Fathom 7.0 Quick Start

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AFT Fathom

Quick Start Guide

AFT Fathom version 7.0

Incompressible Pipe Flow Modeling

Applied Flow Technology


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Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part of this QuickStart Guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Applied FlowTechnology.

2008 Applied Flow Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

First printing.

AFT Fathom, Applied Flow Technology, and the AFT logo are trademarks ofApplied Flow Technology Corporation. Excel is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.Intelliquip is a trademark of Intelliquip, LLC.

Windows is a registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.


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Contents

1.Introducing AFT Fathom................................................ 1

Modeling capabilities ............................................................................... 1

Standard version capabilities ............................................................. 2

Add-on module capabilities (optional) .............................................. 2

Thermophysical property data .................................................................. 3

Engineering assumptions in AFT Fathom................................................ 3

AFT Fathom Primary Windows ............................................................... 3

Input windows.................................................................................... 4

Output windows ................................................................................. 4

2. Sizing a Pump Example ................................................. 5Topics covered.......................................................................................... 5

Required knowledge................................................................................. 6

Model file ................................................................................................. 6

Problem statement .................................................................................... 6

Step 1. Start AFT Fathom......................................................................... 6

The Workspace window .............................................................. 7Step 2. Lay out the model......................................................................... 8

A. Place a reservoir ............................................................................ 8

Objects and ID numbers .............................................................. 8

Editing on the Workspace............................................................ 9

B. Place the other junctions ............................................................... 9

C. Draw a pipe between J1 and J3 ................................................... 11Reference positive flow direction.............................................. 12

D. Add the remaining pipe ............................................................... 13

Step 3. Complete the first four checklist requirements .......................... 14

A. Specify solution control .............................................................. 15

B. Specify output control ................................................................. 15

C. Specify system properties............................................................ 16D. Specify cost settings.................................................................... 18


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Step 4. Define the model components (checklist item #5) ..................... 18

Object status .............................................................................. 18

Showing undefined objects........................................................ 18A. Define Reservoir J1..................................................................... 19

Using the folder tabs in the Specifications windows ................ 21

The Inspection feature ............................................................... 21

B. Define other junctions ................................................................. 22

C. Define Pipe P1............................................................................. 23

The Pipe Specifications window ............................................... 24D. Define Pipe P2............................................................................. 25

E. Check pipes and junctions ........................................................... 25

F. Review Model Data ..................................................................... 25

Reviewing input in the Model Data window............................. 25

Step 5. Run the solver............................................................................. 26

Step 6. Review the output....................................................................... 27A. Modify the output format ............................................................ 29

B. View the Visual Report ............................................................... 31

C. Graph the results.......................................................................... 32

Step 7. Add a pump curve....................................................................... 33

Conclusion .............................................................................................. 37

3. Spray Discharge System Example.............................. 39

Topics covered........................................................................................ 39

Required knowledge............................................................................... 39

Model file ............................................................................................... 40

Problem statement .................................................................................. 40Step 1. Start AFT Fathom....................................................................... 40

Step 2. Specify system properties........................................................... 40

Step 3. Build the model .......................................................................... 41

A. Place the pipes and junctions ..................................................... 41

B. Enter the pipe data....................................................................... 41

C. Enter the spray data (J1-J8) ......................................................... 43D. Enter other junction data ............................................................. 46


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Table of Contents v

Assigned Pressure (J10) ............................................................ 46

J10 Branch ................................................................................. 46

J11 Branch ................................................................................. 46J12 Dead End............................................................................. 46

E. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete.......................... 46

Step 4. Run the model............................................................................. 46

Analysis summary................................................................................... 47

4. Freon Delivery With Heat Transfer Example.............. 49

Topics covered........................................................................................ 49


Model file ............................................................................................... 50

Problem statement .................................................................................. 50

Step 1. Start AFT Fathom....................................................................... 50



A. Place the pipes and junctions ...................................................... 51


C. Enter junction data ...................................................................... 54

J1 Supply Reservoir................................................................... 54J2 Receiving Reservoir.............................................................. 54

J3, J5 Branch Junctions ............................................................. 55

J2 Pump Junction....................................................................... 55

J4, J6 Heat Exchangers.............................................................. 55

D. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete ......................... 57

Step 4. Create a scenario for each refrigerant ........................................ 58Step 5. Set up the R11 case..................................................................... 58

Step 6. Run the R11 case ........................................................................ 59

Step 7. Examine the R11 results............................................................. 60

Step 8. Set up the R12 case..................................................................... 61

Step 9. Run the R12 case ........................................................................ 61

Step 10. Examine the R12 results........................................................... 61Analysis summary................................................................................... 62


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5. AFT Fathom Add-on Modules Example...................... 65

Topics covered........................................................................................ 65


Model file ............................................................................................... 66

Problem statement .................................................................................. 66

GSC Example ............................................................................ 66

XTS Example ............................................................................ 66

CST Example............................................................................. 66

Step 1. Start AFT Fathom....................................................................... 66



A. Place the pipes and junctions ...................................................... 67


C. Enter the junction data................................................................. 68

J1, J10 Reservoirs...................................................................... 68

J2 Pump ..................................................................................... 69

J3 Three-Way Valve.................................................................. 69

J3, J6, J8, J9 Branch Junctions .................................................. 69

J5, J7 Heat Exchangers.............................................................. 69

D. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete ......................... 70

GSC problem statement.......................................................................... 70

GSC Step 1. Create a scenario for GSC case ......................................... 70

GSC Step 2. Open the Goal Seek and Control Manager ........................ 70

GSC Step 3. Add a variable.................................................................... 71

GSC Step 4. Add a goal.......................................................................... 72

GSC Step 5. Activate GSC analysis ....................................................... 75

GSC Step 6. Run the model.................................................................... 75

GSC Step 7. Examine the results............................................................ 76

GSC analysis summary........................................................................... 77

XTS problem statement .......................................................................... 77

XTS Step 1. Create a scenario for XTS case.......................................... 78

XTS Step 2. Modify the existing model................................................. 78

A. Enter the new junction and system data...................................... 78


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Table of Contents vii

J10 Reservoir ............................................................................. 78

J3 Three-Way Valve.................................................................. 79

B. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete.......................... 79XTS Step 3. Specify transient output time format ................................. 79

XTS Step 4. Activate transient analysis ................................................. 79

XTS Step 5. Open transient control........................................................ 80

XTS Step 6. Set up the pump transient................................................... 81

XTS Step 7. Run the model .................................................................... 83

XTS Step 8. Examine the transient results............................................. 83XTS analysis summary........................................................................... 88

CST problem statement .......................................................................... 88

CST Additional Files.............................................................................. 89

CST Step 1. Create a scenario for CST case .......................................... 89

CST Step 2. Check the existing model ................................................... 89

A. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete ......................... 89J3 Three-Way Valve.................................................................. 89

CST Step 3. Cost settings ....................................................................... 90

Cost Calculations ............................................................................. 90

Cost Definitions ............................................................................... 90

Cost Time Period ............................................................................. 90

CST Step 4. Engineering and cost databases.......................................... 91Database Review.............................................................................. 91

Add the Engineering and Cost Databases ........................................ 92

CST Step 5. Including items in the cost report....................................... 94

CST Step 6. Run the model .................................................................... 95

CST Step 7. Examine the cost report...................................................... 95

CST analysis summary ........................................................................... 96

6. Other AFT Fathom Capabilities................................... 97

Expanded fluid properties with Chempak .............................................. 97

Fluid mixtures using Chempak............................................................... 97

Water Data from ASME Steam Tables .................................................. 98Fitting library.......................................................................................... 98


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Varied pipe geometries including rectangular duct................................ 98

Modeling of gas flow in HVAC and ventilation duct systems............... 98

Insulation on inside of pipe/duct ............................................................ 98Control valve modeling .......................................................................... 99

Variable speed pumps............................................................................. 99

Pump impeller trim effects ..................................................................... 99

Pump viscosity effects ............................................................................ 99

Data varied through Microsoft Excel ................................................. 99

Model heat transfer between loops....................................................... 100View input and output data from different scenarios concurrently...... 100

Print output directly to Adobe PDF...................................................... 100

Online pump manufacturer equipment selection.................................. 100

Network databases................................................................................ 100


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C H A P T E R 1

Introducing AFT Fathom

Welcome to AFT Fathom 7.0, Applied Flow Technologys powerfulpipe and duct flow modeling tool. With AFT Fathom you can modelincompressible flow in complex pipe and duct networks, including

coupled heat transfer in pipes and ducts, heat exchangers and pumps andthe resultant effect on fluid properties such as viscosity.

