plans for

preservation and strengthening of the populations of the

priority species

Recommendations for conservation of priority species include:

• Sustainable forest management: identification of high-nature values forests, and

their exclusion from the forest management plans;

• Identification and preservation of single trees that have natural cavities (7-10 trees

on ha), to be excluded from sanitary forest practices – this will be highly beneficial

for bats and cavity nesting birds;

• Abandonment of clear-cutting practice, totally in the beech forests, and to as large

as possible extend in the oak belt. Deforested regions in the beech forest belt should

be planted with poplar and other deciduous tree species.

• Creation of ponds and artificial reservoirs, to promote breeding of amphibians. It will

also be beneficial as increase of the trophic base for the bats and some birds.

• Setting up nest boxes and bat-boxes in suitable forests, as a first step before changes

in forestry practices can give results.

• Use of only native broad-leaved species in afforestation activities.

• Prolong the period between timber harvest in the same forest stand – from

presently every (approximately) 25 years, to at least 35 years.

• Establish disturbance-free zones, either year-around, or in the breeding period,

depending on the target species. For raptors, this should be ca. 1 km radius around

the nests, in which forestry activities will be avoided, and tourism will be limited

during the breeding period. For carnivores and ungulates, these areas should

exclude main foraging and nursing locations.

• Avoid construction of access roads in old forest stands and in rocky areas, avoid

unnecessary road construction in the subalpine zone.

• Implement sound conservation measures for all infrastructural development (ski

resorts, tourist settlements) through proper development of EIA and respecting the

mitigation measures, especially taking into consideration the needs for water

(drinking, artificial snow), access roads, electricity lines, waste water management

etc. All catchments should respect ecological flow principles (also to allow for

temporal floods). Road construction should pay attention not to destroy the

temporal and permanent ponds, while securing safe passages for amphibians and

reptiles. Winter road maintenance should exclude chemicals toxic to wildlife, and

salt.

• Identify sustainable quotas for hunt, and identify no-hunt areas in the priority

regions for conservation. Ensure corridors among such regions.

• Establish quotas for collection of invertebrate species and introduce licencing

system of collectors.

• Exclude human presence from parts of the subalpine zone in the period of

fructification of the non-timber forest products (hip-rose, blueberry, etc). Establish

rotation system for use of those zones by people, thus creating no-disturbance

zones, and zones with increased production of food which can be used by wildlife.

• Create artificial corridors among the priority region, also using some fruit trees

(traditional cultivars of apples, plums, pears etc), which can be used by wildlife to

move among different priority (core) areas on the mountain.

21

• Ensure ecological minimum of water in the rivers used for energy production by

small hydro power plants.

22

7 References

Annonimous 2011. Dragonflies and fish, recoded in Osogovo Mountain during 2011. Report

to the project “Osogovo Mountains in the4 Balkan Green Belt”. Bulgarian

Biodiversity Foundation

Beshkov, S. 2012. Species of daily and nocturnal butterflies from Osogovo Mt. on the Red list

of the Republic of Bulgaria. Report for the project "Osogovo Mt. in the Balkan Green

Belt". Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundation.

Chobanov, D. 2009. Cockroaches, mantids and orthopterans of Osogovo Mt. Report for the

project "Osogovo Mt. in the Balkan Green Belt". Macedonian Ecological Society.

Chobanov, D. 2011. Assessment of the faunistic diversity of orthopterans (Orthoptera) on

Osogovo Mt. Report for the project "Osogovo Mt. in the Balkan Green Belt".

Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundation.

Cox, N. A., and H. J. Temple. 2009. European Red List of Reptiles. IUCN and the European

Union, Louxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

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for the project "Osogovo Mt. in the Balkan Green Belt". Bulgarian Biodiversity

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for the species composition of the Mammals (Mammalia), excluding bats. 24 pp.

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25

8 Apendices

8.1 Maps of important regions for specific groups on Osogovo

8.1.1 Map 1. Important regions for spiders

8.1.2 Map 2. Important regions for orthopterans

26

8.1.3 Map 3. Important regions for ground beetles

8.1.4 Map 4. Important regions for amphibians and reptiles

27

8.1.5 Map 5. Important regions for birds on Osogovo Mountain

8.1.6 Map 6. Important regions for mammals on Osogovo Mountain

8.2 Appendix B1. List of mollusks on Osogovo Mt.

28

1 Acanthinula aculeata (Müller 1774)

2 Aegopinella minor (Stabile 1864)

3 Agardhiella armata (Clessin 1887)

4 Alinda biplicata michaudiana (L. Pfeiffer

1848)

5 Alinda serbica serbica (Müllendorf 1873)

6 Arion silvaticus Lohmander 1937

7 Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud 1805)

8 Bradybaena fruticum (Müller 1774)

9 Bulgarica vetusta (Rossmässler 1836)

10 Carychium minimum (Müller 1774)

11 Cattania haberhaueri (Sturany 1897)

12 Carpathica stussineri (Wagner 1895)

13 Cepaea vindobonensis (Ferussac 1821)

14 Chondrina clienta (Westerlund 1883)

15 Chondrula tridens (Müller 1774)

16 Cochlodina laminata (Montagu 1803)

17 Daudebardia brevipes (Draparnaud

1805)

18 Daudebardia rufa (Draparnaud 1805)

19 Deroceras reticulatum (Müller 1774)

20 Deroceras sturanyi (Simroth 1894)

21 Deroceras turcicum (Simroth 1886)

22 Euconulus fulvus (Müller 1774)

23 Euomphalia strigella (Draparnaud 1801)

24 Helix lucorum Linnaeus 1758

25 Helix pomatia Linnaeus 1758

26 Laciniaria plicata (Draparnaud 1801)

27 Lehmannia brunneri (Wagner 1931)

28 Lehmania marginata (Müller 1774)

29 Lehmannia nyctelia (Bourguignat 1861)

30 Limax cinereoniger Wolf 1803

31 Limax conemenosi Boettger 1882

32 Limax graecus Simroth 1889

33 Limax maximus Linnaeus 1758

34 Lindholmiola girva (Frivaldszky 1835)

35 Macedonica marginata (Rossmässler

1835)

36 Merdigera obscura (Müller 1774)

37 Monacha cf. cartusiana (Müller 1774)

38 Oxychilus hydatinus (Rossmässler 1838)

39 Oxychilus glaber striarius (Westerlund

1881)

40 Oxyloma elegans (Risso 1826)

41 Perforatella incarnata (Müller 1774)

42 Planorbis planorbis (Linnaeus 1758)

43 Platyla polita (Reinhardt 1880)

44 Pseudamnicola sp. (cf.)

45 Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud 1801)

