Family Violence€¦ · THEORETICAL MODELS ... CONSIDERATIONS •In any situation of abuse, a person is either clearly a perpetrator or a victim. •Offenders are fully responsible

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Family Violence

TRAINER: Sheri Coburn, MSW, RSW

Awareness and Support

©Crisis & Trauma Resource Institute

AGENDA

• Definitions

• Types of Family Violence

• Prevalence/Exploring Causes

• Key Helper Skills

• Assessment

• Working With All Impacted

• Working at All Levels


DEFINITIONS

• Family Violence is an intentional action or lack of action, from one member of a family/intimate relationship to another, that results in physical injury, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation.

• The violence may be a one-time or occasional occurrence, or part of an ongoing pattern of behaviours.


VIOLENCE AND ABUSE DEFINITIONS

• Violence: the use of force (physical or psychological) that causes harm. Issues of control or being out of control may be factors.

• Abuse: harmful patterns of behaviour used to exert power and control. Factors such as age, size, social and economic standings may be influences.


TYPES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

• Intimate Partner Violence

• Child Abuse

• Sibling Abuse

• Elder Abuse

• Teen-to-Parent Violence (Parent Abuse)


RANGE OF ABUSIVE BEHAVIOURS

•

ignoring yelling insults humiliation isolation

throwing things shoving punching battering rape


POWER AND CONTROL WHEEL

Adapted from the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project

POWER & CONTROL

COERCION & THREATS

INTIMIDATION

EMOTIONAL ABUSE

ISOLATION

DENYING & BLAMING

CHILDREN

MALE PRIVELEGE

ECONOMIC ABUSE

Physical/Sexual Violence

Physical/Sexual Violence


PREVALENCE OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

• In Canada, approximately 6% of men and women report having experienced intimate partner violence.

• Only about 1/4 of incidents (22%) are reported to the police.

• Men and women in heterosexual relationships report experiencing similar rates of violence.


GENDER DIFFERENCES(HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS)• Men tend to underestimate their use of violence and women

tend to underestimate their experience of violence.

• Men tend to overestimate their female partner’s use of violence while women tend to overestimate their use of violence against their partner.

• Men’s violence towards women results in greater physical injuries and deaths.

• Men experience similar or higher rates of emotional intimidation or control.

• Men may face more obstacles in getting and receiving supports.



• Indigenous people report being victims of IPV twice as much as non-Indigenous Canadians (10%).

• Those reporting as a visible minority or immigrant did not report higher rates of IPV than other Canadians.

• People in same-sex relationships report higher rates of IPV. Those identifying as gay and lesbian report experiencing IPV twice as much as those in heterosexual relationships. Those identifying as bisexual report experiencing partner violence 4 times the rate as those in heterosexual relationships.



• When IPV is present, 30% of the time there is also violence directed towards the children.

• When a child is abused, most of the time it is at the hands of a family member.

The problem with

“Children are resilient…..”


THEORETICAL MODELS

• Feminist: Male dominance in society entitlement in relationships; socialization of boys and girls

• Psychological: Individual ways of dealing with stress; personality disorders; disrupted attachment

• Intergenerational & Social Learning: History of abuse

• Ecological: Factors at many levels influence behaviour

• Context of Marginalization


AGREE OR DISAGREE: CONSIDERATIONS

• In any situation of abuse, a person is either clearly a perpetrator or a victim.

• Offenders are fully responsible for the abuse and victims are not responsible at all.

• Those who use abusive behaviour have all the power and victims have no power.

• As helpers to families in situations of abuse, we need to prioritize the needs of the victims and be clearly on their side, morally speaking (and not on the side of those who behave abusively).


KEY HELPER SKILLS

• Empathy, not pity: willingness to connect

• Listening skills and not advice-giving

• Ability to recognize that the behaviour always made sense to the person at the time

• Clear boundaries and flexibility in your reactions

• To have done your own work and healing

• Patience


CYCLE OF ABUSE

Pretend Normal

Build UpAct Out

Rationalize/Justify


IMPACTS OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

• Sense of Self

• Physical

• Emotional

• Cognitive

• Social/Relational

• Behavioural

• Financial

• Spiritual


DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INTERVENTION

• Tertiary: After harm has occurred° Frontline; crisis response; police /legal system

• Secondary: Protecting those at high risk; preventing recurrence

° Crisis support; family support & counselling; individual support

° Youth intervention; parenting programs

• Primary: Preventing violence and abuse ° Community education° School-based programs° Supporting healthy relationships


ASSESSMENT: KEY CONSIDERATIONS

• Safety

• Our relationship

• Ongoing

• Assessment and intervention intertwined

• Risk and responsibility


GENERAL ASSESSMENT

1. Ask all your clients some general questions about their relationships.

2. Ask about specific areas related to conflict and anger.3. Note “red flags” and ask more detailed questions.4. Explore other risk factors and protective factors.

