List of people considered father or mother of a fieldFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaRevisions and sourced additions are welcome; please only include historical figures.The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western societies in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.Contents 1 Church 2 Games 3 Humanities 4 Military 5 Nations 6 Natural and social sciences 7 Sports 8 Technology 8.1 Fields 8.2 Computing 8.3 Inventions 9 Towns, cities, and regions 10 Transport 11 See also 12 ReferencesChurchMain article: Church FathersGamesSubjectFather/motherReason

3D gamingYu SuzukiJohn CarmackCreator of Hang-On, Virtua Racing and Virtua FighterCreator of Wolfenstein 3D and Doom

Miniature wargamingH. G. Wells[1]Publication of Little Wars

Modern video gameShigeru Miyamoto[2]Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises

Role-playing gameGary Gygax[3]Creator of Dungeons & Dragons

Stealth gameHideo Kojima[4]Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games

Video gameThomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.Inventor of the first video game

Video game industryNolan BushnellCreator of Pong and founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's

WargamingCharles S. Roberts[5]Designer of tactics

HumanitiesMain article: List of people considered a founder in a Humanities fieldMilitarySubjectFather/motherReason

Aerial warfareOswald Boelcke[6]The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft.

Atomic bombRobert Oppenheimer[7]Le Szilrd[8]Enrico Fermi[9]

BlitzkriegHeinz Guderian[10][11]

The West's Hydrogen bombEdward Teller[12]

Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy"Hyman G. Rickover[13][14][15]

Fourth Generation WarfareWilliam S. Lind[citation needed]

French sailing navyJean-Baptiste Colbert[16]Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu.

Naval special warfarePhil H. Bucklew[17]US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One

Naval tactical studiesPaul Hoste[18]Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote L'Art des Armes Navales (1697)

Luftwaffe and LuftstreitkrfteOswald Boelcke[19]

Royal Air ForceHugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard[20]

The Soviet Union's Hydrogen BombAndrei Sakharov[21]

United States AirborneWilliam C. Lee[22]First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia.

United States CavalryKazimierz Puaski[23]Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s).

United States NavyJohn Adams[24]Commodore John Barry[25]Captain John Paul Jones[26]

NationsMain articles: Father of the Nation, Mother of the Nation and List of national foundersNatural and social sciencesMain article: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific fieldSportsSubjectFather/motherReason

American footballWalter Camp[27]

American motocrossEdison Dye[28]Introduced motorcross to American riders.

American road racingCameron Argetsinger[29]Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen.

American soccerSteve Ross[30]Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US.

AnglingIzaak Walton[31]Author of The Compleat Angler.

Argentine footballAlexander Watson Hutton[32]

Argentine professional golfJos Jurado[33]

Argentine winter sportsOtto Meiling[34]

Association footballEbenezer Cobb Morley[35]

Australian rules footballTom Wills

H. C. A. Harrison

BaseballHenry Chadwick[36][37][38][39]

BasketballJames NaismithCreated basketball.

Black basketballEdwin HendersonIntroduced the sport to the black community of Washington, D.C. in the first decade of the 20th century, and organized many early competitions for African Americans.[40]

BMXScot Breithaupt[41]

Brazilian footballCharles William Miller[42]

Camel LightsJim DowningBuilt a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in 1985.[43]

Canadian rodeoO. Raymond Knight[44]Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902.

Drag racingWally Parks[45]Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race.

Don Garlits[46]Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety.

Eddie Hill[47]Regarded as the forefather of drag racing.

DriftingKunimitsu Takahashi[48]Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes which eventually became a sport.

East Coast skateboardingVinny Raffa (godfather)[49]

Florida skateboardingBruce Walker (godfather)[50]

Modern footballEbenezer Cobb Morley[51]

Freestyle BMXBob Haro[52][53]

Freestyle MotocrossMike Metzger[54]Godfather.[why?]

Funny CarDick Landy[55]

Ice hockeyJames CreightonCaptained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal.

Import drag racingFrank Choi[56]Hosted one of the first events specifically for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category.

Italian footballJames Richardson Spensley[57]Given due to his association with Genoa CFC and his contribution to the modern day variation of the game in Italy.

William Garbutt[58]Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football.

Japanese baseballHorace Wilson[59]Credited for introducing baseball in Japan.

Hiroshi Hiraoka[60]Credited for establishing the first baseball team.

JoggingJim Fixx[61]Founding father.[why?]

Kart racingArt Ingels[62]Developed the world's first kart (1956).

Kenyan runningColm O'Connell[63]Founded the first running camp in Kenya

LacrosseWilliam George Beers[64][65][66][67]Codified the sport.

Mixed martial artsEdward William Barton-Wright[68]For his experimentation during the years 18981902 into Shinden Fudo Ryu jujutsu, Kodokan judo, British boxing,Swiss schwingen, French savate and a defensive la canne (stick fighting) style that had been developed by Pierre Vigny of Switzerland which lead to the invention of Bartitsu.

Modern bodybuildingEugen Sandow[69]

Harold Zinkin[70]Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines.

Modern boxingJames Figg[71]

James J. Corbett[citation needed]

Modern figure skatingJackson Haines[72]"Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey

Modern football in JapanDettmar Cramer[73]

PuroresuRikidzan[74]

Organized radio controlled car racingTed Longshaw[75]Regarded as a grandfather of the sport, beside founding an organization for racing in the United Kingdom (1971), he also founded governing bodies for organized racing in Europe (1973), the far east (1980) and worldwide (1979).

Modern sabre fencingItalo Santelli[76]

Modern surfingDuke Kahanamoku[77]

Rodeo bareback bronc ridingEarl W. Bascom[78]Bascom designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924.

Rugby unionA. G. Guillemard[79]

William Webb Ellis[80]"Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game".

Scuba divingJacques Cousteau[81]Developed the aqua-lung jointly with mile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality.

SkateboardingSkip Engblom (godfather)[82]

Tony Hawk (godfather)[83]

SnowboardingJake Burton Carpenter[84]

Stock car racingBill France, Sr.[85][86]Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing

SupercrossMike Goodwin[87]Organized the first supercross race.

Televised golfFrank Chirkinian[88][89]Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting.

TechnologyFieldsSubjectFather/motherReason

Aerodynamics (modern)Sir George Cayley[90][91]Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flightweight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries.

ArchitectureImhotep[92]Built the first pyramid

AstronauticsKonstantin Tsiolkovsky[93]Sergei Korolev[94]Robert H. Goddard[95]Hermann Oberth[96]

AviationFather Francesco Lana-Terzi[97]Book: Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel.

British watchmakingThomas Tompion[98]

Clinical trialsJames Lind[99]Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747

ComputingCharles Babbage[100]Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime.

CyberneticsNorbert Wiener[101][102]

GeneticsGregor Johann MendelFounder of the Genetics[103]

Modern bladesmithingWilliam F. MoranFounder of the American Bladesmith Society

Modern kinematicsFerdinand FreudensteinApplied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms.[104]

Modern KnifemakingBob LovelessFounder of the Knifemakers' Guild

Modern LinguisticsNoam Chomsky

NanotechnologyRichard SmalleyNobel Prize Biography[105]

PhotographyLouis Daguerre[106]Nicphore Nipce[107]William Henry Fox Talbot[108]Thomas Wedgwood[109]

RoboticsAl-Jazari[110][111]Invented the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206.[112]

ComputingSubjectFather/motherReason

C (programming language)Dennis Ritchie

AssemblerNathaniel Rochester[113]

CompilerJohn BackusJohn Backus at IBM is generally credited as having introduced the first complete compiler in 1957 although rudimental compilers(linker) were created by Grace Hopper in 1952 and by J. Halcombe Laning & Neal Zerlier (Laning and Zierler system) in 1954.

ComputerCharles Babbage[114]The concepts he pioneered in his Analytical engine later formed the basis of modern computers.

Konrad Zuse[115]Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer.

Alan Turing[116][117]Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936).