46 Radix peregra (Müller 1774)

47 Sphaerium cf. corneum (Linaeus 1758)

48 Tandonia budapestensis (Hazay 1881)

49 Tandonia cristata (Kaleniczenko 1851)

50 Tandonia kusceri (Wagner 1931)

51 Tandonia serbica (Wagner 1931)

52 Tuncatellina claustralis (Gredler 1856)

53 Truncatellina cylindrica (Ferussac 1807)

54 Xerolenta obvia (Menke 1828)

55 Vestia ranojevici (Pavlovic 1912)

56 Vestia roshitzi neubertiana Dedov 2010

57 Vitrea bulgarica Damjanov, Pinter 1969

58 Vitrea diaphana (Studer 1820)

59 Vitrea neglecta Damjanov, Pinter 1969

60 Zebrina detrita (Müller 1774)

61 Zonitoides nitidus (Müller 1774)

8.3 Appendix B1-a. Important snail species on Osogovo Mt.

29

Species Other conservation importance

Vitrea diaphana Rare species in Macedonia

Vitrea ranojevici Balkan endemic species

Bulgarica vetusta Rare species in Macedonia

Bulgarica serbica Balkan endemic species

Cattania haberhaueri Balkan endemic species

Tandonia kusceri Balkan endemic species

Tandonia serbica Balkan endemic species

Macedonica marginata Rare species in Bulgaria

Helix pomatia Economically important species

30

8.4 Appendix B2. List of spiders on Osogovo Mt.

1. Abacoproeces saltuum

2. Acartauchenius scurrilis

3. Achaearanea tepidariorum

4. Aculepeira ceropegia

5. Aelurillus v-insignitus

6. Agalenatea redii

7. Agelena labyrinthica

8. Agelena orientalis

9. Agroeca brunnea

10. Agroeca cuprea

11. Agroeca inopina

12. Agyneta cauta

13. Agyneta fuscipalpa

14. Allagelena gracilens

15. Alopecosa accentuata

16. Alopecosa aculeata

17. Alopecosa albofasciata

18. Alopecosa cuneata

19. Alopecosa etrusca

20. Alopecosa inquilina

21. Alopecosa pentheri

22. Alopecosa pinetorum

23. Alopecosa pulverulenta

24. Alopecosa solitaria

25. Alopecosa striatipes

26. Alopecosa sulzeri

27. Alopecosa taeniopus

28. Alopecosa trabalis

29. Altella lucida

30. Amaurobius erberi

31. Amaurobius fenestralis

32. Amaurobius pallidus

33. Anatolidion gentile

34. Antistea elegans

35. Anyphaena accentuata

36. Apostenus fuscus

37. Araeoncus anguineus

38. Araeoncus humilis

39. Araneus diadematus

40. Araneus grossus

41. Araneus quadratus

42. Araneus sturmi

43. Araneus triguttatus

44. Araniella alpica

45. Araniella cucurbitina

46. Araniella opistographa

47. Archaeodictyna consecuta

48. Arctosa maculata

49. Arctosa cinerea

50. Arctosa figurata

51. Arctosa leopardus

52. Arctosa lutetiana

53. Arctosa stigmosa

54. Argenna subnigra

55. Argiope bruennichi

56. Argiope lobata

57. Argyroneta aquatica

58. Asagena phalerata

59. Asagena meridionalis

60. Asthenargus bracianus

61. Atypus affinis

62. Atypus muralis

63. Atypus piceus

64. Aulonia albimana

65. Ballus chalybeius

66. Ballus rufipes

67. Bathyphantes gracilis

68. Berlandina cinerea

31

69. Berlandina nubivaga

70. Bolyphantes alticeps

71. Bolyphantes luteolus

72. Brachythele denieri

73. Brachythele langourovi

74. Callilepis cretica

75. Callilepis nocturna

76. Callilepis schuszteri

77. Canariphantes nanus

78. Centromerus lakatnikensis

79. Centromerus silvicola

80. Centromerus sylvaticus

81. Ceratinella brevis

82. Ceratinella major

83. Ceratinella brevipes

84. Ceratinella scabrosa

85. Cercidia prominens

86. Cetonana laticeps

87. Chalcoscirtus infimus

88. Cheiracanthium elegans

89. Cheiracanthium erraticum

90. Cheiracanthium mildei

91. Cheiracanthium montanum

92. Cheiracanthium pelasgicum

93. Cheiracanthium pennyi

94. Cicurina cicur

95. Civizelotes caucasius

96. Civizelotes gracilis

97. Civizelotes pygmaeus

98. Clubiona alpicola

99. Clubiona caerulescens

100. Clubiona comta

101. Clubiona corticalis

102. Clubiona diversa

103. Clubiona genevensis

104. Clubiona lutescens

105. Clubiona neglecta

106. Clubiona pseudoneglecta

107. Clubiona similis

108. Clubiona terrestris

109. Coriarachne depressa

110. Cozyptila blackwalli

111. Cresmatoneta mutinensis

112. Crosbyarachne silvestris

113. Crustulina guttata

114. Cryphoeca silvicola

115. Cryptodrassus hungaricus

116. Cybaeus balkanus

117. Cyclosa sierrae

118. Cyrba algerina

119. Dasumia kusceri

120. Dictyna arundinacea

121. Dictyna civica

122. Dictyna latens

123. Dictyna latens

124. Dictyna uncinata

125. Dicymbium tibiale

126. Diplocephalus cristatus

127. Diplocephalus foraminifer

128. Diplocephalus graecus

129. Diplocephalus latifrons

130. Diplocephalus picinus

131. Diplostyla concolor

132. Dipoena

133. Dipoena

134. Dipoena coracina

135. Dipoena inornata

136. Dipoena melanogaster

137. Dismodicus elevatus

138. Drassodes cupreus

139. Drassodes lapidosus

140. Drassodes lutescens

32

141. Drassodes pubescens

142. Drassyllus crimeaensis

143. Drassyllus lutetianus

144. Drassyllus praeficus

145. Drassyllus pusillus

146. Drassyllus villicus

147. Dysdera granulata

148. Dysdera halkidikii

149. Dysdera longirostris

150. Dysdera ninnii

151. Dysdera pectinata

152. Dysdera punctata

153. Dysdera taurica

154. Echemus angustifrons

155. Enoplognatha quadripunctata

156. Enoplognatha afrodite

157. Enoplognatha latimana

158. Enoplognatha macrochelis

159. Enoplognatha oelandica

160. Enoplognatha ovata

161. Enoplognatha thoracica

162. Episinus maculipes

163. Episinus truncatus

164. Eresus kollari

165. Erigone atra

166. Erigone dentipalpis

167. Erigonoplus spinifemuralis

168. Ero aphana

169. Euophrys frontalis

170. Euophrys frontalis

171. Euophrys herbigrada

172. Euophrys rufibarbis

173. Eurocoelotes falciger

174. Eurocoelotes jurinitschi

175. Eurocoelotes karlinskii

176. Eurocoelotes kulczynskii

177. Euryopis quinqueguttata

178. Euryopis flavomaculata

179. Evarcha arcuata

180. Evarcha falcata

181. Evarcha laetabunda

182. Evarcha michailovi

183. Frontinellina frutetorum

184. Geolycosa vultuosa

185. Gibbaranea bituberculata

186. Gibbaranea gibbosa

187. Gibbaranea omoeda

188. Gibbaranea ullrichi

189. Glyptogona sextuberculata

190. Gnaphosa bicolor

191. Gnaphosa lucifuga

192. Gnaphosa lugubris

193. Gnaphosa modestior

194. Gnaphosa opaca

195. Gonatium nemorivagum

196. Gonatium hilare

197. Gonatium orientale

198. Gonatium paradoxum

199. Gonatium rubellum

200. Gonatium rubens

201. Gongylidiellum latebricola

202. Gongylidium rufipes

203. Hahnia helveola

204. Hahnia nava

205. Hahnia ononidum

206. Hahnia pusilla

207. Haplodrassus dalmatensis

208. Haplodrassus aenus

209. Haplodrassus bohemicus

210. Haplodrassus signifer

211. Haplodrassus silvestris

212. Harpactea bulgarica

33

213. Harpactea hombergi

214. Harpactea mariae

215. Harpactea rubicunda

216. Harpactea saeva

217. Harpactea srednagora

218. Heliophanus lineiventris

219. Heliophanus aeneus

220. Heliophanus auratus

221. Heliophanus cupreus

222. Heliophanus equester

223. Heliophanus flavipes

224. Heliophanus kochii

225. Heliophanus melinus

226. Heliophanus patagiatus

227. Heliophanus simplex

228. Heliophanus tribulosus

229. Heriaeus setiger

230. Heterotheridion nigrovariegatum

231. Histopona laeta

232. Histopona torpida

233. Hogna radiata

234. Holocnemus pluchei

235. Hypselistes florens

236. Hypsocephalus pusillus

237. Hypsosinga albovittata

238. Hypsosinga heri

239. Hypsosinga pygmaea

240. Hypsosinga sanguinea

241. Hyptiotes paradoxus

242. Eurocoelotes deltshevi

243. Ipa terrenus

244. Larinioides cornutus

245. Larinioides ixobolus

246. Larinioides suspicax

247. Lathys stigmatisata

248. Latrodectus tredecimguttatus

249. Lepthyphantes leprosus

250. Leptodrassus albidus

251. Leptorchestes berolinensis

252. Lessertinella carpatica

253. Linyphia hortensis

254. Linyphia triangularis

255. Liocranum rupicola

256. Liocranum rutilans

257. Lycosa praegrandis

258. Lycosa vultuosa

259. Macrargus rufus

260. Malthonica campestris

261. Malthonica ferruginea

262. Malthonica nemorosa

263. Malthonica rilaensis

264. Malthonica silvestris

265. Mangora acalypha

266. Mansuphantes mansuetus

267. Mansuphantes rectilamellus

268. Mansuphantess mansuetus

269. Maso sundevalli

270. Mecopisthes peusi

271. Megalepthyphantes collinus

272. Meioneta rurestris

273. Menemerus semilimbatus

274. Mesiotelus scopensis

275. Meta menardi

276. Metellina mengei

277. Metellina merianae

278. Metellina segmentata

279. Micaria albovittata

280. Micaria coarctata

281. Micaria formicaria

282. Micaria fulgens

283. Micaria pulicaria

284. Micaria rossica

34

285. Micrargus herbigradus

286. Micrargus subaequalis

287. Microlinyphia pusilla

288. Micrommata ligurina

289. Micrommata virescens

290. Microneta viaria

291. Mimetus laevigatus

292. Minicia marginella

293. Misumena vatia

294. Moebelia penicillata

295. Monaeses paradoxus

296. Nematogmus sanguinolentus

297. Nemesia pannonica coheni

298. Neon levis

299. Neoscona adianta

300. Neoscona subfusca

301. Neottiura bimaculata

302. Neriene clathrata

303. Neriene emphana

304. Neriene montana

305. Neriene peltata

306. Neriene radiata

307. Nesticus cellulanus

308. Nigma flavescens

309. Nomisia aussereri

310. Nomisia exornata

311. Nuctenea silvicultrix

312. Nuctenea umbratica

313. Nurscia albomaculata

314. Oedothorax agrestis

315. Oedothorax apicatus

316. Oedothorax fuscus

317. Oedothorax retusus

318. Oxyopes heterophthalmus

319. Oxyopes lineatus

320. Oxyopes nigripalpis

321. Ozyptila

322. Ozyptila atomaria

323. Ozyptila blackwalli

324. Ozyptila claveata

325. Ozyptila confluens

326. Ozyptila praticola

327. Ozyptila pullata

328. Ozyptila sanctuaria

329. Ozyptila scabricula

330. Pachygnatha clerckoides

331. Pachygnatha clercki

332. Pachygnatha degeeri

333. Palliduphantes byzantinus

334. Palliduphantes pallidus

335. Paliduphantes trnovensis

336. Parasteatoda tepidariorum

337. Parasyrisca

338. Pardosa

339. Pardosa drenskii

340. Pardosa agrestis

341. Pardosa agricola

342. Pardosa alacris

343. Pardosa albatula

344. Pardosa amentata

345. Pardosa atomaria

346. Pardosa bifasciata

347. Pardosa blanda

348. Pardosa consimilis

349. Pardosa drenskii

350. Pardosa hortensis

351. Pardosa lugubris

352. Pardosa mixta

353. Pardosa monticola

354. Pardosa morosa

355. Pardosa palustris

356. Pardosa prativaga

35

357. Pardosa proxima

358. Pardosa pullata

359. Pardosa riparia

360. Pardosa tasevi

361. Pardosa vlijmi

362. Parzygiella montana

363. Pellenes brevis

364. Pellenes geniculatus

365. Pellenes moreanus

366. Pellenes nigrociliatus

367. Pellenes seriatus

368. Pelecopsis elongata

369. Pelecopsis laptevi

370. Pelecopsis loksai

371. Pelecopsis parallela

372. Pellenes nigrociliatus

373. Pellenes seriatus

374. Pellenes tripunctatus

375. Peponocranium orbiculatum

376. Philaeus chrysops

377. Philodromus aureolus

378. Philodromus cespitum

379. Philodromus collinus

380. Philodromus dispar

381. Philodromus emarginatus

382. Philodromus fuscomarginatus

383. Philodromus margaritatus

384. Philodromus poecilus

385. Philodromus praedatus

386. Philodromus rufus

387. Phlegra fasciata

388. Pholcomma gibbum

389. Pholcus opilionoides

390. Pholcus phalangioides

391. Phrurolithus festivus

