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FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA’ E LA BIODISPONIBILITA’ DELL’ARSENICO NEL SISTEMA SUOLO Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II A.Violante Dipartimento di Agraria FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITAE LA BIODISPONIBILITADELLARSENICO NEL SISTEMA SU

FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

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Page 1: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA

MOBILITA’ E LA BIODISPONIBILITA’

DELL’ARSENICO NEL SISTEMA SUOLO

Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

A.ViolanteDipartimento di Agraria

FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA’ E LA BIODISPONIBILITA’ DELL’ ARSENICO NEL SISTEMA SU

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Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) Orpimento (As2S3)

Realgar (As4S4) Scorodite Fe3(AsO4)2 Loellingite, FeAs2

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Minerali di rocce ignee 1.5-3.0 mg As/kg e rocce sedimentarie 1.7-400 mg As/kg). • Attività vulcanica • Attività mineraria (componente naturale di depositi di Au, Cu, Pb, Zn etc). • In Agricoltura (Pesticidi: arseniati, arseniti e derivati). • Fertilizzanti. • Combustione carbone • Usi industriali (concerie, vetro, semiconduttori, fonderie, cosmetici)

Nei Suoli L’ As varia da 6-8 mg/kg in suoli non inquinati a 0.1-2% in suoli inquinati.

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Differenti forme dell’Arsenico

Arsina AsH3

Arsenito H3AsO3/H2AsO3

- As(III) Arseniato H2AsO4

-/ HAsO42- As(V)

Monometil- e Dimetil-As(III) Monometil- e Dimetil-As(V) Composti organici

Tossicità decrescente Nei suoli

predominano

Page 6: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

Mobilità dell’ Arsenico nel Suolo

• Riduzione/ossidazione (biotica e abiotica) di minerali primari (pirite [As]) • pH • Adsorbimento/Desorbimento (influenza di fertilizzanti (P, S) e anioni organici) • Coprecipitazione • Riduzione e solubilizzazione di ossidi di Fe e Mn contenenti As adsorbito • Residence Time su componenti del suolo

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Componenti del suolo che controllano la mobilità dell’ arsenico

FillosilicatiGruppo della caolinite,

clorite (smectite, illite, vermiculite)

Sostanza Organica(acidi umici)

Ossidi di Fe, Mn, Al, TiA scarso ordine cristallino

(ferridrite, Al(OH)x amorfo)Cristallini (goethite, ematite,

birnessite, gibbsite, etc)

Allofani, imogolite

Carbonati e solfuri

Sorption of As onto Soil Components

All soil components are able to sorb cations, anions (As) and uncharged species but they greatly differ in their sorption capacities and binding energies.

Even a single soil component (e.g. a phyllosilicateor a metal oxide), typically has different kind of sorption sites that span a range of binding energies.

Componenti del Suolo che Adsorbono Cationi e Anioni

FillosilicatiCaolinite, smectite, illite,

vermiculite, clorite

Sostanza OrganicaAcidi Umici e Fulvici

Carbonati

Microrganismi

Ossidi di Fe-, Al-, Mn-Cristallinigibbsite, goethite, ematite,

birnessite

Scarso ordine cristallinoFerridrite, ossidi di Al ,

boehmite

Allofane, Imogolite

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Complesso tra sostanza umica e As formatosi per legame di coordinazione tra Fe, Al e As

Fe As

Mikutta C., Kretzschmar R. (2011). Spectroscopic evidence for ternary complex formation between arsenate and ferric iron complexes of humic substances. ES&T 45, 9550-9557.

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Theng and Orchard 1995

Silt Particles

Sand Particles

Clay Particles

Extracellular Polysaccharides

Humus

Bacterial Cells

Biopolymers

Fe/Al oxides

Fungal Hypha

Fungal Hypha

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As V

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

0 10 20 30 40 50Ce (µg/mL)

Adso

rbed

As

(µg/

g)gibbsitecalciiteKGa-2KGa2-FhHmGtGt-A6

Ferrihydrite-(Kaolinite coated)

Goethite

Gibbsite

Hematite

Goethite-Al Kaolinite

Calcite

Martin et al. (2006)

Adsorbimento di As(V) su Componenti del Suolo

Page 11: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

As III

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

0 10 20 30 40Ce (µg/mL)

Adso

rbed

As (

µg/g

)AloxgibbsitecalciteKGa-2KGa2-FHmGtGt-A6

Ferrihydrite-(Kaolinite coated)

Goethite

Hematite

Goethite-Al

Martin et al. (2006)

Adsorbimento di As(III) su Componenti del Suolo

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Influenza del pH sull’ Adsorbimento di As(V) e As(III)

Manning & Goldberg (1997) Environ Sci. Technol.

