Farm Management HANDBOOK (Crops)

8/20/2019 Farm Management HANDBOOK (Crops)

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Musoma R.T (BSc Crop Science) Page 1 of 148

FARM

MANAGEMENT

HANDBOOK SECTION C: CROP PRODUCTION


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CHAPTER 1 !"E#$ CR%PS.............................................................................................&

Coffee (Coffee ara'ica)........................................................................................................&Coon................................................................................................................................2&

R%*+$ +*T PR%$*CT"%+......................................................................................2,

Sunf-oer...........................................................................................................................28Bam'ara roun/nu...........................................................................................................&0

Copea Pro/ucion............................................................................................................&2

Rice....................................................................................................................................&4Sorgum pro/ucion..........................................................................................................&

Mi--e..................................................................................................................................&3

!inger Mi--e......................................................................................................................42iner ea pro/ucion...................................................................................................44

%as....................................................................................................................................43

Mai5e.................................................................................................................................4

So6a'ean Pro/ucion.........................................................................................................8

Sugar Cane Pro/ucion......................................................................................................72To'acco..............................................................................................................................7

See Poao Pro/ucion....................................................................................................88Horicu-ure........................................................................................................................30

P-aning Ca-en/ar for egea'-es.......................................................................................30

Carros ($aucus caroa......................................................................................................31Ca''age.............................................................................................................................3&

%nion Pro/ucion...............................................................................................................3,

Tomao Pro/ucion...........................................................................................................100

%9ra.................................................................................................................................104ar-ic...............................................................................................................................107

Sra'err6 Pro/ucion.....................................................................................................108

Pepper Pro/ucion............................................................................................................111Tsunga Pro/ucion...........................................................................................................112

Poao Pro/ucion.............................................................................................................114

reen Beans.....................................................................................................................120Pro/ucion of %6ser Musrooms....................................................................................123

H6pericum Pro/ucion: !-oers......................................................................................1&&

Cirus Cu-i;aion.............................................................................................................1&Apicu-ure........................................................................................................................1&3


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CHAPTER 1: FIELD CROPS

Coffee (Coffee arabica)Varieties

Variety Growth habit harateri!ti!

S#28 +orma- open gro $roug ar/6 an/ 6ie-/s ig


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Nursery practices

See&:

•Coffee see/ is pro;i/e/ '6 appro;e/ see/ pro/ucers /uring Du-6 o +o;em'ereac 6ear.

• uani6 of see/ re


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Nursery Management

Sowi#$

• So 2 o & see/s per po a'ou cm apar. P-ace see/ 0?cm 'e-o surface f-a

si/e /on.

Mu-c e pos.

+ateri#$• aering e;er6 2 or & /a6s uni- germinaion.

• aering ecni


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Transplanting

S,ai#$ betwee# row!

•Tis is /eermine/ '6 ;arie6? irrigaion meo/s -a6ou an/ maciner6 use/.

• P-an popu-aions of 000:a gi;e maimum 6ie-/.

I# row !,ai#$ a#& arra#$e)e#t

A fina- spacing of 2 o &m is /esira'-e

Fertiliser requirements

enera- feri-iser recommen/aions for irrigae/ coffeeP-anaionage

+uriens 9g:a Suggese/fer

Time of app-icaion 9g:a

+ P2% > 2% Sep %c +o; $ec Dan !e' Mar Apr

=ear of

p-aning

100 80 100 Comp S

Comp D

A+

400

, , , ,

, , ,

2n/ 6ear 110 40 2&0 Comp D

A+

, , , ,

&0

, ,

&0

,

&r/ 6ear an/

fo--oing

raooning

180 40 2&0 SSP

A+

M:P

21

7

0

7

0

7

0

7

0

7

0

7

0

7

0

7

0

%r Comp D

A+

M:P

200 10

70

70

10 10

70 70

70

10

4 an/

su'seC-

800127110

100 100 100 100 1007&

100 100 10072

4 an/su'seC-

12001800

112

&00

22

17022

22

17022

22

17022

22

17022

22

17022

22

17022

100

,

17022

100

,

17022

100

,


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!or /iagnosic +orms of -eaf ana-6sis of e & r/ or 4 pair -ea;es refer o e a'-e 'e-o

N*trie#t O,ti)*) ra#$e +irogen FPosporus F

Poassium F

Su-pur FCa-ciumMagnesium F

"ron ppm

Manganese ppmCopper ppm

Jinc ppm

Boron ppm

2? &?00?10 0?20

1?0 2?0

0?10 0?200?,0 1?00?20 0?40

0 10

0 10 40

10 &0

&00

• Te correc use of ese opimum ranges i-- ensure a nuriion is no a

-imiing facor in coffee pro/ucion.

• Te ranges can a-so 'e use/ o i/enif6 ecessi;e use of feri-i5er.

"i)i#$

Re


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• Te effecs of poor


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') C-ean cu-i;ae/ 21 20

*n/er ree 'asin /rip or ric9-e irrigaion

a) Mu-ce/

') C-ean cu-i;ae/

140

170

1

1,

Chi,i#$e

%;erea/? ree sprin9-er irrigaion

a) Mu-ce/ ') C-ean cu-i;ae/

140170

1130

*n/er ree 'asin /rip or ric9-e irrigaion

a) Mu-ce/

') C-ean cu-i;ae/

100

100

110

120

M*'hi#$

• #arge 6ie-/s a/;ens a;e 'een o'aine/ from mu-cing coffee on a fie-/ sca-e

iou sa/e.

Phy!ia' be#e%it!

• Re/uces soi- erosion.

• "mpro;es soi- moisure aeraion.

• Bui-/s up on soi- feri-i6.

• Suppress ee/s.

• Re/uces soi- emperaure.

Di!a&0a#ta$e!

• Har'ours pess.

• "ncreases fross a5ar/s.

• "ncreases fire a5ar/s.

M*'hi#$ re.*ire)e#t!

• Maure coffee comp-ee &8:a:6ear a-ernae ro 13:a:6ear.

M*'hi#$ )ateria'!

• "n/igenous grass-an/s 7:a? crop resi/ues so6a 'ean? ea? an/ mai5e cu-i;ae/?

+apier grass in e--feri-ise/ fie-/s 0 , :a.

I#terro,,i#$

• Coffee can 'e inercroppe/ i 'eans? o'acco? poaoes? an/ mai5e 'u in e firs

6ear.

Pr*#i#$ a#& re1*0e#ati#$• !ree gro of e ree is recommen/e/. Regu-ar pruning is no a/;isa'-e on 2

accouns

". er6 ofen resu-s in poor pro/uci;i6"". Some of e ecni


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Re1*0e#atio#

•

Coffee i-- 'e ou of pro/ucion in 1 o 2 6ears• Re@u;enaion sou-/ 'e /one en crop epecaion for e coming season is -o

• !or 'es resu-s re@u;enaion sou-/ 'e /one /uring Sepem'er an/ no -aer an

%co'er.

• "n coo-er areas i can 'e /one afer 7 crops ere as in armer areas i ma6 'e afer 4

crops.

For)! o% re1*0e#atio#

1. Parro perce/ a-- primar6 'rances cu 'ac9 o -ea;e 2 or & no/es from mainsem

2. Raoon ree 'ac9 o 0cm a'o;e groun/ -e;e-

&. Cappe/ rees usua--6 /one o 2m a'o;e groun/ -e;e- an/ en raoone/ 2 6ears

-aer.Te suc9ers? ic su'se


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(Amer6n00)

$iuron 80p

($iuron ee/s)

Annua- ee/s 2.09g Pre emergen?

pos emergen

+o for 6oung coffee?

a;oi/ /rip 5one up o 2

6ears

$ua- ,20 ec

(Mea-oc-or)

Annua- grasses 1.2.-ires Pre emergen An6ime afer suppression

of ransp-aning

!usi--a/e Roun/up(-6posae) A-- annua- an/ perennia- ee/s 1.7-ires Pos emergen A;oi/ a-- crop conac. +oeer nee/e/. Bes

resu-s in -o ;o-ume ig

concenraion c-ean aer

essenia-

MSMA 80p +use/ges? some

annua- 'roa/

-eafe/ ee/s an/grasses

&-ires An6ime afer

ransp-aning

Spo spra6 as re


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of f-oers or cerries.

Berr6 mo

occasiona- pes

Berr6 c-users e''e/

ogeer.

%ne or more 'ron? /r6

an/ o--o.

Eggs Sca-e -i9e. Sing-e.

%n or near green 'erries.

#ar;a Re//is caerpi--ar up o 12mm. Bores

ino 'erries near sa-9 an/ @oins c-user of 'erriesogeer i e' i-e fee/ing.

Soon afer main

f-oering if

in/icae/? respra6

7 ee9s -aer.

S6saes ee;i-Common #esser pes

A/u- 'ee-es fee/ on-eaf margins causingcaracerisic

in/enaions.

A/u- B-ac9 'ee-e? f-ig-ess? snore/ a'ou12mm -ong. !ee/ a nig an/ se-er /uring/a6.

en nurseries or6oung ransp-ans areaffece/. +o norma-

o rea o-/er rees.

ie 'orer"nsi/ious

Serious -oca--6

=e--oing of fo-iage ofen par of ree on-6

oo/ sa;ings

eru/ing from sem

'ase ere 'ar9 isse;ere-6 canne--e/ or

ring 'ar9e/.

Roun/ emergence o-es

of a/u-s in -oer run9.

Eggs insere/ 'enea 'ar9? a'ou 4cm fromgroun/.

#ar;a Bore un/er e 'ar9 /onar/s fina--6

peneraing e oo/ from 'e-o groun/. Ma9es

a cam'er iin 'ase of run9.Papa Pupaion 24 mons iin sem

cam'er.

A/u- Bee-es &0mm emerge from ei o-e.

Bron i ie mar9ings. Ma-e as ;er6 -onganennae.

%n rouine 'asis? @us prior o sar of

seasona- rains.

Singing Caerpi--ar

-esser pes

#eaf eaingSinging fie-/ or9ers.

Eggs "n groups.%;er-apping -i9e i-es. %n -oer -eaf surface.

reenis 6e--o.

#ar;ae Araci;e-6 co-oure/. =oung -ar;ae

main-6 ie 'ecoming green. Co;ere/ iu'erc-es 'earing singing KairsL.

Before significan of-eaf area or if

irriaion o or9ers

'ecomes rea-

nuisance.

De--6 ru' #eaf eaing Eggs ie? sca-e -i9e? -ai/ sing-6 on 'o si/es

of -eaf.#ar;a S-ug -i9e? '-uisgreen up o 1&mm -ong.

Before significan

-oss of -eaf area.

Mea-6 Bug

%ccasiona-Serious

Mea-6 ie masses of

insecs. Prefer 'e--6c-users an/ sa/6

inerior. Associae/

i one6/e an/soo6 mou-/.

+6mps:A/u-s. & +6mpa- sages. Sars of

i no a? f-a o;a- an/ -ig 'ron i 7-egs. en in fee/ing posiion /e;e-ops

caracerisic a co;ering.

Pre;eni;e

Annua- sem 'an/ingan/ -ifing Ks9irsL.

Curai;e.

"mme/iae spra6ing if o'ser;e/.

Pe!t Co#tro'

Che)ia' o#tro'

Pe!t Che)ia' Co&e ;

For)*'atio#

Do!a$e/233

'itre! o%

water or a!

!tate&

Day! A,,'iatio# &iretio#!

Anesia !enion Re/ 70ec

0ec

70sc

8m-

,m-

80m-

21

&0

!u-- co;er spra6 prior o '-ossoming. Repea afer &

ee9s if necessar6Spra6 prior o main -oom

perio/ an/ repea afer 14/a6s.

Me6- Purp-e 30sp &0g 28 App-6 1000#:Ha


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Musoma R.T (BSc Crop Science) Page 1& of 148

Paraion Purp-e

Purp-e

2p

0ec

100g

0m-

21

21

!u-- co;er spra6 prior o

'-ossoming or en pes is

noice/. Repea afer 14/a6s if necessar6.

Tric-orfon Am'er 3sp 100g 10 !u-- co;er spra6 prior o '-ossoming or en pes is

noice/. Repea afer 14/a6s if necessar6.