392. Phrurolithus minimus

393. Phrurolithus nigrinus

394. Phrurolithus szilyi

395. Phylloneta impressa

396. Pirata hygrophilus

397. Pirata piraticus

398. Pirata piscatorius

399. Pirata tenuitarsis

400. Piratula knorri

401. Piratula latitans

402. Pisaura mirabilis

403. Pistius truncatus

404. Platnickina tincta

405. Pocadicnemis juncea

406. Pocadicnemis pumila

407. Poecilochroa variana

408. Porrhomma convexum

409. Prinerigone vagans

410. Pritha nana

411. Pseudeuophrys erratica

412. Pseudeuophrys obsoleta

413. Pseudicius picaceus

414. Psilochorus simoni

415. Robertus arundineti

416. Robertus frivaldszkyi

417. Robertus lividus

418. Robertus mediterraneus

419. Runcinia grammica

420. Sagana rutilans

421. Salticus scenicus

422. Salticus zebraneus

423. Sauron rayi

424. Scotargus pilosus

425. Scotolathys simplex

426. Scotophaeus quadripunctatus

427. Scytodes thoracica

428. Segestria bavarica

36

429. Segestria senoculata

430. Sibianor

431. Silometopus reussi

432. Singa hamata

433. Singa nitidula

434. Sintula corniger

435. Sintula retroversus

436. Sintula spiniger

437. Sitticus penicillatus

438. Sitticus pubescens

439. Sitticus rupicola

440. Spermophora senoculata

441. Steatoda bipunctata

442. Steatoda grossa

443. Steatoda meridionalis

444. Steatoda paykulliana

445. Steatoda phalerata

446. Steatoda triangulosa

447. Steatoda triangulosa

448. Stemonyphantes lineatus

449. Syedra gracilis

450. Synaphris

451. Synema globosum

452. Synema plorator

453. Synema utotchkini

454. Tallusia vindobonensis

455. Talavera aequipes

456. Tapinocyba pallens

457. Tapinopa longidens

458. Tegenaria paragamiani

459. Tegenaria agrestis

460. Tegenaria domestica

461. Tegenaria parietina

462. Tenuiphantes flavipes

463. Tenuiphantes floriana

464. Tenuiphantes jacksoni

465. Tenuiphantes mengei

466. Tenuiphantes tenebricola

467. Tenuiphantes tenuis

468. Tetragnatha montana

469. Tetragnatha extensa

470. Tetragnatha obtusa

471. Tetragnatha pinicola

472. Textrix caudate

473. Thanatus arenarius

474. Thanatus arenarius

475. Thanatus atratus

476. Thanatus formicinus

477. Thanatus imbecillus

478. Thanatus pictus

479. Thanatus sabulosus

480. Thanatus vulgaris

481. Theonina cornix

482. Theridion adrianopoli

483. Theridion italiense

484. Theridion betteni

485. Theridion cinereum

486. Theridion mystaceum

487. Theridion nigrovariegatum

488. Theridion varians

489. Thomisus onustus

490. Tibellus macellus

491. Tibellus oblongus

492. Tiso vagans

493. Titanoeca

494. Titanoeca flavicoma

495. Titanoeca quadriguttata

496. Titanoeca schineri

497. Titanoeca tristis

498. Tmarus piger

499. Tmarus stellio

500. Trachyzelotes barbatus

37

501. Trachyzelotes malkini

502. Trachyzelotes pedestris

503. Trichoncoides piscator

504. Trichoncus affinis

505. Trichoncus hackmani

506. Trichopterna cito

507. Trochosa hispanica

508. Trochosa ruricola

509. Trochosa terricola

510. Troglohyphantes

511. Troglohyphantes kratochvili

512. Troglohyphantes inermis

513. Troxochrus scabriculus

514. Typhochrestus penevi

515. Uloborus walckenaerius

516. Uroctea durandi

517. Walckenaeria acuminata

518. Walckenaeria simplex

519. Walckenaeria stylifrons

520. Walckenaeria alticeps

521. Walckenaeria antica

522. Walckenaeria capito

523. Walckenaeria corniculans

524. Walckenaeria cucullata

525. Walckenaeria dysderoides

526. Walckenaeria furcillata

527. Walckenaeria mitrata

528. Walckenaeria monoceros

529. Walckenaeria obtusa

530. Xerolycosa miniata

531. Xerolycosa nemoralis

532. Xysticus graecus

533. Xysticus acerbus

534. Xysticus kaznakovi

535. Xysticus kempeleni

536. Xysticus robustus

537. Xysticus abditus

538. Xysticus acerbus Thorell, 1872

539. Xysticus audax

540. Xysticus bifasciatus

541. Xysticus caperatus

542. Xysticus cor

543. Xysticus cristatus

544. Xysticus erraticus

545. Xysticus gallicus

546. Xysticus kempeleni

547. Xysticus kochi

548. Xysticus lanio

549. Xysticus luctator

550. Xysticus luctuosus

551. Xysticus macedonicus

552. Xysticus marmoratus

553. Xysticus ninnii

554. Xysticus robustus

555. Xysticus sabulosus

556. Xysticus ulmi

557. Zelotes apricorum

558. Zelotes atrocaeruleus

559. Zelotes balcanicus

560. Zelotes cingarus

561. Zelotes electus

562. Zelotes erebeus

563. Zelotes exiguus

564. Zelotes fulvaster

565. Zelotes hermani

566. Zelotes latreillei

567. Zelotes longipes

568. Zelotes oblongus

569. Zelotes petrensis

570. Zelotes segrex

571. Zelotes similis

572. Zelotes subterraneus

38

573. Zelotes talpinus

574. Zelotes talpinus

575. Zilla diodia

576. Zodarion aculeatum

577. Zodarion frenatum

578. Zodarion geticum

579. Zodarion hauseri

580. Zodarion morosum

581. Zodarion ochridense

582. Zodarion thoni

583. Zora armillata

584. Zora manicata

585. Zora nemoralis

586. Zora silvestris

587. Zora spinimana

39

8.5 Appendix B2-a. List of important spider species on Osogovo Mt.

Species Conservation importance

1. Atypus piceus rare species

2. Brachythele denieri Balkan endemic

3. Brachythele langourovi Balkan endemic

4. Nemesia pannonica coheni Balkan endemic

5. Scytodes thoracica rare species

6. Segestria senoculata rare species

7. Dasumia kusceri Balkan endemic

8. Dysdera pectinata Balkan endemic

9. Dysdera punctata Balkan endemic

10. Dysdera halkidikii Balkan endemic

11. Harpactea bulgarica Balkan endemic

12. Harpactea homergi rare species

13. Harpactea saeva rare species

14. Harpactea srednagora Balkan endemic

15. Harpactea mariae Local endemic

16. Eresus kollari European red list

17. Eresus cinnaberinus rare species

18. Hyptiotes paradoxus rare species

19. Uloborus walckenaerius rare species

20. Nesticus cellulanus rare species

21. Crustulina guttata rare species

22. Dipoena inornata rare species

23. Enoplognatha thoracica rare species

24. Episinus maculipes rare species

25. Episinus truncatus rare species

26. Steatoda meridionalis rare species

27. Theridion betteni Rare species

28. Theridion mystaceum Rare species

29. Theridion adrianopoli Balkan endemic

30. Agyneta cauta Rare species

31. Araeoncus anguineus Rare species

32. Centromerus sylvaticus Rare species

40

Species Conservation importance

33. Centromerus lakatnikensis Balkan endemic

34. Ceratinella scabrosa Rare species

35. Erigone atra Rare species

36. Gonatium hilare rare species

37. Gonatium orientale Rare species

38. Gonatium paradoxum Rare species

39. Lepthyphantes jacksoni Rare species

40. Mansuphantes rectilamellus Balkan endemic

41. Mansuphantes mansuetus Rare species

42. Palliduphantes byzantinus Balkan endemic

43. Palliduphantes trnovensis Balkan endemic

44. Tenuiphantes floriana Balkan endemic

45. Tenuiphantes mengei Rare species

46. Macrargus rufus Rare species

47. Moebelia penicillata Rare species

48. Pelecopsis elongata Rare species

49. Pocadicnemis pumila Rare species

50. Porrhomma convexum Rare species

51. Stemonyphantes lineatus Rare species

52. Tapinopa longidens Rare species

53. Tiso vagans Rare species

54. Trichoncus affinis Rare species

55. Trichoncus hackmani Rare species

56. Walckenaeria corniculans Rare species

57. Walckenaeria cucullata Rare species

58. Walckenaeria obtusa Rare species

59. Agalenatea redii Rare species

60. Araneus grossus rare species

61. Araniella alpica rare species

62. Parzygiella montana rare species

63. Alopecosa sulzeri rare species

64. Arctosa figurata rare species

65. Arctosa lutetiana rare species

66. Lycosa vultuosa rare species

41

Species Conservation importance

67. Pardosa albatula Balkan endemic

68. Pardosa blanda rare species

69. Pardosa drenskii Balkan endemic

70. Pirata knorri rare species

71. Histopona laeta Balkanic-Carpathian endemic

72. Inermocoelotes deltshevi Balkan endemic

73. Inermocoelotes kulczynskii Balkan endemic

74. Tegenaria montana Bulgarian endemic

75. Tegenaria rilaensis Bulgarian endemic

76. Textrix caudata rare species

77. Argyroneta aquatica rare species

78. Cybaeus balkanus Balkan endemic

79. Cryphoeca silvicola rare species

80. Hahnia ononidum rare species

81. Cicurina cicur rare species

82. Dictyna arundinacea rare species

83. Dictyna civica rare species

84. Dictyna latens rare species

85. Amaurobius erberi Rare species

86. Eurocoelotes jurinitschi Balkan endemic

87. Eurocoelotes karlinskii Balkan endemic

88. Eurocoelotes kulczynskii Balkan endemic

89. Titanoeca quadriguttata rare species

90. Titanoeca tristis rare species

91. Anyphaena accentuata rare species

92. Apostenus fuscus rare species

93. Liocranum rupicola rare species

94. Liocranum rutilans rare species

95. Phrurolithus festivus rare species

96. Phrurolithus szilyi rare species

97. Cetonana laticeps rare species

98. Zodarion aculeatum Balkan endemic

99. Zodarion geticum rare species

100. Zodarion hauseri Balkan endemic

42

Species Conservation importance

101. Zodarion ochridense Balkan endemic

102. Berlandina nubivaga rare species

103. Callilepis nocturna rare species

104. Callilepis schuszteri rare species

105. Drassodes cupreus rare species

106. Echemus angustifrons rare species

107. Micaria formicaria rare species

108. Micaria fulgens rare species

109. Poecilochroa variana rare species

110. Scotophaeus quadripunctatus rare species

111. Zora nemoralis rare species

112. Zora silvestris rare species

113. Philodromus fuscomarginatus rare species

114. Philodromus margaritatus rare species

115. Philodromus poecilus rare species

116. Thanatus sabulosus rare species

117. Coriarachne depressa rare species

118. Monaeses paradoxus rare species

119. Tmarus piger rare species

120. Xysticus audax rare species

121. Xysticus bifasciatus rare species

122. Xysticus cor rare species

123. Xysticus erraticus rare species

124. Xysticus gallicus rare species

125. Xysticus kempeleni rare species

126. Xysticus macedonicus Alpine-Balkanic species

127. Xysticus robustus rare species

128. Xysticus sabulosus rare species

129. Pseudeuophrys erratica rare species

130. Euophrys frontalis rare species

131. Heliophanus patagiatus rare species

132. Heliophanus tribulosus rare species

133. Leptorchestes berolinensis rare species

134. Menemerus semilimbatus rare species

43

Species Conservation importance

135. Pellenes moreanus Balkan endemic

136. Pellenes seriatus rare species

44

8.6 Appendix B3. List of species of Orthopterans on Osogovo Mt.

BLATTODEA

Ectibiidae: Ectobiinae

1. Ectobius balcani Ramme, 1923

MANTODEA

Empusidae: Empusinae

2. Empusa fasciata Brulle, 1836

Mantidae: Amelinae

3. Ameles heldreichii Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882

Mantidae: Mantinae

4. Iris oratoria (Linnaeus, 1758)

5. Mantis religiosa Linnaeus, 1758

DERMAPTERA

Forficulidae

6. Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758

ORTHOPTERA

Ensifera

Tettigonioidea

Phaneropteridae

Phaneropterinae

7. Phaneroptera falcata (Poda, 1761)

8. Phaneroptera nana Fieber, 1853

9. Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius, 1793)