AFT Fathom 7.0 has three available add-on modules, which extend AFTFathoms extensive modeling capabilities into new areas. The ExtendedTime Simulation (XTS) module allows the engineer to model timevarying system behavior. The Goal Seek & Control (GSC) moduleallows the engineer to perform multivariable goal seeking and simulate

control system functions. The Cost (CST) calculation module allows theengineer to calculate system costs, both initial and recurring. Themodules can be used individually or together.

AFT Fathom is a proven tool which provides the engineer with anextremely broad and powerful feature set ready to tackle your mostdemanding analysis problems.

Modeling capabilities

AFT Fathom can be used to model a wide variety of engineeringsystems. AFT Fathom consists of the standard version plus threeoptional add-on modules.


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2 AFT Fathom 7.0 Quick Start Guide

Standard version capabilities

Open and closed (recirculating) systems

Network systems that branch or loop, with no limit on the number ofloops

Pressure fed systems and gravity fed systems

Pumped systems, including multiple pumps in parallel or in series

Pumps with variable speed, controlled pressure, controlled flow, and

viscosity corrections

Systems with pressure and/or flow control valves

Systems with valves closed and pumps turned off

Heat transfer and system energy balance

Systems with variable density and viscosity

Multiple design cases in a single model file

Non-Newtonian fluid behavior

Cost calculation of pump energy usage

Add-on module capabilities (optional)

Transient modeling (XTS)

Pump starting and stopping over time (XTS)

Valve opening and closing over time (XTS)

Tank liquid level changes automatically calculated (XTS)

Multi-variable goal seeking and control simulation (GSC)

Initial and recurring cost calculation of system components (CST)

AFT Fathom provides hundreds of standard loss models for pipe systemcomponents and allows you to enter your own loss data. Variable lossmodels that depend on flow are supported.

AFT Fathom's powerful solution engine is based on standard techniquesused for many years in industry. The Newton-Raphson method is used to

solve the fundamental equations of pipe flow that govern mass and


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Chapter 1 Introducing AFT Fathom 3

momentum balance. Solutions are obtained by iteration, and matrixmethods optimized for speed are employed to obtain convergence.

Thermophysical property data

AFT Fathom derives physical properties from one of four sources. Thefirst is the standard AFT Fathom set of incompressible fluids whichcontains data for about 70 common fluids (called AFT Standard).

The second are Unspecified (by Fathom) Fluids, for which data isprovided by the user.

The third is water (and steam) data from the ASME Steam tables.

The fourth is the Chempak database, first introduced in AFT Fathom4.0. Chempak is licensed from Madison Technical Software and isoffered as an optional add-on to AFT Fathom. Chempak has a databaseof approximately 700 fluids, and supports user specified fluid mixtures.

AFT Fathom is restricted to non-reacting mixture calculations.

Engineering assumptions in AFT Fathom

AFT Fathom is based on the following fundamental fluid mechanicsassumptions:

Incompressible flow

One-dimensional flow

No chemical reactions

Steady-state conditions (the XTS module allows transient modeling)

AFT Fathom Primary Windows

The AFT Fathom window has five subordinate windows that work in anintegrated fashion. You work exclusively from one of these windows atall times. For this reason, they are referred to as Primary Windows.

Of the five Primary Windows, two are input windows, two are output

windows, and one displays output and input information. Figure 1.1shows the relationship between the Primary Windows.


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Graph Results

Visual Report

Workspace Output

Model Data

Figure 1.1 Primary Window workflow in AFT Fathom

Input windows

The two windows that function exclusively as input windows are theWorkspace window and the Model Data window. These two windows,one graphical and the other text-based, work together to process modelinput data with immense flexibility. The tools provided in these twowindows allow you to model a large variety of pipe networks.

The Visual Report window can function in support of both input andoutput data. As an input window, it allows you to see the input datasuperimposed on the pipe system schematic created on the Workspace.

Output windows

The two windows that function exclusively as output windows are theOutput window and the Graph Results window. The Output window istext-based, while the Graph Results window is graphical. These twowindows offer a powerful and diverse range of features for reviewing

analysis results for modeling errors, gaining a deeper understanding ofthe pipe system's flow behavior, and preparing the results fordocumentation.

As an output window, Visual Report allows you to see the output resultssuperimposed on the pipe system schematic created on the Workspace.

The five Primary Windows form a tightly integrated, highly efficient

system for entering, processing, analyzing, and documentingincompressible flow analyses of pipe networks.


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C H A P T E R 2

Sizing a Pump Example

Summary

This chapter is intended to give you the big picture of AFT Fathom'slayout and structure. A number of other example model discussions areincluded in a Help file distributed with AFT Fathom calledFathomExamples.hlp. It can be opened from the Help menu by choosingShow Examples.

This example demonstrates a sample calculation to size a pump for aspecified system.

Topics covered Model building basics

Entering Pipe and Junction data

Specifying System Properties

Specifying Output Control

Creating Visual Reports

Graphing results

Sizing a pump and entering pump curve data


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Required knowledge

No prior knowledge is required for this example.

Model file

This example uses the following file, which is installed in the Examplesfolder as part of the AFT Fathom installation:

Sizing a Pump.fth - AFT Fathom model file

Problem statement

For this problem, a pump is to be used to transfer water from a supplyreservoir to a holding reservoir at the top of a hill. The system consists

of a supply reservoir, a pump, a discharge reservoir, and two pipes.The first pipe from the supply reservoir to the pump is 10 feet long, andthe second pipe leading from the pump to the discharge reservoir is 990feet long. Both pipes are 4 inch, Steel, Schedule 40 pipes. Constant fluidproperties are assumed.

The supply reservoir has a surface pressure of 1 atm, and the liquidsurface is at an elevation of 10 feet. The discharge reservoir has a

surface pressure of 1 atm, and the liquid surface is at an elevation of 200feet. The pipes for both reservoirs connect to the reservoirs at a depth of10 feet.

What is the head requirement for a pump to supply flow in this system at500 gal/min?

Step 1. Start AFT Fathom

To start AFT Fathom, click Start on the Windows taskbar, choosePrograms then click AFT Fathom.

When you start AFT Fathom, the Workspace window is always theactive (large) window. The Workspace window is one of five PrimaryWindows.


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Chapter 2 Sizing a Pump Example 7

After AFT Fathom loads, you will notice four windows in the lower partof the AFT Fathom window; these represent four of the five PrimaryWindows that are currently minimized (see Figure 2.1). The AFTFathom window acts as a container for the five Primary Windows.

The Workspace window

The Workspace window is the primary vehicle for building your model.This window has two main areas: the Toolbox and the Workspace itself.The Toolbox is the bundle of tools on the far left. The Workspace takes

up the rest of the window.