Ans C-or/ane Am'er &0ec 40m- Brus on o run9 of ree

Berr6

Mo

Paraion Purp-e

Purp-e

2p

0ec

180g

30m-

21

21

!u-- co;er spra6

!u-- co;er spra6

B-ac9 'orer B-ac9:

'ron

Sca-e

Minera- oi- reen 80ec $renc spra6 on 6ounggreen sage. Repea afer

one mon. $o no app-6 in

-o umi/i6 or a

emperaures a'o;e &0NC.$o no mi i su-pur

formu-aion.

Cuorm En/osu-fan Purp-e

Purp-e

&mo

0p

80m-

72g

A// 1009g -o gra/e mai5e

mea-.

Moisen i aer o o'ain

a cru'-6 eure. App-6 ine -ae afernoon or

e;ening. $o no app-6 o

o'acco -an/s or coon.

Poim reen 0.' 109g:Ha

9g:Ha

%;era-- app-icaion. Sprea/

e;en-6. +o for use on

o'acco -an/s or coon.

Ban/ 200mm on p-aningro. +o for use on o'acco

-an/s or coon.

Tric-ofon Am'er 2sp 70g:100# 10 App-6 209g in mea- 2# 20app-6 'efore p-an

emergence.

!rui f-6 Tric-ofon Am'er 3sp 0g 10 App-6 39g sugar.

App-6 as a course spra6

en f-oers appear. Repea

a , /a6 iner;a-s an/ aferrain a 40 -:a.

ian

#ooper

En/osu-fan

En/osu-fanMeom6-

Purp-e

Purp-e purp-e

&mo

0p30sp

&&-:100-

29g:100-720g

21

2128

!u-- co;er spra6 a//ing

Mo-asses.App-6 1000-:a.

reen ori

Mo -ar;ae

Tric-ofon Am'er 3sp 200

2 000g:a

10 !u-- co;er spra6

De--6 ru' Paraion Purp-ePurp-e

2p0ec

300g40m-

2121

!u-- co;er spra6!u-- co;er spra6

#eaf Miner $e-amerin reen 2.ec &00m-

&00m-

!u-- co;er spra6

App-6 in 10002000#

aer:a en mos oreggs firs seen an/ repea 28

/a6s -aer. Ma. 2

p6res:season /o no use in

Dune? Du-6 Aug.


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$isu-foon

!eniroion

Monocroopos

Purp-e 2.

&0g:m of

'us

30 App-6 o 'ase of ree or9

in -ig-6 i sa--o

cu-i;aion. *p o 70g:ree.

purp-e 10g 1g:m of

'us

eig:cora.

Re/ 70ec 1.3- &0 !u-- co;er spra6 a 1 100:a.

Repea afer 21 /a6s if

necessar6.

Purp-e 40sc 1.2- &0 App-6 a 00m-:ree a//ing

10m- eing agen:1001

mi

purp-e 70sc 80m- &0 A// 10m- eing agen.

App-6 00m-:ree.

!ern;a-erae Am'er 20ec &00m- 28 !u-- co;er spra6 en a/u-s

1s noice/. Repea 28 /a6s-aer. 2 spra6s per season

Dune? Du-6 , Aug.

Paraion Purp-e 2p 1.89g 21 !u-- co;er spra6 prior o

'-ossoming a 1 000-:a.

Repea a 14 /a6 iner;a-s if

necessar6.

Purp-e 0ec 300m- 21

ric-ofon Am'er 3sp 19g 10 !u-- co;er spra6

Mea-6 'ug $ia5inon

Car'ofuron

Re/ 20ec 170m- 21 App-6 as spo spra6 en

pes is seen.

A-/icar'

!ern;a-erae

Purp-e

Am'er

1g

20ec

ranu-es

1m-

11

21

10g per co;er fu-- co;er

spra6 maimum of 2 spra6s per season.

Re/ ToriMo -ar;ae

Tric-ofon Am'er 3sp 200g up oma.29g:a.

10 !u-- co;er spra6

Singing

caerpi--ar

Paraion Purp-e

Purp-e

2p

80ec

180g

30m-

21

21

!u-- co;er spra6

a6 Sca-e Minera- oi- green 80ec 2. 1 $renc spra6. $o no mi

i su-pur formu-aions.$o no app-6 a -o

umi/i6 or a emperaures

a'o;e &0N C.

ie Borer C-orp6rifos Re/ 48ec ,00m-:20- I

1g

me6-in

'-ue

21 App-6 i a pain

'rus:9napsac9 ono sems.

*p o 1m a'o;e groun/

-e;e-.Paraion Purp-e

Purp-e

2p

0ec

49g

1.8#

21 App-6 miure o o-es @us

'efore e rains.

Cuorm $e-amerin reen 2.ec 120m- Soi- /renc a 00 -:a.

Coon

#ooper (C.ca-cies)

Han/'oo9.

Bio-ogica-

po-6e/ra-;irus

See page 2? Apri- 1380 issue

of C.. A +es#eer or%i-see/s Han/'oo9 secion

3.


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=e--o

Hea/e/

Borer

Paraion purp-e 2p 49g 21 App-6 miure o o-es.

ec emu-sifia'-e concenrae g granu-esp ea'-e po/er sc so-u'-e concenrae

sp so-u'-e po/er mo misci'-e oi-

• Minimum num'er of /a6s 'eeen spra6ing an/ ar;esing.

Diseases

Coffee 'err6 /isease (Collectorichum kohowae)Poenia--6 a ;er6 serious /isease for coffee in Jim'a'e mos-6 foun/ in >aroi $oma

area.

S6mpoms(a) !-oers /ar9 'ron -esions on pea-s

(') reen 'erries sma-- sun9en /ar9 'ron or '-ac9 -esions ic sprea/ rapi/-6 o co;er

e o-e 'err6? /esro6ing e 'ean. "nfece/ 'erries ma6 'e se/ or remain on e

ree in a '-ac9 mummifie/ con/iion.(c) Ripe 'erries 'ron sun9en -esions i miniaure '-ac9 /os.

(/) #ea;es Bron -esions a are usua--6 confine/ o e -eaf margins.

CHEMICA" CONTRO" OF DISEASESDi!ea!e Che)ia' Co&e ;

For)

*'atio

#

Do!a$e/233 '

o% water

A,,'iatio# &iretio#!

!usarium Bar9$isease

Benom6- reen 0p 1g:9g see/ as a /r6 reamen @us 'eforesoing.

Copper

o6c-ori/e

Am'er 0p 00g or

109g:a

!u-- co;er spra6 I:O 2 00#:a i-- a-so

conro- rus an/ cercospora -eaf an/ 'err6 '-oc.

#eaf Rus Coppero6c-ori/e

Ba6fi/an

Am'er 0p 400ga

&8g

Repea a 14 /a6 iner;a-s if e /isease isse;ere oerise 2128 /a6 iner;a-s.

Before onse of e rains. Ma9e sa--o

renc a-ong /rip -ine an/ pu in granu-es

en co;er 'ac9 i soi-.

Rus Propicona5o-e Re/ 0ec 1 1:a !u-- co;er spra6

Cercispora -eaf

an/ 'err6 '-o

Copper

o6c-ori/e

Am'er 0p 400g Repea a 14 /a6 iner;a-s if /isease is

se;ere oerise 2128 /a6 iner;a-s

Coffee Berr6

$isease

Copper

o6c-ori/e

Am'er &9g capafo- I

2. 9g coppero6c-ori/e

per a.

!u-- co;er spra6. spra6 mi e o

cemica-s an/ repea app-icaion e;er6 4ee9s.

Ta'-e soing an inergrae/ programme for e conro- of !usarium 'ar9 /isease an/

-eaf rus in /ifferen areas of Jim'a'e. A-so inc-u/e/ are recommen/aions for

see/-ings an/ see/'earers.Area Che)ia' Mo#th o% a,,'iatio#

Aug Sep %c +o; $ec Dan !e' Mar


16/148


Easern

$isrics

Copper

o6c-ori/e

. . . . . . . .

capafo- . . . . . . . .

Tria/imefon(ruson-6)

. . Te o spra6s sou-/ 'e si ee9s apar an/on-6 app-ie/ if e is e;i/ence of -eaf rus in

Augus.

%erareas Coppero6c-ori/e . . . . . . . .

capafo- en fusarium 'ecomes esa'-ise/ i ou-/ 'e a/;isa'-e o

app-6 capafo- in $ecem'er? Danuar6 an/ !e'ruar6 insea/ ofcopper o6c-ori/e.

Tria/imefon(rus on-6)

To spra6s si ee9s apar are re


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Musoma R.T (BSc Crop Science) Page 1, of 148

Sta$e! o% ,roe!!i#$

(a) cerr6 gra/e 1 Si5e screen ? 2/ensi6 aer(sipon an9

(') Pu-p remo;e s9in /rum or /isc pu-per. %ne pu-ping /isc Q0., 1.0 onneof cerr6 per our. See paragrap on raio '6 mass.

(c) Pre gra/e si5e screen? /ensi6 in aer

(/) !ermen or a


18/148


A,,ro>i)ate ratio by )a!! o% %or)! o% o%%ee:

Cerr6 Parcmen reen Coffee

1 0.8

or 7.2 1.2 1.0

Consi/era'-e ;ariaion can occur in ese raios /epen/ing on e season? e age of

coffee an/ e sae of e coffee p-anaion.

De!ri,tio# o% the %or)! o% o%%ee

Cerr6 Coffee as pic9e/ ripe re/ from e ree

MLBuni Coffee /rie/ i s9in? /espace/ o MB a 10. percen moisure

conen.

Parcmen Coffee Afer pu-ping? fermening an/ /r6ing? /espace/ '6 farmer

o e MB in 'ags 40 o 09g a 11. percen moisure.

reen Coffee Afer u--ing a e mea- o remo;e parcmen an/ si-;er s9in.

Repac9e/ n 709g 'ags afer c-assificaion of green coffee. "n mi--ing ere cou-/ 'e a 1, 20 percen eig -oss.

Mar-eti#$

Sta#&ar&! o% @*a'ity a#& Moi!t*re o#te#t:

(a) ase/ coffee an/ green coffee 11. percen ma. moisure

(') *nase/ coffee 10. percen maimum moisure

(c) +o eraneous? /e-eerious or poisonous maer unfi for uman consumpion.

+o eraneous maer -ia'-e o /amage maciner6

Sta#&ar&! o% C'a!!i%iatio#Pa-e& i# !a-! o% #at*ra' or !y#theti %ibre!= #ot e>ee&i#$:

(a) green coffee 809g

(') ase/ coffee 4&9g(c) unase/ coffee &09g

$e-i;er6 -oa/s of /ifferen -os of coffee sou-/ 'e c-ear-6 mar9e/ o

/isinguis eac -o for separae c-assificaion.

A-- sac9s sou-/ 'e mar9e/ in figures of no -ess an ,0mm in eig i pro/ucers num'er (MB).

Sac9s sou-/ 'e sen (/o no use -ugs) a e mou in one of e

fo--oing a6s

Han/ son i eier

oo/


19/148


Sing-e coonra6on of minimum 'rea9ing srain of &00 +eons. Se

sraig i 2mm sices across mou of e sac9 an/ -ea;e 100mmfree ine a eac iou 9nos.

Macine sen i coon:ra6on:n6-on rea/'rea9ing srain of minimum 80+eons.

GMB De,ot! %or Co%%ee: Chi,i#$e= M*tare= Ba#-et?

Sta#&ar&! o% C'a!!i%iatio# a#& @*a'ity

Gree# o%%ee

C'a!! 4 6 8 5

Maimum num'er of '-oc9 coffee 'eans

Maimum num'er of /isease/ coffee'eans

Maimum num'er of fo6 coffee'eans

Maimum num'er of insec /amage/ coffee'eansMaimum num'er of pu-pernippe/ coffee'eans

Maimum num'er of sin9er coffee'eans

Maimum num'er of unu--e/ coffee'eans

+i-10

+i-

+i-

+i-

+i-

+i-

+i-20

+i-

+i-

+i-&0

10

10

&

+i-

+i-40

1

1

10

+i-

+i-

20

&0

+i-

+i-

12

Ma>i)*) #*)ber re%er! to the #*)ber o% a,,ro,riate o%%eebea#! %o*#& i#wor-i#$ !a),'e?

"e0y

A presen 1 percen of sa-es.

Mi''i#$

Pa6men o e groer is 'ase/ on e mass of ne green coffee. Te mi--ing -osses? from

parcmen form o green coffee? ;ar6 'eeen 1, an/ 20 percen. Mi--ing -osses 'eeen

MLBuni form an/ green coffee are 'eeen 4, an/ 0 percen.