John von Neumann[118]Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. John von Neumann is also considered to be the inventor of flowchat.

John V. Atanasoff[119]Invented the digital computer in the 1930s

John W. Mauchly[120]J.Presper Eckert[121]Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.

Computer programAda Lovelace[122]Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her lifetime.

InternetVint Cerf[123][124]Bob Kahn[125][126]Co-invented Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1973, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[127]

MicroprocessorMarcian Hoff[128]Masatoshi Shima[129]

Pentium microprocessorVinod Dham[130][131]The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[132] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[133] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[134] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium".

Personal computerChuck Peddle[135]Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET

Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[136]Andr Truong Trong Thi[137]

Programmable logic controllerDick Morley[citation needed]

Search engineAlan Emtage[138][139][140]Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines

SGMLCharles Goldfarb[141]

World Wide WebTim Berners-Lee[142]

Visual BasicAlan Cooper[143]

XMLJon Bosak[144]

Wi-FiVic Hayes

InventionsSubjectFather/motherReason

Air conditioningWillis Carrier[145]

ChronographGeorge Graham[98][146]Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book he Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism

Color photographySergey Prokudin-Gorsky[147]A Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in color photography of early 20th-century Russia.

Compact DiscKees Immink[148]

EkranoplanRostislav Alexeev[149]Alexeyev revolutionised the shipbuilding industry (though in secrecy) by inventing crafts that use ground effect, whereby a wing traveling close to the ground is provided with a better lift-drag ratio - thereby enabling a combination of greater aircraft weight for less power and/or enhanced fuel economy.

HelicopterIgor Sikorsky[150]Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based.

Instant noodleMomofuku Ando[151]Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them.

Japanese televisionKenjiro Takayanagi[152][153]

Jet engineFrank Whittle[154][155]

KaraokeDaisuke Inoue[156]Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up.

LaserCharles Hard Townes

Lightning prediction systemAlexander Stepanovich PopovThe first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov.

Marine chronometerJohn Harrison[157]

Mobile phoneMartin Cooper[158]

Periodic tableDmitri Mendeleev[159]Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged the elements in an order that we would now recognise. He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table.

RadioAlexander Stepanovich Popov[160]Lee De Forest[161][162][163]Guglielmo Marconi[164]Jagdish Chandra Bose[165]Nikola Tesla[166]Roberto Landell de Moura[167]The research of these pioneers led to the development of the radio

Radio (Radio broadcasting)Reginald Fessenden[citation needed]David Sarnoff[citation needed]Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915.

Radio (FM radio)Edwin H. Armstrong[citation needed]Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)

RadiotelephonyReginald Fessenden[168][169]

TelephoneAlexander Graham Bell[170]See Invention of the telephone

TelevisionPhilo T. Farnsworth[171] Vladimir Zworykin[172][173]John Logie Baird[174][175]Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system.

TokamakLev Artsimovich

Tube structureFazlur Khan[176]Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower.

Towns, cities, and regionsSubjectFather/MotherReason

British ColumbiaJames Douglas[177]Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia.

Lan Kwai FongAllan Zeman[178]Noted for turning a small square of streets in Central, into a thriving bar and night life districts in Hong Kong.

Miami, FloridaHenry Flagler[179]Builder of the Florida East Coast Railway

TransportSubjectFather/motherReason

20th century American car industryHenry Ford[180]Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses.

American Interstate Highway SystemDwight D. Eisenhower[181]Proposed and signed the act which created the System

flight simulatorEdwin Albert Link[182]Developed the Link Trainer

High-performance VW industryGene Berg[183]

Hot rodEd Winfield[184]

Import car cultureRJ DeVera[185]Influential for popularizing the import car scene in the mid-1990s.

Kustom KultureVon Dutch[186]

Monster truckBob Chandler[187]Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history

Mountain bikeGary Fisher[188]

Rock CrawlingMarlin Czajkowski[189]In 1994, Marlin made final drive ratios of 200:1 and lower possible in typical off road vehicles (primarily Toyota Hilux trucks) and changed the way people access remote off-roading destinations.

Rotary engineFelix Wankel[190][191]

Route 66Cyrus Avery[192]

TailfinHarley Earl[193][194][195]

Traffic safetyWilliam Phelps Eno[196]

Yellow school busFrank W. Cyr[197]

Father of the NationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2013)

Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state or nation.Contents 1 Usage 2 List 3 See also 4 ReferencesUsagePater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors.The founding myths of many nations regard all the people as descendants of a progenitor, who is often eponymous, such as Lusus for Portugal (Lusitania), or Lech, Czech and Rus for Poland (Lechia), the Czech lands, and Rus'.In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of the unity and permanence of the nation.Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingb Eyadma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "the Helmsman", "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation". The BNP government removed this in 2004, to the protests of the oppostition Awami League, led by Rahman's daughter Sheikh Hasina.[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" nearly passed in September 2007.[6]ListThe following people are still often called the "Father" of their respective nations.NameNationTitle (native)Title (translation)Notes

SkanderbegIsmail QemaliAlbaniaBabai i KombitFather of the Nation

Ahmad Shah DurraniAfghanistanAhmad Shah BabaFather of the Nation[7][8][9]Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire

Jos de San MartnArgentina /PeruPadre de la Patria /Fundador de la Repblica y Protector del Per[10]Father of the Fatherland /Founder of the Republic and Protector of PeruPrime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain (b. 1778 d. 1850)

Sir Lynden PindlingThe BahamasFather of the NationLeader at independence in 1973.[11]

Sheikh Mujibur RahmanBangladeshBnggbndhu(Friend of Bengal)Father of the NationLeader at independence in 1971.[12]

George Cadle PriceBelizeFather of the NationFormer Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[13][14]

Simn BolvarBoliviaPadre de la patriaFather of the fatherlandPrime leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain

Dom Pedro I and Jos Bonifcio de Andrada e SilvaBrazilPai da Nao e Patriarca da IndependnciaFather of the Nation and Patriarch of IndependenceFounder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822). Bonifcio was the advisor of Pedro I.

Norodom SihanoukCambodiaPreahmhaviraksatThe King-Father of CambodiaLeader at independence 1953

Sir John A. MacdonaldCanadaPrime Minister of CanadaFirst prime minister of Canada, from 1867-1873 and 1878-1891

Bernardo O'HigginsChilePadre de la patriaFather of the fatherlandPrime leader of Chile's successful struggle for independence from Spain

Sun Yat-senRepublic of China (Taiwan)simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: (Guf)Father of the NationSun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Kuomintang (KMT) decreed the title in 1940.

Simn BolvarColombiaPadre de la patriaFather of the fatherlandPrime leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain

Ante StareviCroatiaOtac domovineFather of the HomelandHis diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[15]

Franjo TumanCroatiaOtac domovineFather of the Homelandhis leading towards the creation of modern Republic of Croatia

Carlos Manuel de CspedesCubaPadre de la Patria[16]Father of the Fatherland[17]Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (Karel IV)Czech landsOtec vlastiFather of the HomelandKing of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral[18]

Frantiek PalackCzech landsOtec nrodaFather of the NationPolitician and historian.[18] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants (see Sudeten Germans), nrod "nation" comprised only Czech speakers.[19]

Tom Garrigue MasarykCzech landsFather of the fatherlandFirst president of Czechoslovakia[18]

Juan Pablo DuarteDominican RepublicPadre de la patriaFather of the fatherlandDefeated Haiti during war of independence

Simn BolvarEcuadorPadre de la patriaFather of the fatherlandPrime leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain

Kwame NkrumahGhanaFather of the nationFirst president and prime minister of Ghana, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.

Cheddi JaganGuyanaFather of the nationPresident of Guyana from 1992-1997.

Jean-Jacques DessalinesHaitiPre de la patrieFather of the FatherlandPrime leader of Haiti's successful struggle for independence from France

Mohandas Karamchand GandhiIndiaRastrapitaFather of the Nation (Not an official declaration) [20] [21]He was also called Mahatma, "Great Soul"

SukarnoIndonesiaBapak Bangsa/Pemimpin Besar Revolusi Indonesia/ProklamatorFather of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The ProclamatorFirst President of Indonesia.

