FARMER FLORISTSand

WEDDING

CONSULTATIONS

Farmer florists and cut-flower growers who also create andretail floral designs must understand the process andimportance of conducting an organized wedding floral designconsultation. This initial meeting is the foundation of the entireprocess of selling, designing, delivering, and installing weddingflowers because it opens a pathway for communication andhelps keep the activity orderly and profitable.

Many flower farmers operate farm-based floral designbusinesses. This may involve those who deliver a fewarrangements per year to those who are sought after for eventsand weddings. The service of designing and selling weddingflowers is a natural outcome of growing flowers. This is how theflorist business came into being—growers catering to clientrequests for floral decorations used in homes and for events.People become involved with flowers because they have anaffinity for creative design and find it rewarding.

Floral design service can be burdensome tosome, yet pleasing to others. Wedding floralsales can be enjoyable and profitable if theflorist is able to guide the client through aprofessional consultation that results indecisions that help all stakeholders, includingthe wedding couple, farmer florist, celebrants,and wedding guests. A wedding floral salesconsultation is unique and involves dialoguebetween the florist and consumer. Ideally,clients will receive value-filled, beautifuldesigns, and the farmer florist will createprofitable designs that showcase the farm’sbest flowers.

The creation of bridal floral designs can beprofitable but also challenging. Wedding flowerorders are detailed, and even the simplest ofweddings have numerous elements to organize,such as delivery time, coordination withphotographers, flowers to wear, and specificrequests that are unique to the couple.Achieving professional-looking floral designsrequires skill and practice, the same as growingthe flowers used in the designs. There are manyaspects of designing and selling weddingflowers, including business, art, design, science,and some psychology, too. Farm-grown

flowers, cut foliage, and appropriateaccessories combine to create an effectivefloral design—an arrangement with adecorative purpose.

Sometimes, it is necessary to view floral designas a legitimate branch of the existing business.Some farmers explore wedding floral design bymaking up bouquets and arrangements forrelatives and friends. Often, they charge verylittle or nothing for their flowers or the finishedproduct. The mindset that farmer floristry is ahobby must change, and the owner mustrealize that it is a business that must stay on theincome side of profit and loss.

A wedding floral consultation is just that, aconsultation. It is not merely taking an order.Order-taking is a one-way conversation, adictation of what the customers feel they wantwith little response from the vendor. Clientsmay be satisfied with the results, but they maybe let down by the lack of enthusiasm for theirimportant day. They may feel that if they hadhad a consultation with an experienced,creative professional instead of someone whomerely wrote an order, their wedding flowerswould have been different. An effective

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consultation involves both listening andspeaking. A good florist offers helpful advice,based on knowledge and experience, to bringvalue to the sale. It is important to understandand support the meaning and feeling a coupleand their families want to portray. When clientsbuy wedding flowers, they are not buying staticobjects. They are making purchases that framethe significance of the event and share theirfeelings and emotions with guests. Well-designed wedding flowers are important andpowerful.

Making the Farm Experience Part ofthe Wedding Floral Design Experience

A wedding does not have to be on a farm tohave a farm experience. Most flower farms donot have the dedicated space for specialevents. There are tools and implements in sight

that are not necessarily attractive props. Somefarms do, however, offer space for weddingsand receptions.

What makes buying from the flower farmerunique is the variety of floral materials used,along with their field-to-vase freshness.Geography and climate define what is grownlocally and used in wedding floral design.Similarly, the individual style of the farmer floristshows through in the work.

The sales process itself becomes part of thewedding experience because farmer floristsand their products, services, and perspectivesare unique. There is value in wedding flowersthat are produced locally. Locally producedflowers are desirable, and clients will seek themout in the marketplace.

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Marketing Wedding Flowers

Most flower farmers want to increase theirmarketing efforts but have difficulty settingaside the time. There are many ways to counterthis problem, and three are detailed below.

Do Good WorkThe best way to increase your wedding work isto do good wedding work. It all starts with thefirst wedding order. Potential clients are inattendance at each wedding. They may bebridesmaids, attendees, relatives, or friends. Ifpeople notice the flowers, they will talk aboutthem. The trick is to make sure the talk ispositive.

Wedding floral design is simple, as long aseverything is installed ahead of time (beforepictures are taken, before guests arrive and areseated) and everything meets or exceedsexpectations. This does not mean adding moreflowers to make an arrangement fuller orworking on a wedding order for 48 straighthours. Mistakes such as these are damaging tothe business’s success. Doing consistently goodwork does not quickly increase the number ofweddings a farm will book, but it does build agood foundation for business.