I#!*ra#e

See caper on insurance in !inance secion of is an/'oo9. Tere is no insurance

agains fros /amage.


20/148


"abo*r a#& F*e' Re.*ire)e#t!

O,eratio#!

i? N*r!ery$igging o-es for uprigs p-acing

*prigs an/ refi--ing o-es? p-ace cross mem'ers an/ ire

for sa/e suppor (#)Trea uprigs (#)

Cu maeria-s for nurser6 sa/e (#)

Transpor sa/e maeria- ($ I 7)

Cu maeria-s for nurser6 sa/e (#)Transpor sa/e maeria- ($ I 7)

#oa/ rai-er i se/ maeria- ($ I 7)

*n-oa/ rai-er? p-ace se/ maeria- (#)

$igging poing maeria-? -oa/ing rai-er? ranspor an/un-oa/ ($ I &)

!i--ing pos 10mm& of poing mi:a of coffee gron (#)P-aning see/s (#)

*n-oa/ing (#)

Soring coffee p-ans in nurser6 rior o p-aning (#)

aer? ee/ing? inning? spra6ing ec.(%ne permanen or9er in nurser6 for e-;e mons (#)

"abo*r &ay! ,er ha

o% o%%ee

#ot #*r!ery area)

1.08

0.01

0.1

0.700.1

0.70

0.10.1

&.1

12.0 (one fina- p-an per po)

1,.70

4.404.72

3.1&

# Q enera- or9er $Q $ri;er

$I&Q $ri;er an/ ree genera- or9ers !Q !oreman

"abo*r a#& F*e' Re.*ire)e#t!

O,eratio#! "abo*r &ay! ,er ha o% o%%ee

ii. !ie-/ %peraionsa) P-anaion

Mar9ing p-an saions (Cec9ro 'asis) (#)

$igging p-aning o-es (! I 12)

Refi--ing p-aning o-es (! I 12)App-6ing prep-aning feri-i5er (! I 12)

Mi feri-i5er an/ opsoi- (! I 12)

Trai-er -oa/ing i 6oung p-ans? un-oa/ing an/

p-aning (! I 12)Cu mu-c maeria- (! I 7)

#oa/ rai-er i mu-c maeria-? ransporun-oa/ ($ I 7)

Sprea/ mu-c in -an/ (#)

Top/ressing 6ear 1

=ear 2 =ear &(SSP. A+.M:P) cos of

San/ar/;arieies

$arf;arieies

1.0 1.7

&0.71 70.02

2.78 .2

1.2, 1.34

1.2 2.4

11.8, 1.8,

.12 .12

8., 8.,

7.20 12.,7

12.8

3.74

8.80

8.8017.10

12.00

12.8

3.44

3.21

3.211,.2&

12.84


21/148


A-ernai;e 6ear & (D. A+. M:P) feri-i5er

=ear 4(SSP. A+. M:P) A-ernai;e 6ear 4(D) meo/

Spra6ing (i er'ici/e ereme care is nee/e/.

$ifferen spra6 an9s essenia- for insecici/es an/

er'ici/es)

Cu-i;aion (#) ('u/ge for ree occasions)

App-6 $6sison (for minor conro-. 1 per season 'efore rains) (! I 12) !or co;ering see

cu-i;aion.

(') Coffee pu-per6? a--o ree permanen or9ers

for 100 /a6s in 180 /a6 pic9ing season (! I 2)

2.77:occasion

(47

spra6s:annum)

2.77:occasion

(47

spra6s:annum)

&.77:occassion &.77:occasion

1.8:occasion 1.4:ocassion

,.

Soring coffee on /r6ing a'-es (! I 12) &.0

Har;esing (poc9e on reaper)!-6 pic9ing? -ess an 19g per 'us

"nerme/iae pic9ing 129g per 'usMain pic9ing more an 29g per 'us

.9g:reaper:our

10.09g:reaper:our 18.9g:reaper:our

Transporing ar;ese/ coffee from -an/ o

pu-per6 ($)

P-ouging ($) (acua-)

2.-a'our /a6s:a

0.23

$iscing ($) (acua-) 0.14

• !or 'u/gear6 purposes a--o 10-/:a for maure crop.#a'our an/ fue- renife. A//14F for 9nife)(#)

1.83

1.0

1.20

2.33

2.042.4

2.41

4.07

&.14.7:occasion

2.4:occasion

10.24

0.3

0.,

0.70

1.0

1.021.2&

1.21

2.0&

1.,2.8:occasion

1.2&:occasion

.12


22/148


O,eratio#! "itre! o% %*e' ,er ha o%

o%%ee

#ot #*r!ery area

!ue- consumpion Transporing poring soi- (f-a area) (un/u-aing area)

(i--6 counr6)

Transporing sa/e maeria- for see/'e/s

P-ouging (acua-)

Transporing 6oung coffee p-ans o -an/ (f-a area)

(un/u-aing area)

(i--6 counr6)

4.,

3.014.2

0.20

2,.03.

,.0

1.00

21.0

Transporing mu-c o esa'-ise/ coffee (f-a area)

(un/u-aing area)

(i--6 counr6)

Transporing ar;ese/ coffee from -an/ o pu-per6('ase/ on an a;erage of 1. onnes:a)

(f-a area)(un/u-aing area)

(i--6 counr6)

enera- ranspor of -a'our ec

11.00

22.00

&&.00

8., (oa- per annum)

1,.0(oa- per annum)2.2(oa- per annum)&.00

Ca'e#&ar i''*!trati#$ the #or)a' ti)i#$ o% )ai# e0e#t! o# a o%%ee %ar)

Rain6 season

fros suscepi'-e

perio/

Sem eensiongro

!-oering

Har;esing:Pu-ping

%r/er see/

P-an see/

Transp-an

see/-ings ino e

-an/s

main pruning :

re@u;inaion

Han/-ingCapping

Moisure sensii;e perio/

Moisure sress o in/uce f-oering

!eri-i5ing op /ress fo-iar

Mu-cing


23/148


Scouing for

insecs an//iseases

$rie-/rin 'an/ingSem

Spra6ing forconro- of -eaf rus

an/ 'ar9 /isease

au

g

Sep. %c. +o;. $ec. Dan !e' Ma

r

Apr ma

6

Dun. Du-.

%piona- /epen/ing on e s6sem of ree managemen cosen.

Cotton

C'i)ati Re.*ire)e#t!•

Coon re 20 "rrigae/ $r6-an/

7

409g:a&09g:a

809g:a709g:a

• Te recommen/e/ 'asa- feri-iser is Coonfer: Compoun/ # ic conains

'oron for fruiing.

• Ammonium nirae or urea is use/ for op /ressing. Te op /ressing can 'e gi;en

as a sing-e /ressing or sp-i ino o gi;en a 4 ee9s an/ 8 ee9s afer p-aning..

Te amouns of feri-iser app-ie/ ou-/ 'e

%n goo/ soi-s 200 9g (4 'ags) of Compoun/ # per a

100 9g (2 'ags) of A+.


24/148


%ne me/ium soi-s &00 9g (7 'ags) of Compoun/ #

10 9g (& 'ags) of A+.

Varietie!• SJ3&14 is e ;arie6 a is 'eing gron in mos of e coon groing areas.

"a#& Pre,aratio#• oo/ -an/ preparaion pro;i/es a fine i-.

P'a#ti#$• Te ear-ies p-aning /aes are conro--e/ '6 -egis-aion for e conro- of e pin9

'o--orm.

• Te ear-ies /aes are an/ 20 %co'er for e soueas #o;e-/ an/ e

remain/er of e counr6 respeci;e-6.

• !or /r6 -an/ coon? p-aning sou-/ 'e /one afer e firs effeci;e rains.

S,ai#$• "nerro an/ inraro spacing of 100 cm an/ &0 cm respeci;e-6.

• *n/er margina- groing con/iions? e inerro an/ inra ro spacing 30 cm an/20 cm respeci;e-6.

See& Rate• " is recommen/e/ a a see/ rae of 202 9g:a on -ig soi-s an/ &40 9g:a

on ea;6 soi-.

• P-ace 48 see/s ogeer in e p-aning o-e an/ co;er o a /ep of 20 mm.

Ga, Fi''i#$• ap fi--ing sou-/ iin & o /a6s afer emergence.

Thi##i#$• Tis is /one fi;e /a6s afer emergence an/ mus 'e comp-ee/ '6 e ime e

crop is ree ee9s o-/.+ee& Co#tro'" is imporan a e coon crop is 9ep ee/ free /uring e criica- sages of is

gro c6c-e

• firs eig ee9s afer crop emergence since e crop is mos ;u-nera'-e o

compeiion a is sage /ue o is s-o gro rae

• $uring e pic9ing sage.

Te ree meo/s for ee/ conro- are

• Han/ oeing

• Mecanica- meo/s

• Her'ici/es Te a'-e 'e-o gi;es er'ici/es ic can 'e use/ on coon? an/ of

ree 6pes

Pre p-aning er'ici/es Tese are incorporae/ ino e op fe mi--imeres of e

soi- 'efore e crop is p-ane/.

P-aning er'ici/es Tese are incorporae/ ino e see/'e/ a p-aning ime.


25/148


Pos emergence er'ici/es Tese are spra6e/ on i-e e crop is groingG e6 9i--

e ee/s iou arming e crop.

HERBICIDES

Pro&*t Tra&e Na)e Ti)e o%

A,,'iatio#

+ee&!

Co#tro''e&

Note!

Trif-ura-in Tref-an? Trif Prep-aning incorporae 0

100mmimme/iae-6.

Main-6monocosG "nc-.

S.g.

Rain orirrigaion no

re


26/148


• #ea;es mo-e on upper surface of -eaf? -aer urn 6e--o an/ are se/.

Cotto# Stai#er:

• "nsecs are orangere/ an/ '-ac9 in co-our? i -ong s6-e mou.

• !ee/s on see/s an/ sains -in of immaure 'o--s. Te sainers pro/uce a fungus

a sains e -in suc a i /e;e-ops a 6e--o co-our.• Coon sainers are a -ae season pes.

"y$*! Beet'e:

• er6 sma-- 'ron 'ugs capa'-e.

• =oung -ea;es so perforaions an/ a ragge/ e/ge.

Pi#- Bo''wor):

• Te pin9 co-oure/ -ar;ae aac9s e green 'o-- an/ fee/s on e immaure see/s.

• Pre;enion is acie;e/ '6 /esro6ing a-- ras from e crop an/ a;ing a c-ose

season of a -eas 2 mons (77 /a6s).

Re& Bo'' wor):

• #ar;a as rose re/ arro ea/ mar9ings.

• "nerna- fee/er in 'u/ or 'o--sG groing poins aac9e/.

• Trea i 8F .P. Car'ar6-.

A)eria# Bo''wor):

• #ar;a as /ar9 'an/ a-ong 'ac9.

S,i#y Bo''wor):

• !-es6 u'erc-es are seen a-ong 'ac9s an/ sparse coarse airs on a-- segmens.

• " i-- aac9 'u/s an/ 'o--s 'esi/es ip'oring.

"ea% Eater Cater,i''ar!:

• Perforaion of e -ea;es in/icae /amage /one '6 ese caerpi--ars.

PEST CONTRO"Scouing is ;er6 imporan in coon pes conro- as i ensures e effeci;e use of

pesici/es an/ ime-6 conro- of e pess.

CHEMICA" CONTRO"

• Te pesici/es use/ in coon inc-u/e con;eniona- insecici/es (Car'ar6-?

Tio/an an/ #ar;in)? s6neic para6roi/ an/ acarici/es?SPRAING

Spra6ing can 'e /one '6

• 9napsac9 spra6er

• racor spra6er? using a 'oom i , or 3 no55-es

• aeria- spra6ing '6 fie/ ing aircraf or e-icoper.

• To ca-cu-ae e amoun of e concenrae -i


27/148


Tracor Spra6er Mis '-oer &0 a per /a6

>napsac9 Spra6er 2 a per /a6

GROUND NUT PRODUCTION

roun/nus are an imporan oi-see/ crop. Apar from uman consumpion i cana-so 'e use/ as fo//er an/ i generaes resi/ua- nirogen.

To main cu-i;ars are gron in Jim'a'eG

• #ong season ;arieies (10130 /a6s an/ sor season ;arieies (100140 /a6s).

• Te mos recommen/e/ ;arie6 is !a-con.