Cyrus the GreatIranFather of the NationLed the Persians in revolt against the Median Empire, established the Achaemenid Empire.

Theodor HerzlIsrael Visionary of the StateOne of the firsts who thought about retrieving the jewish nation in the Land of Israel in modern times. Founder of the Zionist movement.

Jomo KenyattaKenyaBaba wa TaifaFather of the Nation/Freedom FighterFirst President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.

Kim GuRepublic of Korea (Minjogui seuseung)/ (Gukbu)Great teacher of the Korean people & Father of the NationPrime leader of the Republic of Korea's successful struggle for independence from Japan

Ibrahim RugovaKosovoBaba i KombitFather of the NationFirst President of the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK).

King Saint Stephen IHungaryNemzetalaptNational FounderAs the first Christian king of Hungary, he is widely recognized as the founder of Hungary as a European country. His feast day, August 20, is celebrated as a national holiday.

Jonas BasanaviiusLithuaniaTautos patriarchasPatriarch of the NationVarious cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival[22]

Krste MisirkovMacedonia Father of the NationProminent linguist, writer and activist.

Tunku Abdul RahmanMalaysiaBapa KemerdekaanFather of IndependenceThe first Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Sir Seewoosagur RamgoolamMauritiusFather of the Nation[23]First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.

Miguel Hidalgo y CostillaMexicoPadre de la patria mexicana[24]Father of the Mexican Nation[25]First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.

Sam NujomaNamibiaFounding Father of the Namibian NationFirst President of Namibia, 19892004; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[26]

William the SilentNetherlandsVader des VaderlandsFather of the FatherlandLeader of the successful Dutch Revolt against Spain, which led to the Dutch Republic (the first independent Dutch state)[27]

Einar GerhardsenNorwayLandsfaderenFather of the NationThe postWorld War II prime minister of Norway[28]

Mohammad Ali JinnahPakistanQuaid-e-Azam[29][30]Great LeaderFounder of Pakistan, leader of the Muslim League and first Governor-General of Pakistan.

Sir Michael SomarePapua New GuineaFather of the NationLeader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[31]

The PhilippinesThere is no existing law officially recognizing one person in the history of the Philippines as the "Father of the Nation" or "National Hero"; hence, either of the two (2) titles maybe associated with any of the following prominent persons in history who have positively affected the nation to his/her capacity during his/her time:

Emilio AguinaldoThe PhilippinesKauna-unahang Pangulo ng PilipinasInaugural President of the PhilippinesLeader of the latter part of the Philippine Revolution and President of the Philippines through the Malolos Congress which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution.

Corazon AquinoThe PhilippinesIna ng DemokrasyaMother of Democracy or Icon of DemocracyThree years after the death of her husband, Benigno Aquino, Jr., she led the People Power Revolution that ended the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos and on February 25, 1986, she took oath as President of the Philippines. Her ascension as President also saw the restoration of Democracy in the Philippines.[32]

Andrs BonifacioThe PhilippinesPambansang BayaniNational HeroDe facto President and leader of the Philippine Revolution which saw the armed resistance of Filipinos against the Spanish colonizers. His birthday, November 30, 1863, is commemorated annually as "Bonifacio day," a national holiday.

Jos RizalThe PhilippinesPambansang BayaniNational HeroWidely considered as the "brainchild" of the Philippine Revolution and is commonly referred to as the "Philippine National Hero," albeit not officially (in the absence of law recognizing him as such). However, his works and writings are taught in Philippine academic institutions as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425 or informally called, Rizal Law. His death on December 30, 1896 is commemorated annually with the declaration of December 30 as "Rizal day," a national holiday. [33]

Dom Afonso HenriquesPortugalPai da NaoFather of the Nationa.k.a. The ConquerorFounder and 1st. King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.

Peter I of RussiaRussia (Otc Otestva)Father of the FatherlandWas granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[34]

El-Ouali Mustapha SayedSahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicFather of the NationLeader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan & Mauritanian armies.

Sir John ComptonSaint LuciaFather of the NationPrime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[35]

Ibn Saud of Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia (Waalid Al Ummah)Father of the NationHe is the man which unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He established the House of Saud, the dynasty which rules the country. His tenth son King Abdullah is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Four other older sons Saud, Faisal, Khalid and Fahd served as former heads of state.

Donald DewarScotlandFather of the NationFirst person elected First Minister of Scotland when the devolved Scottish Parliament was constituted in 1999.[36] Dewar was also credited with securing that constitutional reform.[36]

Lee Kuan YewSingaporeFounding father of SingaporeFirst Prime Minister of Singapore

Primo TrubarSloveniaOe narodaFather of the NationA consolidator of the Slovene language and the author of the first Slovene printed book.

Mohammed Abdullah HassanSomaliaFather of the fatherlandLeader of the first Somali independence movement against the Kingdom of Italy and Great Britain.

Nelson MandelaSouth AfricaTata wethuFather of the NationFirst President of post-apartheid South Africa.[37]

Catholic MonarchsSpainReyes Catlicos de los reinos de Castilla y AragnCatholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and AragonThe unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.

Don Stephen SenanayakeSri LankaFather of the NationFirst Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[38]

Johan FerrierSurinameVader des VaderlandsFather of the NationFirst president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands)

Gustav I of SwedenSwedenNationshjlteNational heroBroke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.

Julius NyerereTanzaniaBaba wa TaifaFather of the NationFirst President of Tanzania[39]

Mustafa Kemal AtatrkTurkeyAtatrkFather of the TurksFounder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with a 1934 law establishing surnames in Turkey.[40]

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al NahyanUnited Arab Emirates (Waalid Al Ummah)Father of the NationPresident of the UAE for its first 33 years (19712004)[41][42]

George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and FramersUnited StatesFounding Fathers[43][44]The Signers who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Framers who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States

Jos Gervasio ArtigasUruguayPadre de la independencia uruguaya[45]Father of Uruguayan independence[46]Fought against British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonial armies in Ro de la Plata.

Simn BolvarVenezuelaPadre de la patriaFather of the fatherlandPrime leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain

List of national foundersFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"Founding fathers" redirects here. For the founding fathers of the United States, see Founding Fathers of the United States. For the founding fathers of the European Union, see Founding fathers of the European Union.Further information: Father of the Country and Father of the NationThis list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008)

The following list of national founding fathers is a record, by country, of men who were credited with establishing their nation. National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance, (i.e., political system form of government, and constitution), of the country. They can also be military leaders of a war of independence that led to the existence of the country.Contents 1 Africa 1.1 Cape Verde 1.2 Egypt 1.3 Guinea 1.4 Ghana 1.5 Kenya 1.6 Liberia 1.7 Libya 1.8 Namibia 1.9 Nigeria 1.10 Sierra Leone 1.11 South Africa 1.12 Tanzania 1.13 Tunisia 1.14 Zimbabwe 1.15 Zambia 2 Asia 2.1 Afghanistan 2.2 Bangladesh 2.3 Bhutan 2.4 People's Republic of China 2.5 Republic of China 2.6 India 2.7 Indonesia 2.8 Iran 2.9 Japan 2.10 North Korea 2.11 South Korea 2.12 Malaysia 2.13 Mongolia 2.14 Burma 2.15 Nepal 2.16 Pakistan 2.17 Philippines 2.18 Singapore 2.19 Turkey 2.20 Vietnam 3 Europe 3.1 Albania 3.2 Azerbaijan 3.3 Bohemia 3.4 Bulgaria 3.5 Croatia 3.6 Czech Republic 3.7 England 3.8 France 3.9 Georgia 3.10 Germany 3.11 Greece 3.12 Hungary 3.13 Ireland 3.14 Israel 3.15 Italy 3.16 Macedonia 3.17 Montenegro 3.18 Netherlands 3.19 Norway 3.20 Poland 3.21 Portugal 3.22 Romania 3.23 Russia 3.24 San Marino 3.25 Serbia 3.26 Slovakia 3.27 Slovenia 3.28 Spain 3.29 Sweden 3.30 Switzerland 3.31 Turkey 3.32 Ukraine 3.33 United Kingdom 3.34 Wales 4 Americas 4.1 Argentina 4.2 Bolivia 4.3 Brazil 4.4 Canada 4.5 Chile 4.6 Colombia 4.7 Dominican Republic 4.8 Haiti 4.9 Jamaica 4.10 Mexico 4.11 Peru 4.12 United States 4.13 Venezuela 5 Oceania 5.1 Australia 5.2 Federated States of Micronesia 5.3 Fiji 5.4 New Zealand 5.5 Papua New Guinea 5.6 Tonga 6 ReferencesAfrica

Amlcar Cabral was a revolutionary and nationalist leader of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau.