The Right WebsiteBrides and grooms constantly search theInternet looking for ideas, vendors, prices, andall of the details necessary to plan a wedding.

How to Become Successful in

Wedding Floral Design

e more you know, the more confident you will feel.

e more confident you feel, the more clients will trust you.

e more trust you build, the more you will be able to design your way.

e more you design your way, the more the public will recognize your unique

designs in the marketplace.

e more your designs are recognized, the more people will seek your style.

e more people seek your style, the more successful your business will become.

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They appreciate images of floral designs foraltars, bouquets, and centerpieces so they canbetter understand the quality and scope of afarmer florist’s past work. Many florists agreethat a wedding floral website is a place todream and be inspired.

The floral design division of the farm shouldhave at least its own section on the larger farmwebsite. Think about the similarities anddifferences of the flower farm—the productionside and the floral design side. Sometimes thetwo have many similarities. For example, somefarms encourage visitors to pick their ownflowers, and they also help customers decide onwhat kinds of flowers look best in a centerpiece,how to combine colors, or how to create anarrangement. In this case, production anddesign are closely tied together. It may workbest to blend product and service more closely.

Of course, each of these elements has realcosts to the farmer. For example, while larkspurneeds to be harvested, the farmer is teaching abride how to make her bouquet. If the farmer isnot being paid for design tutoring, there are nofunds to pay someone to harvest the larkspur.This can cause some farmers to create agreater distinction between production anddesign. In some situations, it may be best forclients not to be encouraged to visit the farm,study how to arrange flowers, or learn howtheir flowers are arranged. For anotherexample, if your farm has been known for lowprices and farmers’ markets, but you wantgreater margins on wedding flowers, you canlink the two entities, but make sure they areclearly separate.

In any case, consider a response item on thewebsite that collects data from potential

clients. If a client requests a consultation, askfor their name; contact information; requestedconsultation date and time; and wedding andreception date, times, and locations. It is also agood idea to provide extra space for additionalquestions, requests, or details they may have.Ask them to create a list of everyone whowould receive flowers. It is a good idea torequest that the client bring one other person(and no more than two other people) to theconsultation. Too many people can createconfusion and a lengthy consultation.

It is also a good idea to post images of yourflowers and floral designs to Instagram,Pinterest, and Facebook. These will help toconnect the floral business to wedding couplesand their parents.

Participate in Bridal Shows until You Do Not Need ThemParticipation in bridal shows/fairs is a goodidea, and farmer florists are encouraged tocreate an exceptional display. Never sign up fora fair without viewing it as a spectator first. It isbest to have an idea of how other floralvendors display their products. Bridal showsoften allow vendors to follow up with attendeesthrough contact information lists. If only onewedding booking results from participation, itstill builds the wedding floral foundation.

Create a display that will start a conversation,and present work that reflects the bestproducts from your flower farm. Avoid trying tocreate and display arrangements that reflectanother designer’s style or an aesthetic thatcannot be easily replicated. A Deep Southflower farm may not grow peonies, so it followsthat they would not promote that flower.

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Provide attendees with a handout that listsconsiderations about wedding flowers.Promote your flowers by listing accolades fromprevious customers, certifications, and more.Tell them why your products and services aresuperior.

Do not be someone else. Be the best YOU thatyou can be!

Consultations

In order to write effective, mutually beneficialcontracts, farmer florists should have anunderstanding of all fundamental weddingfloral decorations. Trends come and go, fromtypes of containers to ways couples want toexpress themselves through floral decorations.Though trends change, there are still traditionsin how wedding flowers are displayed, whocarries them, and who wears them. It is alwaysbest to suggest designs rather than wait for acustomer to request everything. The designconsultation allows for the client to accept orreject possible designs. If certain designs arenever suggested, such as wreaths or swags forthe chapel doors, they may never be sold eventhough the client would like them.

Charging for the Consultation?A consideration that farmer florists should makeregarding wedding flower sales is whether ornot to charge for the wedding consultation. It isnot unusual to find some florists who ask for aconsultation fee, a payment that covers the timewhen clients speak to the florist about thewedding flowers and receive an estimate. Somefarms are charging do-it-yourself clients adeposit prior to arrival, which is a good idea todiscourage “no-shows.”