Barbitistinae

10. Leptophyes punctatissima (Bosc, 1792)

11. Leptophyes albovittata (Kollar, 1833)

12. Andreiniimon nuptialis (Karny, 1913)

13. Isophya speciosa (Frivaldszky, 1865)

14. Isophya modestior Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882

15. Ancistrura nigrovittata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)

16. Poecilimon affinis (Frivaldszky, 1867)

45

17. Poecilimon brunneri (Frivaldszky, 1867)

18. Poecilimon thoracicus (Fieber, 1853)

19. Poecilimon fussii Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

20. Poecilimon schmidtii (Fieber, 1853)

21. Poecilimon zwicki Ramme, 1939

22. Polysarcus denticauda (Charpentier, 1825)

Tettigoniidae

Tettigoniinae

23. Decticus albifrons (Fabricius, 1775)

24. Decticus verrucivorus verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758)

25. Platycleis (Platycleis) affinis affinis Fieber, 1853

26. Platycleis (Platycleis) albopunctata (Goeze, 1778)

27. Platycleis (Platycleis) intermedia (Serville, 1839)

28. Platycleis (Tessellana) incerta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882

29. Platycleis (Tessellana) nigrosignata (Costa, 1836)

30. Platycleis (Tessellana) veyseli Kocak, 1982

31. Platycleis (Montana) macedonica (Berland et Chopard, 1922)

32. Metrioptera tsirojanni Harz et Pfau, 1983

33. Metrioptera domogledi Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882*

34. Pholidoptera rhodopensis Mařan, 1952*

35. Pholidoptera frivaldskyi (Herman, 1871)

36. Pholidoptera fallax (Fischer, 1853)

37. idoptera griseoaptera (De Geer, 1773)

38. Eupholidoptera chabrieri (Charpentier, 1825)

39. Psorodonotus fieberi fieberi (Fieber, 1853)*

40. Pachytrachis gracilis (Brunner ovn Wattenwyl, 1861)

41. Anterastes serbicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882

42. Pterolepis germanica (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840)

43. Tettigonia viridissima Linnaeus, 1758

Saginae

44. Saga natoliae Serville, 1839

Bradyporinae

45. Bradyporus dasypus (Illiger, 1800)

46

46. Ephippiger ephippiger ephippiger (Fiebig, 1784)

Conocephalinae

47. Ruspolia nitidula (Scopoli, 1786)

48. Conocephalus discolor Thunberg, 1815

49. Conocephalus fuscus (Fabricius, 1793)

50. Meconema thalassinum (De Geer, 1773)

Grylloidea

Gryllidae

Gryllinae

51. Gryllus campestris Linnaeus, 1758

Nemobiinae

52. Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii (Fischer, 1853)

Oecanthinae

53. Oecanthus pellucens pellucens (Scopoli, 1786)

Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpinae

54. Gryllotalpa sp.

Myrmecophilidae

Myrmecophilinae

55. Myrmecophilus cf. nonveilleri Ingrisch & Pavicevic, 2008*

Caelifera

Acridoidea

Acrididae

Calliptaminae

56. Calliptamus barbarus barbarus (Costa, 1836)

57. Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

58. Paracaloptenus caloptenoides caloptenoides (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861)

Catantopinae

47

59. Pezotettix giornae (Rossi, 1794)

60. Pseudopodisma fieberi (Scudder, 1897)

Acridinae

61. Acrida ungarica (Herbst, 1786)

Oedipodinae

62. Locusta migratoria cinerascens (Fabricius, 1781)

63. Oedaleus decorus (Germar, 1826)

64. Oedipoda caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758)

65. Oedipoda miniata miniata (Pallas, 1771)

66. Oedipoda germanica (Latreille, 1804)

67. Acrotylus insubricus (Scopoli, 1786)

68. Acrotylus patruelis (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838)

69. Aiolopus strepens (Latreille, 1804)

70. Mecostethus parapleurus (Hagenbach, 1822)

71. Psophus stridulus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gomphocerinae

72. Arcyptera fusca (Pallas, 1773)

73. Dociostaurus (Dociostaurus) brevicollis (Eversmann, 1848)

74. Dociostaurus (Notostaurus) anatolicus (Krauss, 1896)

75. Euthystira brachyptera (Ocskay, 1826)

76. Omocestus petraeus (Brisout de Barneville, 1855)

77. Omocestus minutus (Brullé, 1832)

78. Omocestus haemorrhoidalis haemorrhoidalis (Charpentier, 1825)

79. Omocestus rufipes (Zetterstedt, 1821)

80. Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus, 1758)

81. Stenobothrus stigmaticus (Rambur, 1838)

82. Stenobothrus nigromaculatus nigromaculatus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1840)

83. Stenobothrus lineatus lineatus (Panzer, 1796)

84. Stenobothrus rubicundulus Kruseman et Jeekel, 1967

85. Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunberg, 1815)

86. Gomphocerus sibiricus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767)

87. Stauroderus scalaris scalaris (Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)

88. Euchorthippus declivus (Brisout de Barneville, 1849)

48

89. Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821)

90. Chorthippus dorsatus (Zetterstedt, 1821)

91. Chorthippus cf. dorsatus (Zetterstedt, 1821) X dichrous (Eversmann, 1848)

92. Chorthippus loratus (Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)

93. Chorthippus oschei v. Helversen, 1986

94. Chorthippus apricarius apricarius (Linnaeus, 1758)

95. Chorthippus mollis mollis (Charpentier, 1825)

96. Chorthippus bornhalmi Harz, 1971

97. Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei Helversen, 1989

98. Gomphocerippus rufus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tetrigoidea

Tetrigidae

99. Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus, 1758)

100. Tetrix bolivari Saulcy, 1901

101. Tetrix tenuicornis Sahlberg, 1893

102. Tetrix bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)

103. Tetrix tuerki (Krauss, 1876)

104. Depressotetrix depressus (Brisout de Barneville, 1849)

Tridactyloidea

Tridactylidae

105. Xya pfaendleri (Harz, 1970)

49

8.7 Appendix B3-a. Important species of Orhoptera and related orders on

Osogovo Mt.

Species Habitats

Directive

IUCN Red

Lists Endemic status

Species of special

regional importance

1. Ectobius balcani

Ramme, 1923 - - Balkan endemic -

2. Empusa fasciata Brulle,

1836 - - - Rare species

3. Iris oratoria (Linnaeus,

1758) - - - Rare species

4. Phaneroptera falcata

(Poda, 1761) - - - Fragmented distribution

5. Andreiniimon nuptialis

(Karny, 1913)

Balkan

subendemic

6. Poecilimon zwicki

Ramme, 1939

Regional

endemic

7. Isophya speciosa

(Frivaldszky, 1865) - -

Balkan

subendemic -

8. Ancistrura nigrovittata

(Brunner von

Wattenwyl, 1878)

- - Balkan endemic -

9. Platycleis (Montana)

macedonica (Berland et

Chopard, 1922)

- - Regional

endemic

Very restricted

distribution on Osogovo

Mt.

10. Metrioptera tsirojanni

Harz et Pfau, 1983 - - Regional

endemic

Typical inhabitant of the

forest belt of Osogovo

Mt.

11. Metrioptera domogledi

Brunner von

Wattenwyl, 1882

- Vulnerable Balkan

subendemic Fragmented distribution

12. Pholidoptera

rhodopensis Mařan,

1952

- - Regional

endemic -

13. Psorodonotus fieberi

fieberi (Fieber - - Balkan endemic Fragmented distribution

14. Anterastes serbicus

Brunner von

Wattenwyl

- - Balkan

subendemic -

15. Saga natoliae Serville,

1839 - - -

Fragmented distribution;

Very restricted

distribution on Osogovo

50

Species Habitats

Directive

IUCN Red

Lists Endemic status

Species of special

regional importance

16. Bradyporus dasypus

(Illiger, 1800) - -

Balkan

subendemic -

17. Myrmecophilus cf.

nonveilleri Ingrisch &

Pavicevic, 2008

- - Balkan endemic -

18. Paracaloptenus

caloptenoides

caloptenoides (Brunner

von Wattenwyl, 1861)

Annex II,

IV -

Balkan

subendemic Fragmented distribution

19. Chorthippus biguttulus

euhedickei Helversen,

1989

- - Balkan

subendemic -

20. Pseudopodisma fieberi

(Scudder, 1897) Fragmented distribution

21. Mecostethus

parapleurus

(Hagenbach, 1822)

