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FAO SOFIA 2018
Common Language Group meeting 7 November 2018
London
Stefania Vannuccini [email protected]
@SvannuFAO
SOFIA 2018 Since 1994 and for the past twenty-four years, SOFIA has
been published every two years in six languages. SOFIA 2018 is the thirteenth edition in the biennial series
SOFIA 2018 highlights the critical importance of fisheries and
aquaculture for the FOOD, NUTRITION AND EMPLOYMENT of millions of
people, many of whom struggle to maintain reasonable livelihoods.
Food security
It exists when “all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”
Increasing number of cronically undernourished people: 821 million
Approximately one out of every nine people in the world are undernourished
Prevalence of undernourishment highest in Africa, but highest number in Asia
Vitamin A deficiency Causes blindness. 250 million preschool children affected. Iron deficiency Anaemia contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths. 40% of preschool children anaemic in developing countries. Iodine deficiency Impairing cognitive development in children 54 countries still iodine-deficient Stunting Despites some progress being made nearly 151 million children under five – or over 22% – were affected by stunting in 2017 high Wasting •Over 50 million children under 5, with increased risk of morbidity &mortality.
Millions of children suffering nutrition deficiency
Source: WHO and FAO
Trend Worldwide obesity has nearly doubled since
1980. Adults (aged 20 or older) Adult obesity is worsening More than 1 in 8 adults in the world – or more
than 672 million – is obese Children (under the age of 5) Over 48 million children overweight or obese in
2017
Millions of obese or overweight people
Food security and nutrition status
Fish and Nutrition
Fish and Nutrition Fish provides many valuable nutrients
protein long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
fat-soluble vitamins
minerals like iron, calcium, iodine, zinc & selenium With numerous health benefits
(known) reduced risk of cardiac death, aids neurodevelopment in unborn infants
• A daily intake of 250 mg of EPA and DHA per adult gives optimal protection against coronary heart disease
related. At least eat fish twice a week!
(probable) reduced risk of stroke, (possible) reduced risk of depression
Which are important in developing countries
fish provides nutrients where they are most needed
cheap small pelagics growing component of developing country diets
Fish food supply
Fish contribution to human nutrition
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
World
LIFDCs
Asia
Africa
Europe
Oceania
Northern America
Latin America & the Caribbean
Per capita fish consumption (kg) Share of fish in total animal proteins (%)
Contribution of fish to animal proteins
Fish production & utilization Fish production (million tonnes live weight)
Per capita fish supply (kg)
Excluding aquatic plants. 2017: estimate
0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15.0
18.0
21.0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Non-food uses Capture for human consumption Aquaculture for human consumption Per capita fish consumption
The status of marine fishery resources • Continues to show worrying trends: Overfished stocks increased from 10.0
in 1974 to 33.1 percent in 2015
Stocks fished within biologically sustainable levels decreased from 90.0 in 1974 to 66.9 percent in 2015
• The global picture masks signs of recovery in the developed world, but not in developing countries
• Thi regional sustainability divide constitutes a major challenge to achieving SDG14.4 (By 2020 all stocks at MSY level)
Overfished
The status of marine fishery resources - 2015
Overfished • Highest percentage of
unsustainable stocks: the Mediterranean and Black Sea
(62.2 percent Area 37) the Southeast Pacific (61.5 percent
(Area 87) Southwest Atlantic (58.8 percent,
Area 41)
Lowest percentage of unsustainable stocks (13-17 percent overfished): Eastern Central (Area 77) and
Western Central (Area 71) Pacific NE (Area 67) and NW (Area 61) Southwest Pacific (Area 81)
The status of marine fishery resources – 2015
Overfished
Fish production million tonnes live weight
Total including aquatic plants
0102030405060708090
100
Total excluding aquatic plants
Aquatic plants
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
Aquaculture production Capture production
Fish food supply by species groups
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Freshwater and diadromous fish Pelagic fishDemersal fish Molluscs, excl. cephalopodsCrustaceans Marine fish, otherCephalopods Aquatic animals, others
Million tonnes (live weight equivalent)
Fish production
million tonnes live weight
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016
Africa Asia Europe Latin America North America Oceania
Inland fisheries Marine capture Aquaculture
Fish production
million tonnes live weight
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016 1956 1976 1996 2016
Africa Asia, excluding China+ Oceania
China Europe Latin America North America
Inland fisheries Marine capture Aquaculture
Top producers in capture fisheries
Representing 82 percent of the world total
Marine waters Inland waters
Representing 74 percent of the world total
Top producers in aquaculture
Representing 95 percent of the world total
Share of production being traded
million tonnes live weight
Excluding aquatic plants. 2017: estimate
0
50
100
150
200
1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Production Exports
Share of imports in food fish consumption
Percentage
0102030405060708090
Africa Asia Europe Latin America &Caribbean
North America Oceania
2014-16 2026
Regions more dependent on imports (value)
8%
14% 63%
9%
5%
4%
1%
4%
9%
2%
68%
13%
19% 10%
48%
1%
21% 2%
27%
37% 26%
2% 7%
1%
Regions less dependent on imports (value)
51%
7% 8%
31%
2%
50% 1%
11%
12%
4%
4%
19%
Key producers and traders
• In 2016
China was the main fish producer and
since 2002, China is the largest exporter of fish and fish products, followed by Norway and Viet Nam
The European Union, followed by the United States and Japan, are the major importers of fish and fish products.