C'i)ati Re.*ire)e#t!• " re


28/148


Pe!t! A#& Di!ea!e!PEST DAMAGE CONTRO"

#eaf miner -ar;ae mine ino -ea;es en e6 ac fromeggs an/ en emerge an/ e' a/@acen -eaf-es

ogeer o gi;e a 'urn -oo9 from afar

$imeoae

Monocroopos

Api/s +6mp an/ a/u-s suc9 sap from en/er

groing soos ? f-oers an/ pegs causing

suning an/ /isorion on fo-iage

$imeoae

Trips +6mp an/ a/u-s sac9 sap from surface of -eaf-es causing ie paces on upper

necroic on -oer surface

$imeoae

ie gru'

!ee/ on roo-es an/ no/u-es or ap roos an/

p-ans ier an/ /ie

Car'amaes

Sunflower(Helianthus Annuus Var. Macrocarpus)

I#tro&*tio#

Te p-an can gro on a i/e range of soi- 6pes an/ is erefore gron in man6 pars of e counr6.

Te 'u-9 of e sunf-oer crop? a'ou 30F is pro/uce/ '6 communa- area an/

sma-- sca-e farmers.

Sunf-oers are a /roug resisan crop a can pro/uce ig 6ie-/s on as -i-e as

410 mm of rainfa-- pro;i/e/ e soi- is mois @us 'efore an/ /uring f-oering

perio/.


29/148


Sunf-oers are suie/ o region "" an/ region " an/ i-- earn more an mai5e in

ese areas.

Te6 are main-6 p-ane/ from mi/+o;em'ermi/!e'ruar6.

=ie-/ -e;e-s a;erage 'eeen 1. :a i e +o;em'er p-anings an/ 0. :a

i e en/ of Danuar6 o !e'ruar6 p-anings.

"a#& ,re,aratio# Sunf-oers are sensii;e o -o pH an/ nemao/es.

#ig soi-s? especia--6 san/s sou-/ 'e cec9e/ for ese facors 'efore p-aning.

P-ouging sou-/ 'egin in ear-6 +o;em'er or as soon as e p-oug i-- easi-6

ener e soi-. (".e. afer e firs rains).

P-ouging sou-/ 'e /one o a /ep of a -eas 10 mm.

A roug see/'e/ i-- cause une;en germinaion erefore c-o/s sou-/ 'e 'ro9en

'efore p-aning.

ee/s sou-/ 'e remo;e/ 'efore p-aning an/ use ripper 6ne e;er6 o 6ears.

Te mos criica- perio/ for moisure is 20 /a6s 'efore f-oering? rougou e

f-oering sage up o 20 /a6s afer f-oering.P'a#t !,ai#$ "n regions ic recei;e ig rainfa--s (regions "? ""? """) a spacing of 30 2 cm

is recommen/e/ i-s in region " an/ a spacing of 30 &0 cm is a-so

recommen/e/.

P-aning -ines can 'e ma/e '6 opening a sa--o furro i ripper 6ne. Te

see/ sou-/ 'e p-ane/ 4 cm /eep.

7 9g:a of see/ is sufficien if using 6'ri/ or cerifie/ see/ or up o 89g for ome

reaine/ see/.

Ferti'i(atio#

The genera- recommen/aion is o use a -eas 209g of compoun/ # feri-i5er.

Tis feri-i5er sou-/ 'e app-ie/ a or 'efore p-aning. A op /ressing of 1009g Ammonium +irae can 'e app-ie/ 810 ee9s afer

germinaion.

+ee&i#$ Mecanica- conro- can 'e /one.

*n/er cerain circumsances er'ici/es suc as rif? -asso an/ /ua- can 'e use/

Pe!t o#tro'Se)i 'oo,er

Te6 consume -eaf issue 'eeen e ;eins. A se;ere aac9 can cause

/efo-iaion.

" can 'e conro--e/ '6 use of cemica-s suc as Tric-oforn? En/osu-fan or

Car'ar6-

A%ria# bo''wor)

Caerpi--ar /amages e crop '6 fee/ing on -ea;es? en/er sems f-oers an/ sof

see/

." can 'e conro--e/ as for semi -oopers.

C*twor)!

Te6 fee/ on 6oung en/er fo-iage near e soi- surface an/ re/uce e crop san/.


30/148

Musoma R.T (BSc Crop Science) Page &0 of 148

Te6 can 'e conro--e/ using cemica-s -i9e ric-oforn 'ai? En/osu-fan Bai or

Carbary'?

Ti, wi'ter

Te6 fee/ '6 suc9ing e sap an/ causing p-ans o i- an/ /ie.

Te6 can 'e conro--e/ using cemica-s suc as Car'ar6- an/ En/osu-fan.

See& B*$ Te6 fee/ on /e;e-oping see/ an/ cause i o sri;e-.

Te6 can a-so fee/ on e sem 'e-o f-oer ea/.

Conro- is e same as for ip i-ers.

Di!ea!e!Fo'iar &i!ea!e!

Can 'e conro--e/ '6 roaion an/ fie-/ saniaion.

Se-ec resisan ;arieies

Scleratinia Rot

Can 'e conro--e/ '6 using cerifie/ see/.

ro in a four 6ear os free roaion an/ a;oi/ ecessi;e feri-isaion.

Har0e!ti#$

Te see/ is maure en e 'ac9s of e ea/s a;e urne/ 6e--o an/ e 'racs

are urning 'ron.

A is poin e moisure conen i-- 'e 0F an/ e see/ oo e o ar;es.

%nce e ea/s an/ 'racs a;e urne/ 'ron e moisure conen i-- 'e 17

20F an/ com'ining can 'e sare/.

B!"r Groun#nut

Co))o# #a)e: Bam'ara groun/nu or Bam'ara nuSie#ti%i #a)e: Vina su!tarranea

Sho#a: +6imo

N&ebe'e: "n/-u'u

Brie% ba-$ro*#&

Bam'ara groun/nu is i/e-6 gron in e sma--o-/er secor. " is nai;e o e African

coninen. Researc resu-s so a e crop as consi/era'-e promise forcommercia-isaion.

Soi' ty,e• Te crop gros e-- on e-- /raine/ i soi-s pH of .07.

Pro&*tio# area!• Te crop can 'e gron in a-- e naura- regions of Jim'a'e.

Rai#%a'' a#& 'i)ati o#&itio#! Bes groing emperaures are 20 C o &0 C an/ e rainfa-- range is 700

200mm.

Cro, rotatio#!


31/148


• Roae i cerea-s suc as mai5e? mi--e? sorgum an/ roo crops suc as see

poao. !a--o -an/s are pro/uci;e en gron o Bam'ara groun/nu

Varietie!

• .Curren-6 Jim'a'e as no re-ease/ ;arieies on e mar9e an/ pro/ucion is

'ase/ on -an/ races.

P'a#ti#$

Spacing

+aura- regions "? "" an/ """ (or un/er irrigaion) use 4cm 'eeen ros

an/ 1cm 'eeen p-ans in e ro.

up o 20cm 'eeen p-ans in e ro in /r6 areas

See/ rae"

2,1& 9g:a /epen/ing on see/ si5e (-oer rae for sma-- see/e/ 6pes an/

iger raes for -arger see/e/ 6pes). P-an one see/ per saion.

P-aning ime

Mi/ +o;em'er o mi/ $ecem'er i effeci;e rains.

See/ /ressing "use Tiram 80F P a ,0g:09g of see/.

Earthi#$ *,

• !or goo/ po/ /e;e-opmen an/ po/ fi--ing? earing up is recommen/e/ afer

f-oering as sare/ or a pegging. Po/s a /e;e-op a'o;e groun/ resu- in

green co-oraion an/ e see/s are sma--er.

• Care sou-/ 'e a9en en earing no o go oo c-ose o e p-an as is mig

/amage pegs.

Ferti'i(er

• Afer a e--feri-i5e/ crop suc as mai5e app-6 posporus feri-i5er a raes of

40 o 709g:a an/ poassium feri-i5er a raes of 2 &09g.• "n poor soi-s? an app-icaion of 200209g of Compoun/ $

+ee& o#tro'

• ee/ing sou-/ 'e /one 1 /a6s afer emergence an/ en 'efore c-users @oin.

• Te er'ici/e Meac-or ($ua-) app-ie/ preemergence a 1.,#:a can 'e use/ o

conro- mos annua- ee/s. A-ernai;e-6? an/ oes are use/.

Har0e!ti#$ a#& !he''i#$

• Har;esing is /one en e crop urns 6e--o an/ e -ea;es a;e fa--en.

• Te se-- i-- comp-ee-6 separae from e see/ an/ e see/ i-- 'e sin6 an/

oug.

Stora$e

• Se-- on-6 en 6ou nee/ o use e see/ in or/er o pre;en ee;i- /amage.

• App-6 grain proecans suc as asposoin a'-es.

Di!ea!e a#& ,e!t )a#a$e)e#t

• Te fe 9non /iseases of economic imporance are -eaf spos? po/ ros an/

i-ing /iseases.

• Pess inc-u/e api/s an/ ans in e fie-/ an/ sorage ee;i-s.


32/148


Mar-eti#$

• Mos of e crop is mar9ee/ on e informa- mar9e i unspecifie/ amouns

going across 'or/ers? especia--6 o Sou Africa? Bosana an/ +ami'ia.


33/148

Musoma R.T (BSc Crop Science) Page && of 148

Cow$e Pro#u%t&onCommon name Copea

Scienific name igna anguicu-aa

Sona name +6em'a

+/e'e-e name "n/um'aI#tro&*tio#

• Main-6 gron as a -o inpu pu-se. Te -ea;es an/ grain are a source of proein.

Soi' ty,e

• Bes 6ie-/s are o'aine/ from e-- /raine/ soi-s i a pH of 7.0 o ,.0.

Pro&*tio# Re$io#!

• Copea /oes 'es in naura- regions """? " an/ .

Rai#%a'' a#& 'i)ati o#&itio#!

• 20 00mm rainfa-- is a/e


34/148


Pe!t a#& &i!ea!e o#tro'

Pe!t Co#tro' Pe!t Co#tro'

api/s Rogor Po/ 'orer En/osu-pan

Suc9-ing 'ugs En/osu-pan Bee-es En/osu-pan

Trips C6permerin Sorage ee;i-s An6 grain proecanDi!ea!e Co#tro' Di!ea!e Co#tro'

sca' *neconomica- o

conro-

Ascoc6a *neconomica- o

conro-

Baceria- '-ig Benom6- Baceria- -eaf spo Benom6-

Har0e!ti#$ a#& thre!hi#$

• #ea;es can 'e ar;ese/ from four ee9s afer p-aning o e onse of f-oering.

• Har;es po/s en e6 are re-ai;e-6 /r6 an/ res en comp-ee-6 /r6.

Stora$e

• $r6 o -ess an 11F moisure 'efore sorage.

• *se an6 grain proecan agains copea ee;i-.

• Hessian 'ags sore an/ mainain see/ ;ia'i-i6 'eer an po-6prop6-ene 'ags.

See& Se'etio#

• Copea see/ can 'e reaine/ for up o & ar;ess as -ong as i is reae/ i

Tiram 80F P? sore/ in Hessian 'ags an/ 9ep off groun/.


35/148


R&%eCo))o# #a)e: Rice

Sie#ti%i #a)e: %r65a sai;a

Sho#a: Mupunga

N&ebe'e: *mpunga Brief aout rice

Tere are o ma@or groups of cu-i;ae/ rice? name-6 #r$%a sativa indica an/ #r$%a

sativa &aponica (sinica).

!limatic con"itions affecting pro"uction

• arm season ;arieies re


36/148


Pests

• Te ma@or pes of rice is e 'uelea uelea 'ir/? ermies? api/s? an/ -eaf eaers.

Ro/ens are a-so a pro'-em in rice pro/ucion an/ ro/enies suc as !ina-e an/Sorm can 'e use/.

• Spra6ing of 'ir/s a eir roosing p-aces can 'e /one un/er e auspices of e

$eparmen of +aiona- Par9s. %n a sma-- sca-e? 'ir/ scaring can 'e effeci;e. Diseases

B'a!t Pyricularia ory%ae

• Causes '-uis f-es on e -ea;es? ic urn 'ron.

• Hig emperaures? umi/i6? /ense san/s an/ ig -e;e-s of nirogen fa;our e

/isease.

• So ear-6 'efore e onse of e rain6 season o re/uce e /isease..

Brow# "ea% S,ot !oc&lioolus myaeanus.