Rare species

22. Stenobothrus

rubicundulus Kruseman

et Jeekel, 1967

Fragmented distribution

51

8.8 Appendix B4. List of species of daily butterflies

Papilionidae

1. Papilio machaon L.

2. Parnassius mnemosyne L.

3. Iphiclides podalirius L.

4. Zerynthia cerisy ferdinandi

5. Zerynthia polyxena

Pieridae

1. Aporia crategi L.

2. Pieris brassicae L.

3. Pieris mannii Mayer

4. Pieris balcana Lorkovic

5. Pieris napi L.

6. Pieris rapae L.

7. Pieris ergane

8. Colias alfacariensis Ribbe

9. Colias crocea Geoffroy

10. Colias caucasica balcanica

11. Gonepteryx rhamni L.

12. Leptidea sinapis L.

13. Leptidea duponcheli Staudinger

14. Pontia edusa Edusa

15. Anthocharis cardamines L.

Lycaenidae

1. Celastrina argiolus L.

2. Cupido (Cupido) osiris Meigen

3. Cupido decoloratus

4. Cupido minimus

52

5. Glaucopsyche (Maculinea) arion L.

6. Maculinea alcon

7. Glaucopsyche (Glaucopsyche) alexis Poda

8. Leptotes pirihous

9. Callophrys rubi L.

10. Plebeius (Plebeius) argus L.

11. Plebeius(Plebijides)pylaon Frivadsky (sephirus)

12. Plebeius (Aricia) anteros Freyer

13. Plebeius (Aricia) artaxerxs Geyer

14. Plebeius (Aricia) agestis D.&S.

15. Lycaena candens

16. Lycaena vigaureae L.

17. Lycaena tityrus Poda

18. Lycaena alciphron Staud.

19. Lycaena phleas L.

20. Everes argiades

21. Plebeius argyrognomon

22. Polyommatus (Meleageria) coridon Poda

23. Polyommatus (Meleageria) belargus Rottemburg

24. Polyommatus (Polyommatus) thersites Cantener

25. Polyommatus(Agrodiaetus)ripartii Freyer

26. Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) admetus Esper

27. Polyommatus (Meleageria )daphnis D.&S.

28. Polyommatus (Cyaniris) semiargus Rottemburg

29. Polyommatus (Polyommatus) icarus Rottemburg

30. Polyommatus eroides

31. Scolitantides orion Frühstorfer

32. Pseudophilotes vicrama Hemming

Satyridae

1. Espararge climene

2. Aglais urticae L.

3. Apatura iris L.

4. Apatura ilia

53

5. Araschnia levana L.

6. Brenthis daphne D.&S.

7. Boloria (Clossiana) euphrosyne L.

8. Boloria (Clossiana) dia L.

9. Neptis rivularis Scopoli

10. Neptis sappho Pallas

11. Issoria lathonia L.

12. Limenitis reducta Staudinger

13. Limenitis populi

14. Melitaea athalia Rottemburg

15. Melitaea cinxia L.

16. Melitaea didyma Esper

17. Melitaea trivia D.&S.

18. Inachis io L.

19. Nymphalis antiopa L.

20. Nymphalis polychloros L.

21. Polygonum c-album L.

22. Vanessa atalanta L.

23. Vanessa cardui L.

24. Argynnis paphia L.

25. Argynnis aglaja L.

26. Argynnis adippe D.&S.

27. Argynnis niobe L.

28. Arethusana arethusa D.&S.

29. Coenonympha rhodopensis Elwes

30. Coenonympha pamphilus L.

31. Coenonympha arcania L.

32. Coenonympha glycerion Borkhausen

33. Erebia medusa D.&S.

34. Erebia euryale Esper

35. Erebia ottomana Her.-Sch.

36. Erebia cassioides Hohenwarth

37. Erebia ligea L.

38. Erebia oeme Hübner

39. Erebia pronoe

40. Erebia aethiops

54

41. Lasiommata megera L.

42. Lasiommata maera maera L.

43. Euphydryas aurinia

44. Brenthis hecate

45. Aphantopus hyperantus L.

46. Brintesia circe Fabricius

47. Maniola jurtina L.

48. Melanargia galathea L.

49. Chazara briseis

50. Hipparchia (Neohipparchia) fatua Freyer

51. Hipparchia (Hipparchia) syriaca Staudinger

52. Hipparchia fagi

53. Hipparchia statillinus

54. Pyronia tithonus L.

55. Pararge aegeria Butler

Hesperiidae

1. Pyrgus cynarae

2. Pyrgus malvae L.

3. Pyrgus armoricanus Ober.

4. Pyrgus serratulae Rambur

5. Pyrgus alvaeus

6. Hesperia comma

7. Erynnis tages L.

8. Carcharodus alceae Esper

9. Thymelicus lineola Ochsen.

10. Thymelicus sylvestris Poda

11. Thymelicus acteon

12. Ochlodes venatus Turatu

13. Spialia phlomidi

55

8.9 Appendix B5 – List of Ground Beetles on Osogovo Mountain

Number Species BG MK

1 Leistus (Leistus) ferrugineus (Linnaeus, 1758) + +

2 Leistus (Pogonophorus) magnicollis Motschulsky, 1865 + +

3 Leistus (Pogonophorus) rufomarginatus Duftschmid, 1812 + +

4 Leistus (Pogonophorus) spinibarbis rufipes Chaudoir, 1843 + +

5 Nebria (Eunebria) jockischi jockischi Sturm, 1815 + +

6 Nebria (Nebria) brevicollis (Fabricius, 1792) + +

7 Notiophilus germinyi Fauvel, 1863 + +

8 Notiophilus biguttatus (Fabricius, 1779) + +

9 Notiophilus rufipes Curtis, 1829 +

10 Notiophilus substriatus G. R. Waterhouse, 1833

+

11 Loricera (Loricera) pilicornis pilicornis (Fabricius, 1775) + +

12 Cicindela (Cicindela) campestris campestris Linnaeus, 1758 + +

13 Cicindela (Cicindela) sylvicola Latreille & Dejean, 1822 +

14 Calosoma (Calosoma) sycophanta (Linnaeus, 1758) +

15 Calosoma (Calosoma) inquisitor inquisitior (Linnaeus, 1758)

+

16 Calosoma (Campalita) auropunctatum auropunctatum (Herbst, 1784) +

17 Carabus (Archicarabus) montivagus montivagus Palliardi, 1825 + +

18 Carabus (Chaetocarabus) intricatus intricatus Linnaeus, 1761 + +

19 Carabus (Eucarabus) ullrichi fastuosus Palliardi, 1825 + +

20 Carabus (Megodontus) violaceus azurescens Dejean, 1826 + +

21 Carabus (Oreocarabus) hortensis Linnaeus, 1758 + +

22 Carabus (Pachystus) graecus morio Mannerheim, 1830

+

23 Carabus (Pachystus) cavernosus cavernosus Frivaldszky, 1837 + +

24 Carabus (Procerus) gigas gigas Creutzer, 1799 + +

25 Carabus (Procrustes) coriaceus cerisyi Dejean, 1826 + +

26 Carabus (Tomocarabus) convexus dilatatus Dejean, 1826 + +

27 Cychrus semigranosus balcanicus Hopffgarten, 1881 + +

28 Elaphrus (Elaphroterus) aureus aureus P. Muller, 1821 + +

56

Number Species BG MK

29 Elaphrus (Neoelaphrus) uliginosus Fabricius, 1775 +

30 Omophron (Omophron) limbatus (Fabricius, 1776) + +

31 Aptinus (Aptinus) merditanus Apfelbeck, 1918

+

32 Aptinus (Aptinus) bombarda (Illiger, 1800) +

33 Brachinus (Brachynidius) explodens Duftschmid, 1812 + +

34 Brachinus (Brachinus) crepitans Linnaeus, 1758

+

35 Brachinus (Brachinus) psophia Audinet-Serville, 1821

+

36 Brachinus (Brachinus) plagiatus Reiche, 1866

+

37 Scarites (Parallelomorphus) terricola terricola Bonelli, 1813

+

38 Clivina collaris (Herbst, 1784) + +

39 Dyschirius (Dyschiriodes) laeviusculus Putzeys, 1846 + +

40 Dyschirius (Dyschiriodes) politus politus Dejean, 1825 +

41 Broscus cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) +

42 Perileptus (Perileptus) areolatus areolatus (Creutzer, 1799) +

43 Duvalius (Duvaliotes) beshkovi Coiffait, 1970 + +

44 Trechus (Trechus) austriacus Dejean, 1831 + +

45 Trechus (Trechus) kobingeri pawlowskianus P. Moravec & Lompe, 2003 +

46 Trechus (Trechus) nigrinus Putzeys, 1847 + +

47 Trechus (Trechus) obtusus obtusus Erichson, 1837 +

48 Trechus (Trechus) priapus medius Meixner, 1939 + +

49 Trechus (Trechus) quadristriatus (Schrank, 1781) + +

50 Trechus (Trechus) subnotatus subnotatus Dejean, 1831 + +

51 Asaphidion flavipes (Linnaeus, 1761) + +

52 Asaphidion rossii (Schaum, 1857) +

53 Bembidion (Bembidion) quadrimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1761) +

54 Bembidion (Bembidionetolitzkya) geniculatum geniculatum Heer, 1837 + +

55 Bembidion (Bembidionetolitzkya) rhodopense Apfelbeck, 1902 #

56 Bembidion (Bembidionetolitzkya) tibiale (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