Workspace

Toolbox

Minimizedprimary

windows

Status bar

Figure 2.1 The Workspace window is where the model is built.The minimized windows are the other four PrimaryWindows. The Status Bar shows the Checklist status.

You may or may not see a sixth Checklist item calledTransient Control. This is only visible when the XTS

Module is active.


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You will build your pipe flow model on the Workspace using theToolbox tools. At the top of the Toolbox are a Shortcut button and fourdrawing tools. The Selection Drawing tool, on the upper left below theShortcut button, is useful for selecting groups of objects on theWorkspace for editing or moving. The Pipe Drawing tool, on the upperright below the Shortcut button, is used to draw new pipes on theWorkspace. Below these two tools are the Zoom Select tool and theAnnotation tool. The Zoom Select tool allows you to draw a box on theWorkspace after which AFT Fathom will zoom into that area. TheAnnotation tool allows you to create annotations and auxiliary graphics.

Below the four drawing tools are twenty-two icons that represent thedifferent types of junctions available in AFT Fathom. Junctions arecomponents that connect pipes, and influence the pressure or flowbehavior of the pipe system. The twenty-two junction icons can bedragged from the Toolbox and dropped onto the Workspace.

When you hold your mouse pointer over any of the Toolbox tools, a

ToolTip identifies the tool's function.

Step 2. Lay out the model

To lay out the pump sizing model, you will place three junctions on theWorkspace. Then you will connect the junctions with pipes.

A. Place a reservoir

To start,drag a reservoir junction from the Toolbox and drop it onthe Workspace. Figure 2.2a shows the Workspace with one reservoir.

Objects and ID numbersItems placed on the Workspace are called objects. All objects arederived directly or indirectly from the Toolbox. AFT Fathom uses threetypes of objects:pipes,junctions and annotations.

All pipe and junction objects on the Workspace have an associated IDnumber. For junctions, this number is, by default, placed directly abovethe junction and prefixed with the letter J. Pipe ID numbers areprefixed with the letter P. You can optionally choose to display either


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or both the ID number and the name of a pipe or junction. You also candrag the ID number/name text to a different location to improvevisibility.

The Reservoir you have created on the Workspace will take on thedefault ID number of 1. You can change this to any desired numbergreater than zero and up to 30,000.

Editing on the Workspace

Once on the Workspace, junction objects can be moved to new locationsand edited using the features on the Edit menu. Cutting, copying, andpasting are all supported. A single level of undo is available for allediting operations.

Figure 2.2a Walk through model with first junction placed

B. Place the other junctions

If the new junction type you want to add already exists on theWorkspace, you have the option of duplicating that junction. You do this


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by choosing Duplicate from the Edit menu. Either duplicate the firstreservoir, or drag a new reservoir junction onto the Workspace. Place thenew reservoir somewhere to the right of the first junction, leaving roombetween the reservoirs for a pump junction (see Figure 2.2b).

Drag a pump junction from the Toolbox and drop it somewhere betweenthe reservoir junctions (see Figure 2.2b).

Note: The relative location of objects in AFT Fathom is not important.Distances and heights are defined through dialog boxes. The relative

locations on the Workspace establish the connectivity of the objects, buthave no bearing on the actual length or elevation relationships.

If the icons do not line up exactly, no problems will result. However,your model may have a nicer appearance if the icons line up. You canalign the icons by using the align features selected from the Arrangemenu or you can choose that all objects snap to a grid (specified on the

Options menu).

Your model should now appear similar to that shown in Figure 2.2b.

Figure 2.2b Walk through model with all junctions placed


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Before continuing, save the work you have done so far. Choose SaveAs from the file menu and enter a file name (Sizing a Pump, perhaps)and AFT Fathom will append the .fth extension to the file name.

C. Draw a pipe between J1 and J3

Now that you have three junctions, you need to connect them with pipes.

To create a pipe, click the Pipe Drawing Tool icon on the Toolbox. The

pointer will change to a crosshair when you move it over the Workspace.Draw a pipe below the junctions, similar to that shown in Figure 2.2c.

The pipe object on the Workspace has an ID number (P1) that is shownnear the center of the pipe.

Figure 2.2c Walk through model with first pipe drawn

To place the pipe between J1 and J3, use the mouse to grab the pipe inthe center, drag it so that its left endpoint falls within the J1 Reservoiricon, then drop it there (see Figure 2.2d). Next, grab the right endpoint


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of the pipe and stretch the pipe, dragging it until the endpoint terminateswithin the J3 Pump icon (see Figure 2.2e).

Figure 2.2d Walk through model with first pipe partially connected

Reference positive flow direction

On each pipe is an arrow that indicates the reference positive flowdirection for the pipe. AFT Fathom assigns a flow directioncorresponding to the direction in which the pipe is drawn.

You can reverse the reference positive flow direction by choosingReverse Direction from the Arrange menu or selecting the reversedirection button on the Toolbar.

In general the reference positive flow direction is used for referencepurposes only and need not be the actual flow direction. However, whenused with pumps and certain other junction types the pipes must be inthe correct flow direction because that is how AFT Fathom determineswhich side is suction and which is discharge. If the reference positive

direction is the opposite of that obtained by the Solver, the output willshow the flow rate as a negative number.


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Figure 2.2e Walk through model with first pipe connected

D. Add the remaining pipe

A faster way to add a pipe is to draw it directly between the desiredjunctions.

Activate the Pipe Drawing Tool again, position the mouse pointer onthe J3 Pump, then press and hold the left mouse button. Stretch the pipeacross to the J2 Reservoir, and then release the mouse button. Yourmodel should now look similar to Figure 2.2f.

At this point all the objects in the model are graphically connected. Savethe model by selecting Save in the File menu or by clicking on thediskette button on the Toolbar.


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Figure 2.2f Walk through model with all pipes and junctions placed

Note: Some users find it desirable to lock objects to the Workspaceonce they have been placed. This prevents accidental movement and

disruption of the connections. You can lock all the objects by choosingSelect All from the Edit menu, then selecting Lock Object from theArrange menu. The lock button on the Toolbar will appear depressedindicating it is in an enabled state, and will remain so as long as anyselected object is locked. Alternatively, you can use the grid feature andsnap to grid. The simplest way to enable this is to select Snap to Grid onthe Options menu, although the Workspace Preferences window can also

enable this and has more flexibility.

Step 3. Complete the first four checklist requirements

Next, click the checkmark on the Toolbar at the top of the AFT

Fathom window. This opens the Checklist window (see Figure 2.3). The


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Checklist contains five or six items depending on which modules youmay be using. Each item needs to be completed before AFT Fathomallows you to run the Solver.

The Status Bar at the bottom of the AFT Fathom window also reflectsthe state of each Checklist item (see Figure 2.1). Once the Checklist iscomplete, the Model Status light in the lower left corner turns from redto green.

A. Specify solution control

The first Checklist item, Specify Solution Control, is always checkedwhen you start AFT Fathom because AFT Fathom assigns defaultsolution control parameters. In general, you do not need to adjust thesevalues. If necessary, you can make adjustments by opening the SolutionControl window from the Analysis menu.

Figure 2.3 The Checklist tracks the models status. You may ormay not see a sixth Checklist item called Transient

Control. This is only visible when the XTS Module isactive.

B. Specify output control

The second item on the Checklist is Specify Output Control. LikeSolution Control, this item is always checked when you start AFTFathom. Default Output Control parameters and a default title areassigned.


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Change output orderusing this tool

These are shownin the output

Select the

output type

These are not shownbut can be added

Unshown output can beviewed alphabetically or

by category

Description of termscan be disoplayed

Select units

Figure 2.4 The Output Control window lets you customize theoutput

Close the Checklist and select Output Control from the Analysis menu.(Figure 2.4 shows the Output Control window).