• Bron spos on e -amina an/ seas an/ '-ac9 spos on e us9s of e grain.

• !a;oure/ '6 co-/ eaer.

• See/ /ressing i ia;a or Ba6an re/uces e inci/ence of is /isease.

'ar#esting

• Can 'e /one manua--6 or mecanica--6.

• Be-o are a num'er of gui/e-ines a i-- ensure a grain


37/148

Musoma R.T (BSc Crop Science) Page &, of 148

• Sorgum can 'e gron in an6 area a recei;es 'eeen &00 an/ 300 mm of rain

a sou-/ 'e e-- /isri'ue/ roug ou e groing season.

• Can 'e gron in a-- soi- 6pes e;en oug iger 6ie-/s are o'aine/ on san/6

-oam6 an/ ea;6 eure/ soi-s.

• Te soi- sou-/ 'e /eep an/ e-- /raine/..

• Te i/ea- soi- pH is .0 an/ 7.*+Ferti'ity )a#a$e)e#t

• +orma--6 'an/ app-icaions of mo/erae raes of compoun/ $ are use/ a a rae

of 10&00 9g:a /epen/ing on e ineren soi- feri-i6 -e;e-s.

• Ammonium nirae a a rae of 100200 9g:a is use/ as a op /ressing feri-i5er

an/ is app-ie/ 78 ee9s afer emergence.

• "n ;er6 -ig an/ ineren-6 inferi-e soi-s i is recommen/e/ o sp-i app-6 e op

/ressing feri-i5e a -eas 2 ee9s.

• Sorgum as a-so 'een o'ser;e/ o respon/ e-- o farm6ar/ manure.

Variety Choie

• Te naiona- sorgum impro;emen program as /e;e-ope/ a num'er of sorgum

;arieies a a;e pro;e/ o ou 6ie-/ farmers ;arieies in erms of grain 6ie-/.

• Te a;ai-a'-e sorgum ;arieies are S1? S2? S& an/ S4.

• Pri;ae companies a;e /e;e-ope/ some ;arieies a can 'e accesse/ on e

mar9e.

Ta'-e 1 $escripion of Sorgum ;arieiesarie6 Caracerisics

S4 " is a semi /arf open po--inae/ ;arie6 a is more uniform in eig i an a;erageeig of 1?&0m. " is a me/ium mauring ;arie6 a pro/uces o-e ie 'o-/ grain.

rain 6pe is corneous o ar/ ence goo/ mi--ing


38/148


S1 S1 is a cream6 ie see/e/ open po--inae/ ;arie6 a as /e;e-ope/ in

Jim'a'e in 138. " is a semi /arf ;arie6 i a semi compac me/ium si5e/ ea/

a is e-- eere/. A;erage p-an eig is 1.21.8m. P6sio-ogica- mauri6 isaaine/ in a'ou 1112 /a6s. S1 can i--er o pro/uce 2& i--ers per p-an an/ is

a-so poosensii;e. rain eure is ;er6 ar/ ence an ece--en mi--ing


39/148


Soo f-6 !ee/ing -ar;ae cause /r6ing up of cenra- -eaf

an/ /ea/ ear s6mpoms in 14 ee9ssee/-ings

Time-6 p-aning? use of

ig see/ raesCemica- conro- using

ione? car'ar6- ec).

Api/s !oun/ on e un/er si/e of -ea;es an/ funne-.Secre one6/e a -ea/s o soo6 mo-/sgro.

Cemica--6 usingma-aion? /imeoae(rogor)? /ia5inon

Spi/er mies Suc9 sap from -ea;es o cause suning.Main-6 pre;a-en /uring o /r6 spe--s

Spa6ing i acarici/es-i9e

Sa-9 'orer Penerae sem roug funne- a an6 sage of

gro

*se cemica-s -i9e

en/osu-fan? car'ar6-?ione? car'ofuran

Hea/ 'ugs A/u-s suc9 sup from e /e;e-oping grain Conro- cemica--6 using/imeoae

Armoure/

cric9es

Tese fee/ on e sorgum ea/ ere'6

re/ucing grain 6ie-/

Conro- 'io-ogica--6 '6

scouing an/ an/ pic9ing 'u cemica-

conro- ma6 'e use/.

Hea/ 'ugs Te6 suc9 e sap in e spi9e-es /uring

grain fi--ing

Cemica--6 using

/imeoae

Bir/s Remo;e son see/s or see/ from panic-e.

#ess /amage en crop maure a same ime

or on eensi;e sorgum fie-/s

Scaring is e anser o

e pro'-em

Ta'-e & Common sorgum /isease in Jim'a'e

Di!ea!e Sy),to)!/ &a)a$e a*!e& Co#tro'

Sa-9 ros "rregu-ar mo-e/ paern iin inerno/es

especia--6 on pe/unc-e.

Conro- (roaions? c-ean

cu-i;aion? /esro6resi/ues

$one6mi-/e

"nfece/ see/-ings are c-oroic? sune/ an/ma6 /ie pre maure-6.

Trea see/ mea-o6-?/eep p-ouging? use

resisan ;arieies

rain mou-/s Mo-/s /e;e-op on grain on e panic-e

especia--6 en crop maures /uring perio/s

of ig rainfa-- an/ umi/i6

Conro- '6 a/@using

soing /aes.

Ergo "nfecion is from panic-e emergence roug

feri-i5aion Ma6 cause comp-ee crop -oss

*se of resisan

;arieies? proper roaions? /esro6

resi/uesSmu Ear ea/ 'ecome so--en an/ urn gra6 an/ Spra6 i fungici/es?

use of resisan ;arieies?

remo;ing smue/ ea/s

Har0e!ti#$/&ryi#$ /!tora$e

• Har;esing is norma--6 /one en p-ans reac p6sio-ogica- mauri6. #ea;es

i-- 'e urn 6e--ois an/ 'eginning o /r6 up naura--6..


40/148


Mar-eti#$

• rain sorgum is mar9ee/ roug e grain mar9eing 'oar/ a preses e

prices. Pri;ae companies -i9e /e-a can 'u6 'reing sorgum from farmersmos-6 ose un/er eir groersL conracs.

'&llet

Ba-$ro*#&

•

• A/ape/ o ars en;ironmens. Pear- mi--e 6'ri/s are ig-6 responsi;e o

inensi;e crop pro/ucion inpus

• Main-6 gron in Mae'e-e-an/? Manica-an/? Masona-an/ Eas? Mi/-an/s an/

Mas;ingo pro;ince '6 sma--o-/er farmers..

C'i)ati Re.*ire)e#t!• A/ape/ o arm /r6 c-imaes of +aura- region &?4? a are margina- for Mai5e

pro/ucion.

• ro emperaure of 28&2c is opimum for norma- crop gro..

• " /oes no o-erae f-oo/ing..

Ferti'ity Ma#a$e)e#t!eri-i5er rae of 2009g:a Compoun/ $ p-us 1009g:a Ammonium +irae can 'e use/.?

Varietie!PMV2

"s an a;erage 6ie-/er $arf ;arie6 a maures ear-6 in 303 /a6s. " is a ig

i--ering ;arie6 i 10 i--ers per p-an.TAB"E: Agronomic caracerisics of PM*

=ie-/ Poenia- 2& :a

$a6s o Mauri6 303 /a6s

rain co-our re6 see/e/

P-an eig 0.3 1.& (/arf )

P'*

"s an a;erage 6ie-/er ic escapes /roug an/ maures in 3100 /a6s. "

pro/uces & effeci;e i--ers an/ e ea/ sape is can/-e -i9e.

PMV


41/148


PM& is curren-6 e iges 6ie-/ing pear- mi--e ;arie6. " is /roug resisan?

maures ear-6 in 830 /a6s. An/ as an inerme/iae eig i & effeci;e

i--ers. Te ea/ sape is c6-in/rica- o -anceo-ae.

See& Rate!/ P'a#t Po,*'atio# See/ rae of 7 109g :a is recommen/e/ e crop i-- 'e inne/ o 0 ,cm

inerro an/ 20 &0cm inro o gi;e a popu-aion of & &&& o 100 000 p-ans

per ecare.

P'a#ti#$ Ti)e/De,th/Metho& $ep ;aries from 2 , mm e opimum 'eing &4 mm. Soing /ep

;aries in /ifferen soi-s an/ c-imae con/iion %pimum soing /ep &.04.0 cm

Hea;ier soi-s 1.22.0 cm

Re/ soi-s 2.0.00 cm

$eser san/6 soi-s .00,.00 cm• Te crop is p-ane/ in ear-6 summer o -ae summer (i.e. from +o;em'er o en/

Danuar6) Te crop can 'e p-ane/ '6 'roa/ casing? an/ /ri--ing an/ macine

/ri--ing in ros an/ a-so can 'e ransp-ane/ en i as reace/ c-ose o 9neeeig or a i--ering.

+ee& Ma#a$e)e#tCompeiion i ee/s re/uces grain 6ie-/ '6 20F. !or effeci;e ee/ conro-?fo--oing o a-ernai;e measures are recommen/e/

To manua- ee/ing a-ong i oeing 1 an/ &0 /a6s afer soing are mos

effeci;e.

• App-icaion of preemergence er'ici/e ara5ine a U 0. >g a.i. a1? fo--oe/ '6

one oeing afer & ee9s of soing is effeci;e an/ more economic

Pe!t! Co#tro'

• Te re/ 'i--e/ ea;er'ir/ an/ ue-ea can 'e conro--e/ '6 scaring or use of

'ris-e/ ;arieies.

• Te sem 'orer an/ soo f-6 are a-so /amaging? can 'e conro--e/ '6 crop

roaion an/ use of insecici/es -i9e car'ar6-? ma-aion an/ en/osu-fon.

Di!ea!e Co#tro'?

Ma@or /iseases Causa- organism

1. $on6 mi-/e clespora raminicola

2. Ergo Claviceps usiormis

&. Smu 1ol$posporium pennicillariae Dow#y )i'&ew$on6 gro co;ering mos-6 un/ersurface of e -eaf an/ Kgreen earL as sma-- green

-ea;es rep-aces grains in e ear ea/.

• *se resisan cu-i;ars.


42/148


• See/ reamen i Apron S.$. & U 7 gms 9g1 see/.

• !o-iar spra6Ri/omi- 2 P (100 ppm) afer 21 /a6s of soing if infecion

ecee/s 2F.

• "nfece/ p-ans sou-/ ne;er 'e a--oe/ o remain in fie-/. Suc p-ans sou-/

'e uprooe/ an/ 'urn.

• A;oi/ monocu-ure of paricu-ar cu-i;ar.? Er$ot

Hone6-i9e secreion /ries on earea/ an/ -aer 'ecomes ar/ in p-ace of norma- grain.

• Tere is no effeci;e conro- measure roug fungici/esG erefore geneic

resisance is e 'es opion.

• Precauionar6 measures.

1. $ip see/s in 20F 'rine aer so-uion? sir an/ remo;e f-oaing see/san/ sc-eroia. See/s -6ing in 'oom 'e /rie/ an/ son.

2. A/@us soing /aes so a ear emergence /oes no coinci/e i

more rain6 /a6s.&. P-oug e fie-/ soon afer ar;es so a ergo is 'urie/ /eep.

S)*t rain or grains 'ecomes in infece/ earea/s 'ecomes so--en an/ urn /ar9

'ron.

Hos resisance in 'es a6 o conro-.

Spra6 of i fungici/e Capafo- (2 ppm) fo--oe/ '6 Jine' (2 ppm)? on panic-e

a 'oo -eaf sage re/uces infecion? 'u is no economic measure.

Remo;e smue/ ear.

R*!t

Hos resisance in e 'es reme/6.

!ungici/a- spra6 Jine' 0.1F aains ;ar6ing /egree of success on rus inci/ence.

Ha0e!ti#$/Dryi#$/Stora$e• Pear- mi--e is rea/6 for ar;es & 4 ee9s afer f-oering.

• Te crop is ar;ese/ '6 an/? '6 c-ipping e ea/s from e san/ing sa-9s is

a--os perio/ica- pic9ings o re/uce fie-/ /amage from 'ir/s -ea;ing e green

ea/s o maure ou

• Te crop is eier sore/ unrese/ or rese/.

• Te grain is reae/ i insecici/es suc as Ma-aion? #in/ane /us or neem

ree -ea;es are scaere/ rougou e grain o pre;en insec aac9 an/ oer

cerea- insecici/es can 'e use/.