Fish trade
Top exporters Top importers
Representing 76 percent of the world total Representing 78 percent of the world total
Trade of fish and fishery products (2017 value) Imports
Africa 4%
Asia 38%
Europe 35%
North America
8%
South America
13%
Oceania 2%
Exports Africa
4% South
America 3% North
America 17%
Asia 33%
Europe 42%
Oceania 1%
Exports of fish and fishery products
US$ billion
Excluding aquatic plants. 2017: estimate
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Exports of fish and fishery products
VALUE QUANTITY USD billion million tonnes live weight
Excluding aquatic plants. 2017: estimate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Developed countries or areas Developing countries or areas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Imports of fish and fishery products
VALUE QUANTITY USD billion million tonnes live weight
Excluding aquatic plants. 2017: estimate
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Developed countries or areas Developing countries or areas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
FAO Fish Price Index (2002-2004= 100)
80
105
130
155
180
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
FAO Total fish price index Aquaculture total Capture total
Fisheries and aquaculture & livelihoods
OUTLOOK
Total fisheries and aquaculture production
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030
Capture production Aquaculture production
Million tonnes (live weight equivalent)
Lower annual growth rate of aquaculture %
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1980's 1990's 2000's 2010's 2020's
Surpass of aquaculture (2013 and 2020)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030
Aquaculture for humanconsumption
Total capture fisheries
Capture fisheries forhuman consumption
Million tonnes (live weight equivalent)
Fishmeal production
Million tonnes product weight)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
From whole fish From fish by-products
53% 47% 2016
Capture
Aquaculture
46% 54% 2030
Fish production
Fish apparent consumption
48% 52%
2016
Capturefisheries forhuman…
40%
60%
2030
Growth in fish production by Chinese scenarios 2016 vs 2030
-40-30-20-10
0102030405060
No plan Half plan Full plan No plan Half plan Full plan No plan Half plan Full plan
China Rest of the world World
Capture Aquaculture
Percentage
Outlook fish demand
• Population/rural/urban • Income • Retail concentration in developed and developing which will affect
demand • Product development, technological innovation • Continuous increase of trade, but with a reduced slow rate • Increased imports from developing countries • Outsourcing of processing will continue • Slow growth in per capita consumption
Outlook fish supply
• Major increases will depend on aquaculture • Capture: importance of implementing more cautious and effective
fisheries management • Reduction of losses/waste • Increase in the utilization of by-products also for production of
fishmeal/fish oil
Uncertainties • Capture fisheries:
• Natural productivity of fish stocks and ecosystems • Climate change, incl. El Niño phenomenon
• Aquaculture:
• Access to areas and water • Environmental impacts and climate change • Fish seeds and feeds • Diseases • Effects on biodiversity • Technology, financial resources, regulations, governance
• Trade and consumption • Trade policies, market access, trade agreements, food safety and traceability
Issues, constraints, challenges
Source: WHO
Resources and environment Environment degradation and habitat destruction Loss of biodiversity Overexploited fish stocks Biosecurity (disease outbreaks) Climate changes (El Niño, ocean acidification, stock migration, severe weather
conditions, etc.) Socioeconomic and governance Overcapacity (fleets and labor) IUU fishing Bycatch and discards Assess to capital and financial services (loans, insurance, etc.) Equity (poverty, forced labor, child labor, etc.) Public image of fisheries and aquaculture
Issues, constraints, challenges
Source: WHO
• The relationship between fisheries management policy, allocation of rights and the economic sustainability of the sector
• Distribution of margins and benefits throughout the fisheries value-chain • The more stringent rules for quality and safety of food products, including for imported products, in
several countries • Lack of capacity in post-harvest sector • The significant increase of ecolabels and their possible effect on market access, in particular for
developing countries • The requirement for new traceability systems • The economic crises and the risk of increased import barriers and tariffs • Tariffs and non-tariffs • Importance to have trade in fisheries more inclusive and sustainable • Distortions caused by harmful forms of fish subsidies, including those that can contribute to
overfishing and depletion of fish stocks undermining sustainable development
Climate change (Intergovernamental Panel Climate Change)
Climate change: new publication
The Technical Paper provides the most up-to-date synthesis on the impacts and risks of, and the opportunities and responses to climate change in the fisheries and aquaculture sector, in the context of poverty alleviation
It covers marine capture fisheries and their environments, inland waters and
their fisheries (Chapters 18, 19 and 26), as well as aquaculture (Chapters 20 to 22)
http://www.fao.org/3/I9705EN/i9705en.pdf
This is the BLUE planet
Water 72% of the Earth’s surface, with about 97% in oceans Healthy aquatic ecosystems are vital to human welfare
Sustainability
Sustainability
The sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture production is crucial to the livelihoods, food security and nutrition of billions of people
Fishery sustainability: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” *World Commission on Environment and Development
Meeting the sustainable development goals
Many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are directly
relevant to fisheries and aquaculture,
in particular SDG 14 ‘Life under water’
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics
• General information: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/en • Online query panels: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16140/en • FishstatJ: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en • FAO Yearbook of fisheries and aquaculture: • http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/yearbook/en • FAO SOFIA: http://www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en
• Email: [email protected]
Online Survey for The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA)
SOFIA
Through this survey we would like to get your feedback on the relevance, quality and usefulness of the information and analyses presented in SOFIA, as well as on the main features you would like to see in future editions. We would greatly appreciate it if you could complete the questionnaire. Your feedback and suggestions will help make SOFIA an even better resource, and inform an ongoing evaluation of FAO’s contribution to knowledge on food, agriculture and natural resources.
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