This window allows you to select the specific output parameters youwant in your output. You also can choose the units for the output.

Click the General tab, enter a new title (if you like you can title thisWater Transfer System), then click OK to accept the title and other

default data.

C. Specify system properties

The third item on the Checklist is Specify System Properties. Tocomplete this item, you must open the System Properties window. Thiswindow allows you to select your fluid(s) as well as gravitational

acceleration and atmospheric pressure.


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You can directly enter density and viscosity data (using UnspecifiedFluid), select a fluid from the standard AFT Fathom fluid database (AFTStandard), select Water Data from ASME Steam Tables, select from 700

fluids and/or create mixtures using the Chempak database (an optionaladd-on to AFT Fathom). Users can add their own custom fluids to theAFT Standard database.

Figure 2.5 The System Properties window lets you select fluidsfor the model and create mixtures

Select System Properties from the Analysis menu to open the SystemProperties window (see Figure 2.5). For this example, use the AFT

Standard Database and select Water at 1 atm in the upper list, thenclick the Add to Model button. Enter a temperature of 70 deg. F andclick the Calculate Properties button.

Open the Checklist once more or observe the Status Bar and you shouldnow see the third item checked off.

18 AFT F h 7 0 Q i k S G id


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D. Specify cost settings

The fourth Checklist item, Cost Settings, is always checked when you

start AFT Fathom. When used with the standard version of AFT Fathom,the Cost Settings window provides a way to include energy costs. Whenused with the CST module it has additional features. By default the costcalculation is turned off, and hence nothing further is required for thisChecklist item.

Step 4. Define the model components (checklist item #5)The fifth item on the Checklist, Define All Pipes and Junctions, is not asstraightforward to satisfy as the other four. This item encompasses theproper input data and connectivity for all pipes and junctions.

Object status

Every pipe and junction has an object status. The object status tells youwhether the object is defined according to AFT Fathom's requirements.To see the status of the objects in your model, click the floodlight iconon the Toolbar (alternatively, you could choose Show Object Statusfrom the View menu). Each time you click the light, Show Object Statusis toggled on or off.

When Show Object Status is on, the ID numbers for all undefined pipesand junctions are displayed in red on the Workspace. Objects that arecompletely defined have their ID numbers displayed in black. (Thesecolors are configurable through Workspace Preferences from theOptions menu.)

Because you have not yet defined the pipes and junctions in this sampleproblem, all the objects' ID numbers will change to red when you turn on

Show Object Status.

Showing undefined objects

Another useful feature is the List Undefined Objects window (Figure2.6). This can be opened from the View menu or toolbar. Here allobjects with incomplete information are listed. Clicking on an undefinedpipe or junction will display the property data that is missing.

Chapter 2 Si ing a P mp E ample 19


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Figure 2.6 Undefined objects and their incomplete properties aredisplayed in the Undefined Objects window opened

from the View menu.

A. Define Reservoir J1

To define the first reservoir, open the J1 Reservoir Specificationswindow (Figure 2.7) by double-clicking on the J1 icon. The pipe tableshould show you that Pipe 1 is connected to this reservoir. (Click thePipe Depth & Loss Coefficients tab to display the Pipe Table).

Note: You can also open an object's Specifications window by selecting

the object (clicking on it) and then either pressing the Enter key orclicking the Open Pipe/Junction Window icon on the Toolbar.

Enter a surface pressure of 1 atm, and a Liquid Surface Elevation of10 feet. This reservoir will represent the supply reservoir upstream ofthe pump. You can assign any unit of pressure or elevation found in the

adjacent drop-down listbox of units.

20 AFT Fathom 7 0 Quick Start Guide


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Figure 2.7 Specifications window for Reservoir J1. You may ormay not see additional tabs called Transient and Cost.These tabs are only visible if the XTS and CSTmodules are active.

Note: You can choose default units for many parameters (such as metersfor length) in the Parameter and Unit Preferences window.

You can give the component a name, if desired, by entering it in theName field at the top of the window. In Figure 2.7, the name of this

reservoir is Lower Reservoir. By default, the junctions name indicatesthe junction type. The name can be displayed on the Workspace, VisualReport or in the Output.

Most junction types can be entered into a custom database allowing thejunction to be used multiple times or shared between users. To select ajunction from the custom database, choose the desired junction from theDatabase List. The current junction will get the properties from the

database component.



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The Copy Data From Jct list will show all the junctions of the same typein the model. This will copy selected parameters from an existingjunction in the model to the current junction.

Using the folder tabs in the Specifications windows

The information in the Specifications windows is grouped into severalcategories (or folders) and placed on separate tabs. Click the folder tabto bring its information forward. Figure 2.7 is an example of aSpecifications window.

Click the Pipe Depth & Loss Coefficients folder tab to show the pipetable. The pipe table allows you to specify entrance and exit loss factorsfor each pipe connected to the tank (in this case there is only one). Thedefault selection is for the loss factors to be specified as zero. To changethe loss factors later, click within the pipe table and enter the loss.

Enter a pipe depth of 10 feet in the table.

The Optional folder tab allows you to enter different types of optionaldata. You can select whether the junction number, name, or both aredisplayed on the Workspace. Some junction types also allow you tospecify an initial pressure as well as other junction-specific data.

Each junction has a folder tab for notes, allowing you to enter textdescribing the junction or documenting any assumptions.

The highlight feature displays all the required information in the

Specifications window in light blue. The highlight is on by default. Youcan toggle the highlight off and on by double-clicking anywhere in thewindow or by pressing the F2 key. The highlight feature can also beturned on or off by selecting it on the Options menu.

Click OK. If Show Object Status is turned on, you should see the J1 IDnumber turn black again, telling you that J1 is now completely defined.

The Inspection feature

You can check the input parameters for J1 quickly, in read-only fashion,by using the Inspection feature. Position the mouse pointer on the J1tank icon and hold down the right mouse button. An information boxappears, as shown in Figure 2.8.



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Inspecting is a faster way of examining the input in an object thanopening the Specifications window.

InspectionWindow

Figure 2.8 Inspecting from the Workspace with right mouse

button

B. Define other junctions

Next, open the Specifications windows for Pump junction J3. Enterthe Pump Model as Volumetric Flow Rate Fixed. Enter the Fixed Flow

as 500 gal/min, and the elevation as 0 feet (see Figure 2.9).



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p g p p

Figure 2.9 Specifications window for Pump J3. You may or may

not see an additional tab called Transient. This tab isonly visible if the XTS module is active.

Open the J2 Reservoir junction and change the name to Upper

Reservoir. Then enter a surface pressure of 1 atm, a Liquid SurfaceElevation of 200 feet, and (on the Pipe Depth & Loss Coefficients tab) apipe depth of 10 feet.

Save the model again before proceeding.

C. Define Pipe P1Data for pipes and junctions can be entered in any order. In this examplewe did the junctions first. The next step is to define all the pipes. Toopen the Pipe Specifications window, double-click the pipe object on theWorkspace.



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First, open the Pipe Specifications window for Pipe P1 (see Figure2.10). For Pipe P1 enter Steel, 4 inch, standard schedule (schedule 40),Standard friction model, and a length of 10 feet.

Figure 2.10 Specifications window for Pipe P1. You may or maynot see an additional tab called Cost. This tab is only

visible if the CST module is active.

The Pipe Specifications window

The Pipe Specifications window offers control over all importanthydraulic parameters that are related to pipes.

The Inspect feature also works within the Pipe Specifications window.

To Inspect a connected junction, position the mouse pointer on theconnected junction's ID number and hold down the right mouse button.This is helpful when you want to quickly check the properties ofconnecting objects. (You can also use this feature in junctionSpecifications windows for checking connected pipe properties.)

