Fascist EuropeFascist Europe

Greater RomaniaGreater RomaniaGreater HungaryGreater HungaryGreater CroatiaGreater CroatiaGreater AlbaniaGreater Albania

Jasenovac,Croatia

Kosovo

State response to minority: Autonomy and Ethnic Federalism

Serbs, Croats, Slovenesunited kingdom after WWI;

Named “Yugoslavia” (South Slavs), 1932

Communist Josip Broz Titorevived it after WWII.Croatian who promotes“brotherhood & unity”

Six republics of Yugoslavia, 1945-1991Croatia, Slovenia(Catholic)

Serbia, Montenegro,Macedonia(Orthodox)

Bosnia(Muslim)

Kosovo(Muslim partof Serbia)

Kosovo province of SerbiaTito puts Albanian majority in charge;

Serbs have become minority but maintain historic claim

Tito dies; replaced byweak rotating leadership.

Economic crisis leads to(multiethnic) worker strikes.

Republic leaders start touse nationalist messages,weaken Yugoslav identity

Yugoslavia in 1980s

Models of ethnic harmony, 1984Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Bosnia.

Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

By 1992, both cities were torn by ethnic uprisings,gang rule, and troops on the streets

Theories of ethnic hatred

It’s always there; politics can keep a “lid” on it

Croatian and Serbian leadersstoke ethnic hatred after 1989

It’s a tool used for political and economic power

Communism collapses inEastern Europe, 1989

Conflict among similar peoples(Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats)

Same race, spoken language

Different religion,script, “ethnic” group

Intermarried, cooperated,1950s-80s; at war 1990s

Muslim and Serb refugeesfrom Sarajevo, Bosnia

Why ethnic conflict?Why ethnic conflict?

Because differencenaturally causeconflict?

But difference doesnot always causeconflict Conflicts also eruptbetween similarpeoples (Bosnia)

Ethnic conflictEthnic conflictas a tool to…as a tool to…

Mask economic hierarchy.Mask economic hierarchy.

Divert majority citizens Divert majority citizens from economic crisis.from economic crisis.

Prevent poor of different Prevent poor of different ethnic groups from uniting.ethnic groups from uniting.

Yugoslav ethnic groups before break-up

Ethnic Serbsand Croatsfor irredentism

Bosnians,Kosovarsfor secession

Use of mapsas weapons

“Greater Serbia” Slobodan Milosevic appeals for Serbian rightsat 600th anniversary of Kosovo battle, 1989

Backs ethnic territoriality in Croatia, Bosnia;State territoriality in Kosovo

“Greater Croatia”

Tudjman’s Bosniapartition plan

Pres. Franjo Tudjman

“Greater Albania”Kosova Liberation Army (KLA)

Former Yugoslavia Break-upSlovenia 1991

Croatia 1991

Bosnia 1992

Macedonia 1992

Serbia & Montenegro 1992 (Yugoslavia to 2003)

Kosovo 1999(not official)

Secession of Slovenia, 1991

Alpine republic close toAustria; no Serb minority.

Belgrade let go after short fight.

Soldiers’ mothers stepped in.

Secession of Croatia, 1991

Historic rival to Serbia

Close to Germany.Used WWII symbols

Large Serb minorities inKrajina and Eastern Slavonia.

Yugoslav Army attacks eastern Croatia cities

Much of Vukovar & Osijekdestroyed by Serbian shelling;Croatian scorched earth

Secession of Bosnia, 1992

Muslims, Croats did not want to stayin Serb Yugoslavia

Serbs, Croats sharedhistoric hatred of Muslims

Gangs form militias;looting, confiscationsresponse to economic crisis

Pre-warBosnia

Muslims 44%Serbs 31%Croats 17%Other 8%

Three-wayfight

Western recognition of independence

Led by united Germany;Premature withoutguarantee for minority(Serb) rights.

Krajina and Bosnian Serbssee replay of WWII;fight for Greater Serbia

Bosnian Serb snipersbesiege Sarajevo, 1992-95

Olympic Stadiumin Sarajevo

Mostar(Bridge)

Ottoman bridgeseparated

Croat and Muslimneighborhoods;Croatians blewit up in 1993.

Ethnic cleansingForced removal of

an ethnic group

Serbs expelledfrom Krajina(Croatia), 1995

Albaniansexpelled

from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999

To make area ethnically “pure”Croats expelled from

Vukovar (Croatia), 1992

Ethnic Cleansingof Bosnian Muslims

Srebrenica massacre, 1995Serbs kill up to 7,000 Muslims

Dutch UNtroopspowerless

Croatian ethnic cleansing of Serbsfrom Krajina, 1995

U.S. aided Croatian offensive into Krajina (borderland) andwestern Bosnia to defeat Serbs, but civilians expelled

Croatian ethnic cleansing of Serbsfrom Krajina, 1995

Post-warBosnia

Separate armies, currencies, etc.

Two governmentswith contiguous territories

Central gov’t?Refugee returns?Nationalist parties?

Comparing1991 and

1995

DaytonAccordLine

Dayton Accord (de facto Partition), 1995

Federation of Bosnia-Hercegovina(Croat/Muslim)

Republika Srpska(Serb Republic)

U.S. rubberstampsethnic cleansing?

Western troopsIn Bosnia

Kosovo fighting, 1998-99Between Serbia and Kosova Liberation Army (KLA);

2,000 killed

NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, 1999

NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, 1999Resentment even from anti-Milosevic Serbs

after civilian targets, opposition cities bombed

Ethnic Cleansing of Kosovar Albanians, 1999

DestroyedDestroyedKosovo villageKosovo village

Ethnic Cleansing of Kosovar Albanians, 1999

Kosovo refugee crisis

NATO troopsin Kosovo

CampBondsteel

CampCampBondsteelBondsteelSerb pocket from

Mitrovica to north;both sides wantethnic partition

KLA ethnic cleansing of non-Albanians after NATO arrives

Serbs, Roma, Turks, Jews etc. accusedOf siding with Milosevic, left in fear

Roma (Gypsies)Non-territorial ethnic group traced to India;

5/7 million in Eastern Europe (poorest).

Victims of Holocaust and skinheads;

Cultures threatened by settlement, internal divisions

MacedoniaCrisis

Ex-KLA fighters for Greater Albania in NW Macedonia, and in

Presevo Valley (Serbia), 2000-01.Full-scale war headed off.

Serbians vote out, overthrow Milosevic, 2000

Milosevic ontrial in TheHague for war crimes.Croatians alsovote outnationalists.

End of Yugoslavia, 2003

New leader critical of U.S. too.

Montenegro came nearindependence; Kosovo de facto independent.

West wants no more wars.

New co-equal name:Serbia and Montenegro