As(III)

As(V)

Goethite

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As V

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

0 10 20 30 40 50Ce (µg/mL)

Adso

rbed

As

(µg/

g)gibbsitecalciiteKGa-2KGa2-FhHmGtGt-A6

Ferrihydrite-(Kaolinite coated)

Goethite

Gibbsite

Hematite

Goethite-Al Kaolinite

Calcite

Martin et al. (2006) Unpublished

Adsorption of As(V) onto Soil Components Complessi di Superficie

Sulle superfici dei componenti del suolo si possono formare due tipi di complessi:

Inner-sphere (IS) Ioni adsorbiti con legami forti

Outer-sphere (OS) Ioni adsorbiti con legami deboli

Complessi IS e OS possono coesistere

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Sherman & Randall (2003)

Complessi di As(V) su Goethite

Page 16: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

AsO

OH

O

OFe

Legame Bidentato Monucleare

FeAs

O

OHO

O

Fe

Legame Bidentato Binucleare

FeAs

O

OHHO

O

Legame Monodentato

As(V) complessi “IS” su ossidi di Fe, Al, Mn As(III) complessi “OS” su ossidi Al Su ossidi di Fe complessi “IS” e “OS” Goldberg et al. (2003) Geochim. Cosmochim Acta

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Fe2O3

MnO2

As(III)

As(V)

As(III)

As(V)

Trasformazioni abiotiche Biotrasformazioni

As(III) As(V) O2

NO3

As(V) As(III) S.O.

Alcuni batteri possono ricavare energia

As(V) As(III)

Metilazione MM- o DMAs(III) MM- o DMAs(V)

As(III) usualmente tossico per microrganismi As inibisce attività enzimatiche: deidrogenasi, ureasi, sulfatasi

REAZIONI REDOX DI SUPERFICIE

Se(IV)Se(VI)

MnO2

Fe2O3

As(III) As(V)- e

- e

SostanzaOrganica

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)+ e

Violante et al., 2009

As(III)

As(V)

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Influenza di Leganti Inorganici ed Organici sull’Adsorbimentodell’Arsenico su Componenti del Suolo

Page 19: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

Violante & Pigna (2002) SSSAJ

Page 20: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

porale et al. (2013) J. Hazardous Materials

l’Adsorbimento di As(III) su Ferrihydrite

SO4 SeO4 OX MAL TAR CIT SeO3

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Fattori che influenzano la Mobilità dell’As all’Interfaccia Suolo-Pianta

Variazione del pH

Rilascio di biomolecole chelanti (acidi carbossilici, e.g. acido citrico, malico, ossalico)

Rilascio of fitosiderofori e siderofori

Potenziale RedoxFitz & Wenzel (2002) J. Biotechnology

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Biomolecoles Detected in the Rhizosphere

• Growth factors (biotine, choline, inositol, etc)

• Enzymes (phosphatase, invertase, protease, etc)

• Nucleotides• Flavanones• Miscellaneous

compounds

• Sugars• Acid sugars

Aminoacids (glycine, aspartic acid, alanine, glutamine, serine, etc

• Organic acids (acetic, oxalic, tartaric, malic, propionic, succinic, malonic, salicylic etc)

• Fatty acids and sterols Lynch, 1990

Page 23: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

PLANT ROOTS

Microorganisms

Variable-chargeminerals

Nutrients

Pollutants

As

SPAs

P

Organic acids

P

Pb

P

Page 24: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

As a

dsor

bed,

%

Initial ligand/As molar ratio

OX

MAL

CITP

Andisol

Violante, Pigna, Ricciardella, Capasso (2005) Elsevier

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

OX TAR CIT

ArseniteArsenate

As(

III) o

r As(

V) s

orbe

d, m

mol

kg-1

6.7

8.8

8.522.0

7.8 12.9

Caporale et al. (2011) J. Hazardous Material

Page 26: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100
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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-2 0 2 4 6 8

As d

esor

bed,

%

ln time (h)

Res. time 15 days

Res. time 5 gg

Res. time 24 h

Andisol

Violante & Pigna Environ. Sci. Tech.