By double-clicking the connected junction number, you can jumpdirectly to the junction's Specifications window. Or you can click theJump button to jump to any other part of your model.



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D. Define Pipe P2

Open the Specifications window for Pipe 2 and specify Steel, 4 inch,standard schedule (schedule 40), Standard friction, and 990 feet in

length. In addition, there are some elbows and fittings in this pipe. Forsimplicity, we are going to represent these as having a total K factor of25. This is entered on the Fittings & Losses tab in the Total K factorfield.

After completing Pipe 2, the Checklist should now be complete.

E. Check pipes and junctions

Check if all the pipes and junctions are defined. If they are not, turnon the Show Object Status from the View menu, and open eachundefined pipe and junction. The Status tab will indicate whatinformation is missing.

F. Review Model Data

Before running the model, save it to file one more time. It is also agood idea to review the input using the Model Data window.

Reviewing input in the Model Data window

The Model Data window is shown in Figure 2.11. To change to thiswindow, you can select it from the Window menu, the Toolbar, pressingCTRL-M, clicking anywhere in the Model Data window if it has beenrestored or, if minimized, clicking on the minimized window at thebottom of the screen and restoring it. The Model Data window gives youa text-based perspective of your model. Selections can be copied to the

clipboard and transferred into other Windows programs, saved to aformatted file, printed to an Adobe PDF, or printed out for review.

Data is displayed in three general areas. The top is called the generalarea, the middle the pipe area and the bottom the junction area.

The Model Data window allows access to all Specifications windows bydouble-clicking the appropriate ID number in the far left column of the

table. You may want to try this right now.



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General datasection

Pipe data section

Junction datasection

Modify View

Figure 2.11 The Model Data window shows all input in text form

Step 5. Run the solver

Choose Run Model from the Analysis menu or click the arrow icon onthe Toolbar. During execution, the Solution Progress window displays

(see Figure 2.12). You can use this window to pause or cancel theSolver's activity. When the solution is complete, click the View Outputbutton and the text-based Output window will appear (see Figure 2.13).The information in the Output window can be reviewed visually, savedto file, exported to a spreadsheet-ready format, copied to the clipboard,printed to an Adobe PDF file, and printed out on the printer.



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Figure 2.12 The Solution Progress window displays theconvergence progress

Step 6. Review the output

The Output window (Figure 2.13) is similar in structure to the ModelData window. Three areas are shown, and you can enlarge each area byselecting the options from the Show listbox on the Toolbar or from theView menu. The items displayed in the tables are those items you chosein the Output Control window (Checklist item #2).



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Modify view

General output section

Pipe output section

Junction output section

Figure 2.13 The Output window displays output in text form

When pumps are included in a model, AFT Fathom gathers importantpump data together in one convenient location in the Output window.

This information can be found on the Pump Summary tab located in theGeneral Output section of the output window, as shown in Figure 2.14.

The Pump Summary shows that, for this system, the head requirement ofthe pump is 380.7 feet. The difference in elevation of the reservoirs is190 feet, hence this is the minimum required head rise regardless of theflow rate or pipe size. Coincidentally, the friction loss is alsoapproximately 190 feet. This can be seen in the dH column of the Pipeoutput window.



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Figure 2.14 The Output window displays the Pump Summary tabwhenever pumps are included in the system

A. Modify the output format

If you selected the default AFT Fathom Output Control, the Pipe Resultstable will show volumetric flow rate in the second column with units ofgal/min.

Select Output Control from the Analysis menu or Toolbar to open theOutput Control Window (see Figure 2.4). On the Display Parameters tab,

select the Pipes button. The list of selected pipe output parameters willbe displayed on the right hand side. Change the units for VolumetricFlow Rate by selecting gal/hr (gallons per hour) from the unit list shownbeside the parameter.

Click OK to display changes to the current results. You should seethe volumetric flow rate results, still in the second column, in units of

gal/hr. Notice the Velocity results in the third column.

Select Output Control from the Analysis menu one more time. Selectthe Display Parameters tab, and select the Pipe button. The Reorderscroll bar on the far right allows you to reorder parameters in the list.You can also use manual drag-and-drop on the rows to change theparameter order (see Figure 2.4).

Select the Velocity parameter and use the Reorder scroll bar or drag-and-drop to move it up to the top of the parameter list.

Click OK to display the changes to the current results. You will seein the Pipe Results table that the first column now contains Velocity, the

second column now contains the Pipe Name, and the third column the



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Volumetric Flow Rate. The Output Control window allows you to obtainthe parameters, units and order you prefer in your output. This flexibilitywill help you work with AFT Fathom in the way that is most meaningful

to you, reducing the possibility of errors.

Figure 2.15 The Change Units window is opened from the Outputwindow tables by double-clicking the column header.

Select Output Control from the Analaysis menu once again. Selectthe Display Parameters tab, and select the Pipes button. From the list onthe left select Volumetric Flow Rate. Click the Add button to add it tothe list on the right and change its units to gal/min. Then use the reorderbutton or row drag-and-drop to move it below the previous VolumetricFlow Rate item.

Click OK to display the changes to the current results. You will seetwo columns of Volumetric Flow Rate, each with different units. This ishelpful when you want to see an output parameter in different sets ofunits simultaneously.

Lastly, double-click the column header for Velocity on the Outputwindow Pipe Results Table. This will open a window in which you can


h h i i if f ( i 2 15) h h


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change the units again if you prefer (see Figure 2.15). These changes areextended to the Output Control parameter data you have previously set.

B. View the Visual Report

Change to the Visual Report window by choosing it from the Windowmenu, Toolbar, pressing CTRL-I, clicking anywhere on the window ifits been restored or, if minimized, clicking on the minimized window atthe bottom of the Workspace and restoring it. This window allows you to

integrate your text results with the graphic layout of your pipe network.

Figure 2.16 The Visual Report Control window selects content forthe Visual Report window

Click the Visual Report Control button on the Toolbar (or View

menu) and open the Visual Report Controlwindow, shown in Figure2.16. Select Volumetric Flow Rate in the Pipe Results area and Pressure


St ti I l t i th J ti R lt Cli k th Sh b tt Th


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Static Inlet in the Junction Results area. Click the Show button. TheVisual Report window graphic is generated (see Figure 2.17).

It is common for the text in the Visual Report window to overlap whenfirst generated. You can change this by selecting smaller fonts or bydragging the text to a new area to increase clarity. You can also use theVisual Report Control window to display units in a legend to increasethe clarity of the display. These adjustments have already been done inFigure 2.17. This window can be printed or copied to the clipboard forimport into other Windows graphics programs, saved to a file, or printedto an Adobe PDF file.

Click here toopen the VisualReport Control

Click and dragtext to preferred

location

Units may bedisplayed in a

legend

Figure 2.17 The Visual Report integrates results with model layout

C. Graph the results Change to the Graph Results window by choosing it from the menu,Toolbar, or clicking its icon at the screen bottom. The Graph Resultswindow offers full-featured Windows plot preparation.

Click the Select Graph Data Toolbar button to open the Select GraphData window shown in Figure 2.18. From the tabs choose Profile Alonga Flow Path. From the Graph Parameters list choose Pressure Static. In

the Pipes selection area click the All button to select all the pipes, then


click the Show button A graph appears showing the static pressure


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click the Show button. A graph appears showing the static pressureprofile for the pipes in the system (see Figure 2.19).

The graph colors, fonts and other elements can be modified using theCustomize Graph window opened from the Toolbar or View menu. TheGraph Results window can be printed, saved to file, copied to theclipboard, or printed to an Adobe PDF file. The graphs x-y data can beexported to file or copied to the clipboard.