57 Bembidion (Bembidionetolitzkya) varicolor varicolor (Fabricius, 1803) + +

58 Bembidion (Emphanes) azurescens (Dalla Torre 1877)

+

57

Number Species BG MK

59 Bembidion (Emphanes) minimum (Fabricius, 1792) +

60 Bembidion (Emphanes) tenellum Erichson, 1837 +

61 Bembidion (Metallina) lampros (Herbst, 1784) + +

62 Bembidion (Metallina) properans (Stephens, 1828) + +

63 Bembidion (Nepha) caucasicum Motschulsky, 1844 + +

64 Bembidion (Nepha) vseteckai dissimile J. Müller, 1943 +

65 Bembidion (Notaphus) varium (Olivier, 1795) + +

66 Bembidion (Ocydromus) decorum decorum (Zenker, 1801) + +

67 Bembidion (Ocydromus) siculum smyrnense Apfelbeck, 1904

+

68 Bembidion (Ocyturanes) ? pindicum Apfelbeck, 1901 +

69 Bembidion (Peryphanes) brunnicorne Dejean, 1831 + +

70 Bembidion (Peryphanes) dalmatinum dalmatinum Dejean, 1831 + +

71 Bembidion (Peryphanes) deletum deletum Serville, 1821 + +

72 Bembidion (Peryphanes) grandipenne Schaum, 1862 #

73 Bembidion (Peryphanes) stephensi stephensi Crotch, 1869 + +

74 Bembidion (Peryphiolus) monticola monticola Sturm, 1825 ? +

75 Bembidion (Peryphus) femoratum femoratum Sturm, 1825 +

76 Bembidion (Peryphus) subcostatum vau Netolitzky, 1913 + +

77 Bembidion (Philochtus) mannerheimi C.R.Sahlberg, 1827 +

78 Bembidion (Philochtus) guttula guttula Fabricius, 1792

+

79 Bembidion (Philochtus) lunulatum Geoffroy, 1785

+

80 Bembidion (Princidium) punctulatum punctulatum Drapiez, 1820 + +

81

Bembidion (Bembidion) quadrimaculatum quadrimaculatum Linnaeus,

1761

+

82 Bembidion (Diplocampa) assimile Gyllenhal, 1810

+

83 Bembidion (Trepanes) articulatum (Panzer, 1796) + +

84 Sinechostictus (Sinechostictus) millerianus (Heyden, 1883) + +

85 Sinechostictus (Sinechostictus) tarsicus (Peyron, 1858) + +

86 Sinechostictus (Pseudolimnaeusm) doderoi (Ganglbauer, 1891) +

87 Paratachys bistriatus (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

58

Number Species BG MK

88 Paratachys micros (Fischer-Waldheim, 1828) + +

89 Sphaerotachys haemorrhoidalis (Ponza, 1805) +

90 Tachyta (Tachyta) nana nana (Gyllenhal, 1810) +

91 Tachyura (Tachyura) diabrachys (Kolenati, 1845) + +

92 Tachyura (Tachyura) quadrisignatus (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

93 Abax (Abax) carinatus carinatus (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

94 Abax (Abax) ovalis (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

95 Molops (Molops) robustus robustus Dejean, 1828 + +

96 Molops (Molops) rufipes denteletus Gueorguiev, 1997 + +

97 Molops (Molops) piceus osogovensis Gueorguiev, 1997 + +

98 Myas (Myas) chalybaeus (Palliardi, 1825) + +

99 Poecilus (Poecilus) lepidus lepidus (Leske, 1785) + +

100 Poecilus (Poecilus) versicolor (Sturm, 1824) + +

101 Poecilus (Poecilus) cupreus cupreus Linnaeus, 1758 + +

102 Pterostichus (Argutor) vernalis (Panzer, 1796) +

103 Pterostuchus (Argutor) leonisi Apfelbeck, 1904

+

104 Pterostichus (Argutor) cursor Dejean, 1828

+

105

Pterostichus (Bothriopterus) oblongopunctatus oblongopunctatus

(Fabricius, 1787) + +

106 Pterostichus (Parahaptoderus) brevis brevis (Duftschmid, 1812) +

107 Pterostichus (Parahaptoderus) vecors Tschitscherin, 1896 + +

108 Pterostichus (Petrophilus) melanaruis bulgaricus Lutshnik, 1914 + +

109 Pterostichus (Pseudomaseus) minor minor Gyllenhal, 1827

+

110 Pterostichus (Phonias) diligens Sturm, 1824 + +

111 Pterostichus (Phonias) strenuus (Panzer, 1797) + +

112 Pterostichus (Platysma) niger niger (Schaller, 1783) + +

113 Pterostichus (Pseudomaseus) nigrita (Fabricius, 1792) + +

114 Pterostichus (Pseudomaseus) anthracinus anthracinus Illiger, 1798 + +

115 Pterostichus (Pterostichus) brucki Schaum, 1859 + +

116 Stomis (Stomis) pumicatus (Panzer, 1796) + +

59

Number Species BG MK

117 Tapinopterus (Tapinopterus) balcanicus belasicensis Maran, 1933 + +

118 Xenion ignitum (Kraatz, 1875) + +

119 Amara (Amara) aenea (Degeer, 1774) + +

120 Amara (Amara) anthobia Villa, 1833 + +

121 Amara (Amara) communis (Panzer 1797)

+

122 Amara (Amara) convexior Stephens, 1828 + +

123 Amara (Amara) curta Dejean, 1828 + +

124 Amara (Amara) eurynota (Panzer, 1797) + +

125 Amara (Amara) famelica C. Zimmermann, 1832 +

126 Amara (Amara) familiaris (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

127 Amara (Amara) littorea Thomson, 1857 + +

128 Amara (Amara) lucida (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

129 Amara (Amara) lunicollis Schiodte, 1837 + +

130 Amara (Amara) nitida nitida Sturm, 1825 + +

131 Amara (Amara) ovata (Fabricius, 1792) + +

132 Amara (Amara) montivaga Sturm, 1825

+

133 Amara (Amara) morio nivium Tschitscherine, 1900

+

134 Amara (Amara) proxima Putzeys, 1866 +

135 Amara (Amara) saphyrea Dejean, 1828 + +

136 Amara (Amara) similata (Gyllenhal, 1810) + +

137 Amara (Amara) tibialis (Paykull, 1789) + +

138 Amara (Amara) nigricornis C. G. Thompson, 1857

+

139 Amara (Celia) arenaria Putzeys, 1865

+

140 Amara (Celia) bifrons (Gyllenhal, 1810)

+

141 Amara (Amarocelia) erratica (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

142 Amara (Bradytus) apricaria apricaria (Paykull, 1790) + +

143 Amara (Bradytus) consularis (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

144 Amara (Bradytus) fulva (O. F. Muller, 1776) +

145 Amara (Celia) sabulosa Serville, 1821 +

146 Amara (Curtonotus) aulica (Panzer, 1797) + +

60

Number Species BG MK

147 Amara (Percosia) equestris equestris (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

148 Amara (Xenocelia) bischoffi Jedlicka, 1946 +

149 Amara (Xenocelia) fusca Dejean, 1828 + +

150 Amara (Xenocelia) ingenua (Duftschmid, 1812) +

151 Amara (Xenocelia) messae Baliani, 1924 + +

152 Amara (Zezea) fulvipes Audinet-Serville, 1821

+

153 Amara (Zezea) tricuspidata tricuspidata Dejean, 1831

+

154 Amara (Zezea) plebeja Gyllenhal, 1810

+

155 Zabrus (Pelor) spinipes spinipes (Fabricius, 1798) +

156 Zabrus (Pelor) rhodopensis Apfelbeck, 1904 + +

157 Zabrus (Pelor) incrassatus incrassatus Ahrens, 1814

+

158 Agonum (Agonum) duftschmidi Schmidt, 1994 + +

159 Agonum (Agonum) gisellae Csiki, 1931 (= angustatum Dejean, 1828)

+

160 Agonum (Agonum) muelleri (Herbst, 1784) + +

161 Agonum (Agonum) sexpunctatum (Linnaeus, 1758) + +

162 Agonum (Agonum) viduum (Panzer, 1797) + +

163 Agonum (Agonum) ? gerdmuelleri J. Schmidt, 1994

+

164 Agonum (Agonum) viridicupreum viridicupreum (Goeze, 1777) + +

165 Agonum (Europhilus) fuliginosum (Panzer, 1809) +

166 Agonum (Europhilus) thoreyi thoreyi Dejean, 1828

+

167 Anchomenus dorsalis (Pontoppidian, 1763) + +

168 Limodromus assimilis (Paykull, 1790) + +

169 Olistopus sturmi (Duftschmid, 1812) +

170 Olisthopus ? rotundatus rotundatus Paykull, 1790

+

171 Paranchus albipes (Fabricius, 1796) + +

172 Oxypselaphus obscurus (Herbst, 1784)

+

173 Platynus scrobiculatus serbicus Csiki, 1904 + +

174 Calathus (Calathus) distinguendus Chaudoir, 1846 + +

175 Calathus (Calathus) fuscipes fuscipes (Goeze, 1777) + +

176 Calathus (Neocalathus) melanocephalus melanocephalus (Linnaeus,

+ +

61

Number Species BG MK

1758)