Upfront communication about consultation feeshelps ensure a client is serious about the saleand will be on time for the appointment. Thefee may, or may not, be applied to the retailcost. It is something that designers should keepin mind if they feel that clients are shopping forinformation, not flowers. Conversely, such a feemay turn a potential client off from productsand services. Some florists may offer a brief,initial meeting to discuss general ideas andprice ranges for designs or entire weddings. Ifthe client decides to book with the florist, aconsultation fee can be assessed for thatmeeting, which may or may not be applied tothe retail cost of the wedding flowers.

Most florists do not charge, but these conceptsare certainly worthy of thought.

Keep in mind that a consultation is not just thefarmer florist’s opinion of what works well andwhat does not. You are applying yourhorticultural knowledge—considering cutflower and foliage color ranges, seasonality,prices, purchasing flowers not grown on thefarm, post-harvest life, and many other factors.In order to arrive at a retail price, you must thenfigure stem counts, processing and designlabor, accessories, and design mechanics.Delivery, set-up, and dismantling of floraldesigns must be considered, as well as addingfloral trims to cakes and any reception décor.

You must devote much time to explainingwedding flower costs to your clients. This timeshould be compensated monetarily. Remember,wedding floral design is a business, not ahobby.

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Suggested Outline for Wedding Floral Consultation

There are five major sections to a weddingflower consultation. If you use these, you arewell on your way to organizing an effectivesales consultation.

I. Vital informationII. Bridal party flowersIII. Ceremony flowersIV. Reception flowersV. Terms of sale

I. Vital InformationRecord the vital information first. This involvescontact information for the wedding coupleand the person who is responsible for payingthe bill. List all names and contactinformation—cell and work numbers, mailingaddresses, email addresses. Be thorough andcomplete.

Record the wedding date and time, receptiontime, and location of both.

What time does photography start?Photography can occur well ahead of thewedding.

It may be best to use both a legal pad andword processing program to take downinformation because it provides space to drawAND compose an electronic file. A computermakes a letter of sale estimate easier tocompose.

II. Bridal Party FlowersNow, it is time to delve into a discussion aboutflowers. You can lead the conversation byasking about the style of the wedding, what is

envisioned, and what colors will be used. Steerthe conversation toward bridesmaids first. Theyset the colors of the wedding so that floraldiscussions can follow.

It is important to sell color and theme. Paint apicture with your words so your clients canenvision the end result. Use established colortheory in your discussion. Tell the client whatyou know will work best. Avoid discussing stemcounts because quantitative approaches do notwork well in floral design. Never promise whatyou feel you cannot deliver.

When discussing the bridesmaids’ dresses, askabout their cut and styling. This will revealmuch about the wedding’s style. Next, you canlogically move to—

GroomsmenFlower girlRing bearerBride and groom

Note that the bride and groom are discussedafter the bridesmaids. This keeps the wedding

Floral mechanics (devices ortechniques that help to securematerials and create stability) must be stable, whether you’re

creating a boutonniere or hanging a 50-pound globe of flowers from a tree branch. If you are unsure,

there may be a problem.

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focused on color first, then the types of plantmaterials you may use. The bride and groomoften use white, but they may use other colorsof flowers similar to the bridal party.

Continue with the parents and any otherimportant people. Do not sell flowers for clergywho are in robes or vestments. Ask if they wantflowers for siblings who are not bridesmaids orgroomsmen. Remember hosts, guest bookattendants, special friends and relatives, andgodparents. Musicians and soloists not beingmonetarily compensated should receiveflowers.

III. Ceremony FlowersThe wedding site is the next major section inthe floral consultation. Focus on focal areasfirst, then sell the rest of the “look” orcomposition. For example, fresh arrangements,arches, and any items on the altar should bediscussed first. Pew markers, door decorations,and similar designs should be sold next. Thishelps the client to “spend the floral budgetwisely” by decorating the focal areas of thespace. Phrases like these assure the bride thatyou are helping her rather than takingadvantage, and that you know what you aretalking about.

How and When to Bring Up the Budget It is a good idea to work the budget into the conversation early if you get the feeling thatyour clients have a budget in mind or are buying a lot of products and services withoutconsidering costs. Getting the budget up-front saves time and helps create the wedding oftheir dreams with a profit for the farmer florist.

Some families will want to split flower costs and ask for guidance. Remember, this is amonetary transaction between two people, the bride and florist, not several people. Allow thebride to collect funds so that when you are paid, there is only once source for the collectionof fees. Some common ways to divide wedding flower costs include:

• A 50/50 split between families. • Groom pays for bride’s flowers, all boutonnieres and corsages, and all rehearsal dinner flowers. Bride pays for all other flowers. • Bride pays for all wedding flowers, while groom pays for rehearsal party flowers.