Figure 2.18 The Select Graph Data window controls Graph Results

Step 7. Add a pump curve

Now that the pump head requirement has been identified as 380.7 feet atthe design flow rate of 500 gal/min, a pump of the correct size can bepurchased to meet this requirement. Once the actual pump has beenidentified, the pump characteristics can be added to the pump componentby adding the pump curve data to the pump junction.

Open the Pump Specifications window. Change the Pump Model from

Volumetric Flow Rate Fixed to Pump Curve. Then select the EnterCurve Data button. This will open the Pump Configuration window.


Data for the pump curve is entered in the Raw Data table After the data


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Data for the pump curve is entered in the Raw Data table. After the datahas been entered, a curve fit for the data must be created by selecting theGenerate Curve Fit Now button. Enter the following pump curve data, as

shown in Figure 2.20.

Figure 2.19 The Graph Results window offers full-featured plotgeneration

1. Flow Parameter: Volumetric (gal/min)

2. Pressure/Head Parameter: Head (ft)

3. Pump Curve Data:

a. 400 ft @ 0 gal/min

b. 381 ft @ 500 gal/min

c. 250 ft @ 1000 gal/min

4. Curve Fit Order: 2

After the curve data is entered, click the Generate Curve Fit Now button

and then the OK button.


Note: This is a situation where a user could create a new scenario using


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Note: This is a situation where a user could create a new scenario usingthe Scenario Manager to examine a what-if situation, withoutdisturbing the basic model. See Chapter 4 for an example that illustrates

how to use the Scenario Manager.

Figure 2.20 The Pump Configuration window is used to enterpump curve data.

Re-run this model. Examine the Pump Summary in the General OutputSection. The output (Figure 2.21) shows the pump operating at a flowrate of 500.2 gal/min, and a head rise of 381 ft., which is acceptablyclose to the previous sizing calculation.

Change to the Graph Results window (e.g., using the Windows menu),and choose Select Graph Data (Figure 2.22). Here you can specify that apump vs. system curve be created as shown in Figure 2.23.



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Figure 2.21 Output when running with a pump curve.

Figure 2.22 Select Graph Data for creating a pump vs. systemcurve.



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Figure 2.23 Pump vs. system curve using selected pump.

Conclusion

You have now used AFT Fathom's five Primary Windows on a simple

model to size and select a pump.



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C H A P T E R 3


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C H A P T E R 3

Spray Discharge System Example

The objective of this example is to find the minimum supply pressureneeded to provide a system of eight spray discharge heads with at least100 gal/min to each spray head.

Topics covered

This example will cover the following topics:

Use of spray discharge junctions

Global Pipe Editing

Copy Junction Data From tool

Using manual iterative techniques to arrive at a desired result

Required knowledge

This example assumes that the user has some familiarity with AFTFathom, such as placing junctions, connecting pipes, and entering pipeand junction specifications. Refer to the Sizing a Pump Example inChapter 2 for more information on these topics.


Model file


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This example uses the following file, which is installed in the Examples

folder as part of the AFT Fathom installation:

Spray Discharge.fth - AFT Fathom model file

Problem statement

A spray discharge system consisting of eight spray discharge nozzles is

supplied by a constant pressure supply. The system has one main supplyline that branches into two supply lines that supply four sprays on eachside. Determine the minimum supply pressure necessary to ensure aminimum volumetric flow rate of 100 gal/min through each of the sprayjunctions.


From the Start Menu, choose AFT Products and AFT Fathom.

Step 2. Specify system properties

1. Open the System Properties window by selecting System Propertiesin the Analysis menu.

2. On the Fluid Data Tab, select the AFT Standard database and thenselect Water at 1 atm in the fluids available window.

3. Click Add to Model to select water for use in this model.

4. Now type in 70 degrees in the fluid temperature box and click

Calculate Properties. This calculates the fluid properties to use inthe model.

5. Click OK.

Chapter 3 Spray Discharge System Example 41

Step 3. Build the model


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A. Place the pipes and junctionsAt this point, the first four items are completed on the Checklist. Thenext Checklist item is to Define Pipes and Junctions. In the Workspacewindow, assemble the model as shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Layout of pipe system for Spray Discharge SystemExample

B. Enter the pipe data

The system is in place, but now you need to enter the input data for thepipes and junctions. Double-click pipe objects P1-P3, and enter thefollowing data in the Specifications window (pipes P4-P11 are addressedbelow using Global Editing).

Pipes P1-P11 are Steel with standard roughness and the following data:


Pipe Length

(feet)

Size Type


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(feet)

P1 500 8 inch Schedule 40



P4 10 1-1/2 inch Schedule 40


P6 10 1-1/2 inch Schedule 40P7 10 1-1/2 inch Schedule 40





Because pipes P4-P11 are the same, you can use the Global Pipe Editingtool to speed up the process of entering the data. The Global Pipe Edittool allows you to apply changes to multiple pipes at the same time.Select Global Pipe Edit from the Edit menu. This will open the Global

Pipe Edit window. Select pipes P4-P11 from the list of pipes, as shownin Figure 3.2.

After selecting the pipes, click the Select Pipe Data button. This willopen a Pipe Specifications window for entering the data that is to beapplied to all of the selected pipes. Fill out the data for pipes P4-P11.When you have entered all of the data for the pipes, close the PipeSpecifications window by selecting OK. The Global Pipe Edit window

will now display a list of all of the parameters that may be applied to theselected pipes. The parameters are categorized as they are displayed onthe tabs on the Pipe Specifications window. For this example, you wantall of the parameters for all of the selected pipes to be updated to thespecified values. This can be accomplished by selecting the check boxbeside each parameter, or by selecting the All button above the list ofparameters. The Global Pipe Edit window should now appear as shownin Figure 3.3.



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Figure 3.2 Global Pipe Edit window for Spray Discharge SystemExample

Apply the changes to the selected pipes by clicking the Apply Selections

button. AFT Fathom will notify you that the changes have beencompleted. Select OK. At this point, all of the changes have beenapplied. If you wish to cancel all of the changes you just implemented,you may do so by clicking Cancel on the Global Pipe Edit window.Accept the changes by clicking OK.

C. Enter the spray data (J1-J8)

Because all of the spray discharge junctions have the same input data,the Global Junction Edit tool could be used to input the data for all ofthe junctions at the same time. The Global Junction Edit tool works inmuch the same way as the Global Pipe Edit tool.



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Figure 3.3 Global Pipe Edit window for Spray Discharge SystemExample with all pipe parameters selected for updating

Another tool that can be used to speed up data entry for items with the

same input data is the Copy Data From Junction tool. Enter the data forspray discharge junction J1, as listed below, by double-clicking thejunction icon on the Workspace to open the Spray DischargeSpecifications window.

1. Elevation = 10 feet

2. Loss Model = Cd Spray (Discharge Coefficient)

3. Geometry = Spray Nozzle4. Exit Pressure = 0 psig

5. Cd (Discharge Coefficient) = 0.6

6. Discharge Flow Area = 0.5 in2

After the data has been entered for J1, and the Specifications windowhas been closed, open the Specifications window for spray discharge J2.

Near the top of the Specifications window is a drop-down box labeled


Copy Data From Jct. This box lists all of the spray discharge junctionson the Workspace. Select junction J1 from the list. This will open the


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Copy Data From Junction window, which, similarly to the Global Edit

window, shows a list of all of the parameters for junction J1, and theirvalues. By checking the box beside a parameter, the current junction willcopy the parameter value from J1. In this case, you want all of theparameters for junction J2 to be the same as J1, so select the All buttonat the top of the list to select all of the parameters, as shown in Figure 3-4.

