Fat Soluble Vit

7/31/2019 Fat Soluble Vit

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A, D, E and K


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Lymph thenblood/protein

carrierLong term

Less readily

excreted remain in fatstorage sites

Directly into blood

Short term

Kidneys detectandremove inurine


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Sourcefish liver oils, butter,

milk, peaches,

apricots, sweet

potatoes, carrots,

tomatoes, leafy

vegetables


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Rhodopsin and vitamin A


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The Retinoids (Vit.A)

3 forms of vitamin Aimportant for health

-Retinal

-Retinoic acid

-Retinol (key player; canbe converted to otherforms)

-carotene (a carotenoid orpigment) in

yellow/orange foods is apotent provitamin A


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Beta carotene to vitamin A


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Night blindness

Leading cause of blindness in third worldcountries

Cell keratinization

Dry skin

Xerophthalmia (dryness of cornea &conjunctiva)

Reproductive failureAbnormal skeletal development/maintenance

Immune dysfunction


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curable early stageafter 8 days vitamin A

incurable late stages


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Necrosis of cornea Corneal scar after treatment


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In females:

Increased abortionsNeonates born dead/weak

Deformed young: no eyeballs;hydrocephalus

In males:

Keratinization of testicularepithelium


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Vitamin A deficient calf lack ofcoordination and weakness


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Skeletal malformations,

spontaneous fractures, internalhemorrhages Overconsumption of beta carotene

from food sources may cause skinto turn yellow but is not harmful

Birth defects and miscarriage Decalcification, joint pain, fragilityDestruction of epiphyseal cartilage andbone matrix

Dry itchy skin (caution about acne

treatments)Hair loss


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Vitamin D = calciferol

Vitamin D2 = ergocalciferol

Completely synthetic form produced by theirradiation of the plant steroid ergosterol

Plant source cannot be used by birds

Vitamin D3 = cholecalciferol

Produced photochemically by the action ofsunlight or ultraviolet light from theprecursor sterol 7-dehydrocholesterol

Animal source required by birds


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Vitamin D: The

Sunshine Vitamin

Not always essential- Body can make it if

exposed to enoughsunlight- Made fromcholesterol in theskin


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-Fat soluble-Stable to heat-Resistant to oxidation-Unaffected by cooking-Vit. D2 has greater potency

than Vit. D3 in humans


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Physiologic Action- increase the absorption of calcium

and phosphorous from the small

intestine

-

increases release of calcium andphosphate in the bones necessary

for normal growth and development

-

Required in the proper activity ofparathyroid hormone


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and- a-Tocopoherol : colourless pale yellow oil

-

Stable to heat, but is destroyed by ultraviolet light

and by oxidizing agents

- Prevents oxidation of vitamin A an unsaturated

fatty acids

-Protect lung tissues from damage by oxidants by

pollutant in the air

-

Selenium (pancreatic) metabolism

-

Helpful in diets of pregnant and lactating woman

- Treating older persons suffering from circulatory

problems.


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The term vitamin E refers to a family of eightrelated compounds, the tocopherols and thetocotrienols

The four major forms of vitamin E are designated

a, b, d, g, on the basis of the number andposition of the methyl group on the chromanolring

O

R1

R3

R2

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

R1

R3

R2

HO

O

R1

R3

R2

HO

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3


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Rare typically associated with fat mal-absorption or

excessive intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)

Erythrocyte hemolysis and hemolytic anemia

-Red blood cell breaks open and spill the contents, perhapsdue to PUFA oxidation

-Observed among newborns of several species

-Vitamin E treatment resolves hemolytic anemia

Prolonged deficiency causes neuromuscular

dysfunction; affects the spinal cord and the retina-exposure of PUFAs to oxygen and intake of mineral oils

muscular weakness, creatinuria, fragile red bloodcells- Mal-absorption in intestines


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Normal rat with well-developed fetuses (day16 of pregnancy)

Vitamin E deficient rat (day16 of pregnancy)


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Wide range of safe intake comparedto other fat soluble vitamins(toxicity rare)Extreme high doses (50- to 100-foldabove recommended intakes) mayaffect the blood clotting effects ofvitamin K and may lead to increasedrisk of hemorrhage


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Forms ofVitamin K

K1, phylloquinoneChloroplasts in plants

K2, menaquinoneBacterial synthesis

K3, menadione

Synthetic, water solubleform

Complexed to improvestability


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Properties

o stable to heat

oDestroyed in acidic andalkaline solution

oUnstable to light and oxidizing

agents


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Clotting factors are synthesized in the liveras inactive precursors - vitamin K

converts them to their active formsConversion of prothrombin to thrombin, an

active enzyme

Formation of fibrinogen to fibrin, leading to clot

formation

Stimulates bone formation and decreases boneresorption


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Primary deficiency rare; secondary deficiency occurs whenfat absorption is impaired or following long-term or high-

dose administration of antibiotics (they kill the bacteria

in large intestine)Newborn babies with sterile GI tract; single vitamin K dose

given to prevent hemorrhage

Prolonged clotting time

Generalized hemorrhages


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Spontaneous hemorrhages underthe skin in chick receiving avitamin K-deficient diet for first

15 days of life

Normal chick the sameage but fed a diet withsufficient levels of

vitamin K


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Hemorrhagic disease in first few days of

life; death caused by subdural hemorrhage


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Not common except with over-

supplementation

Phylloquinone and menaquinone are

relatively nontoxic

Jaundice; brain damage

Menadione toxic to skin and respiratory

tract in high doses


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Documents

Fat Soluble Vit