177 Calathus (Neocalathus) erratus erratus (Sahlberg, 1827) + +

178 Calathus (Neocalathus) ambiguus ambiguus Paykull, 1790

+

179 Calathus (Neocalathus) metallicus aeneus Putzeus, 1873 + +

180 Calathus (Neocalathus) cinctus Motschulsky, 1850

+

181 Calathus (Neocalathus) mollis mollis Marsham, 1802

+

182

Platyderus (Platyderus) depressus Audinet-Serville, 1821 (= ruficollis Marsham,

1802) +

183 Laemostenus (Pristonychus) punctatus (Dejean, 1828) + +

184 Laemostenus (Laemostenus) venustus (Dejean, 1828)

+

185 Synuchus (Synuchus) vivalis vivalis (Illiger, 1798) + +

186 Panagaeus (Panagaeus) bipustulatus (Fabricius, 1775) +

187 Panagaeus cruxmajor (Linnaeus, 1758)

+

188 Callistus lunatus (Fabricius, 1775) +

189 Chlaenius (Chlaeniellus) nitidulus (Schrank, 1781) + +

190 Chlaenius (Chlaeniellus) vestitus (Paykull, 1790) + +

191 Chlaenius (Chlaenius) festivus festivus Panzer, 1796

+

192 Licinus (Licinus) cassideus cassideus Fabricius, 1792 + +

193 Licinus (Licinus) depressus (Paykull, 1790) +

194 Licinus (Licinus) silphoides (P. Rossi, 1790)

195

Badister (Badister) bullatus Schrank, 1798 (= bipustulatus Fabricius,

1792) + +

196 Oodes (Oodes) helopioides helopioides Fabricius, 1792

+

197 Diachromus germanus Linnaeus, 1758

+

198 Anisodactylus (Anisodactylus) binotatus (Fabricius, 1787) + +

199 Anisodactylus (Anisodactylus) nemorivagus (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

200 Gynandromorphus etruscus etruscus (Quensel, 1806) + +

201 Stenolophus (Stenolophus) teutonus (Schrank, 1781) + +

202 Stenolophus (Stenolophus) discophorus (Fischer-Waldheim 1823) +

203 Stenolophus (Stenolophus) mixtus Herbst, 1784

+

62

Number Species BG MK

204 Stenolophus (Stenolophus) skrimshiranus Stephens, 1828

+

205 Stenolophus (Stenolophus) steveni Krynicki, 1832

+

206 Acupalpus (Acupalpus) flavicollis (Sturm, 1825) + +

207 Acupalpus (Acupalpus) meridianus (Linnaeus, 1761) +

208 Anthracus longicornis (Schaum, 1857) +

209 Parophonus (Parophonus) maculicornis (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

210 Parophonus (Parophonus) dejeani (Csiki, 1932)

+

211 Acinopus (Oedematicus) megacephalus (P. Rossi 1794)

+

212 Acinopus (Acinopus) picipes (Olivier, 1795) + +

213 Harpalus (Pseudophonus) griseus (Panzer, 1797) +

214 Harpalus (Pseudophonus) rufipes (Degeer, 1774) + +

215 Harpalus (Semiophonus) signaticornis (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

216 Harpalus (Artabas) dispar splendens Gebler 1830

+

217 Harpalus (Harpalus) rufipalpis rufipalpis Sturm, 1818 + +

218 Harpalus (Harpalus) honestus (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

219 Harpalus (Harpalus) sulphuripes sulphuripes Germar, 1824 + +

220 Harpalus (Harpalus) cupreus fastuosus Faldermann, 1836

+

221 Harpalus (Harpalus) albanicus Reitter, 1900

+

222 Harpalus (Harpalus) rubripes (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

223 Harpalus (Harpalus) attenuatus Stephens, 1828 + +

224 Harpalus (Harpalus) atratus Latreille, 1804 + +

225 Harpalus (Harpalus) laevipes Zetterstedt, 1828 + +

226 Harpalus (Harpalus) serripes serripes (Quensel, 1806) + +

227 Harpalus (Harpalus) triseriatus triseriatus Fleischer, 1897 + +

228 Harpalus (Harpalus) pumilus Sturm, 1818 + +

229 Harpalus (Harpalus) tardus (Panzer, 1797) + +

230 Harpalus (Harpalus) anxius Duftschmid, 1812

+

231 Harpalus (Harpalus) subcylindricus Dejean, 1829

+

232 Harpalus (Harpalus) dimidiatus P. Rossi, 1790

+

233 Harpalus (Harpalus) latus (Linnaeus, 1758) + +

63

Number Species BG MK

234 Harpalus (Harpalus) smaragdinus (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

235 Harpalus (Harpalus) saxicola Dejean, 1829

+

236 Harpalus (Harpalus) flavicornis flavicornis Dejean, 1829

+

237 Harpalus (Harpalus) pygmaeus Dejean, 1829

+

238 Harpalus (Harpalus) autumnalis (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

239 Harpalus (Harpalus) affinis (Schrank, 1781) + +

240 Harpalus (Harpalus) distinguendus distinguendus (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

241 Harpalus (Harpalus) punctatostriatus Dejean, 1829

+

242 Harpalus (Harpalus) sp.

+

243 Ophonus (Macrophonus) oblongus (Schaum, 1858)

+

244 Ophonus (Metophonus) laticollis Mannerheim, 1825 + +

245 Ophonus (Metophonus) gammeli (Schauberger, 1932)

+

246 Ophonus (Metophonus) parallelus (Dejean, 1829) +

247 Ophonus (Metophonus) puncticeps Stephens, 1828 + +

248 Ophonus (Metophonus) puncticollis (Paykull, 1798) +

249 Ophonus (Metophonus) melletii (Heer, 1837) +

250 Ophonus (Metophonus) brevicollis (Audinet-Serville, 1821) +

251 Ophonus (Metophonus) schaubergerianus Puel, 1937 + +

252 Ophonus (Metophonus) rufibarbis (Fabricius 1792)

+

253 Ophonus (Hesperophonus) subquadratus (Dejean, 1 829)

+

254 Ophonus (Hesperophonus) azureus (Fabricius, 1775) + +

255 Ophonus (Hesperophonus) cribricollis (Dejean, 1829) + +

256 Ophonus (Ophonus) sabulicola ponticus Schauberger, 1926 + +

257 Bradycellus (Bradycellus) caucasicus (Chaudoir, 1846)

+

258 Dixus obscurus Dejean, 1825

+

259 Pachycarus (Mystropterus) atrocoeruleus atrocoeruleus (Waltl, 1838)

+

260 Lebia (Lebia) cruxminor (Linnaeus, 1758) + +

261 Lebia (Lebia) humeralis Dejean, 1825

+

262 Lebia (Lamprias) cyanocephala Linnaeus, 1758

+

263 Dromius (Dromius) schneideri Crotch, 1870 +

64

Number Species BG MK

264 Philorhizus notatus Stephens, 1827 +

265 Syntomus pallipes (Dejean, 1825) + +

266 Syntomus truncatellus truncatellus (Linnaeus, 1761) + +

267 Microlestes fissuralis Reitter, 1901 + +

268 Microlestes schroederi Holdhaus, 1912

+

269 Microlestes maurus maurus Sturm, 1827 + +

270 Microlestes apterus Holdhaus, 1904

+

271 Microlestes seladon Holdhaus, 1912

+

272 Lionychus (Lionychus) quadrillum (Duftschmid, 1812) + +

273 Cymindis (Cymindis) humeralis (Fourcroy, 1785) + +

274 Cymindis (Cymindis) lineata (Quensel, 1806) + +

275 Cymindis (Cymindis) axillaris axillaris Fabricius, 1794

+

276 Demetrias (Aetophorus) imperialis Germar, 1824

+

277 Zuphium (Zuphium) olens (P. Rossi 1790)

+

278 Odacantha (Odacantha) melanura Linnaeus, 1767

+

203 218

65

8.10 Appendix B5-a. Important species of ground beetles on Osogovo Mt

Species IUCN

LR/nt CORINE BE SE LE

Glacial

relict

Rare

species

1. Acinopus megacephalus ●

2. Agonum gerdmuelleri ●

3. Agonum thoreyi thoreyi ●

4. Agonum fuliginosum ●

5. Amara arenaria ●

6. Amara erratica ●

7. Amara ingenua ●

8. Amara morio nivium ●

9. Amara nigricornis ●

10. Amara sabulosa ●

11. Anthracus longicornis ●

12. Aptinus bombarda ●

13. Aptinus merditanus ●

14. Asaphidion rossii ●

15. Bembidion caucasicum ●

16. Bembidion lunulatum ●

17. Bembidion mannerheimi ●

18. Bembidion minimum ●

19. Bembidion stephensi ●

20. Bembidion vseteckai dissimile ● ●

21. Brachinus plagiatus ●

22. Brachinus psophia ●

23. Bradycellus caucasicus ●

24. Broscus cephalotes ●

25. Calosoma sycophanta ●

26. Carabus cavernosus cavernosus ●

27. Carabus convexus dilatatus ●

28. Carabus gigas gigas ●

29. Carabus intricatus intricatus ●

30. Carabus scabriusculus bulgarus ●

31. Carabus ullrichi fastuosus ●

32. Carabus violaceus azurescens ●

33. Cychrus semigranosus balcanicus ●

34. Duvalius bureschi ●

66

Species IUCN

LR/nt CORINE BE SE LE

Glacial

relict

Rare

species

35. Dyschirius laeviusculus ●

36. Dyschirius politus ●

37. Elaphrus aureus ●

38. Elaphrus uliginosus ●

39. Harpalus triseriatus triseriatus ●

40. Laemostenus venustus ●

41. Leistus magnicollis ●

42. Licinus depressus ●

43. Loricera pilicornis pilicornis ●

44. Microlestes apterus ●

45. Microlestes seladon ●

46. Molops piceus osogovensis ●

47. Molops robustus robustus ●

48. Molops rufipes denteletus ●

49. Myas chalybaeus ●

50. Nebria jockischi jockischi ●

51. Notiophilus germinyi ●

52. Odacantha melanura ●

53. Olisthopus rotundatus rotundatus ●

54. Olisthopus sturmi ●

55. Ophonus gammeli ●

56. Ophonus jailensis ●

57. Ophonus oblongus ●

58. Pachycarus atrocoeruleus atrocoeruleus ●

59. Panagaeus bipustulatus ●

60. Platynus scrobiculatus serbicus ●

61. Pterostichus brevis ●

62. Pterostichus brucki ●

63. Pterostichus diligens ●

64. Pterostichus minor minor ●

65. Pterostichus vecors ●

66. Sinechostictus doderoi ●

67. Stomis pumicatus ●

68. Tapinopterus balcanicus ●

69. Trechus kobingeri pawlowskianus ● ●

70. Trechus tristis ●

67

Species IUCN

LR/nt CORINE BE SE LE

Glacial

relict

Rare

species

71. Xenion ignitum ●

72. Zabrus rhodopensis ●

73. Zuphium olens olens ●

TOTAL 1 2 16 1 3 3 30

BE - Balkan endemics; SE - Stenoendemics; LE - Local (exclusive) endemics

68

8.11 Appendix B6 - Vertebrates

8.11.1 Table 1. Fish fauna and its valorization in the rivers of Osogovo Region

Species

BG MK

IUCN

Global

RDL

IUCN

European

RDL

Bern

Convention

Macedonian

Nature Protection

Law

Bulgarian

Red Data

Book

Alburnoides

bipunctatus +

LC appendix III not protected

Alburnus

macedonicus +

CR CR strictly protected

Barbatula

barbatula +

LC LC not protected VU

Barbus balcanicus + LC LC not protected

Barbus strumicae + LC LC protected

Carassius gibelio + LC LC not protected

Chondrostoma

vardarense +

NT NT not protected

Cobitis strumicae + LC LC not protected

Cyprinus carpio + VU LC protected

Gobio bulgaricus + + LC LC not protected

Lepomis gibbosus + LC not protected

Oxynoemacheilus

bureschi + +

LC LC not protected

Phoxinus

strymonicus +

EN EN

Rhodeus

meridionalis +

LC LC not protected

Sabanejewia

balcanica +

LC LC protected VU

Salmo macedonicus + DD DD protected

Silurus glanis + LC LC appendix III not protected

Squalius orpheus + LC LC

Squalius

vardarensis +

LC LC not protected

Vimba melanops + LC DD not protected VU

69

70

8.11.2 Table 2. Amphibians recorded in the region of Osogovo Mountains, and the

criteria for their valorization

Species

BG MK

IUCN

Global

RDL

IUCN

European

RDL

Bern

Convention

Habitats

directive

Macedonian

Nature

Protection

Law

Bulgarian

biodiversity

Law

Bulgarian

Red Data

Book

Bombina

variegata + +

LC LC appendix II annexes

II; IV

protected

Bufo bufo

+ +

LC LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

protected,

Annex 3

Hyla arborea

+ +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected protected,

Annex 3

Lissotriton

vulgaris + +

LC LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

Mesotriton

alpestris +

LC LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

protected,

Annex 3

VU

Pelophylax

ridibundus + +

LC LC appendix III annex V not

protected

Pseudepidalea

viridis +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected protected,

Annex 3

Rana

dalmatina + +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected

Rana graeca

+ +

LC LC appendix III annex IV protected protected,

Annex 3

Rana

temporaria + +

LC LC appendix III annex V not

protected

Salamandra

salamandra + +

LC LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

Triturus

karelinii +

LC LC appendix II annexes

II; IV

protected

71

8.11.3 Table 3. Reptiles of Osogovo Mountains, with the respective international

and national valorization criteria.

Species

BG MK

IUCN

Globa

l RDL

IUCN

Europea

n RDL

Bern

Conventio

n

Habitats

directiv

e

Macedonia

n Nature

Protection

Law

Bulgarian

biodiversit

y Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Ablepharus

kitaibelii + +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected protected,

Annex 3

Anguis fragilis

+ +

NE LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

protected,

Annex 3

Coronella

austriaca + +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected protected,

Annex 3

Darevskia

praticola +

NT LC appendix III not

included

Dolichophis

caspius + +

NE LC appendix III annex IV protected protected,

Annex 3

Elaphe

quatuorlineata +

NT LC appendix II annexes

II; IV

protected protected,

Annex 3

EN

Emys orbicularis

+

NT NT appendix II annexes

II; IV

protected protected,

Annex 3

Lacerta agilis + + LC LC appendix II annex IV protected

Lacerta

trilineata + +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected

Lacerta viridis + LC LC appendix II annex IV protected

Malpolon

monspessulanu

s + +

LC LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

protected,

Annex 3

Natrix natrix

+

LC LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

Natrix tessellata + + LC LC appendix II annex IV protected

Platyceps

najadum +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected protected,

Annex 3

Podarcis

erhardii +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected

Podarcis

muralis + +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected

Podarcis

tauricus + +

LC LC appendix II annex IV not

protected

72

Species

BG MK

IUCN

Globa

l RDL

IUCN

Europea

n RDL

Bern

Conventio

n

Habitats

directiv

e

Macedonia

n Nature

Protection

Law

Bulgarian

biodiversit

y Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Testudo graeca

+

VU VU appendix II annexes

II; IV

protected protected,

Annex 3

EN

Testudo

hermanni +

NT LC appendix II annexes

II; IV

protected protected,

Annex 3

EN

Typhlops

vermicularis +

NE LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

protected,

Annex 3

Vipera

ammodytes + +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected

Vipera berus

+ +

LC LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

Zamenis

longissimus + +

LC LC appendix II annex IV protected protected,

Annex 3

Zootoca

vivipara + +

LC LC appendix III not

included

not

protected

protected,

Annex 3

73

8.11.4 Table 4. Bird species recorded breeding on Osogovo Mountains, with criteria

for their valorisation. r– resident, b – migratory breeder, () – status

provisional

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Accipiter

gentilis

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 EN not

protec

ted

without

protecti

on

Accipiter

nisus

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 EN strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Acrocephalu

s

arundinaceu

s

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Aegithalos

caudatus

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Aegolius

funereus

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Alauda

arvensis

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Annex

II/B

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Alcedo

atthis

+ LC SPEC

Cat.

3

H Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Alectoris

graeca

+ b NT SPEC

Cat.

2

(D) Annexes

I; II/A

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annexes

2; 4

EN protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Anthus

campestris

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Anthus

spinoletta

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

74

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Anthus

trivialis

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Apus apus + b LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Apus

pallidus

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Aquila

chrysaetos

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

3

R Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Aquila

heliaca

r VU SPEC

Cat.

1

R Annex I Appendix

II

Appendic

es I; II

Annexes

2; 3

CR strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Asio otus + LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Athene

noctua

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Bubo bubo + b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

EN strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Burhinus

oedicnemus

b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(V

U)

Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Buteo buteo + r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

75

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Buteo

rufinus

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(V

U)

Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Calandrella

brachydactyl

a

b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

D Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Caprimulgus

europaeus

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(H) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Carduelis

carduelis

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Carpodacus

erythrinus

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Cecropis

daurica

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Certhia

brachydactyl

a

b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Certhia

familiaris

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Cettia cetti b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 EN not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Charadrius

dubius

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Chloris

chloris

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Ciconia

ciconia

+ LC SPEC

Cat.

2

H Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

76

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Ciconia

nigra

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

R Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Cinclus

cinclus

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Circaetus

gallicus

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(R) Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Clanga

pomarina

+ LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(D) Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Coccothraus

tes

coccothraus

tes

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Columba

livia

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Annex

II/A

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Columba

oenas

+ b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Annex

II/B

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 EN protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Columba

palumbus

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Annexes

II/A; III/A

Not

included

Not

included

Annex 4 protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Corvus

corax

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 NT strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Corvus

corone

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Annex

II/B

Not

included

Not

included

Annex 4 not

protec

ted

without

protecti

on

Corvus

monedula

+ LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Annex

II/B

Not

included

Not

included

Annex 4 not

protec

ted

without

protecti

on

77

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Coturnix

coturnix

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Annex

II/B

Appendix

III

Appendix

II

Annex 4 protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Crex crex + LC SPEC

Cat.