Saad Zaghloul was the founder of independent Egypt. "Zaeem al Ummah (Leader of the Nation)"

Jan van Riebeeck of South AfricaCape VerdeAmlcar Cabral (var. Amlcar Lopes da Costa Cabral) (12 September 1924 20 January 1973) was an agricultural engineer, writer, and a nationalist thinker and political leader. He was also one of Africa's foremost anti-colonial leaders. Amlcar Cabral led the nationalist movement of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands and the ensuing war of independence in Guinea-Bissau. He was assassinated on 20 January 1973, several months before Guinea-Bissau's unilateral declaration of independence. He is considered a founding father of Cape Verde.EgyptThe Founder of Independent Egypt Saad Zaghloul (1859-August 23, 1927) was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government, and was imprisoned by the British in Malta, but returned to Egypt to complete the revolution in 1919. Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt (later King) Fuad I convince the British to give Egypt independence with a friendly British-Egyptian relationship and in 1922, Egypt was proclaimed an independent Kingdom, the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its Prime Minister.GuineaAhmed Skou Tour (var. Ahmed Seku Turay) (January 9, 1922 March 26, 1984) was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Tour was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France. He is with Kwame Kuruma one of the founding fathers of the African Union, and the Guinean Diallo telly was the first general secretary of the African Union.GhanaKwame Nkrumah (19091972) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.[1]KenyaJomo Kenyatta - served as the first Prime Minister (19631964) and President (19641978) of the Republic.LiberiaJoseph Jenkins Roberts (18091876) was born a free man of Black American descent. In 1829 his family moved to Liberia. In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its governor (18411848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia's independence in 1847.[2]LibyaKing Idris Al-sanusi, also known as Idris I of Libya, (12 March 1889 25 May 1983) was the first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania, another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan).[3] By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the United Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951.NamibiaThe founding father of Namibia is Dr. Sam Shafiishuna Nujoma, who freed Namibia from South African occupation.Nigeria Herbert Macaulay (18641946) Professor Eyo Ita (1904-1980s) Alvan Ikoku (19001971) Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (19041996) Chief Obafemi Awolowo (19091987) Al-Haji Sir Ahmadu Bello (19101966) Al-Haji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (19121966) Sir Egbert Udo Udoma (1917-1998) General Murtala Mohammed (19381976) Al-Haji Aminu Kano (19201983) Joseph Tarka (19321980) Dennis Osadebay (19111994)are considered founding fathers of Nigeria. The troika of Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria's independence from Britain, aided by such figures as Chieftess Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.Sierra LeoneFreetown, Sierra Leone was founded in part by an African American slave called Thomas Peters in 1792 who convinced British abolitionists to help settle 1,192 Black Americans who fought for the British in return for freedom. Peters alongside other Black Americans David George and Moses Wilkinson were influential in the estamblishment of Freetown, but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone. A street was named for Thomas Peters in Freetown by the Krio Mayor Winstanley Bankole Johnson.[citation needed]South AfricaNelson Mandela (19182013) was the former President of South Africa, held the office from 19941999. He led the campaign, together with F. W. de Klerk, to racially integrate and unite the country.Jan van Riebeeck (16191677) was the first Governor of the Cape and later of Batavia, he allowed for many more Europeans to go to the Cape, later leading to the foundation of the Cape Colony. The Voortrekkers were the Founding Fathers of the Transvaal Republic, Orange Free State, and other Boer republics which make up a vast area of present-day South Africa. Oliver Tambo Walter Sisulu Govan Mbeki Joe Slovo Ahmed Kathrada Raymond Mhlaba Robert Sobukwe Joe Modise Chris HaniTanzaniaJulius Nyerere - Key figure in the independence of the country and first President.TunisiaThe founding father of the modern Tunisia is Habib Bourguiba.Zimbabwe Rekayi Tangwena Joshua Nkomo Leopold Takawira Simon Muzenda Robert Mugabe Ndabaningi Sithole Herbert Chitepo Josiah Tongogara Enos Nkala Edgar Tekere George Nyandoro James Chikerema Solomon Mujuru Alfred Nikita Mangena Josiah Tungamirai Jason MoyoZambia Kenneth Kaunda Simon Kapwepwe Harry NkumbulaAsia

Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of AfghanistanAfghanistanAhmad Shah Durrani (17231773) unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747.[4] His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar, Afghanistan, where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah the Father).

Bongobondhu Sheikh Mujibur RahmanBangladeshSheikh Mujibur Rahman (19201975), is revered as the founding father of Bangladesh. A charismatic orator and popularly called "Bangabandhu" (Friend of the Bengal), Mujib rose from student politics to become the leader of the Bengali nationalist movement in Pakistan. He declared Bangladesh's independence in March, 1971,[5] after the Pakistan Army refused to accept results of democratic elections and launched a brutal military crackdown on the population of East Pakistan. Muzibur was arrested and kept in solitary confinement in West Pakistan throughout the nine-month long Bangladesh Liberation War. He was released in January, 1972 and returned to Bangladesh to lead the newly independent country. On 15 August 1975, a group of awami officers staged a military coup by assassinating Ziaur along with most of his family at his private residence in Dhaka.In an opinion poll conducted by the BBC Bengali service in 2003, he was voted "The Greatest Bengali of All Time".[6]BhutanShabdrung Ngawang Namgyal (15941651) fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan. He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present.People's Republic of ChinaSun Yat-sen is revered as the "Father of the Country" () of the Republic of China. However, following the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China was split up into two states, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China, commonly referred to as Taiwan. Mao Zedong is commonly accredited with being the architect of the People's Republic of China.Republic of ChinaSun Yat-sen is revered as the founding father of the Republic of China.India

Gandhi of IndiaMohandas Karamchand Gandhi (18691948) is often referred to as the founding father of IndiaDubious: Discuss. He was one of the top leaders of the Indian National Congress which struggled for the liberation from British rule and engineer in unifying various South Asian districts[dubious discuss] into one unified state to be called India. Vallabhbhai Patel, India's First Deputy Prime Minister and Jawaharlal Nehru (18891964), the first Prime Minister of India, are also considered as founding fathers.[7] It also refers to Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (18911956), the architect of the Indian constitution, also an educationist, prominent political figure and India's first law minister. Indian constitution provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. The Constitution was adopted on 9 August 1949 by the Constituent Assembly. Abul Kalam Azad, first Minister of Education, who worked to prevent the partition of India. Azad also work to unite Muslims and Hindus in India.[8]Although this usage is declining, when used in the plural, as the "Founding fathers" it usually refers to the members of the Constitutional Assembly's Draft Committee.[citation needed]Indonesia

Sukarno, Founding Father of IndonesiaSukarno and Mohammad Hatta are the founding fathers of Indonesia. They both signed the Proclamation of Independence which then read by Sukarno, proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945. A day later, they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia. As the Netherlands did not recognize the independence, both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. In August 1949, Hatta headed a delegation to the Hague for a Round Table Conference which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands in 23 December 1949.[9]IranCyrus the Great (600 BC 530 BC) was the founder of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty an empire without precedenta first world-empire of historical importance.[10] Ruhollah Khomeini was the founder of the current Islamic Republic of Iran.JapanEmperor Jimmu ( Jinmu-tenn?) (traditional reign 18 February 660 BC 9 April 585 BC) was the first Emperor of Japan,[11] according to the traditional order of succession.[12] The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day ( Kenkoku Kinen no Hi?) is celebrated annually on February 11 in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne.[13]North KoreaKim Il-sung was the first leader of North Korea at the time of the establishment of the country in 1948.South KoreaHwanung (;) and his son Dangun Wanggeom (; ) are legendary founders of Gojoseon, the first kingdom of Korea. The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC; 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as Gaecheonjeol (, , "Festival of the Opening of Heaven").MalaysiaTunku Abdul Rahman (8 February 1903 6 December 1990) usually known as "the Tunku" (a princely title in Malaysia), and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained Prime Minister after Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined in 1963 to form Malaysia.MongoliaModu Chanyu, (c. 234 BC-174BC), founded Mongolian Xiongnu state.