Figure 3.4 Copy Data From Junction window used for Copy Data

from Junction tool

After clicking the OK button in the Copy Data From Junction window,all of the junction J2 parameters are updated to the selected J1 parametervalues. Repeat this process for all of the spray discharge junctions.

There is a similar function available from the Pipe Specifications

window tool.


D. Enter other junction data


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Assigned Pressure (J10)


2. Pressure = 200 psig, Stagnation

J10 Branch

Elevation = 10 feet

J11 Branch

Elevation = 1 feet

J12 Dead End

Elevation = 1 feet

E. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete

Turn on Show Object Status from the View menu to verify that all thenecessary data is entered. If all data is entered, the Define Pipes andJunctions Checklist item will have a check mark. If not, the uncompletedpipes or junctions will have their number shown in red. If this happens,go back to the uncompleted pipes or junctions and enter the missing

data. You can also open the List Undefined Objects window from theView menu to see what data is missing.

Step 4. Run the model

Select Run Model in the Analysis menu. This will launch the SolutionProgress window. This window allows you to watch as the AFT FathomSolver converges on the answer. When the solution has converged, viewthe results by pressing View Output at the bottom of the SolutionProgress window.



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Figure 3.5 Output Window for Spray Discharge System Example

The Output window contains all the data that was specified in the OutputControl window. The output for the Spray Discharge example is shownin Figure 3.5, for a supply pressure of 200 psig, stagnation. The junctionoutput table shows the volumetric flow rates for all of the spray

discharge junctions are well above 100 gal/min.

Reduce the supply pressure, and run the model again. Repeat thisprocess until you have determined the minimum supply pressurerequired to supply 100 gal/min at every spray junction.

Analysis summary

The minimum required supply pressure necessary to supply a volumetricflow rate of 100 gal/min to all of the spray junctions is about 171 psig,stagnation.

By iterating on values for the supply pressure, you were able to use AFTFathom to determine the minimum required supply pressure for thissystem. This information can now be used to design the supply reservoirfor this system.


The goal seeking capabilities in the optional AFT Fathom GSC Moduleeliminate the manual iteration required for this problem. The supply

ld b t i bl d th i i fl t f 100


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pressure would be set as a variable, and the minimum flow rate of 100

gal/min discharge for the spray discharges would be set as the goal (thisis called a group max/min goal). GSC would then modify the supplypressure until the goal was met, thus eliminating the need to run multipleAFT Fathom runs to arrive at the final solution.

More discussion on the GSC Module is given in Chapter 5.

C H A P T E R 4


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Freon Delivery System With HeatTransfer Example

This example demonstrates how to use heat transfer modeling on pipesand heat exchangers. The example involves a review of the use of

different refrigerant fluids to achieve certain design goals.

Topics covered


Setting up a heat transfer model in System Properties

Specifying convective heat transfer data for pipes

Specifying thermal characteristics of heat exchangers

Entering pump curves

Entering resistance curves

Using Scenario Manager

Required knowledge

This example assumes that the user has some familiarity with AFTFathom such as placing junctions, connecting pipes, and entering pipeand junction specifications. Refer to Sizing a Pump Example in Chapter

2 for more information on these topics.


Model file

This example uses the following file which is installed in the Examples


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This example uses the following file, which is installed in the Examples

folder as part of the AFT Fathom installation: Freon Delivery with HT.fth - AFT Fathom model file

Problem statement

This example will model a Freon delivery system that is to supply Freon

at 75 F. As the engineer you will evaluate two candidate refrigerants(Refrigerant 11 and 12) to determine the best choice. You will alsocalculate the temperature of the hot water supply needed for the heatexchangers, and select the refrigerant that requires the lowest watertemperature.


From the Start Menu choose AFT Products and AFT Fathom.

Step 2. Specify system properties

1. Open the System Properties window by selecting System Propertiesin the Analysis menu (see Figure 4.1).

2. On the Fluid Data tab, select the AFT Standard database and thenselect Refrigerant 11 (liquid) in the Fluids Available in Databaselist.

3. Click Add to Model to select methane for use in this model

4. Now type in 50 degrees in the fluid temperature box and clickCalculate Properties. This calculates the default fluid properties touse in the model, although when modeling heat transfer AFT Fathomadjusts these properties during the simulation in accordance withcalculated temperatures.

5. Select the Heat Transfer With Energy Balance (Single Fluid)option. This enables AFT Fathom's heat transfer capabilities.

6. Click OK.

Chapter 4 Freon Delivery System With Heat Transfer Example 51


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Figure 4.1 System Properties window with Refrigerant 11 (liquid)

selected and the Heat Transfer With Energy Balance(Single Fluid) selected.

Step 3. Build the model

A. Place the pipes and junctions

At this point, the first four items are completed on the Checklist. Thenext Checklist item is to Define Pipes and Junctions. In the Workspacewindow, assemble the model as shown in Figure 4.2.



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Figure 4.2 Layout of pipe system for Freon Delivery System With

Heat Transfer Example. Pipes 3-7 have graphical bendsthat can be added using the Pipe Segment tool on theArrange menu.

B. Enter the pipe dataThe system is in place, but now you need to enter the input data for thepipes and junctions. Double-click each pipe and enter the following datain the Specifications window (or use the Global Pipe Editing window, asdiscussed in Chapter 3).

Pipes P1-P7 are Steel with standard roughness and the following data:


Pipe Length

(feet)

Size Type



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Heat transfer data for piping is entered on the Heat Transfer tab on thePipe Specifications window. From the Heat Transfer tab, you first selectthe appropriate heat transfer model, then enter the required data for each

type. For this example, you will be using the Convective Heat Transfermodel.

Enter the following data on the Heat Transfer tab for each pipe, asshown for P1 in Figure 4.3:

1. Heat Transfer Model = Convective Heat Transfer

2. Ambient Temperature = 60 deg. F

3. Use default values for Fluid Internal and Pipe Wall

4. Number of Insulation Layers = 1 External

5. Insulation #1 (external) Data:

a. Conductivity/Convection Data Source = User Specified

b. Conductivity = 0.4 Btu/hr-ft-R

c. Thickness = 1 inch

6. External Convection Coefficient = 10 Btu/hr-ft2-R



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Figure 4.3 Pipe Heat Transfer tab for Freon Delivery System

Example. Note that a Cost tab will be visible if the CSTmodule is active.

C. Enter junction data

J1 Supply Reservoir

1. Elevation = 10 ft

2. Surface pressure = 150 psig

3. Temperature = -50 F

J2 Receiving Reservoir

1. Elevation = 10 ft

2. Surface pressure = 150 psig

3. Temperature = 75 F


J3, J5 Branch Junctions



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J2 Pump Junction


2. Pump Model = Pump Curve

3. Enter the pump curve data (see Figure 4.4):

a. Click the Enter Curve Data button

b. On the Pump Configuration window, select the FlowParameter as Volumetric, and the Pressure Parameter asHead.

c. Enter the following pump curve data in the Raw Data table:

Volumetric Flow Rate

(gal/min)

Head

(feet)

0 25

200 24

500 15

d. Select Generate Curve Fit Now to create the curve fit.

e. Close the Pump Configuration window by clicking OK.

J4, J6 Heat Exchangers


2. Loss Model = Resistance Curve

3. Enter resistance curve data (see Figure 4.5):

a. Click the Enter Curve Data button

b. Select the Flow Parameter as Volumetric

c. Enter 250 gpm and 2 psid in the Raw Data table


d. Click the Fill as Quadratic button to create data for a squarelaw loss curve, which is typical of heat exchangers and othercomponents.


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e. Select Generate Curve Fit Now to create a quadratic curve fit

f. Close the Heat Exchanger Loss Curve Fit window by clickingOK.