1

H Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Cuculus

canorus

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Curruca

communis

+ b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Curruca

crassirostris

b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

H Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Curruca

curruca

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Curruca

nisoria

+ LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Cyanistes

caeruleus

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Delichon

urbicum

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Dendrocopo

s leucotos

r LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

EN not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Dendrocopo

s major

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Dendrocopo

s medius

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

78

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Dendrocopo

s minor

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Dendrocopo

s syriacus

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Dryocopus

martius

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Emberiza

calandra

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(D) Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Emberiza cia + r LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Emberiza

cirlus

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Emberiza

citrinella

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Emberiza

hortulana

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(H) Annex I Appendix

III

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Eremophila

alpestris

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Erithacus

rubecula

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Falco

biarmicus

b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

VU Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

CR strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Falco

peregrinus

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

EN strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

79

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Falco

subbuteo

+ (b) LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Falco

tinnunculus

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

D Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Ficedula

parva

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Ficedula

semitorquat

a

+ b NT SPEC

Cat.

2

D Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Fringilla

coelebs

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Galerida

cristata

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Garrulus

glandarius

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Annex

II/B

Not

included

Not

included

not

included

strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Granativora

melanoceph

ala

b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Hippolais

olivetorum

b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Hirundo

rustica

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

H Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Iduna

pallida

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

80

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Jynx

torquilla

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Lanius

collurio

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Lanius

minor

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(D) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Lanius

senator

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(D) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Linaria

cannabina

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

2

D Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Loxia

curvirostra

+ (b) LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Lullula

arborea

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

2

H Annex I Appendix

III

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Luscinia

megarhynch

os

+ b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Melanocory

pha

calandra

b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Merops

apiaster

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Monticola

saxatilis

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Motacilla

alba

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

81

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Motacilla

cinerea

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Muscicapa

striata

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

H Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Neophron

percnopteru

s

b EN SPEC

Cat.

3

EN Annex I Appendix

II

Appendic

es I; II

Annexes

2; 3

EN strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Nucifraga

caryocatacte

s

+ LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Oenanthe

hispanica

b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Oenanthe

oenanthe

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Oriolus

oriolus

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Otus scops + b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Parus major + r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Passer

domesticus

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

3

D Not

included

Not

included

Not

included

not

included

not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Passer

hispaniolens

is

+ (b) LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

82

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Passer

montanus

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Perdix

perdix

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

VU Annexes

II/A; III/A

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 4 protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Periparus

ater

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Pernis

apivorus

+ b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Annex I Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annexes

2; 3

VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Phoenicurus

ochruros

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Phoenicurus

phoenicurus

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Phylloscopu

s collybita

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Pica pica + (r) LC Non-

SPEC

S Annex

II/B

Not

included

Not

included

Annex 4 not

protec

ted

without

protecti

on

Picus canus + b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Annex I Appendix

II

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

EN not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Picus viridis + b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Poecile

lugubris

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Poecile

montanus

+ LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

83

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Poecile

palustris

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

3

D Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Prunella

collaris

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Prunella

modularis

+ LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Ptyonoprog

ne rupestris

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Pyrrhocorax

graculus

+ (b) LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 VU strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Pyrrhula

pyrrhula

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Regulus

ignicapilla

+ LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Regulus

regulus

+ LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Remiz

pendulinus

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 3 VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Rhadina

orientalis

b LC SPEC

Cat.

2

D Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 NT not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Rhadina

sibilatrix

+ LC SPEC

Cat.

2

D Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Riparia

riparia

+ LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(H) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

84

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Saxicola

rubetra

+ b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Saxicola

rubicola

+ b LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Scolopax

rusticola

+ LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Annexes

II/A; III/B

Appendix

III

Appendix

II

Annex 4 EN protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Serinus

serinus

+ b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Sitta

europaea

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Sitta

neumayer

b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Spinus

spinus

+ LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 VU not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Streptopelia

decaocto

+ (r) LC Non-

SPEC

S Annex

II/B

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annex 4 protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Streptopelia

turtur

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

D Annex

II/B

Appendix

III

Appendix

II

Annex 4 protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Strix aluco + b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 strictly

protec

ted

permane

nt

protecti

on

Sturnus

vulgaris

+ r LC SPEC

Cat.

3

D Annex

II/B

Not

included

Not

included

Annex 4 not

protec

ted

without

protecti

on

Sylvia

atricapilla

+ b LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

85

Species BG MK IUCN SPEC ETS Birds

Directive

Bern

Conventi

on

Bonn

Conventi

on

Bulgarian

Biodivers

ity Law

Bulgari

an Red

Data

Book

Maced

onian

Law

on

Nature

Macedo

nian

Law on

hunting

Sylvia borin + LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Tetrao

urogallus

+ LC Non-

SPEC

(S) Annexes

I; II/B;

III/B

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annexes

2; 4

EN not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Tetrastes

bonasia

+ LC Non-

SPEC

S Annexes

I; II/B

Appendix

III

Not

included

Annexes

2; 3

DD protec

ted

seasonal

protecti

on

Troglodytes

troglodytes

+ r LC Non-

SPEC

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Turdus

merula

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Annex

II/B

Appendix

III

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Turdus

philomelos

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

(S) Annex

II/B

Appendix

III

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Turdus

torquatus

+ LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Not

included

Appendix

II

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Turdus

viscivorus

+ r LC Non-

SPEC-

E

S Annex

II/B

Appendix

III

Appendix

II

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

Upupa

epops

+ b LC SPEC

Cat.

3

(D) Not

included

Appendix

II

Not

included

Annex 3 not

protec

ted

not a

game

species

86

8.11.5 Table 5. Mammals of Osogovo Mountains, with the respective international

and national valorization criteria.

Species BG MK IUCN IUCN

Europe Bern Bonn

Habitats

directive

Bulgari

an

biodive

rsity

Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Macedoni

an Nature

Protectio

n Law

Macedo

nian

Hunting

Law

Apodemus

agrarius

+ LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Apodemus

epimelas

+ + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Apodemus

flavicollis

+ + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Apodemus

sylvaticus

+ + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Arvicola

terrestris

+ + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Barbastella

barbastellus

+ + NT VU appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

VU protected not a

game

species

Canis aureus + LC LC not

included

not

included

annex V not

protected

perman

ent

protecti

on

Canis lupus + + LC LC appendix

II

not

included

not

included

VU not

protected

without

protecti

on

Capreolus

capreolus

+ + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

seasonal

protecti

on

Cervus elaphus + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

seasonal

protecti

on

Chionomys

nivalis

+ LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

NT not

protected

not a

game

species

87

Species BG MK IUCN IUCN

Europe Bern Bonn

Habitats

directive

Bulgari

an

biodive

rsity

Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Macedoni

an Nature

Protectio

n Law

Macedo

nian

Hunting

Law

Crocidura

leucodon

+ + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Crocidura

suaveolens

+ LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Dama dama + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

seasonal

protecti

on

Dryomys

nitedula

+ + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

annex IV NT not

protected

not a

game

species

Eptesicus

serotinus

+ LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Erinaceus

roumanicus

+ + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Felis silvestris + + LC LC appendix

II

not

included

annex IV EN strictly

protected

perman

ent

protecti

on

Glis glis + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

perman

ent

protecti

on

Hypsugo savii + + LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Lepus

europaeus

+ + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

NT not

protected

seasonal

protecti

on

Lutra lutra + + NT LC appendix

II

not

included

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

VU strictly

protected

perman

ent

protecti

88

Species BG MK IUCN IUCN

Europe Bern Bonn

Habitats

directive

Bulgari

an

biodive

rsity

Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Macedoni

an Nature

Protectio

n Law

Macedo

nian

Hunting

Law

3 on

Lynx lynx + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

CR strictly

protected

perman

ent

protecti

on

Martes foina + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

without

protecti

on

Martes martes + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

protect

ed,

Annex

3

EN not

protected

without

protecti

on

Meles meles + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

protected perman

ent

protecti

on

Micromys

minutus

+ LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

NT not

protected

not a

game

species

Microtus

arvalis

+ + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Microtus levis + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Microtus

subterraneus

+ + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Miniopterus

schreibersii

+ NT LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

VU protected not a

game

species

Mus musculus + + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Muscardinus

avellanarius

+ LC LC appendix

III

not

included

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

NT not

protected

not a

game

species

89

Species BG MK IUCN IUCN

Europe Bern Bonn

Habitats

directive

Bulgari

an

biodive

rsity

Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Macedoni

an Nature

Protectio

n Law

Macedo

nian

Hunting

Law

3

Mustela nivalis + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

without

protecti

on

Mustela

putorius

+ + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

without

protecti

on

Myodes

glareolus

+ + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Myotis

alcathoe

+ DD DD appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV not a

game

species

Myotis

aurascens

+ LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV not a

game

species

Myotis

bechsteinii

+ NT VU appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

VU not

protected

not a

game

species

Myotis blythii + DD LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

NT not a

game

species

Myotis brandtii + LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not a

game

species

Myotis

emarginatus

+ LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

VU not

protected

not a

game

species

Myotis myotis + + LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

NT not

protected

not a

game

species

Myotis + + LC LC appendix appendix annex IV protect not not a

90

Species BG MK IUCN IUCN

Europe Bern Bonn

Habitats

directive

Bulgari

an

biodive

rsity

Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Macedoni

an Nature

Protectio

n Law

Macedo

nian

Hunting

Law

mystacinus II II ed,

Annex

3

protected game

species

Myotis

nattereri

+ LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Neomys

anomalus

+ LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Neomys

fodiens

+ + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Nyctalus leisleri + LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

VU not

protected

not a

game

species

Nyctalus

noctula

+ LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Ovis aries + NE LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

seasonal

protecti

on

Pipistrellus

kuhlii

+ LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Pipistrellus

pipistrellus

+ LC LC appendix

III

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Plecotus

austriacus

+ LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Rattus

norvegicus

+ LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

91

Species BG MK IUCN IUCN

Europe Bern Bonn

Habitats

directive

Bulgari

an

biodive

rsity

Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Macedoni

an Nature

Protectio

n Law

Macedo

nian

Hunting

Law

species

Rattus rattus + + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Rhinolophus

euryale

+ NT VU appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

VU protected not a

game

species

Rhinolophus

ferrumequinum

+ + LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

NT not

protected

not a

game

species

Rhinolophus

hipposideros

+ + LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annexes

III; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Sciurus vulgaris + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

NT protected perman

ent

protecti

on

Sorex araneus + + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Sorex minutus + LC LC appendix

III

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Spalax

leucodon

+ + DD LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Sus scrofa + + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

seasonal

protecti

on

Talpa europaea + + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

not a

game

species

Ursus arctos + LC LC appendix

II

not

included

annexes

II; IV

protect

ed,

Annex

EN strictly

protected

perman

ent

protecti

92

Species BG MK IUCN IUCN

Europe Bern Bonn

Habitats

directive

Bulgari

an

biodive

rsity

Law

Bulgaria

n Red

Data

Book

Macedoni

an Nature

Protectio

n Law

Macedo

nian

Hunting

Law

3 on

Vespertilio

murinus

+ + LC LC appendix

II

appendix

II

annex IV protect

ed,

Annex

3

not

protected

not a

game

species

Vormela

peregusna

+ VU VU appendix

II

not

included

not

included

protect

ed,

Annex

3

VU protected not a

game

species

Vulpes vulpes + + LC LC not

included

not

included

not

included

not

protected

without

protecti

on