Genghis Khan posthumous portraitGenghis Khan (c.11621227), who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire, is generally regarded as the father of modern-day Mongolia. Although downcast during the communist-era, Genghis Khan's reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990. Modern Mongolia is often called "Genghis's Mongolia".BurmaAnawrahta is considered to be founding father of ancient Burmese Kingdom of Pagan. General Aung San is the founding father of modern Burma (also known as Myanmar). Although he did not live to see the country's independence, he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University's Newspaper where he accused one of the British administrators of misconduct. In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training, and he led the Burmese National Army, spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma. Later, he switched sides to the Allies, and helped in the Burma Campaign. After the war, he was appointed to the government of a returning British Administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947, achieving independence for all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19 July 1947, Aung San, along with his cabinet ministers, was assassinated at the secretariat building in Rangoon.Nepal

Prithvi Narayan Shah of NepalPrithvi Narayan Shah was largely responsible for the unification of Nepal, and is considered to be the founding father of Nepal. His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley (Present day Kathmandu), he decided he would like to rule over it. His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress. Prithvi Narayan Shah's descendents continued to rule over Nepal for a total of 240 years before the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal toppled the absolute power exercised by King Gyanendra, before abolishing the monarchy in 2008.Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of PakistanPakistan's founding father is Muhammad Ali Jinnah (18761948), a Muslim Barrister, originally from the Indian National Congress and later the Muslim League, who fought for the rights of Muslim minority in the British India. Jinnah is referred to as Quaid-e-Azam or the "Great Leader".Jinnah started his career as a cause of Indian independence and Hindu-Muslim unity but was later convinced of the Two-Nation Theory and utilised Muslim nationalism as a bargaining counter, a strategy later been dubbed as consociationalism. He worked along with Aga Khan III, martyred Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and Poet Philosopher Muhammad Iqbal all of whom are also revered to a certain extent as founding fathers. Aga Khan was also the founding president of the All India Muslim League. Choudhry Rahmat Ali coined the term Pakistan and is considered the father of the word "Pakistan". Muslim modernist and reformist Syed Ahmad Khan Ahmed Khan, the founder of Aligarh Educational Movement, is sometimes referred to as the father of the Two-Nation Theory, the basic principle on which Pakistan was founded, along with Allama Iqbal who is also regarded as the first to aspire for a separate country.Philippines

Jose Rizal, the national hero of the PhilippinesJos Rizal did not live long enough to see the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain or the subsequent defeat of the fledgling government by the United States, but he did play a prominent role in building a sense of Filipino national identity. A novelist and polymath, he wrote several influential books critical of colonial society, leading to his arrest and exile to Dapitan on the southern island of Mindanao and subsequent execution by the Spanish government on 30 December 1896. During the Commonwealth Period (under the United States government), he was declared the official National Hero, and after achieving full sovereignty in 1946, the country passed laws mandating courses on Rizal in all secondary and tertiary educational institutions.Singapore

Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore.Lee Kuan Yew (16 September 1923 present) often referred to as the Father of Singapore or by the initials LKY, he was the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for three decades. He is also widely recognised as the founding father of modern Singapore.Turkey