Figure 4.4 Pump Configuration Window for the Freon DeliverySystem Example

4. Enter the following data on the Thermal Data tab:

a. Thermal Model = Counter-Flow

b. Heat Transfer Area = 80 feet2

c. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient = 500 Btu/hr-ft2-R

d. Secondary Fluid Flow Rate = 30 lbm/sec


e. Secondary Fluid Specific Heat = 1 Btu/lbm-R

f. Secondary Fluid Inlet Temperature = 200 deg. F


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Figure 4.5 Heat Exchanger Loss Curve Fit Window for the FreonDelivery System Example

To solve this problem, you will have to guess the inlet temperature of thesecondary fluid (hot water) for both heat exchangers. Start with 200 deg.F. You will then have to run the model, examine the results, and adjust

the secondary fluid inlet temperature until you achieve the desired Freonoutlet temperature of 75 deg. F.

D. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete

Turn on Show Object Status from the View menu to verify that all thenecessary data is entered. If so, the Define Pipes and Junctions

Checklist item will have a check mark. If not, the uncompleted pipes or


junctions will have their number shown in red. If this happens, go backto the uncompleted pipes or junctions and enter the missing data. Youcan also open the List Undefined Objects window from the View menuto see what data is missing


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to see what data is missing.

Step 4. Create a scenario for each refrigerant

For this problem, you are required to determine which refrigerant is thebest one for this application by minimizing the temperature of the hotwater used to heat the Freon to the delivery temperature. To do this, you

will use the Scenario Manager to examine the different results for eachrefrigerant in the system.

The Scenario Manager is a powerful tool for managing variations of amodel, referred to as scenarios. The Scenario Manager allows you to:

Create, name and organize scenarios

Select the scenario to appear in the Workspace (the currentscenario)

Delete, copy and rename scenarios

Duplicate scenarios and save them as separate models

Review the source of a scenarios specifications

Pass changes from a scenario to its variants

You will create two scenarios to model these cases. Open the ScenarioManager from the View menu and click the Create Child button. Namethe child R11. A new scenario will appear below the Base Scenario inthe list. Select the Base Scenario, create another child, and call it R12.See Figure 4.6.

Step 5. Set up the R11 case

The base scenario contains all of the basic information for the model,such as the pipe and junction layout, pipe lengths, system properties etc.Now you must modify the system conditions for each scenario to use therefrigerant that will be analyzed for that case.



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Figure 4.6 The Scenario Manager window allows you to createmodel variants and keep them organized within the

same model file

Child scenarios inherit data from their ancestors. As long as the datahas not been modified in a child scenario, data parameters in the childscenario will have the same value as their parent. In this example, youentered R11 as the fluid in the System Properties window in the BaseScenario, so the R11 scenario has inherited the same fluid properties asthe Base Scenario. Therefore, no changes need to be made to the R11scenario.

Open the Scenario Manager, and select the R11 scenario in the list,and then click the Load As Current Scenario button.

Step 6. Run the R11 case

Starting with the initial guess of 200 deg. F for the Secondary FluidTemperature, select Run Model in the Analysis menu. This will launchthe Solution Progress window. This window allows you to watch as theAFT Fathom Solver converges on the answer. Once the model has


converged, you can view the results by pressing View Output at thebottom of the Solution Progress window.


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Step 7. Examine the R11 results

The Output window contains all the data that was specified in the OutputControl window.

Examination of the R11 delivery temperature at the outlet of pipe P7shows a temperature of 160.9 deg. F (see Figure 4.7, also visible with

additional detail in Figure 4.8). This is well above the required minimumdelivery temperature of 75 deg. F. The inlet temperature of theSecondary Fluid must be decreased, and the model must be run again todetermine the outlet temperature at the new value. This process must berepeated until the Secondary Fluid Inlet Temperature the delivers theFreon at 75 deg. F is determined.

Figure 4.7 Output for Freon Delivery System for R11 with aSecondary Fluid Inlet Temperature of 200 deg. F.



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Figure 4.8 Heat Transfer tab in Output window shows detailed

heat transfer results for pipes.

Step 8. Set up the R12 case

Open the Scenario Manager, and select the R12 scenario in the list,

and then click the Load As Current Scenario button.Open the System Properties window from the Analysis menu and selectRefrigerant 12 (liquid) similar to Step 2.

Step 9. Run the R12 case

Starting with the initial guess of 175 deg. F for the Secondary FluidTemperature (a temperature of 200 deg. F results in fluid cavitation),select Run Model in the Analysis menu. This will open the SolutionProgress window. This window allows you to watch as the AFT FathomSolver converges on the answer. Once the model has converged, you canview the results by pressing View Output at the bottom of the SolutionProgress window.

Step 10. Examine the R12 results

The Output window contains all the data that was specified in the OutputControl window.

Examination of the R12 delivery temperature at the outlet of pipe P7

shows a temperature of 97.7 deg. F (see Figure 4.9). This is well above


the required minimum delivery temperature of 75 deg. F. The inlettemperature of the Secondary Fluid must be decreased, and the modelmust be run again to determine the outlet temperature at the new value.This process must be repeated until the Secondary Fluid Inlet


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Temperature the delivers the Freon at 75 deg. F is determined.

Figure 4.9 Output for Freon Delivery System for R12 with a

Secondary Fluid Inlet Temperature of 175 deg. F.

Analysis summary

The results of the iterative solutions show the following:


Refrigerant Secondary Fluid Inlet Temp

(deg F)

R11 95.7


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R12 139.9

Therefore, for a refrigerant delivery temperature of 75 deg. F, R11 is thebetter choice, because it requires a significantly lower hot watertemperature.

Using AFT Fathom, you were able to determine the best choice ofrefrigerant for the Freon deliver system by determining which fluidrequired a lower hot water temperature in the heat exchanger.

Similar to the spray system in Chapter 3, this example requires manualiteration to obtain the results. The goal seeking capabilities in theoptional AFT Fathom GSC Module would allow this problem to besolved directly without manual iteration. The variables would be

specified as the heat exchanger secondary inlet temperature (thesevariables would be linked), and the goal would be the pipe exittemperature.

More discussion on the GSC Module is given in Chapter 5.



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C H A P T E R 5

AFT Fathom Add on Modules Example


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AFT Fathom Add-on Modules Example

This example demonstrates how to use the Goal Seek and Control(GSC), Extended Time Simulation (XTS), and Cost (CST) optional add-on modules to AFT Fathom. The user can only perform these examplesif access to the relevant module is available.

Topics covered


Goal Seek and Control Manager

Defining GSC Variables and Goals

XTS Transient Control

Defining system transients

Simple cost estimating

Required knowledgeThis example assumes that the user has some familiarity with AFTFathom such as placing junctions, connecting pipes, and entering pipeand junction specifications. Refer to Sizing a Pump Example in Chapter2 for more information on these topics. To model the heat transfer in theGSC example, the user may need to refer to Chapter 4 for more detailedexplanations on modeling heat transfer.


Model file

This example uses the following file, which is installed in the Examplesfolder as part of the AFT Fathom installation:


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Controlled HX Temperature.fth - AFT Fathom model file

Problem statement

GSC ExampleA heat exchanger system has a bypass line that is used to divert flowaround the heat exchangers. This is sometimes necessary to maintain aconstant downstream temperature of 120 deg. F. Use the GSC module todetermine the valve open percentage required to maintain the properdelivery temperature for a supply temperature of 200 deg. F.

XTS ExampleThe discharge reservoir is a finite size tank, 20 feet high, with a crosssectional area of 80 ft2. The pump is to shut off wh

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Fathom 7.0 Quick Start