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When discussing flowers for places of worship, sellwhat is acceptable within the eyes of the church. Ifyou are not sure, always consult your client. Youdon’t want to sell, design, and install something,only to find out at the last minute that it is notacceptable to the faith traditions within the church.

Be aware of the lighting within the space, whetheryou are creating a setting at a hotel, a home, abarn, beachside, or in a church. You want theflowers to be seen. Dark or receding colors areusually a bad choice, even if they match thewedding colors, when used in spaces with littlenatural light (churches with stained-glass windows).Take into account weather shifts for outsideweddings. Rain, wind, or other natural phenomenawill change everything.

Avoiding Hazards

Just because something is on social media does not mean that it is agood idea. A bride may want her social media image visualized byusing soft candlelight throughout the wedding venue. is canindeed be accomplished, but open flames—candles that are notenclosed by glass hurricanes or cylinders—can catch fire.

It is not a good idea to use candles on the floor or ground where theycan be tipped.

Another hazard is flowers or petals scattered on hard-surface floors. A fabric runner can keep this under control.

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Simple Is Better

Bring impactful floraldesigns to focal areas.Avoid areas that really

don’t need flowersbecause no one will be looking in that

direction.

How much time is available to install andremove decor? Sometimes, weddings orservices are scheduled back to back,leaving no time to install or remove manydecorations. Some venues book limitedblocks of time for ceremonies andreceptions. In that block of time, youdecorate the venue, the event takesplace, and you remove the decorations. Inthese cases, focus on a few, impactfuldesigns rather than many pew markers orauxiliary designs. Another option is tohave a well-informed crew ready to takeon the tasks quickly and effectively. Theremay be times when additional help isrequired. This help doesn’t necessarilyneed to be from another floral designer—youmay only need assistance with cleaning andmoving materials.

Remember that the costs associated withadditional employees will have to be factoredinto the wedding flower estimate. Knowing thisinformation ahead of time keeps profits in placeand separates a knowledgeable florist fromsomeone who may have floral talent but littlebusiness sense. If you plan to pay an assistant$10 per hour, at least $20 per hour should befactored into the estimate.

During a sales consultation, keep in mind thedurability of the designs. Explore wateravailability for flowers and avoid temperatureextremes, both high and low. Floral decor mustalways look fresh and vibrant. Sweetpeas andpeonies do not hold for very long in the heat ofsummer. If the bride wants wilt-sensitive flowers,perhaps she will require, and gladly pay for, twobouquets instead of one. Never judge thecontent of your client’s wallet based on yourwallet.

IV. Reception Flowers The wedding reception is next on the agenda.Think about the focal areas of a weddingreception, including bride’s cake decorations,table centerpieces, and more. Some farmerflorists will conduct the consultation at thereception venue to build the vision for thespecial event. Take into account the interiorlayout or plan. Consider placement of—

Guest tablesBuffetsCakesBand or disc jockey

Also consider the time of day and duration ofthe event and any effect on lighting. Flowersand decorations must be seen in order to bevaluable. Be aware of guest and staff traffic flowto avoid blocking walkways or pathways. Adaptfloral decorations to highlight and complementthe space.

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Clients may be interested in repurposing theirwedding floral designs. ey may request thatarrangements used in the ceremony space orbridesmaids’ bouquets be moved to the receptionspace. is request may be easily accommodated, orit may not. It is a good idea to consider pros andcons before selling this service. It is indeed anadditional service, so there should be an additionalservice charge.

Repurposing seems like a good idea, and it can be,but it is not always a beneficial outcome for thefarmer florist. First, large designs made for altars areoften three-sided, meaning that they have a non-decorative back. Creating all-around designs,finished on all sides, may not solve the problem.ese designs could be displayed on altars and onbuffet tables, but the problem is that the buffetwould already be set with food, and there may notbe enough room left for floral decorations.

Another pitfall is that some guests forego theceremony and may already be present at thereception site. e florist will have to invade thatspace to set up and freshen the arrangements after aquick delivery. All of this commotion takes awayfrom the reception’s elegance. Some guests will getthe mistaken idea that the florist was late ordelivered the wrong arrangement.

One solution is to suggest a 50/50 or 60/40 costsplit for larger designs. Instead of a $300 altardesign, a $150 ceremony arrangement and asimilarly priced food table design would providebeautiful displays and allow flowers to be in placewell ahead of pictures and guests.

ere is no standardsolution to thisproblem. You shouldsuggest what you feelis best for the client,the sale, and thebusiness opportunity.