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk is the founder of modern Turkey. "Father of the Turks"Mustafa Kemal Atatrk (18811938) the founder of the Republic of Turkey and its first President. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence.VietnamHo Chi Minh (18901969) is the founder of modern Vietnam, a great leader for independence of Vietnam from Japan and France and also the leader for reunification of Vietnam.EuropeAlbaniaProgon, Lord of Kruja was the first Albanian ruler known by name. He was the ruler of the Principality of Arbanon (Albanian: Arbr or Arbria). He ruled between 1190 and 1198.Skanderbeg was a prominent historical figure in the history of Albania and of the Albanian people. He successfully fought against the Ottoman Empire during its apex (the time of Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II) and maintained independence for 25 years (1443-1468) until his death. He is the national hero of the Albanians.Ismail Qemali was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement at the beginning of 20th century, founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912, and its first head of state and government.AzerbaijanMammad Amin Rasulzade is the founding father of Azerbaijan.[citation needed] Mehemmed Emin Resulzade (Azerbaijani: Mhmmd min Axund Hac Molla lkbr olu Rsulzad, Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzde; 31 January 1884, Novkhana, near Baku 6 March 1955, Ankara) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic (19181920). His expression "Bir kr yksln bayraq, bir daha enmz!" ("The flag once raised will never fall!") has become the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century.BohemiaAlthough the first known ruler of Bohemia was Boivoj I, Duke of Bohemia, the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the "Father of the Homeland" in the Czech Republic, because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity. Tom Garrigue Masaryk (18501937) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic, and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935.BulgariaKubrat was the ruler of Old Great Bulgaria in 632. His son Asparukh migrated to the Balkans and established the First Bulgarian Empire in 681. Modern day Bulgaria is a direct successor of this state. Asparukh's brother Kotrag migrated north and founded Volga Bulgaria. Mythical rulers of Bulgaria exist before them, dating back as far as 3rd millennium BC.Croatia Porga of Croatia, first Croatian ruler known, ruled in 7th-century Tomislav of Croatia, united all Croatian lands into one kingdom in 925, when he was crowned as the first Croatian king in Delminium, today Tomislavgrad in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Franjo Tuman, first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990.-1999.Czech RepublicVclav Havel was the first president of the Czech Republic (19932003). The first president of the antecedent Czechoslovakia was nevertheless Tom Garrigue Masaryk (19181935). The Kingdom of Bohemia was formally established in 1198 by Pemysl Ottokar I.EnglandIt was King Athelstan (893/895-939 AD) who united the several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England around the year 927, when he became King of the English - as opposed to his previous title, King of the West Saxons. However, his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather Alfred the Great (871-899 AD), who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation's founder.FranceClovis I united all the frankish tribes in Gaul and gave them a common catholic religion. Napoleon founded the French Empire. Napoleon III is the first French President. Charles de Gaulle is a hero of the French resistance and the inspiration and second president of the 5th Republic.GeorgiaKing Pharnavaz I of Iberia (302237 BC)GermanyBefore the national unification of Germany in 1871, German nationalists sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation, such as Arminius, Charlemagne and - as championed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Richard Wagner - Henry the Fowler. Otto von Bismarck (18151898), the "Iron Chancellor", engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871. Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the "Fathers of the Basic Law" in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee, and by the first German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. For reunified Germany, the slogan "Wir sind das Volk!" ("We are the people!") became symbolic, thus making all Germans "founding fathers" of modern Germany.GreeceRigas Feraios (17571798) was a Greek writer and revolutionary, an eminent figure of the Greek Enlightenment, remembered as a Greek national hero, the first victim of the uprising against the Ottoman Empire and a forerunner of the Greek War of Independence.Adamantios Korais (17481833, Theophilos Kairis (17841853), Eugenios Voulgaris (17161806) and other figures of the Greek Enlightenment.Theodoros Kolokotronis (17701843), (O Geros tou Morea or "The Elder of Morea") was a Greek field Marshal (archistrategos or Marshal Commander-in-Chief) and one of the leaders of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, Georgios Karaiskakis (1780 or 17821827) was a famous Greek klepht, armatolos, military commander, and a hero of the Greek War of Independence, Andreas Vokos Miaoulis (17681835) an admiral and politician who commanded Greek naval forces during the Greek War of Independence (18211829), Yannis Makriyannis was (17971864) a Greek merchant, military officer, politician and author, Alexander Ypsilantis (17921828), Demetrios Ypsilantis (17931832) and other prominent personalities of the Greek War of Independence.Count Ioannis Kapodistrias (17761831), was a Greek diplomat of the Russian Empire and later the first head of state of independent Greece recognized by many Greek historians as the Father of the Greek nation.Eleftherios Venizelos (18641936), was an eminent Greek revolutionary, a prominent and illustrious statesman as well as a charismatic leader in the early 20th century,Prime Minister of Greece and served from 1910 to 1920 and from 1928 to 1932, he is credited with being "the maker of modern Greece", and he is still widely known as the Ethnarch.Alexandros Papanastasiou (18761936), was a Greek politician, sociologist and Prime Minister, widely known as the Father of the Republic or Father of the Democracy.Georgios Papandreou (18881968) was a Greek politician, the founder of the Papandreou political dynasty, often referred to affectionately as " " (o Gros tis dimokratas)the old man of democracy.HungaryAccording to Anonymus the fejedelem who made the Magyars settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 A.D. was rpd. His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301. In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation. He was Hungary's first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary. Amongst others, Lajos Kossuth is supposed to be the Pater Patriae. He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs, and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic.IrelandThe Irish Free State was established after the Irish War of Independence (191921), in which amon de Valera, Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins were key leaders. However, they became antagonists in the Irish Civil War (192223), in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated. For decades, the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, in particular the seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic: Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, amonn Ceannt, Tom Clarke, Sen Mac Diarmada, Thomas MacDonagh, and Joseph Plunkett. Robert Emmet and Wolfe Tone are also considered as founding fathers.Northern Ireland was officially created by the Government of Ireland Act in December 1920. This new region within the United Kingdom came into existence in May 1921. The 'founding fathers' of this new region were Captain Sir James Craig and Sir Edward Carson, the leaders of the Ulster Unionist Party (the U.U.P.).IsraelTheodor Herzl is considered the founding father of the Zionist movement and thus indirectly a founding father of Israel. David Ben-Gurion was the founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel.Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi the "Hero of the Two Worlds"Giuseppe Garibaldi (18071882), the Count di Cavour (18101861) and Giuseppe Mazzini (18051872) have been referred to as the founding fathers of the Kingdom of Italy.[14] Vittorio Emanuele II was the first King of a united Italy.The members of the Assemblea Costituente (the Constituent Assembly of 19461947) are considered as the "fathers" of the Italian Republic.MacedoniaAs well respected statesmen in Macedonia are considered Metodija Andonov-ento (first president of SR Macedonia), Nikola Karev (president of Kruevo Republic) and Kiro Gligorov (first president of independent Macedonia). However, often, as "fathers" of the nation are considered Gotse Delchev, Krste Misirkov, Georgi Pulevski and Dimitrija upovski and other prominent authors and revolutionaries.Montenegro Prince Stefan Vojislav (990s-1043) - lead a successful war for independence from the Byzantine Empire thus creating independent princedom of Duklja, the first Montenegrin state Petar I Petrovi-Njego (17471830) - acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in modern eraNetherlandsPrince William I of Orange (15331584) or William the Silent, is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence. Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands which in English means, Father of the Fatherland.[15]NorwayKing Harald Fairhair, who unified Norway and ruled c. 872930, is often considered the founder of the nation.Usually the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814, consisting of 112 men from most of the country, in Norway often referred to as Eidsvoll Men or the Fathers of the Constitution.[16]Poland

Mieszko I of PolandMieszko I (b. ca. 920/45 d. 25 May 992), the first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered as the de facto creator of the Polish state. He was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. Mieszko I's marriage in 965 to the Pemyslid princess Dobrawa and his baptism in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity. According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a wise politician, a talented military leader and charismatic ruler. He successfully used diplomacy, concluding an alliance with Bohemia first, and then with Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire. In foreign policy, he placed the interests of his country foremost, even entering into agreements with former enemies. On his death, he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory, with a well-established position in Europe. Mieszko I also appeared as "Dagome" in a papal document from about 1085, called "Dagome iudex", which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the Pope (the act took place almost a hundred years earlier).PortugalHenry of Burgundy (10661112), was appointed Count of Portugal as a reward for military services to Kingdom of Len, and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards. And, more importantly, his son, Count Afonso I of Portugal (11091185), a Templar Brother who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the Holy See, in 1179, as the first King of Portugal, through the Manifestis Probatum bull.[citation needed]Romania Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people, as Roman veterans were settled on the present-day territory of Romania following Trajan's Dacian Wars. Michael the Brave was the first Romanian prince to rule over the traditional Romanian provinces (Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania) in a personal union, albeit briefly. Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state. He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union, which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate.Russia Rurik - Varangian[17] prince and Prince of Novgorod beginning around the year 862 AD[18] Oleg - Rurik's kinsman and successor; extended his realm from Novgorod south along the Dnieper River valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev, where he established Kievan Rus' (The modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural heritage.[19]) Ivan the Terrible - Grand Prince of Moscow (also Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Kiev) from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death Peter the Great Tsar from 1682, officially proclaimed establishment of the Russian Empire in 1721, following the Treaty of Nystad and himself its first emperor who instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power, transformed the nation in the Western (previously Dutch) style, founder of Saint-PetersburgSan MarinoSaint Marinus was the founder of the world's oldest surviving republic, San Marino, in 301. Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Rab on the other side of the Adriatic Sea (modern Croatia), fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution.Serbia the leader of the Serbs (fl. 610-641) Vlastimir, Prince (r. ca. 830-850), united Serbian provinces Mutimir, Prince (r. ca. 850-891), first Christian ruler of Serbia aslav, Prince (r. ca. 927960), united Serbian provinces Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince (r. 11661196), founder of the Nemanji dynasty, and Serbian Church Duan, Emperor (13311355), most powerful Serbian ruler in history Karaore, Grand Leader (18041813), liberator of Serbia, organizer and leader of the Serbian RevolutionSlovakiaVladimr Meiar was the main proponent of the Slovak independence in the year 1993. He has served as prime minister until 1998, when he narrowly lost the election.SloveniaFrance Buar is a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament. He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991. He is considered as one of the founding fathers of Slovenian democracy and independence. He is also considered, together with Peter Jambrek, as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. Joe Punik was president of DEMOS and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence. The largest Slovenian airport is named Letalie Joeta Punika (Joe Punik airport). Lojze Peterle was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kuan was the first president.SpainCatholic Monarchs in the 15th century were responsible for the unification of Spain, both coming from the noble House of Trastmara. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (15001558) was the first monarch of the Spanish Empire.SwedenWhile Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time, Birger Jarl, father of and regent for Valdemar, King of Sweden, can be said to have established Sweden as a nation. Birger was Jarl in the years 1248-1266.Gustav I of Sweden, who secured Sweden's independence from Denmark in 1523, is often considered a father of the nation.SwitzerlandBoth the anonymous Eidgenossen who drew up the Federal Charter of 1291, or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founding fathers of Switzerland. Among the latter, those who became the first members of the Swiss Federal Council were perhaps the most notable: Ulrich Ochsenbein, Jakob Stmpfli, Jonas Furrer, Josef Munzinger, Henri Druey, Friedrich Frey-Heros, Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini.[citation needed]