43/148


F&n+er '&llet

I),orta#e

• Mos-6 gron inMasona-an/? Mi/-an/s? Mas;ingo an/ Manica-an/ pro;inces.

• "s uses inc-u/e preparaion of 'eer? foo/ for pregnan oman? 6oung ci-/ren an/

for e sic9? possi'-6 /ue o e ig ca-cium an/ iron conen in e grain.

C'i)ati Re.*ire)e#t!• " gros on a i/e range of soi-s.

• " o-eraes /r6 spe-- in e ear-6 sages of gro an/ en gros rapi/-6

"a#& Pre,aratio#

• Be/ preparaion sou-/ 'e oroug 'ecause of e sma-- see/ an/ 'ecause i

canno san/ ee/ compeiion

Ferti'ity Ma#a$e)e#t

!eri-i5er rae of 200V&00 9g:a Compoun/ $ p-us 100 10 9g:a Ammonium

Varietie!

FMV-.

!M1 is iger 6ie-/ing an -oca-

+irae is re


44/148


P'a#ti#$ Ti)e/De,th A#& Metho&

• Being a sma-- see/e/ i is usua--6 surface son. Ro--ing afer soing

ou-/ impro;e germinaion.

• " is son ear-6 in e season i e firs rains or in %co'er +o;em'er

or -ae oar/s en/ of $ecem'er." is eier 'roa/case/ or /ri--e/ in

ros.

+ee& Ma#a$e)e#t

• A'i-i6 o compee i ee/s is poor.

• " is mos-6 an/ ee/e/ o remo;e E.in/ica an/ E. Africana. Tese are ar/ o

/isinguis from finger mi--e in e 6oung sage.

Di!ea!e! a#& Pe!t Ma#a$e)e#t

Hea/ B-as cause/ '6 2iricularia or$%ae ic a-so aac9s rice? can cause /amage.

Har0e!ti#$= Dryi#$ a#& Stora$e

• !inger mi--e is rea/6 for ar;es & 4 ee9s afer f-oering? is ar;ese/ '6 an/?

'6 c-ipping e ea/s.

• Crusing i a ea;6 sonero--er or f-ai-ing ofen reses is crop.


45/148


,&nter ,-et $ro#u%t&onCommon name ea

Scienific name 1riticum aestivum

Sona name orosi

+/e'e-e name "ng


46/148


(up o 10:a) re/

graine/ ear-6mauring ;arie6

eig -e;e-s for sem rus? -eaf

rus an/ po/er6 mi-/e

Pannar

Pan &430 Hig 6ie-/ing (up

o 78:a) an/maures in a'ou

18/a6s

Ha;e goo/ sra

sreng

Ece--en -eaf? sem an/

sripe rus resisance imo/erae resisance o

po/er6 mi-/e

Pan &432 Hig 6ie-/ poenia-

an/ maures ;er6

ear-6

Ta-- an/ as goo/

san/a'i-i6

)o#ernment re"

>ana Re/ graine/cu-i;ar

$arf encereasona'-e

-o/ging


47/148


"f a-- e a'o;e a;e 'een rie/ an/ ;ariaion is si-- unaccepa'-e an/ en re/uce

sa i/.

Diret !ee&i#$

• Tis can 'e /one ino mai5e or so6a 'ean resi/ue in o a6s a are

i e use of no i-- /ri--? 'roa/cas an/ -ig /isc s6sem.• "rrigaion ma6 'e app-ie/ a 2& /a6 iner;a-s.

P'a#ti#$ &ate!

Area P'a#ti#$ &ate! Rea!o#

Hig;e-/ *p o 2 Ma6 To a;oi/ e coinci/ing of f-oering i

fros

Mi//-e;e-/ , o 1 Ma6

#o;e-/ 1 o 10 Ma6 To a;oi/ sarp rising emperaure /uring

grain fi--ing sage

See& Rate!

Broa/casing 120 1&0 9g:a $ri--ing 100 o 120 9g:a.

A #eas 10F of re


48/148


"mme/iae-6 fo--o i a -ig irrigaion of aer a'ou &4 ours aroun/ 1

20mm

*rea sou-/ 'e app-ie/ o an area a can 'e co;ere/ '6 an irrigaion c6c-e

+ee& o#tro'

Sar i a c-ean see/'e/ '6 conro--ing -ae ee/s in summer. Scou for ee/

infesaion ear-6 2 & ee9s afer emergenc6 an/ again 10 /a6s -aer. Afer scouing/eci/e ic of e fo--oing po-icies o a/op

+o ee/s +o nee/ o s pra6

"so-ae/ ee/s Han/ pu--

ee/s in paces Spo spra6ing

ee/s presen rougou e -an/ %;era-- spra6

!&emical 0ee" control

Te coice of e er'ici/e is /epen/e/ on e ee/s no on e cos

+ame of er'ici/e Sage of app-icaion Rae of

app-icaion

T6pes of ee/s

Ban;e- & -eaf sage afer

emergenc6

20m-:a Conro- of 'roa/ -eaf

ee/sA--6 An6 ime afer

emergenc6

20g:a Conro- of 'roa/-eaf

ee/s

MCPA & -eaf sage afer

emergenc6 o &0 /a6s

afer germinaion

2.-:a Conro- of ;o-uneer

so6a'eans

Pumer super Afer emergenc6 &0000m-:a Conro- of annua- an/

perennia- grasses

A--6 I Ban;e- mi g I100m-I 0.1F

Sanae

As a'o;e

Ban;e- I MCPA

mi

20m- I,0m- As a'o;e

Roun/up

(-6posaea 3 )

A 7 -eaf sage of

ee/. App-ie/ as a

pre p-an for 5ero or

minimum i--age

1-:a Conro- a-- ee/s an/

e;en ree sru's (Te

ree sru's sou-/ 'e

cu an/ roun/up isapp-ie/ on e cu

sumps

Irrigation

Te mos criica- sages of moisure re


49/148


Irrigation Sc&e"uling

Te maimum irrigaion c6c-e -eng (/a6s)? ic ma6 'e emp-o6e/ on ea un/er

/efici irrigaion? is as fo--os

Soi- eure Hig;e-/ Mi//-e;e-/ #o;e-/San/ 11 3

San/ c-a6 : -oam6 1 1& ,

C-a6 18 17 3

Ma1or "iseases

$isease %ccurrence S6mpoms Conro-

ea -eaf rus

Hig;e-/? -aeDu-6

Sepem'er.

#o;e-/?ear-6 Dune

Du-6

Masses of -ig 'ron pores on -ea;es. B-ac9

spores -aer.

P-an resisan: o-eran;arieies

!o--oing recommen/e/

p-aning /aes$esrucion of ;o-uneer

ea p-ans Spra6 i Sa;i

Po/er6

Mi-/e

Ecess

nirogen an/

aer fa;ours/isease

/e;e-opmen

Co-onies of ie o

gre6 coon6 or f-uff6

gro i ousan/sof /r6 spores on upper

surface of -eaf

*se resisan ;arieies

A;oi/ ecessi;e use of aer

an/ nirogen$esro6 ;o-uneer p-ans

$eep p-ouging an/ 'ur6ing

infece/ /e'ris*se of recommen/e/ p-an

popu-aions

Roaions

*se of fungici/esMai5e srea9 ;irus

Transmie/ '6 -eaf opper

C-oroic srea9s on -eaf '-a/es

Sune/ p-ans an/ ma6

no 'ear ea/s

/epen/ing on sage of aac9

Conro- ;ecor usinginsecici/es

Bree/ for resisance

#oose smu >enne- of infece/ p-ans are ransforme/

ino a mass of /ar9

po/er6 spores co;ere/

i a in mem'rane

Rogue an/ 'urn a-- infece/ea/s

P-an cerifie/ see/

Trea see i s6semic

fungici/es (Ba6an? ia;a)*se of resisan ;arieies

Roaion

Pest Management

ue-ea 'ir/s a;e re/ 'ea9s an/

mo;e in f-oc9s of up o a mi--ion 'ir/s? e6 fee/ on sof /oug ea

"/enificaion of rooss

"nforming AREW an/ Par9s an/ i-/-ifeManagemen Auori6


50/148


grains an/ sar from e e/ge of e

fie-/. A 'ir/ a fee/ up o 4g:/a6 an/can /esro6 up o 10g. Te6 roos

near aer sources an/ is ma6 'e

a'ou 09m aa6 from fie-/

Spra6ing rooss using !enion 740 *#

(ue-eo? Sirio740 *#)Bir/ scaring

Mis ness ar;esing for re-is

B-asing

Api/s Tese fee/ on -ea;es of /e;e-oping ears. Te6 are sma-- an/green in co-our. Te6 pierce? suc9?

an/ foun/ on un/ersi/e of -ea;es.

Ma6 cause -eaf cur-ing

Regu-ar scouingCemica- conro- usingG S6semaic insecici/es$imeoae( rogor) ? Car'osu-fan (Marsa-)?

$imeonSMe6- (Meas6so)?

Monocroopos? Pirimicar' (Pirimor 0 $)?Tiomeon (E9ain 2 EC)

Arm6orm e -ar;a sage fee/s on

e -ea;es of e crop. Serious/amage ma6 'e cause/ in 6oung

see/-ings if ou'rea9s are no

conro--e/

*se Car'ar6- 8F P 72g:a as soon as pes

is noice/

#eaf an/ ear caerpi--ar ese fee/ '6eaing or sripping e -ea;es. Serious/amage ma6 resu- if ou'rea9s are

no conro--e/.

Can 'e conro--e/ '6 Car'ar6- 8F P a arae of 72g:a or Ma-aion 0FEC a 7001200m-:a

#eafoppers ese can ransmi

srea9 ;irus

$imeoae 40F a a rae of ,0m-:a

'ar#esting

• Sou-/ 'e /one en ea is fu--6 ripe a 12.14F moisure -e;e-.

• !or -arge sca-e use a com'ine ar;eser an/ for sma-- sca-e i can 'e /one '6

an/.

2ssessing fiel" lossA oa- of 0 o 70 grains per 0.1m2 in/icae -oss of 0 9g:a. !ie-/ -osses of 1 o 1. 'ags

are a grea -oss. Com'ine '-a/es sou-/ 'e fie/ so as o a;oi/ grea -oss.

Oat! Lan" Preparation

• %as can 'e groan on a i/e range of soi-s an/ i-- o-erae more aci/ic soi-s an

eier ea or 'ar-e6.

Cerea- pH range

%as 4..

ea .1,.0Bar-e6 .,.0

oo/ -an/ preparaion is essenia- for esa'-ismen of a goo/ crop. #an/ sou-/ 'e

p-ouge/ o a /ep of 10 22mm an/ arroe/ an/:or /isc o pro/uce a fine see/'e/.

Planting Dates

arie6 $a6s o maure P-aning /ae

!-ori/a se-ece/ 170 En/ of Apri-

Rapi/a 12012 Ma6 onar/s


51/148


See" Rates

070 9g:a if /ri--e/ or ,0 9g:a if see/ is 'roa/case/.

Varietie!

1. !-ori/a se-ece/ a -ae mauring ;arie6? 'u ig 6ie-/ing

2. Rapi/a an ear-6 mauring ;arie6? me/ium o ig 6ie-/ing

&. %a-ine #arr6 a mi/ season mauring -o 6ie-/ing ;arie6. " performs e-- un/er

nirogen regimes an/ pro/uces muc greaer see/ 6ie-/ an !-ori/a se-ece/.

Ferti'i!i#$

)eneral Recommen"ations

Soi- saus + (9g:a) P 2 % (9g:a) > 2 % (9g:a)

oo/ &0 20&0 20&0

Me/ium &070 &070 &00

Poor 7030 7030 0,0

App-6 nirogen i cauion especia--6 !-ori/a Se-ece/ gron for see/ since i e;arie6 is prone o -o/ging. "f i is gron for fo//er app-6 Ammonium +irae (2&0 +)op /ressing of up o ,9g:a afer eac cu.

Irrigation

• Simi-ar o a of ea an/ 'ar-e6

$ee" !ontrol

• App-6 !enron a e rae of 1.,9g:a a an6 sage an/ a -oer rae of 1.09g:a &

ee9s afer germinaion.

Diseases

Crow# R*!t Puccinia !oronata3

• Sma-- o;a- srange 6e--o paric-es scaere/ on 'o -ea;es.

• Conro--e/ '6 using resisan ;arie6

Bar'ey e''ow Dwar% Di!ea!e!

