Famous Social Scientists

Review

Piaget• Stages of Cognitive Development• Sensorimotor (birth → 2)

– Object permanence– Direct sensory experience

• Preoperational (2 → 7)– Simple symbols– Egocentric

• Concrete Operational (7 → 11)– Conservation/Complex Operations– See others’ point of view

• Formal Operational (12 →)– Abstract thought– Use of logic and evidence

Freud

Defense Mechanisms

-Deny/distort reality

-Act unconsciously

Ego

Superego

Id

Freud

http://www.discunlimited.com/images/company_assets/512f1c7f-0d64-4a5e-9d91-785dc064755f/Image/Research/FreudsIcebergModel.bmp

Freud• Id – pleasure principle - innate

• Ego – reality principle - learned

• Superego – “conscience” - learned

• If Ego can’t maintain balance between Id and Superego, then defense mechanisms

• Psychoanalysis

• dream analysis, hypnosis and free associations

• reveal unconscious

FreudStages of Psychosexual Development

• Oral Stage (0-1 year)

• Anal Stage (1-3 years)

• Phallic Stage (3-5/6 years)

• Latency Period (5/6 – puberty)

• Genital Stage (puberty – maturity)

The events of psychosexual development may lead to fixations later on in adult life

Jung• Unconscious split into individual and

collective• Individual Unconscious

– contains selfish drives and individual experience

• Collective Unconscious– Archetypes – common to all

• Two personality types– Extrovert – desire and interest directed to

others– Introvert – desire and interest directed to

self

http://www.jungneworleans.org/images/JungMandalaLarge.jpg

Maslow• Theory of

motivation – Hierarchy of Human Needs

• Needs range from low (food and water) to high (self actualization)

• Lower needs must be met before higher ones

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs.svg/800px-Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs.svg.png

Erikson• Focused on child development• Concerned with identity crises• Contributed eight stages of life

– Each stage offers a crisis that must be resolved– Success at later stages depends on ability to resolve

earlier crises• Overcoming crises successfully leads to healthy personality

development• Inability to resolve crises can lead to unhealthy development

• Personality develops through lifetime – Expands on Freud’s infancy theories– Extends development to late adulthood

Adler• motivating force is sense of

inferiority– People strive for perfection

• People try to overcome with compensation – Striving towards perfection or

superiority• Compensation can be too great

(overcompensation – superiority complex)

• Birth Order can influence personality

http://cheekygen.blogspot.com/2008/06/birth-order-and-siblings-rivalry.html

Sheldon• Behavior explained by body type

– Endomorph – round– Mesomorph – muscular– Ectomorph – thin

• Temperament is related to body type– Somatotypes

http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/pics/somato3.jpg

Kohlberg• Piaget found 2

stages of moral thought– moral realism –

concern with consequences

– moral autonomy – concern with reasons

• Morality motivates behavior

• Extended Piaget’s 2 stages to 6

LEVEL STAGE SOCIAL ORIENTATION

Pre-conventional

1 Obedience and Punishment

2 Individualism

Conventional 3 Good boy/girl

4 Law and Order

Post-conventional

5 Social Contract

6 Principled Conscience

Gilligan• Responded to Piaget and Kohlberg

– Almost exclusively researched males

• Found different moral perspectives among genders– Male – Justice orientation – rights, principles, rules, …– Female – Care orientation – concern, sensitivity, …

• Preconventional stage – individual survival– Transition from selfishness to responsibility for others

• Conventional Stage – self sacrifice– Transition from goodness to truth

• Postconventional - nonviolence

Marx• Motivation by economic conditions

– Economic conditions affect other social structures (religion, politics, art,…)

• Wrote Communist Manifesto– Outlined struggle in which proletariat is exploited by

bourgeoisie – class struggle– Proletariat sells labour to owner, who enjoy surplus

value • Proletariat – large group of working class• Bourgeoisie – small group of owners

• Suggested revolution by working class and ultimately a classless society

Durkheim• Emphasis on social structure

– Society (exterior to individual) can explain social behavior

• Social stability found in common religion and morality– Loss leads to confusion (Anomie)

• Explained suicide as result of anomie, over association, or under association– Strong social ties tend to reduce likelihood of suicide– Excessive social ties can increase the likelihood of

suicide

Weber• Reaction to Marx

– Motivation not by economic condition but meaning (religion)

• Examined relationship between religion and economy– Found capitalism thrives under western religions (but

not eastern) – Protestant work ethic• Study of social structures alone cannot explain

human behavior– Study of Sociology must be a mix of interpretation and

experience