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TEM-AFM image of the natural co-precipitates

Deposition of coprecipitates in the irrigation channel of paddy fields in Bangladesh

Martin, Sordello, Calotescu, Barberis, Violante EUROSOIL 2012

Coprecipitation vs Adsorption

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Iron plaque, a rusty-colored coating found on many wetland

plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn)

and metalloids (As)

Neubauer et al. (2008)

Page 31: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

As Desorbed

0

50

100

150

200

250

200 300 600 700 800 900 1000

As

adso

rbed

, mm

ol K

g-1

P added, mmol Kg-1

As adsorbed As coprecipitated

Violante et al. (2006) Env. Sci Tech.

As

deso

rbed

, mm

ol /k

g

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pH 8.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

R 1 R 3 ESP G 1 K 1 K 2

Ext

ract

ed A

s (%

tota

l As)

Citrate Pi IHP

Martin et al. (2009) EUROSOIL

Page 33: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

Speciazione Chimica e

Biodisponibilitàdell’Arsenico

Page 34: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

Determination of total content of an element is not a good measure of bioavailability. For toxic elements it is not a very useful tool to quantify potential environmental and human health risk.

Sequential extraction schemes are used to determine the fraction of elements more plant-available.

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Sequential Estraction ProcedureWenzel et al. (2001) Anal. Chim. Acta

Residual

NH4-oxalate + ascorbic acid

Bound to well crystallizedhydrous oxides of Fe

NH4-oxalate at pH 3.0

Bound to poorly crystallinehydrous oxides of Fe and Al

NH4H2PO4Specifically sorbed

(NH4)2SO4Non-specifically sorbed

HNO3/H2O2

Page 36: FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO LA MOBILITA E LA ...plant roots, often contains high concentrations of metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn) and metalloids (As) Neubauer et al. (2008) As Desorbed 0 50 100

(NH4)2SO

4

KH2PO

4

NH4-Ox

HNO3 + HCl

NH4-OX + asc.

0.2% 7%

13%

20%

59.8%

Violante et al. (2012) Handbook Soil Sciences

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Rice (0-20cm)

9%

22%

47%

0%

22% Aqua regiaNH4-Oxalate + ascorbicNH4-OxalateK2SO4KH2PO4

Estrazione Sequenziale di Arsenico da un Suolo del Bangladesh

Martin et al. (2007) J. Envir. Sci. & Health

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FITODISPONIBILITA’ DELL’ ARSENICO

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01234567

14 mgkg-1 192 mgkg-1 304 mgkg-1

Padula Vetricella La Botte

mgk

g- 1

P0 P1 P2Root

As m

g kg

-1

Cozzolino, Pigna, Violante et al., 2010 Fres. Environ. Bullet.

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00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,8

14 mgkg-1 192 mgkg-1 304 mgkg-1

Padula Vetricella La Botte

mg

kg1

P0 P1 P2 GrainA

s m

g kg

-1

-1 -1 -1

Cozzolino, Pigna, Violante (2010) Fres. Environ. Bullet.

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M+P+

M-P+

M+P-

M-P-

Lettuce plants grown on As contaminated soil (300 mg As kg-1) (Cozzolino, Pigna, Violante, 2009)

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M + P +

M - P +

Soil As : 300 mg kg-1

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CONCLUSIONI

La mobilità e la biodisponibilità dell’As nei suoli sono influenzate dalla natura dei componenti del suolo (ossidi di Fe/Al, fillosilicati, sostanze umiche, microrganismi), dal pH, dal potenziale redox, dalla presenza di leganti organici and inorganici, dall’ aggiunta di fertilizzanti fosfatici.

L’ interazione tra componenti abiotici e biotici all’interfaccia suolo-radice influenza la fitodisponibilità e traslocazione dell’As nella pianta.