° Formal assessments° Duty to inform and report abuse

• Where would more in-depth assessment & intervention occur?

• Who would you call or refer to?


GENERAL ASSESSMENT

• Immediate and Acute° Disoriented and particularly vulnerable° Fight, flight or freeze

• Readjustment ° Roller coaster of emotions° Trying to make sense and regain balance

• Reorganizing and Self-Righting° Less chaos and more calm° Able to look to the future; hopefulness


STEPS FOR SAFETY

• Immediate or Acute Stage° Safety planning° Assessment for risk

• Readjustment Stage (post-event)° Monitoring for risk° Regulation° Decision-making

• Reorganization and Self-Righting Stage° Making sense of experiences – resolving trauma° Looking to future

LOW CONTROL /UNILATERAL • Violence resistance • Driven by self defense of

physical or non-physical forms of violence

HIGH CONTROL/UNILATERAL• Severe battering/psychological

control• High level of fear by one

partner

LOW CONTROL / MAY BE BOTH DIRECTIONS• Sporadic Situations of conflict• One or both partners contribute

HIGH CONTROL / BOTH DIRECTIONS• High levels of physical and/or

coercive aggression by both partners

(Adapted from Johnson, 2008, & Hamel, 2005)


KEY FACTORS DETERMINING TYPE

• Ownership and accepting responsibility for one’s own actions.

• Evidence of impulse control – are they able to stop abusive actions and commit to working on a plan?

• Clear view of violence as wrong or is there a sense of entitlement toward the other?

• Is there contempt, fear, or intimidation present in the relationship?


ASSESSMENT WITH CHILDREN

• Safety first° Handling disclosure and duty to report

• Family assessment ° Support for caregivers

• Interventions with children


WORKING WITH PARENTS & CAREGIVERS

• Building Secure Bonds

• Beliefs

• Emotion Reaction and Regulation

• Skills for Attunement and Responding

• Exploring Impact of Family Violence on Parenting


WORKING WITH CHILDREN

• Creativity within principles of: safety, empowerment, and connection

• Emotion identification

• Emotion regulation


TRAUMARECOVERY PRINCIPLES

• Danger + Hopelessness/Helplessness + Isolation = Trauma

• Safety + Empowerment + Connection = Trauma Recovery


IMPACTS ON THOSE USING VIOLENCE

• Sense of Self

• Cognitive

• Emotional

• Social/Relational

• Behavioural

• Financial


WHAT LIES UNDERNEATHABUSIVE BEHAVIOUR?


FORMAL COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS

• Tertiary Intervention: Investigation and Treatment

• Secondary Intervention: Targeting Those at High-Risk

• Primary Prevention: Looking at Root Causes


BUILDING A COMMUNITY APPROACH

• Providing services in a collaborative and integrated fashion

° Do community members know where to go or who to call? ° Do service providers communicate and share resources?

• What are the norms or values in a community that need to be shaped to increase members’ safety?

DEFINITION BY PIERRE ALLARD, PRESIDENT OF JUST EQUIPPING (2008)

“Restorative justice says that crime is much more than the breaking of a law. It is the breaking down of human relationships in a community of people where real people have harmed real people. And the question to ask is: How can we make things better?”

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE


INFORMALCOMMUNITY RESPONSES

The Role of the Individual….

• Majority of people experiencing violence turn to those they trust: family, friends, coworkers, etc.

• In order to make a difference we need to:

° Be aware of the realities of family violence

° Talk about it

° Make resources visible

° Challenge the “isms” that influence violence

PROVERB

“If you think you’re too small to make

a difference, try sleeping in a closed

room with a mosquito.”


FAMILY ….

“A potent mixture of power and

vulnerability…when it works well, it is the

embodiment of the most beautiful and inspiring

of human relations; however when this

arrangement of powerful and powerless fails…the

consequences are desperate,

dangerous and [can be] lethal.”Jane Ursel: Resolve


FURTHER RESOURCES

• Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime:

° http://crcvc.ca/en/

Victim Connect Resource Center (US)

1-855-484-2846

https://victimconnect.org

http://crcvc.ca/en/

https://victimconnect.org/

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Family Violence€¦ · THEORETICAL MODELS ... CONSIDERATIONS •In any situation of abuse, a person is either clearly a perpetrator or a victim. •Offenders are fully responsible