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, founder of modern Turkey. "Father of the Turks"TurkeyMustafa Kemal Atatrk (18811938) the founder of the Republic of Turkey and its first President. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence.Ukraine

Bohdan Khmelnytsky Vladimir the Great or Volodymyr the Saint - the baptizer of the Kievan Rus'. Ukraine derives its identity from this early medieval state. Bohdan Khmelnytsky (c. 1595 6 August 1657) was a hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate of Ukraine. He led an uprising against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth magnates (16481654) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state.United KingdomAs the UK formed over many years, its founders did not live at the same time as each other. They include: Humphrey Wingfield, Speaker of the English House of Commons in 1535, at the time of England's union with Wales; John Smith and James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater, Speakers of the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, when the Acts of Union united Scotland and England; Henry Addington and John FitzGibbon, leaders of the British and Irish parliaments at the time of the Acts of Union 1801, uniting Great Britain and Ireland; and Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill, who both signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which allowed most of Ireland to leave the U.K. and become the Irish Free State.Northern Ireland had already been established in May 1921, having been created in the Government of Ireland Act in December 1920. This Act was guided through the British House of Commons by Sir Hamar Greenwood, M.P., the Chief Secretary for Ireland at the time. Northern Ireland had been created at the insistence of both Captain Sir James Craig and Sir Edward Carson, the Ulster Unionist leaders.WalesMagnus Maximus (ca. 33528 August 388). According to Welsh tradition, Magnus Maximus (Welsh: Macsen-Wledig) was a Roman General who was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his soldiers in Britain in 383. As such, he was the first "Romano-Britain" ruler of Britain and Rome itself. His mytho-heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem Yma o Hyd by Dafydd Iwan.Hywel Dda (c.880950) was responsible for the codification of traditional Welsh Law, which, according to historian John Davies, "was a powerful symbol of [Welsh] unity and identity, as powerful, indeed, as their language".[20]Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (r. 103963) was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales, from about 1057 until his death in 1063.[21]Americas

Simn Bolvar of VenezuelaJos de San Martn,[22] Simn Bolvar,[23] Antonio Jos de Sucre, Francisco de Paula Santander,[24] Francisco de Miranda[25] have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Panama.ArgentinaJos de San Martn (17781850) is considered the founding father of Argentina.[26]BoliviaSimon Bolivar (17831830) and Antonio Jos de Sucre (17951830) are considered to be the founding fathers of Bolivia.BrazilPedro lvares Cabral (22/04/1500) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America. Jos Bonifcio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence", is considered the maximum leader of the Independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (17981834), son of the King Joo VI of Portugal, the symbol of the "center of force and union", according the Bonifcio strategy.CanadaMain article: Fathers of Confederation

Canadian Fathers of ConfederationThe name "Fathers of Confederation" is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864, and the London Conference of 1866, to establish the Canadian Confederation. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation.[27] Queen Victoria, who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation."[28]ChileBernardo O'Higgins (17781842) and Jos Miguel Carrera (17851821) are usually considered the founding fathers of Chile. Other people referred as founding fathers of Chile include Camilo Henrquez and Manuel Rodrguez (17851818).[citation needed]ColombiaSimn Bolvar, was founding father of Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Francisco de Paula Santander wrote the first constitution of Colombia, and Joaqun Mosquera was an early statesman of the Republic. Rafael Nez wrote and was the first President under the Colombian Constitution of 1886. Antonio Navarro Wolff, lvaro Gmez Hurtado, and Horacio Serpa co-wrote the Colombian Constitution of 1991Dominican RepublicJuan Pablo Duarte (18131876), Francisco del Rosario Snchez (18171861) and Matas Ramn Mella (18161864) are considered the Fathers of the Country. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the now discontinued $5 bill; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill.[29]HaitiToussaint L'Ouverture (20 May 1743 8 April 1803) and Jean-Jacques Dessalines (20 September 1758 17 October 1806) were revolutionary and early political leaders of Haiti.JamaicaAlexander Bustamante and Norman Washington Manley are considered to be the founding fathers of Jamaica. Alexander Bustamante is credited for his role as an influential union leader and founder of the Jamaican Labour Party. Bustamante served as the then colonys first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, becoming the countrys first Prime Minister. Norman Washington Manley is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the countrys population in 1944 along with founding the People's National Party. Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962.MexicoAccording to the decrees of the Congress of the Union of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823,[30] the Mexican founding fathers are Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (17531811), Ignacio Allende (1769-1811), Juan Aldama (1774-1811), Mariano Abasolo (1783-1816), Jos Mara Morelos (1765-1815), Mariano Matamoros (1770-1814), Leonardo Bravo (1764-1812), Miguel Bravo (unknown-1814), Hermenegildo Galeana (1762-1814), Mariano Jimnez (1781-1811), Xavier Mina (1789-1817), Pedro Moreno (1775-1817), and Vctor Rosales (1776-1817).Nine of the thirteen founding fathers are buried in the Monument to the Independence in Mexico City.[31]PeruJos de San Martn and Simn Bolvar led Peru to independence and forged the country.[32]United States

George Washington, chief among the founding fathers of the United StatesMain article: Founding Fathers of the United StatesWithin the large group known as "the Founding Fathers", there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the "Founding Fathers", including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians or jurists or statesmen or soldiers or diplomats or ordinary citizens, took part in winning US independence and creating the United States of America.[33] Eminent American historian Richard B. Morris, in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key founding fathers: Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.[34]VenezuelaSimon Bolivar (17831830) is considered to be the founding father not only of Venezuela, but of many of the region's countries as the Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Colombia and Bolivia.[citation needed]OceaniaAustraliaSir Henry Parkes (18151896) is often regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories. Unfortunately, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition.[35] Various other "founders" of Australia have also been unofficially recognised: Captain James Cook, the Englishman who claimed Australia; Captain Arthur Phillip, the first governor of New South Wales and founder of the first colony; and Sir Edmund Barton, the first Australian Prime Minister.Federated States of MicronesiaChief Justice Andon Amaraich is regarded as "one of the founding fathers of the Federated States of Micronesia".[36][37]

George Tupou I founded the modern Kingdom of TongaFijiRatu Sir Kamisese Mara is widely viewed as the "Founding Father" of an independent Fiji.[38][39][40][41][42]New ZealandJames Busby drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and co-authored with William Hobson the Treaty of Waitangi, which is considered to be the founding document of the nation of New Zealand.Papua New GuineaGrand Chief Sir Michael Somare is viewed as the "Founding Father" of Papua New Guinea.[43][44][45][46] The leading figure during the country's transition to independence from Australia, he was Papua New Guinea's first Prime Minister.TongaKing George Tupou I, who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga, has been described as Tonga's "founding father".[47][48]List of people considered father or mother of a scientific fieldFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe following is a list of people considered to be "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field. Such people are generally regarded to have made the first significant contributions to and/or delineation of that field; they may also be seen as "a" rather than "the" father or mother of the field. Debate over who merits the title can be perennial. As regards science itself, the title has been bestowed on the ancient Greek philosophers Thales[1][2] who attempted to explain natural phenomena without recourse to mythology and Democritus, the seminal atomist.[3]Contents 1 Natural sciences 1.1 Biology 1.2 Chemistry 1.3 Earth sciences 1.4 Medicine and physiology 1.5 Physics and astronomy 2 Formal sciences 2.1 Mathematics 2.2 Systems theory 3 Social sciences 3.1 Economics 3.1.1 Schools of thought 3.1.2 Theories 4 Other fields 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesNatural sciencesBiologyFieldPerson/sconsidered "father" or "mother"Rationale

BacteriologyRobert Koch/ Ferdinand Cohn[4]/ Louis PasteurFirst to produce precise, correct descriptions of bacteria.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]

BiogeographyAlfred Russel Wallace"...Often described as the Father of Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world."[6]

Biology[n 1]Aristotle[7]

EntomologyJan Swammerdam[8]

Johan Christian Fabricius[9]Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.