To Move or Not to Move?

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Think about how much time is available toinstall and remove decor. At the end of thereception or the next day, rental props andleftover designs must be removed. Often, it isbest to sell your designs in their containers sothey will become the client’s property. This way,the bride’s family can give these arrangementsto party guests, for example.

Now is a good time to suggest flowers for therehearsal party. The groom’s family is traditionallyin charge of this event, but it does not hurt tosuggest that your farm can provide floraldecorations.

V. Terms of SaleThe final step is the business part of theconsultation. Make this your favorite part bysetting and abiding by your particular businesspolicies.

Here, communicate the terms of sale,percentage or down-payment fee, and finalpayment due date. It is recommended that thebalance be paid in full 1 month before thewedding date. This will provide enough timefor a check to clear the bank. Do not allowclients to provide payment at the wedding. Bythen, their accounts may be depleted, leavingthe florist and other vendors unpaid for a longtime. Review all products and services includedso that everything is clear to all parties.

If possible, it is best to get a down payment atthis point of the sale, but most consumers willwant to know the final price before they offerpayment. Extend an incentive, but only ifneeded. For example, “If you book with metoday, we will provide you with a complimentarytoss bouquet.” Another technique is to tell theclient that your floral services are available thatweekend and a deposit will hold the date of thewedding. If they do not make a down payment,another bride may book for that day.

Do not offer discounts. They are usuallyworthless to both parties in the long run.Couples buy a beautiful picture of love andemotion for their wedding day, not a stemcount or a cut-rate bouquet. Periodically reviewyour revenue to see that your company getsthe return on investment of product and time.

See It in the Right Light

To get the best understanding of lightlevels, visit ceremony and reception sites atthe time of day when the wedding will be

held. A poolside wedding site will lookcompletely different in the morning thanit does in the evening. Seeing a site in the

same intensity (brightness) and quality(sunlight, LED, candlelight) of light will

help you make professional suggestions onthe best colors and types of flowers.

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What If the Budget Is Too High

If the client needs to cut back afterreceiving her floral estimate, cut fringeitems. For example, instead of reducing thecost of each item on the estimate—herbouquet, the bridesmaids’ bouquets,corsages, and more—merely cut pewmarkers from 18 to 4. Instead of 20centerpieces at $50 each, cut that numberto 10, then design a $20 bud vase/candlecombination for the remainder. Alwaysconcentrate all labor efforts towardprofitable products and services.

Knowing what to charge may seem difficultto you now, but you will learn with practice.Many florists start with a simple 4:1 markup.If you pay $1 for a flower, retail it for $4 inwedding work. Some florists mark up more,some less. A message to take away is toprovide a bottom-line figure for the entirewedding. You can address individual items,but the person who signs the check needsclarity. Do not “lowball” your pricing. It ispossible to lower an estimate, but probablynot to raise it. This can be addressed in thebusiness letter estimate.

Wedding floral design is a business, not ahobby. Set and follow terms of sale such asrequired deposit (flat amount or percentageof sale), balance due, allowable andunallowable changes, and cancellationdetails.

Develop a professional friendship with yourclients. Be honest—sell and deliver yourbest. If you sense a red flag during or afterthe consultation, that feeling is probablyalerting you to potential problems.

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Sample Wedding Estimate Business Letter

[Date]

[Client name and address]

Dear [Name]:

I want to thank you for your time and interest in discussing your wedding flowers with me. It wasa pleasure to meet you, and I hope that you will choose us to provide beautifully designed freshflowers and foliage from [flower farm name]. We pride ourselves on using Mississippi-raisedflowers and foliage whenever possible. We feel this provides a distinctive look that isquintessentially Southern and most memorable for your family and guests.

Please see the following information and list for your wedding flowers.

[Date][Site], [Time]. Photos begin at [time].Reception following, [Location].

Bride: [Brief description]. priceMatching flower crown priceGroom’s boutonniere, organic price [No.] Bridesmaids: [Brief description] price Matching flower crown price [No.] Groomsmen’s boutonnieres price Flower girl basket and crown price 3 Mothers’ [Brief description] price 3 Fathers’ boutonnieres price

Altar setting [Brief description] price Gateway arch of flowers and fresh foliage price 16 mixed greenery pew markers price

Bride’s and Groom’s cakes, trimmed price 20 table centerpieces [Brief description] price 3 Buffet table designs price

Subtotal price State sales tax price

Total price

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The prices quoted reflect lush, full designs of premium seasonal blooms. These prices alsoinclude full servicing, which includes delivery, installation, and removal from your weddingand reception venues. Please know that we are most willing to work with a budget.

