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Fast Charging Li-Ion Battery Market Review 2017

July 2017

Samuel De-Leon

shmuel@sdle.co.il

www.sdle.co.il

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The Need For an Higher Battery Energy & Power Density is

High!!! We need a

longer run

time!!!

Li-Ion Cells Energy Density Progress is in a Small Steps

1991 - Sony 18650 Li-Ion cell, 700mAh, 90 Wh/kg

2017 - Sony US18650VC7, 3530mAh, 264 Wh/kg

Sony US18650VC7

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What is a Fast Charging?

Slow Charge Quick

Charge

Fast Charge Ultra Fast

Charge

<C/3 C/3<, <2C 2C<, <10C >10C

Empty to 80% of max battery capacity within 5 min

(more than 10C Rate)

Fast Slow

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Challenges for Fast Charging

• Ability of the batteries to accept fast charging

• Battery Safety

• Gris power delivery limitations

• Battery and Charger thermal management

• Battery and charger cost

• Charging efficiency rate

• Charger size and weight

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How Fast Charging Fill the Gap?

Samsung Galaxy S7 with 3000mAh Battery

Talk time 22 hours

How long do we need to wait before we will

have a full 22 hours talk time?

Customers want at least 25% full battery

charge during a coffee break

Slow

Charge

Quick

Charge

Fast

Charge

Charging rate C/3 2C 10C

Time for a full

charge

3-6

Hours

30 min to

1 hour

5 min

to 20

min * 31 days a month, 744 hours a month

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Fast Charging an EV the Same as Refueling a Car

Both will take 5 min for a full tank or fully charge battery

Many EV owner have no over night charger

Number of charging stations can be reduce dramatically

Vehicles can have a smaller battery with a frequent

charges

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Fast Charging & EV Driving Range

Tesla S with 75-90kWh Battery

Driving range on full charge ~ 270 Miles

How much daily drive mileage will improve

in a different charging rates?

Slow Charge Quick

Charge

Fast Charge

Charging

rate

C/3 2C 10C

Daily drive

Mileage

810 miles 1350 miles 1620 miles

* Driving time at 75 mph without the time needed for charging during the day

while we start with a fully charge battery

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Fast Charging Coming Soon – Need New Battery Technology to

Accept Fast Charge

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What is the Problem With Fast Charging Li-ion Batteries?

1. Lithium Graphite Anode accepts the lithium ions at a

slow rate although the Cathode can transfer them at a

faster rate.

2. During fast charging the cell faces deposition of lithium

metal in the form of dendrites or as a high surface area

film over the Anode.

3. That Leads to very fast capacity degradation and

increase of internal impedance and also to safety

problems like internal short circuit ,explosions, fires

and leaks.

Fast discharge is easy like going down stairs.

Fast charge is difficult like climbing stairs.

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Rechargeable Li-Ion Chemistries that can be Fast Charged

1. Lithium Titanate (LTO) – Fast Anode kinetics. Anode

voltage is far from the voltage needed to deposit metallic

lithium, thus smaller probability for metallic lithium

deposition over the anode – But low energy density.

2. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LPF) – Nano Materials lower

voltage cells – But Low energy density and faster self

discharge.

Lithium Titanate Battery Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel Cathode - LMO

Lithium Titanate Oxide Anode or Iron Phosphate – LTO, LFP

Advantages Disadvantages

Very Long Cycle Life Low cell voltage 1.9-2.4v

High charge/discharge rates Lower energy than carbon

anodes

Very temperature tolerant Higher cost per Kwh

High safety

Public domain technology

The main players:

Toshiba, Enerdel, Leclanche, ATL,

Kokam

Toshiba Lithium Titanate Rechargeable Battery - SCiB

Recharges to 90% of full capacity in less than 5 minutes.

Excellent safety because of high level anode stability.

6000 cycles of full D.O.D. to 90% of initial capacity.

Low temperature discharge from -30C.

Available on the Schwinn Tailwind E-Bike and EV projects

with VW, Mitsubishi and Honda.

2.4Voc/ 4.2Ah 65 Wh/Kg 131 wh/l 650 W/Kg 1316 W/l VW &

Toshiba

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A123 Nano Phosphate Lithium Rechargeable Batteries

Cylindrical and soft package cells High power density 3000 W/Kg ( up to 100C) 15-minute charge time possible on some models

(18700, 26650). Safer technology 3.3V working voltage and lower energy density Excellent cycle life - Thousands of cycles

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Battrion

http://www.battrion.com/

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Storedot

https://www.store-dot.com/

• New synthesis anode with an organic nano materials of

non biological origin

• Special cathodes and electrolytes

• Separator coating

• Company completed battery generation 1 R&D and

starting production

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Enevate

http://www.enevate.com/

• New silicon-dominant li-ion anode (>70%) , special

separator, material coating

• 300Wh/kg reached

• Safe technology – No lithium metal plating

• Work up to -40 Deg C

• The company license the technology but also have a pilot

production line and can deliver cells

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Zapgo

https://www.zapgo.com/

• Carbon-Ion cells (not Li-Ion)

• Nano carbon supercapacitors contain graphene 12Wh/kg

• Safe technology – No lithium metal plating

• In a prototype stage

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Toyota

• Toyota is working on Li-Ion solid electrolyte batteries for

a long time

• Solid-state batteries with twice the range of today’s EVs,

while charging only in minutes.

• Commercialization plan for 2020

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Summary

• There is an high demand for battery Energy and Power

density break through

• As the progress is slow – Fast Charging will fill the gap

• Current batteries are not sufficient for fast charging

• New technologies are under R&D – We found 12

companies to develop fast charging technology (Desribed

in our paid market report)

• We expect to have new battery technologies to support

fast charging in mass production within the next 5 years

Shmuel De-Leon Shmuel De-Leon Energy Ltd

www.sdle.co.il shmuel@sdle.co.il

Information for presentation obtained by:

1. Public web sources.

2. Shmuel De-Leon Battery/Energy Sources DataBase ® (Includes 30000 cell PDF data sheets ) http://www.sdle.co.il/Default.asp?sType=0&PageId=45580

3. Shmuel De-Leon Energy Fast Charging Li-Ion battery Market Reports