William Kirby[10]

Evolution Natural selectionCharles Darwin[11][12][13]On the Origin of Species (1859).

GeneticsGregor MendelFor his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance.[14]

William BatesonProponent of Mendelism.[15]

IchthyologyPeter Artedi"Far greater than either of these was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (170535)."[16]

LichenologyErik Acharius"Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology..."[17]

MicrobiologyAntonie van Leeuwenhoek[18]The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria.

Molecular biologyLinus Pauling[19]

Molecular biophysicsGopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran[20]Founded the [world's first?] molecular biophysics unit (1970).

NeuroscienceSantiago Ramn y Cajal[21]Neuron doctrine

PaleontologyGeorge Cuvier[22]

ProtozoologyAntonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa.

TaxonomyCarolus Linnaeus[23]Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world.

ToxicologyParacelsus[24]

VirologyMartinus Beijerinck[25]Studies of agricultural microbiology and industrial microbiology that yielded fundamental discoveries.

ChemistryFieldPerson/sconsidered "father" or "mother"Rationale

Atomic theory (early)Democritus[26]Founder of atomism in cosmology.

Atomic theory (modern)Father Roger Boscovich[27]First coherent description of atomic theory.

John Dalton[28]First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures.

Chemical thermodynamics (modern)Gilbert Lewis/ Willard Gibbs/ Merle Randall/ Edward Guggenheim[29]Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs (1933), which made a major contribution to the use of thermodynamics in chemistry.

Chemistry (early)Jabir ("Geber") ibn Hayyan (died 815)[30][31][32][33]Introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy.

Chemistry (modern)Antoine Lavoisier[34]Elements of Chemistry (1787)

Robert Boyle[34]The Sceptical Chymist (1661)

Jns Berzelius[35][36]Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s)

John Dalton[34]Revival of atomic theory (1803)

Green chemistryPaul Anastas[37]Design and manufacture of chemicals that are non-hazardous and environmentally benign.

Nuclear chemistryOtto Hahn[38] Applied Radiochemistry (1936) First person to split an atomic nucleus (nuclear fission, 1938) Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery (1944)

Periodic tableDmitri Mendeleev[39]Arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869).

Physical chemistrySvante Arrhenius[40]Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry. On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876), Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange (1882).

Wilhelm Ostwald"Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry..."[41]

Hermann von Helmholtz[citation needed]

Willard Gibbs[42]

Earth sciencesFieldPerson/sconsidered "father" or "mother"Rationale

Geochemistry (modern)Victor GoldschmidtFor developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements.

Geodesy (mathematical geography)Eratosthenes[43][44]

Geology (modern) Father Nicholas Steno[45] James Hutton[46] For setting down most of the principles of modern geology. For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory.

Limnology (modern)G. Evelyn Hutchinson[47]

MineralogyGeorgius Agricola[48]

Meteorology Naval oceanography (modern)Matthew Fontaine Maury[49]

Plate tectonicsAlfred Wegener[citation needed]

Acoustical oceanographyLeonid Brekhovskikh[50]

StratigraphyFather Nicholas Steno[45]

Speleologydouard-Alfred MartelBegan the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology.

Medicine and physiologyFieldPerson/sconsidered "father" or "mother"Rationale

AudiologyRaymond Carhart "the Father of Audiology himself, Raymond Carhart at Northwestern University"[51] "Carhart notch: A decrease in the bone-conduction hearing at the 2000Hz region of patients with otosclerosis first reported by and therefore named after the father of audiology, Raymond Carhart."[52]

Cognitive therapyAaron T. Beck "In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years."[53] The Prospect of Immortality (1962)

CryonicsRobert Ettinger[54]

Emergency medicine Peter Safar[55][56] Frank Pantridge Safar pioneered CPR, intensive-care units and developed standards for EMT, ambulance design and equipment. Pantridge: [57]

FitnessJack LaLanne[58]

GynaecologyJ. Marion Sims[59][60]

Human anatomy (modern)Vesalius[61]De humani corporis fabrica (1543)

Medical geneticsVictor McKusick[62]Mendelian Inheritance in Man

Medicine (early) Imhotep[63][64] Charaka[65] Wrote the first medical treatise, the Edwin Smith papyrus. Wrote the Charaka Samhit and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.

Medicine (modern)Hippocrates[7][66][67][68]Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath.

Dentistry (modern)Pierre Fauchard[69]

Nutrition (modern) Justus von Liebig Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier "Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food. It consisted of [...]"[70] "In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition, as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body..."[71]

Psychology (experimental)Wilhelm Wundt[72]Founded the first laboratory for psychological research.

Nursing (modern)Florence NightingaleSee Nursing#History.

Organ transplantationThomas Starzl[73]Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs including ciclosporin. Developed major advances in organ preservation, procurement and transplantation.

PediatricsMuhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi ("Rhazes")[74]Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field.

PhysiologyClaude Bernard[75]An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865)

Physical cultureBernarr Macfadden"It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys."[76]

Plastic surgerySushruta[77][78]Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

PsychoanalysisSigmund Freud[79]

PsychophysicsGustav Fechner[80]Elements of Psychophysics (1860)

Space medicineHubertus Strughold"After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the 'father of space medicine'"[81]

Surgery (early)Sushruta[77][78]Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Surgery (modern) Abu al-Qasim ("Abulcasis") al-Zahrawi[82] Guy de Chauliac[83] Ambroise Par John Hunter Joseph Lister William Stewart Halsted See also Father of modern surgery Kitab al-Tasrif (1000 AD). Chirurgia magna Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.[84] Experimental, scientific approach to surgery.[85][86] Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic.[87][88] Introduction of residency system in the United States.[89]

Physics and astronomyFieldPerson/sconsidered "father" or "mother"Rationale

AcousticsErnst Chladni[90]For important research in vibrating plates

AerodynamicsNikolai ZhukovskyGeorge Cayley[91]Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow, was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift. Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built

Physical cosmologyAlbert Einstein (founder)Henrietta Leavitt (mother)[92]Edwin Hubble (father)[93]Leavitt Discovered Cepheid variables, the "Standard Candle" by which Hubble later determined galactic distances. Einstein's general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology.

Classical mechanicsIsaac Newton (founder)[94]Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)

ElectricityWilliam Gilbert[95]Michael Faraday[96]Thomas Edison[97]Book: De Magnete (1600)Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831)Invented many electrical devices, such as the carbon microphone

ElectrodynamicsAndr-Marie Ampre[98]Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience (1827)

EnergeticsWillard Gibbs[99]Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)

Experimental physics (founder)Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[100][101]For introducing experimental method into physics with his Book of Optics (1021)

Modern astronomyNicolaus Copernicus[102]Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)

Modern physicsGalileo Galilei[103]His development and extensive use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope

Nuclear physicsErnest Rutherford[104]Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)

Nuclear scienceMarie CuriePierre Curie[105]

OpticsIbn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[106]Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021).

Quantum mechanicsMax Planck (founder)[107]Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form

RelativityAlbert Einstein (founder)[108]Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)

Spaceflight (rocketry)Robert Hutchings GoddardKonstantin TsiolkovskyHermann OberthGoddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket.Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.

ThermodynamicsSadi Carnot (founder)[109]Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power (1824)

Formal sciencesMathematicsFieldPerson/sconsidered "father" or "mother"Rationale

Algebra(see also The father of algebra)Brahmagupta, Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[110][111]Diophantus[112][113]Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al-Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline.First use of symbolism (syncopation) in his Arithmetica.

Algebraic topologyHenri Poincar[114]Published Analysis Situs in 1895,[115] introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.

AnalysisAugustin-Louis Cauchy[116]Karl Weierstrass[117]

Analytic geometryRen DescartesPierre de Fermat[118](founders)For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System

CalculusIsaac Newton[119]Gottfried LeibnizSee Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.

Classical analysisMadhava of Sangamagrama[120]Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions

Computer scienceGeorge BooleAlan TuringInvented Boolean logic, which is the basis of modern digital computer logicProvided an influential formalisation of the concept of