We request 50% of the total cost to place your wedding date on our calendar. The balancemust be paid in full no later than 30 days before your wedding date. We will honor this letterof contract for 14 days or until another party books the date, whichever comes first.

I hope that we will be your florist and help to make your wedding day an event to remember.Please feel free to contact me. I hope to hear from you soon.

Sincerely,

[Farmer Florist]

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Sample Sales Sheet

I. Vital Information

Bride Groom

Mailing Address Mailing Address

Home Home

Cell Cell

Email Email

Rehearsal dinner date, time, and location

Ceremony date, time, and location

Reception date, time, and location

Photography begins at what time?

When will florist have access to spaces to begin decoration?

II. Bridal Party

Bridesmaids

Flowers to carry

Flowers to wear

Junior bridesmaids

Flowers to carry

Flowers to wear

Flower girls

Flowers to carry

Flowers to wear

Groomsmen

Ring bearer

Pets

Bride

Groom

Bride’s mother and father

Groom’s mother and father

Stepparents

Grandparents

Additional flowers to wear

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III. Ceremony Site

Altar

Arch/canopy

Pews

Vestibule/entry

Doors/railings

Plant rental

Candlelight

Additional decor

Petal toss

IV. Reception Site

Bride’s cake

Groom’s cake

Arch/canopy

Backdrops

Centerpieces

Table numbers

Head table

Doors/entry

Lighting

Linen

Candy buffet display

Plant rental

Candlelight

Toss bouquet

Garter

Favors

Additional decor

Subcontracted products and services

V. Terms of Payment

Subtotal

State sales tax

Total

Deposit

Balance due 1 month before wedding date

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Wedding Floral Emergency Kit

Pack these tools and supplies to make a wedding ceremony or reception a breeze.

#12-gauge aluminum wireAnti-transpirant sprayApron with pocketsCable tiesChenille stemsCorsage and boutonniere pinsDrop cloth (bed sheet)Duct tapeExtra flowers and foliage in waterExtra ribbon

Extra wire, stem wrap, and floral adhesiveFirst aid kitGlass cleaner and paper towelsGPSKnives/scissors/prunersLightersMap/directions to venuesPlastic water pitcher or small bucketTrash bagsWaterproof tape

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References

Butler, S., DelPrince, J., Fowler, C., Gilliam, H., Johnson, J., McKinley, W., Money-Collins, H., Moss, L., Murray, P., Pamper, K., Scace, P., Shelton, F., Verheijen, A., and Whalen, K. 2005. The AIFD guide to floral design. Intelvid, Flourtown, PA.

Daniels, M. and Loveless, C. 2014. Wedding planning and management. 2nd ed. Routledge, Abington, England.

Hunter, N. 2013. The art of floral design. 3rd ed. Delmar, Clifton Park, NY.

Johnson, J., McKinley, W., and Benz, B. 2001. Flowers: Creative design. San Jacinto, College Station, TX.

Post, P. 2006. Emily Post’s wedding etiquette. 5th ed. HarperCollins, NY.

Redbook Florist Services Educational Advisory Committee. 1991. Selling and designing wedding flowers. Printers and Publishers, Leachville, AR.

Scace, P. and DelPrince, J. 2015. Principles of floral design. Goodheart-Willcox, Tinley Park, IL.

Timson, W. and Burgoyne, S. 2002. Teaching and performing: Ideas for energizing your classes. Atwood, Madison, WI.

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Special thanks to Rita Anders of Cuts of Color in Weimar, Texas.

The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are madewith the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.

Publication 3099 (POD-09-17)

By James M. DelPrince, PhD, AIFD, PFCI, Horticulture Specialist and Assistant Professor, Coastal Research and Extension Center.

Copyright 2017 by Mississippi State University. All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and distributed without alterationfor nonprofit educational purposes provided that credit is given to the Mississippi State University Extension Service.

Produced by Agricultural Communications.

We are an equal opportunity employer, and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race,color, religion, sex, national origin, disability status, protected veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by law.

Extension Service of Mississippi State University, cooperating with U.S. Department of Agriculture. Published in furtherance of Acts ofCongress, May 8 and June 30, 1914. GARY B. JACKSON, Director