• Causes re//ening of -ea;es? suning? an uprig posure of ic9ene/ siff -ea;es?

re/uce/ roo gro an/ a re/ucion in 6ie-/.

• Hea/s of affece/ p-ans en/ o remain erec an/ 'ecome '-ac9 an/ /isco-oure/

/uring ripening /ue o co-onisaion '6 saprop6ic fungi

"oo!e !)*t 4stilago 2#enae3

• A see/ 'orne /isease? ic re/uces ears o '-ac9 po/er.

• See/ /ressing 'es conro-s is /isease.

Ste) r*!t Puccinia )raminis #ar a#enae3

• Causes re//is 'ron e-ongae/ pusu-es on sems an/ -ea;es.• +o oer 9non conro- meo/s oer an p-aning resisan ;arieies.


52/148


Mai(e See& Pro&*tio# Site Selection

oo/ feri-i6 an/ near o a aer source Eas6 accessi'i-i6 o inspecion? ar;esing? processing an/ sorage

Proece/ from -i;esoc9 A;oi/ fie-/s a a/ mai5e e pre;ious season

Isolation

• S,atia' i!o'atio#

Minimum /isance &00m oug ;aria'-e.

egeaion 'arriers aroun/ e fie-/ are prefera'-e

• Ti)e i!o'atio#

P-an 7 ee9s 'efore or afer e neares mai5e crop

Cec9 i neig'oursL p-ans

#oo9 ou for ;o-uneer p-ans

Soil an" fertility management

• Re


53/148


• Ensure proper an/ safe use of cemica-s

• Rogue an/ 'urn /isease/ p-ans

• Remo;e a-ernai;e pes an/ /isease os p-ans on an/ off season

• >eep e fie-/ ee/ free

• *se /isease an/ pes free e


54/148


• C-ean a-- e


55/148

Musoma R.T (BSc Crop Science) Page of 148

De#!er !ee& J hea'thier !ee&

Classiication4 si%in

• *se screens (-arge? sma--? f-a? roun/)

Treati#$ the !ee&

• Timing of reamen is imporan.

• Carefu--6 use correc


56/148


Soi' ty,e!

• San/6 c-a6 -oams an/ ea;ier soi-s are mos suia'-e.

• Soi-s sou-/ 'e e-- /raine/ an/ e opimum pH range is .7.

• %n ea;6 soi-s pH sou-/ no 'e a--oe/ o /rop 'e-o .0.

"a#& Pre,aratio#• iner p-ouging? imme/iae-6 afer ar;es 9i--s ee/s? conser;es moisure? conro-s

pess an/ promoes ear-6 /ecomposiion of ee/s an/ resi/ues.

• Summer p-ouging an/ arroing i-- creae a fine i- for p-aning.

C*'ti0ar !e'etio#Tere are o ma@or groups of cu-i;ars

• H6'ri/s ose see/s canno 'e rec6c-e/ an/

• %penpo--inae/ ;arieies? ose see/ can 'e rec6c-e/ for a -eas & seasons 'efore 'u6ing

fres see/?

So)e o% the a&0a#ta$e! o% OPV!

• Ceaper see/

• See/ can 'e rec6c-e/ for ( 2& season )• Rec6c-ing 6'ri/ see/ resu- in -oss of 6'ri/ ;igour? ence e nee/ o 'u6 see/

e;er6 season.

#ong season ;arie6" Maures in 140I /a6s? e.g. SR2? SC,01

"nerme/iae season ;arie6 *6+,*7+ da$s4 e.. C/-84 5-99Sor season ;arie6 *-+ ,*6+ da$s4 e.. C7+84 5-984 C7+64 C7+*

• #ong season an/ me/ium season ;arieies are recommen/e/ for ig rainfa-- areas i-e

sor season ;arieies are for /rier regions.

See& rate!

• %n a;erage 29g:a of see/ mai5e is recommen/e/.P-aning ime

• $r6 p-aning can 'e /one 2& ee9s prior o e firs effeci;e rain or a-ernai;e-6 p-an ifirs effeci;e rains.

• #ong season ;arieies can 'e p-ane/ i irrigaion (ere i is a;ai-a'-e) in mi/ %co'er

'efore e rain.

• #ae p-aning of mai5e afer mi/$ecem'er re/uces 6ie-/s.

• Roaion can 'e /one i -egumes.

P'a#t ,o,*'atio# a#& !,ai#$

• 4 000 p-ans:a ( 30 cm 2 cm) for ig rainfa-- areas of +R" an/ +R"" an/

• &, 000 p-ans:a ( 30 cm &0 cm) for -o rainfa-- areas of +R""" an/ "

• 22000 p-an:a (1.m &0 cm) on ie/ ri/ges for /r6 areas of +R.

• arieies i sor saure can 'e p-ane/ a iger p-an popu-aions.

• Te genera- P-aning /ep is 0 mm? 'u ;ariaions can occur /epen/ing on soi- 6pe an/ p-aning meo/.

Ferti'i(er a,,'iatio# rate! a#& ti)e:

Ta'-e soing genera- !eri-i5er Recommen/aion accor/ing o soi- feri-i6 saus

Soi' Ferti'ity Stat*!

Goo& Me&i*) Poor

Ferti'i(er N*trie#t! K$/ha o% %erti'i(er #*trie#t re.*ire&


57/148

Musoma R.T (BSc Crop Science) Page , of 148

+

P2% *p o 100 100170 170200

>2% &00 0,0 ,030

!eri-i5er in 'ags 20&0 &00 0,0

&4 compoun/ $ 4, compoun/ $ ,10 compoun

Tab'e 2: Ge#era' reo))e#&e& %erti'i(er rate! aor&i#$ to Nat*ra' Re$io#

Ferti'i(er Nat*ra' II Nat*ra' III Nat*ra' IV

Compoun/:mai5e feri-i5er (9g:a)

Ammonium nirae (A+) op /ressing(9g:a)

&00 o &0(7, 'ags)

20 o &00(7 'ags)

200 o &00(47 'ags)

10 o 200(&4 'ags)

10200(&4 'ags)

10010(2& 'ags)

• enera--6? e o-e of P > re


58/148


• Han/ ee/ing? using a oe

• Mecanica- (using p-ougs an/ cu-i;aors) in com'inaion i an/ oeing

• *se of er'ici/es. Ara5ine is e mos common er'ici/e recommen/e/ for use in mai5e. "

can 'e com'ine/ i mecanica- ee/ing '6 app-6ing a rae re/uce/ '6 0F in e crop

ros on-6 an/ using e cu-i;aor or p-oug in 'eeen e mai5e ros. Ara5ine conro-s

mos 'roa/ -eaf ee/s? 'u /epen/ing on e ee/ species? oer er'ici/es ma6 'erecommen/e/.

Pe/t/ n# #&/e/e/

Tab'e 9: Ma1or )ai(e &i!ea!e! a#& i#!et ,e!t! a#& their *'t*ra' or he)ia' o#tro'

Di!ea!e! C*'t*ra' a#&/or he)ia' o#tro'

#eaf '-ig Bree/ing for resisance an/ use of roaions

#eaf srea9 ;irus40F $imeoae a 0m- in 4 -ires of aer

Boi- smu

San/ar/ see/ /ressing era/icaes e see/ 'orne

infecion

Baceria- sa-9 ro $o no irrigae in o? sunn6 con/iions

Mai5e rus Bree/ing for resisance

re6 -eaf spo Bree/ing for resisance

Pe!t!

Che)ia' o#tro':

Ati0e i#$re&ie#t Tra&e #a)e

Api/s • $emeonSMe66-

• $imeoae

• Tiomeon

• Meas6so 2 EC

• $imeoae 40 EC?

Rogor CE

• E9ain 2 EC

Arm6orm • Car'ar6-

• Ma-aion

• Car'ar6- 8 P

• Ma-aion $us?

Ma-aion 0 EC

#eaf opper • Benfuracar'

• Car'ofuran

• "mi/ac-opri/

• $imeoae

• %nco- 20 EC

• Curaer 10 ?

Car'ofuran

10

• auco ,0 P

• Rogor CE? $imeoae

40 EC

Sa-9'orer • Car'ar6-

• Tric-ofin

• En/osu-fan

• Car'ar6- $us?

Car'ar6- 8 P

• $ipere 2. ran

• Tio/an 1F


59/148


Termies • !iproni-

• "mi/ac-opri/

• Regen 20 SE? Regen

&

• Confi/or 200 S#

ee;i-s • Pirimipos me6- I

Permerin• Ma-aion

• Pirimipos me6-

• Ace--ic Super

• "nge:+oro

• Sum'a 2 $us

Har0e!ti#$= &ryi#$ a#& !tora$e

• Mai5e can eier 'e /rie/ arificia--6 or naura--6.

• "n naura- /r6ing? e co' is -ef on e p-an an/ on sma-- p-os e sea cou-/ 'e opene/

o spee/ up /r6ing.

• Accepa'-e moisure for effeci;e sorage is 12.F.

Mar-eti#$

• Mar9eing of mai5e grain is curren-6 conro--e/ '6 #egis-aion i e rain

Mar9eing Boar/ 'eing e so-e ra/er.

• "nno;ai;e ui-i5aion a farm -e;e- i.e. for soc9 fee/

So0"en Pro#u%t&on

Soi'! a#& 'i)ate•

Te so6a'ean is suie/ o soi-s i ig c-a6 conen. Te opimum pH is .• .So6a'ean re


60/148


Tere are o 'asic 6pes of so6a'ean cu-i;ars $eerminae an/ in/eerminae

• $eerminae cu-i;ars gro ;egeai;e-6 for a'ou si ee9s an/ en 'egin

f-oering? a;ing pu on 10 o 12 -ea;es. %nce f-oering 'egins? no furer ne-ea;es are pro/uce/ on e main sem.

• "n/eerminae cu-i;ars? on e oer an/? gro ;egeai;e-6 for a'ou si ee9s?

en 'egin f-oering en e main sem as a'ou 10 -ea;es? 'u a e same imeas f-oering? e sem coninues o gro for anoer ree ee9s or so? pro/ucinganoer fi;e o se;en -ea;es.

• $eerminae cu-i;ars are 'eer suie/ o arm fas groing en;ironmens ere

irrigaion is a;ai-a'-e? -i9e e -o;e-/? i-s on e mi//-e;e-/ an/ ig;e-/? 'o6pes are suia'-e. *n/er /roug con/iions? in/eerminae ;arieies ma6 a;e some

a/;anage o;er /eerminaes.

• Some of e cu-i;ars a;ai-a'-e inc-u/e Soprano an/ So-iaire? ic are

in/eerminae? an/ Sorm an/ Soma? ic are /eerminae.

P'a#ti#$ a#& ro, )a#a$e)e#t• Te see/ rae is a'ou 100 9g per a.

• Te /esira'-e p-an popu-aion is aroun/ &0 000 p-ans per a. Te minimum p-an

popu-aion is 200 000 p-ans per a? i-e e maimum is 00 000 p-ans:a.

• Te ro spacing ma6 'e from 2 30 cm.

• $o no p-an see/ /eeper an cm.

• Co;ere/ e see/ suc a e soi- forms a s-ig moun/ o;er e ro? as is ma9es

i easier for e see/-ing o emerge.

• See/ sou-/ 'e p-ane/ 20 mm /eep? /epen/ing on soi- eure. "f soi- crusing

occurs 'efore emergence? eing e soi- i irrigaion or 'rea9ing e crus i a

Kmi--ipe/e imp-emenL i-- impro;e emergence.

• P-aning is i/ea- aroun/ mi/$ecem'er.

• A fungici/e see/ /ressing of Tiram 80 P (8 g:0 9g see/) or Capan 0 P (12g:0 9g see/) i-- e-p ensure goo/ emergence.

• So6a'eans are paricu-ar-6 sensii;e o ee/ compeiion /uring e firs si ee9s of

e season.

• So6a'eans are ;er6 suscepi'-e o /roug /uring e po/fi--ing sage.

Soyabea# P'a#ti#$ G*i&e

Tar$et

Har0e!t

Po,*'atio#

,er ha

Re.*ire&

P'a#ti#$

Po,*'atio#

,er ha

Re.*ire& a0era$e #*)ber o% !ee&!

,er )etre o% rowSee&i#$ rate -$/ha

Row wi&th )Tho*!a#& !ee& wei$ht

$0.4 0.70 0., 0.30 20 220 130

200000 248000 11 1 13 22 72 4 4,

240000 23,000 1& 18 22 2, ,4 7 ,

280000 &4,000 17 21 27 &1 8, ,7 77

&20000 &37000 18 24 &0 &7 100 8, ,


61/148


&70000 447000 20 2, && 40 111 38 8

400000 43000 22 &0 &, 4 124 103 34

440000 4000 2 && 41 43 1&7 120 104

Soyabea# Ma#a$e)e#t G*i&eE!tab'i!h)e#t "ate 0e$etati0e= ear'y

%'oweri#$ ,erio&

See& %i''i#$

#ime aci/ soi-s ("/ea-

pHQ.&).

!eri-ise as necessar6.Bes ;arie6.

*se cerifie/ see/.

"nocu-ae i

Ri5o'ium.$o no p-an oo /eep.

Popu-aion &00?000 p-ans:aRo i/ 4 , cm.

Ensure ear-6 ee/

conro-.

Conro- an6 ne ee/

gro.

Sar scouing for Semi-oopers an/ Rus.

App-6 firs fungici/e spra6

for Rus a firs f-oer.

Ensure goo/ conro- of Rus

an/ Semi-oopers.

App-6 o fungici/e spra6s/uring is perio/.

"rrigae en ere is a /r6

spe-- -onger an /a6s.

Har;es ear-6 o a;oi/saering -osses

Pe!t!

Se)i'oo,er ater,i''ar!

• %fen a pro'-em /uring e f-oering an/ see/fi-- perio/.

• Te6 ea e -ea;es an/ someimes e po/s.

• +orma--6 conro--e/ '6 a naura--6 occurring ;irus /isease? ic 9i--s e

caerpi--ars. Caerpi--ars a a;e /ie/ from e /isease are '-ac9 an/ ang from e

-ea;es. Tese ma6 'e co--ece/? cruse/? mie/ i aer an/ spra6e/ aroun/ efie-/ o e-p conro- oer caerpi--ars.

• "f e ;irus is no 9i--ing e semi-oopers en an insecici/e spra6 ma6 'e re


62/148


o Se;ere infecions can re/uce see/ 6ie-/s '6 &0F 0F. $.

o So-iaire an/ Soprano are mo/erae-6 resisan.

o Cemica- conro- is no a;ai-a'-e.

Har0e!ti#$

a Ha#& har0e!ti#$?

o Suia'-e for sma-- areas.o A/;anages of an/ ar;esing are a

#osses can 'e re/uce/ o a minimum

So6a'eans of a ig


63/148


Su+r Cne Pro#u%t&on

I#tro&*tio#• Sugar Cane is a -ong season crop (12 mons groing c6c-e).

• " as a ig aer re


64/148


Poor nurii;e saus of e ses.

#ac9 of nirogen.

$isease.#o emperaures epose ses o /eca6.

Ferti'i!atio#

•Te JSA pro;i/es soi- ana-6sis ser;ices o a-- cane groers.

• Te genera- recommen/aion is o app-6 200 9g:a M%P? 200 9g:a SSP an/ 10

9g:a A+ a p-aning.

• Tese feri-isers are pu in e furro an/ co;ere/ i soi- 'efore puing e

cane :ses

• enera--6 A+ rae is 40 9g:a. +oe a e remain/er of A+ sou-/ 'e app-ie/

'efore e crop is 12 ee9s o-/.

• !or raoon crops e feri-iser is usua--6 app-ie/ in a 'an/ sor-6 afer cuing.

• B-en/s can a-so 'e use/ in sugar cane pro/ucion an/ ese are a muc ceaper

opion

• B-en/ 1 4&0 9g:a

2 720 9g:a

& ,00 9g:a

Irri$atio#• %;erea/ an/ furro irrigaion are e common meo/s of irrigaion use/ in

pro/ucion of sugarcane.

• Te a;erage aer re


65/148


Tis is conro--e/ '6 $ie-/rin app-ie/ for Heteron$chus conro-

Di!ea!e!S)*t

"s e mos serious /isease of sugarcane

Can 'e conro--e/ roug use of resisan ;arieies? use of c-ean cerifie/ see/? genera-fie-/ 6gienean/ p-aning maeria- can a-so 'e reae/ i fungici/es e.g Ti-

Ratoo# !t*#t

Resu-s in sune/ gro an/ can a-so serious-6 re/uce 6ie-/.Can 'e conro--e/ '6 using o aer reamen in e ses.

"ea% Sa'&

Conro--e/ '6 using resisan ;arieies? e.g. +C% &,7? + 14

@*ota !y!te)• Curren-6? in Jim'a'e mi--ing is /one a Triang-e.

• !or commercia- pro/ucion a-- prospeci;e farmers a;e o ener ino agreemen

i e mi--ing compan6 on o muc cane e6 propose o /e-i;er on a se /ae

(12 mons from p-aning).Te farmer as o esimae e ecarage o 'e p-ane/?;arie6 an/ esimae of anicipae/ 6ie-/.

Har0e!ti#$• Sugarcane is cu afer 'eing 'urn.

• Burning is prefera'-6 /one a nig since emperaures i-- 'e s-ig-6 -oer. Tis

minimises e con;ersion of sucrose ino a-coo-.

• !armers are a/;ise/ o inform e mi--ing compan6 in a/;ance if e6 are una'-e

o mee e mi--ing


66/148


enera--6? 12F of e cane i-- 'e sucrose? i.e. e esimae/ reco;era'-e cr6sa-s i-- 'e

12F of e onnage /e-i;ere/. Te farmer i-- 'e pai/ e remain/er afer mi--ing an/ranspor coss p-us -e;ies a mig app-6 are /e/uce/.

To"%%o

Tobao: F'*e C*re&The I&ea' !ee&'i#$

• "s 1 cm in -eng from 'u/ o roocronG

• "s a -eas as ic9 as a penci-G

• Has pro/uce/ no more an eig o en ;isi'-e -ea;es

• "s e-- ar/ene/

• "s /isease free? Has a srong roo s6sem

Tobao See&'i#$ Pro&*tio# U!i#$ The F'oat See&be& Sy!te)Te f-oa ra6 s6sem rep-ace/ e con;eniona- s6sem on o'acco see/-ing pro/ucionfo--oing e pase ou of Me6- 'romi/e.

A&0a#ta$e!:

i uses feer cemica-s an/ in sma--er


67/148


Be& Co#!tr*tio#• Be/s sou-/ 'e sufficien-6 i/e o accep ree or four f-oaing ra6s si/e'6

si/e.

• Tis means a e insi/e /imensions of e reaining f-oa aer a-- mus 'e

approimae-6 1.0 m i/e for ree ra6s an/ 1.40m for four ra6s.

• To courses of farm 'ric9s can 'e use/ an/ ma6 'e -oose-ai/ or 'e se in posiion permanen-6 i morar.

• +e e enire consrucion mus 'e -ine/ i 20 micron '-ac9 p-asic seeing.

• Te see mus 'e a -eas 0.m i/er an/ -onger an e insi/e /imensions of

e 'e/ o a--o for e p-asic o 'e -ai/ o;er e op of e a-- an/ a -eas

par-6 /on e ousi/e of e a--.

• Te 'e/ sou-/ en 'e fi--e/ i aer o a /ep of 10 cm. Tis i-- f-aen e

p-asic agains e 'oom an/ si/es of e pon/ an/ an6 rin9-es or irregu-ariies

can 'e pu--e/ sraig /uring is fi--ing eercise.

• $uring is sage -oose soi- can 'e pi-e/ up agains e ousi/e of e a--s up o

iin a'ou & cm of e op? so as o o-/ e p-asic in p-ace. Permanen 'e/sa;e o 'e proper-6 -ine/ i Super "mpemo o ma9e aer proof an/ o o';iae

e nee/ o use p-asic.

Me"ia

• Pine 'ar9? ase/ ri;er san/ an/ aer mie/ in e raio 1G 1G 0. '6 ;o-ume are

use/ as e groing me/ium for e 200 ce-- ra6s.

• !or 242 ce-- ra6s use 100F pine 'ar9 an/ aer an/ mi in e raio 10.? or

mi pine 'ar9? san/ an/ aer in e raio &1 0? '6 ;o-ume. Te raio of e

aer ma6 'e re/uce/ or increase/ /epen/ing on e moisure conen of e oer

consiuens.

• Te pine 'ar9 use/ is supp-ie/ '6 !-ora Pine Bar9 Pro/uce (P;) #/ in Muare

an/ +6anga.• #arge pieces of pine 'ar9 or san/ are remo;e/ '6 screening roug a 7mm sie;e

• Te pH of e pine 'ar9 sou-/ 'e mainaine/ a ..

• Te san/ can 'e a source of ee/ see/s? paogens an/ nemao/es an/ so i

sou-/ 'e so-arise/? seame/ or 'oi-e/ 'efore use. #imie/ amouns of amen/e/compose/ pine 'ar9 are a;ai-a'-e a >usaga as romi.

Tray Filling6 Diling 2n" So0ing

• Han/ fi-- eac ra6 i e a'o;e me/ia a as 'een oroug-6 mie/.

• #if e ra6 o a'ou 20 cm a'o;e a firm f-a surface an/ /rop gen-6 on o e

surface. Tis i-- s-ig-6 compac e me/ia in e ra6.

•

$o is ice an/ refi-- e ra6 an/ en ma9e e /i''-es.• Pe--ee/ see/ is en son ino /epressions (/i''-es) a are ma/e a e cenre of

eac ce--.

• $i''-es 1.0 cm /eep can 'e ma/e using a /i''-e 'oar/. Te ra6s sou-/ en 'e

f-oae/ in 'e/s soon afer.

See&be& Co0er!

Te p-asic ens recommen/e/ for con;eniona- ear-6 soings in e ig a-iu/e areasare a-so recommen/e/ in e f-oaing ra6 s6sem.


68/148


Ba!a' Ferti'i!er

Ferti'i(er

ty,e

Tray

ty,e e''

#o?

Tota' #o?

o%

tray!/ha

Tota'

a)o*#t

o% water

i# be&!"

Ti)i#$ o% a,,'iatio#

&ay! a%ter !owi#$

Tota'

%erti'i(er

re.*ire&

%or o#eha i# the

%ie'&

, /a6s 21/a6s & /a6s

%'oat%ert 200 8, 208 1.0 - 2. - &. - ,0. -

242 ,2 1,00 1.0 - 2.0 - &.0 - 7.0 -

Hy&ro%ert 200 8, 208 270g 1g ,,2 1.7 9g

242 ,2 1,00 212g 42g 740 1.& 9g

To, Dre!!i#$ Ferti'i!er• A 7 ee9s (42 $AS) ammonium nirae is app-ie/ a 100mg+:-ire of aer as

son in e fo--oing a'-e.

+ateri#$• Afer e iniia- 'e/ fi--ing ensure a e aer is rep-enise/ in 'e/s regu-ar-6 in

or/er o a;oi/ ra6s an/ me/ia /r6ing.

• oo/


69/148


• !or furer ar/ening remo;e e feri-i5er so-uion from e aer'e/? an/

rep-ace e so-uion i aer on-6 for e -as ee9 of pro/ucion.

• Te simp-es es for ar/nessX is a a see/-ing sou-/ 'e a'-e a -eas o 'e

'en o;er iou snapping.

Prob'e)! a#& Po!!ib'e So'*tio#!

A'$ae Growth:• Acua- arm o e see/-ings is unusua-..

• Co;er as muc as possi'-e of e surface aer i ra6s so as o ec-u/e

sun-ig on aer? ic encourages a-ga- gro.

• " can a-so 'e conro--e/ '6 /e-a6ing e feri-i5ing of e f-oa 'e/ o 14

/a6s afer see/ing? is a--os e see/-ings o germinae an/ gro a'o;ean6 a-ga- gro on e ce-- surface.

• *se/ ra6s sou-/ 'e ase/ an/ sanii5e/ 'efore use. *se of A-gaeci/es

is uneconomica-.

• A;oi/ using pine 'ar9:san/ miure in 242 Ce-- ra6s as e6 'ecome

ea;ier an/ en/ o sin9 ere'6 creaing aer-ogge/ con/iions.• As a pre;enai;e measure app-6 a uaernar6 Ammonium Compoun/

(AC) or copper o6c-ori/e in f-oa aer a soing. Copper

o6c-ori/e is app-ie/ a e rae of 0.012 g:# an/ Pena9i-- a 0.18 m-:#for one ecare of see/

Documents

Farm Management HANDBOOK (Crops)